ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(42), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i42/104220, November 2016 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Development of Compact Hydraulic Positive

Displacement Motor Featuring No Rotor Vibrations
in Well Drilling
Yu. A. Sazonov*, M. A. Mokhov and M. A. Frankov
Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas, Moscow, Russia

Abstract
Background/Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop a new compact hydraulic positive displacement motor
that would operate without rotor vibrations. Methods: Assisted by 3D printers, the models of the new hydraulic machines
have been developed. The results of the laboratory and bench testing confirmed the relevance of the selected area of
investigations. Findings: The results of the calculations and the laboratory tests of the models of the hydraulic machines
showed that upon introducing some constructive adjustments such class of machines can be used for developing new
compact hydraulic positive displacement motors that would operate with no rotor vibrations in the process of drilling oil
wells. The major objective of the undertaken investigations is to create the new and more efficient sealing that is supposed
to be installed between the cylindrical rotor and cylindrical stator in the hydraulic machine. The novelty of the structure
rests with the application of a partitioning seal where separate sections of the seal are installed consecutively along the
screw line. Thereat, the design of the new machine avoids using any screw surfaces and applies only flat or cylindrical
surfaces. The results of the undertaken scientific and design activities can also be used for developing hydraulic machines in
other industries that set strict regulations on the vibration levels, on the weight and dimensions of the process equipment.
Applications/Improvements: Principal area of applying the new design is related to drilling downward and horizontal
oil and gas wells. Compact motor can be used for the repairs at the oil wells.

Keywords: Gas, Hydraulic Positive Displacement Motor, Oil, Well, Well-drilling

1. Introduction
For the purposes of drilling downward and horizontal oil
and gas wells the screw-type positive displacement motors
are widely applied; however, these hydraulic machines
have a constructive disadvantage associated with the
movement of the rotor along the orbital trajectory. This
trajectory of the rotor movements induces transverse
vibrations of the positive displacement motor itself and
of the drill bit. These vibrations in turn make the life of
the displacement motor shorter and detrimentally affect
the economic indicators of the drilling process in gen-
eral. The problem associated with the rotor vibrations in
the screw-type positive displacement motor has not been
positively solved yet especially in cases of high rotational
speed of the rotor and the drill bit. Under the modern
conditions when PDC drill bits are applied the bit rotation
frequency range of 200-450 rotations per minute is of par-
ticular practical interest. The analysis of the scientific and
technical information shows that no simple and efficient
solutions have been found to eliminate the rotor vibra-
tions in the screw-type positive displacement motor up
to now. Due to this fact it seems advisable that the search
for the new technical solutions should be enhanced and
other designs of hydraulic positive displacement motor
should be considered apart from those of the screw type.
Among the large hydraulic machines there is a separate
class of machines where the rotational movements of the
rotor do not induce vibrations. Such hydraulic machines

*Author for correspondence

 Development of Compact Hydraulic Positive Displacement Motor Featuring No Rotor Vibrations in Well Drilling
are equipped with helical seals installed between the
cylindrical rotor and cylindrical stator.
In the process of drilling oil and gas wells, the PDC
drill bit type gains ever wider application. It is a well
known fact that hydraulic positive displacement motors
featuring high torque characteristics are needed to
rotate such bits. In this regard the application area of the
screw-type positive displacement motors that meet these
requirements is getting wider15. However, the screw-type
positive displacement motor possesses a constructive
defect associated with the fact that the rotor moves along
the planetary trajectory. This rotor movement trajectory
results in the transverse vibrations of the motor, of the
drilling bit and of all other elements included in the struc-
ture of the drill stem. Vibrations reduce durability of the
positive displacement motor and of other drilling tools
negatively affecting the drilling efficiency in general.
It is commonly known that in the screw-type posi-
tive displacement motor the axis of the rotor is displaced
relative the axis of the stator. The rotor makes planetary
movements and as a result of the rotations of the rotor
the centrifugal force occurs that presses the rotor against
the lining of the stator. When the frequency of rotations is
high this centrifugal force results in intensive transverse
vibrations that negatively affect the useful life of the screw-
type positive displacement motor. So far the problem
associated with the rotor vibrations has not been solved in
full especially in cases when the velocities of the rotor and
of the bit are too high. Reducing the weight of the rotor1
just helps alleviating the problem slightly in cases when
the rotational speed of the rotor is low. When there is a
gap between the rotor and the stator, new opportunities
are revealed for creating metallic stators without applying
any elastomeric materials69, but the issue of vibrations is
still there.
To solve the problem of the rotor vibrations the new
hydraulic positive displacement motors are designed that
employ other operational principles, including hydraulic
sliding gate motors1012 and double-screw positive dis-
placement motors13.
The possibilities are investigated to create a hybrid
hydraulic positive displacement motor that would fea-
ture simultaneously the properties of the screw hydraulic
machine and the properties of the hydraulic sliding gate
machine14,15. Within the framework of the patent search
it is possible to find analogues among the compressor
machines1623, given the fact that such machines are capa-
ble of operating as hydraulic motors. The application areas
2 Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org
of such hydraulic machines can be enhanced considerably
due to the development of new structural materials and
durable diamond bearings24. Such machines and tech-
nical solutions can be used for creating new hydraulic
positive displacement motors, for solving the current
problem associated with the rotor vibrations in the motor.
In this regard much attention is paid to the scientific
and research studies aimed at developing new hydraulic
motor that would possess the best features of the screw-
type hydraulic machine and those of the hydraulic sliding
gate machine operating with no rotor vibrations.
2. Concept Headings
The experts of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil
and Gas have suggested the new direction of research and
development in the sphere of hydraulic machines14,15 and
the studies are founded on the concept or the constructive
principle as follows: any screw surface can be replaced
with the set of flat and cylindrical surfaces. The scientific
research studies prove that based on this principle it is
possible to create new hydraulic machines with unique
features and it is also possible to develop the hydraulic
machine that would exclude the possibility of the rotor
vibrations and would secure the required values of torque
and rotational frequency for operating with PDC drill
bits.
3. Results
In the laboratories of Gubkin Russian State University of
Oil and Gas the research studies, applied scientific inves-
tigations and design activities are underway within the
framework of developing prospective technologies and
new equipment, including the hydraulic machines for
well drilling.
Figures 14 present principal schematics of the devel-
oped hydraulic machine designed for being applied as
hydraulic positive displacement motor.
The hydraulic machine consists of the housing assem-
bly 1 with the inlet 2 and the outlet 3, the sectional casing
4 with the helical channels and the screw rotor 5 installed
eccentrically in the casing 4 featuring the possibility of the
radial displacement of the casing 4 relative to the rotor 5
installed on supports 6 and 7. The casing 4 is designed in
the form of a helical spring concentrically placed in the
notch 8 of the housing assembly 1. The rotor 5 is placed
close to the surface of the notch 8 of the housing assembly
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Yu. A. Sazonov, M. A. Mokhov and M. A. Frankov

1 creating the groove seal 9 in the gap between the outer

surface of the rotor 5 and the surface of the notch 8 in
the housing assembly 1 featuring the possibility of cre-
ating within the housing assembly 1 consecutive helical
chambers 10 that are separated from each other by groove
seals 9. The rotor 5 is equipped with stopper elements
11 that restrict the displacement of the casing 4 relative
to the rotor 5. The casing 4 is made of separate sections
12, 13 that follow one another and feature the possibil-
ity of angular displacement of separate sections 12, 13
relatives to each other. Each section of the casing 4, for
example, section 13 is equipped with the stopper element Figure 2. Rotor with helical casing made of separate
11 installed on the rotor 5. The stopper element 11 can consecutive sections.
represent the flat supporting surface installed on the rotor
5. The sections in the casing 4 are located along the screw
line creating the step-like structure similar to the steps of
the spiral staircase.

Figure 3. One casing section equipped with stay rod.

Figure 4. Rotor with notches for installing sectional casing.

In the void of helical chambers 10, as well as in other

Figure 1. Schematics of hydraulic machine (longitudinal
section).
known technical solutions, the additional support 14 for
the rotor 5 can be arranged, and in the additional sup-
port there are flow channels 15 connected through groove
seals 9 with the inlet 2 and with the outlet 3 of the housing
assembly 1. The structure can also be equipped with the
lock pin 16 that prevents the supports 6, 7, 14 from turn-
ing inside the housing assembly 1.

Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Development of Compact Hydraulic Positive Displacement Motor Featuring No Rotor Vibrations in Well Drilling
The rotor 5 is installed on the supports 6, 7 and 14 that
ensure the conditions for the rotor 5 to be eccentrically
placed in the casing 4 and, consequently, to be eccentri-
cally placed in the notch 8 in the housing assembly 1.
Thereat, the casing 4 is concentrically placed in the notch
8 of the housing assembly 1.
Each section of the casing 12 is equipped with the stay
rod 17 located along the rotor 5 in the discharge groove
18 designed in the rotor 5 and featuring the possibility of
radial displacement of the stay rod 17 relative to the rotor
5; thereat, the length of the discharge groove 18 is greater
than the length of the stay rod 17. The stay rod 17 can be
installed with the gap in the discharge groove 18 to ensure
the possibility of radial displacement of the stay rod 17
relative to the rotor 5.
The hydraulic machine operates in the motor mode
as described below. The inlet 2 is fed with the operat-
ing fluid under excess pressure. Groove seals 9 limit the
amount of the volumetric power losses and ensure soft
distribution of pressure in chambers 10 that follow each
other. The maximal pressure is maintained in the helical
chamber 10 that is connected with the inlet 2 and this
pressure corresponds to the pressure at the inlet of the
motor. Consequently, the minimal pressure is maintained
in the helical chamber 10 that is connected with the out-
let 3 and this pressure corresponds to the pressure at the
outlet of the motor. Due to the pressure drop in the neigh-
boring chambers 10 the forces and the torque occur that
affect the casing 4 and the rotor 5, because the rotor 5
is located eccentrically in the casing 4 featuring the pos-
sibility of radial displacement of the casing 4 relative to
the rotor 5. The rotor 5 together with the casing 4 affected
by the abovementioned forces are involved into rotational
movements. Thus, hydraulic energy is transformed into
mechanical energy and the power of the rotating rotor 5
is transmitted to the drill bit in the process of drilling an
oil well.
Each section of the casing 12 is equipped with the stay
rod 17 located along the rotor 5 in the discharge groove
18 designed in the rotor 5 and featuring the possibility of
radial displacement of the stay rod 17 relative to the rotor
5; thereat, the length of the discharge groove 18 is greater
than the length of the stay rod 17. In case of radial dis-
placement of the stay rod 17 in the direction away from
the center of the rotor 5 the liquid enters the discharge
groove 18 coming from the helical chamber 10. In case
of radial displacement of the stay rod 17 in the direction
toward the center of the rotor 5, the liquid comes from the
4 Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org
discharge groove 18 into the helical chamber 10. When
such hydraulic screw-type machine operates in the mode
of the motor, a part of the operational fluid moves through
the discharge grooves 18 which help decrease the hydrau-
lic resistance in the helical chambers 10. The stay rod 17
can be installed with the gap in the discharge groove 18
to ensure the possibility of radial displacement of the stay
rod 17 relative to the rotor 5. In this case when the screw-
type machine operates in the mode of motor the stay rod
17 due to the pressure drop in the helical chambers 10 is
pressed against the plane of the stopper element 11 dis-
joining the neighboring helical chambers 10.
Such technical solution makes it possible to create
the new small size hydraulic positive displacement motor
that operates without vibrations of the rotor and of the
drill bit.
The operating chamber in the developed hydraulic
machine has been formed with two cylindrical surfaces.
With such design the volume of the operating chamber V
and theoretical volumetric flow Q are calculated applying
the mathematical models as follows:
V=0.25(D2-d2)T (1)
Q=Vn (2)
Where D is internal diameter of the stator, d is outer
diameter of the rotor, T is the step of the screw line along
which the casing sections are installed (the step of such
screw line is equal to the length of the operating cham-
ber), n is the number of rotations of the rotor per one
second.
Volumetric flow of the liquid passing through the
groove seals can be designated as Q. In this case the
volumetric efficiency quotient - when the hydraulic
machine operates in the mode of a hydraulic motor can
be estimated applying the known formula as follows:
=Q/(Q+Q) (3)
Volumetric efficiency quotient - * when the hydraulic
machine operates in the mode of a pump can be estimated
applying the known formula as follows:
*=(Q-Q)/Q (4)
4. Discussion
The new design of the hydraulic machine has been devel-
oped that can be used for creating the compact hydraulic
positive displacement motor that operates without rotor
vibrations in the process of drilling oil wells. In the course
of operation, the mass center of the rotor in this type of
Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Yu. A. Sazonov, M. A. Mokhov and M. A. Frankov

motor does not change its location in space, thus exclud-

ing the preconditions for vibrations.
As it has been already noted, the study is founded
on the concept and the constructive principle as follows:
any screw surface can be substituted by a number of flat
and cylindrical surfaces. The structures of the hydraulic
machines equipped with screw (helical) seal have been
studied and analyzed in the first place, for example, such
one of such options21 is presented in Figure 5. Figure 6. Schematics of rotor of hydraulic machine and
screw (helical) seal19.

If the task is set to replace the screw surface with the

set of flat and cylindrical surfaces, then it is possible to
shift to the option that applies sectional sealing. Thereat,
each section of the sealing can possess the shape similar to
that which is shown in Figure 3. The considerations above
show that without violating the basic operational prin-
ciples of the hydraulic machine it is possible to develop
more simple and practicable structures that feature new
properties. Thus, the seals shown in Figures 5 and 6 are
made of elastomeric materials only. When shifting toward
the geometric shape shown in Figure 3, the sealing can
be manufactured from hard or super hard materials and
this opens the prospects for practical applications of such
hydraulic machines in the process of drilling the wells
under the conditions of considerable pressure drops at
the sealing.
The bench testing has been carried out with the
micromodels and experimental prototypes of the new
hydraulic machine. Figures 79 present the options of the
developed structures.
In the course of the investigations, different structures
of rotor have been tested starting from the base option
shown in Figure 7.

Figure 5. Schematics of hydraulic machine equipped with

screw (helical) seal21.

As is well known, the screw (helical) seal can possess

an element which shape is formed by the set of flat and
cylindrical surfaces. Figure 6 shows an example19 where
the screw (helical) seal includes an extra element 32b and
the shape of this element can be formed by the flat and
cylindrical surfaces. This seal includes the element 32
and the shape of this element is built by the set of screw Figure 7. Rotor of experimental prototype of hydraulic
surfaces and cylindrical surfaces. machine (option).

Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Development of Compact Hydraulic Positive Displacement Motor Featuring No Rotor Vibrations in Well Drilling
Figure 8. Rotor of experimental prototype of hydraulic
machine (option).
Simple theory, simple geometric shapes and simple
manufacturing technology can make for wider applica-
tion area of such hydraulic machines that feature better
opportunities for selecting the structural materials for
producing this type of machines.
For the purposes of modeling and for creating some
parts of the prototypes, 3D printers have been applied.
The model with transparent stator is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Model of new hydraulic machine (option).
A number of tests have been carried out at the shaft
rotational frequency in the range from 200 rotations per
minute up to 3000 rotations per minute. No radial vibra-
tions of the shaft were observed at such speed of the
shaft rotation. Maximal pressure drop in the hydraulic
machine during the tests amounted to 10 MPa. Within
the framework of the undertaken research studies it is
now planned to develop an experimental prototype of the
new hydraulic motor that would operate at the rotor rota-
tional frequency of 200 - 450 rotations per minute. The
rotor of the hydraulic machine is supposed to be directly
connected with the drill bit (rotor rotational frequency
is equal to the drill bit rotational frequency). However,
if applicable, other additional options equipped with the
gear box can also be considered when the rotor rotational
frequency is higher than the rotational frequency of the
drill bit.
It is known that when the reliable gear box is available,
the hydraulic positive displacement motors featuring high
6 Vol 9 (42) | November 2016 | www.indjst.org
rotational speed of the shaft can be applied for drilling
the wells2327. Under such conditions additional options
of the new hydraulic machine operating with the gear box
can be considered. The structure of the new hydraulic
machine makes it possible to employ the gear box.
5. Conclusion
Notwithstanding the fact that the screw-type positive
displacement motors are widely applied and improved
continuously, the problem associated with the rotor
vibrations has not been solved completely. Such hydrau-
lic machines possess a constructive defect related to the
rotor movements along the orbital trajectory. And this
movement trajectory induces transverse vibrations of the
displacement motor itself and of the drill bit thus produc-
ing detrimental effects on the useful life of the rotor and
on the economic indicators of the process in general.
The development of the new compact hydraulic posi-
tive displacement motor that would operate without
vibrations is a task of current importance. Among the
volumetric type hydraulic machines there is a standalone
class of the hydraulic machines in which the rotation
of the rotor does not induce vibrations. Such hydrau-
lic machines are equipped with the helical seals that are
installed between the cylindrical rotor and the cylindrical
stator. The results of the calculations and the laboratory
tests of the models of such hydraulic machines proved
that this class of machines upon relevant structural
adjustments can be used for developing the new compact
hydraulic positive displacement motors.
The undertaken design and research activities have
been founded on the constructive principle and the con-
cept as follows: any screw surface can be replaced by a
set of flat and cylindrical surfaces. The scientific search
proves that it is possible, based on this principle, to create
new hydraulic machines with unique features.
The new design has been developed for the hydrau-
lic machine that can be used for creating the compact
hydraulic positive displacement motor which is free from
the rotor vibrations in the process of drilling oil wells. The
developed technical solutions have been covered by pat-
ents.
In order to identify preliminary the potential appli-
cation areas of the developed hydraulic machine several
models and prototypes have been constructed. A series
of tests has been carried out at the shaft rotational fre-
quency within the range of 200 rotations per minute to
Indian Journal of Science and Technology

3000 rotations per minute. No radial vibrations of the
shaft have been observed at such velocity of the shaft
rotation. During the tests the maximal pressure drop in
the hydraulic machine amounted to 10MPa. It has been
acknowledged that the commenced activities on develop-
ing the drilling equipment are promising and should be
proceeded with.
Within the framework of the undertaken investiga-
tions the design documents have been developed for
creating the experimental prototype of the hydraulic
positive displacement motor for operations at the shaft
rotational frequency within the range of 200 - 450 rota-
tions per minute.
Straightforward theory, simple geometric shapes
and easy manufacturing technology can stipulate wider
applications of such hydraulic machines. However, the
principal application area of the developed equipment
is associated with drilling oil and gas wells. The com-
pact hydraulic positive displacement motor can also be
employed for well repairs and some certain results of the
research and development activities can be applied to
solving other problems, for instance, to the development
of pump equipment.
6. Acknowledgement
The study has been developed with financial sup-
port from the Ministry of Education and Science
of the Russian Federation (project unique identifier
RFMEFI57715X0175)
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