Chapter 4

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Lecture 5
Part II:
Flexural Design of beams
and one-way slabs

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

RC_II 1

Design of Rectangular
Beams and One-way Slabs

1
Design of Beams For
Flexure

Review

2
 5

for Rn vs. See McCormacs

Tables B.7
And B.9
Appendix B
(Provided on
Moodle)

3
Design Aids
1 fy
M u As f y d 1 '
1.7 f c
As bd
1 fy
M u bdf y d 1 '
1.7 f c

Mu 1 fy
f y 1 '
Rn
bd 2 1.7 f c

See Table A.8 A.13 and B8-B9 for Rn vs.

7

Rectangular Beams
Design Decisions

4
 Lateral Support for Beams

Concrete beams of normal proportions dont

buckle laterally, unless significant torsion is
applied
ACI Code Section 10.4.1 states that lateral
support is not required at intervals less than 50
times b (where b is the least width of
compression flange or face)
If significant torsion is present, situation must
be evaluated to determine placement of lateral
support
9

Assumptions for Beam Proportions

Beams having 6 to 7.5 m (20 to 25 ft) span
length: d/b approximately 1.5 to 2.
Longer beams : d/b approximately 3 to 4.

Shallower beams result in reduced floor height.

Overall beam dimensions are usually in whole

inches or mm.
Beam widths are usually in multiples of
50 or 75 mm (2 or 3 in). 10

5
 11

ACI Minimum Thickness

For normal weight concrete and Grade 60 (420 MPa) reinforcing. See footnotes
in ACI Table 9.5a for lightweight concrete and other grades of reinforcement
12

6
 ACI Minimum Thickness

13

Deflections
Deflections may be calculated.
Short-term and long-term deflections.
ACI Code provides minimum depth: deflection
calculation not required if ACI Table 9.5a is
used.
If deflections are calculated, ACI minimum
values, for h, are not mandatory .
ACI minimums apply only to members supporting
construction not likely to be damaged by large
deflections as partitions.

14

7
 Member Weight
The weight of a member is a load which must be
supported by the members.

Member weight is not known until the member

is designed.
Scientific Wild Assessment Guess
SWAG (Estimate) the member weight
design the beam refine estimate of member
weight.
Redesign the member refine weight estimate
if necessary.
15

Reinforcing Bar Selection

Bar diameter is expressed in SI system as symbol
in unit of mm and as (symbol # in US system)
where the bar size in eighths of an inch through
#8. Larger bars are slightly different
Diameter of bar # 6 bar is approximately 6/8 = 3/4 in

Bar areas from Tables provided

If section allowed, select smaller sizes with
larger number of steel bars instead of larger
sizes with lesser number having same As.
Dont mix bar sizes (tension steel, compression
steel, stirrups)
16

8
 Cover and Stirrups
Stirrups are used for shear reinforcement.
Minimum stirrup size is 10mm (#3 bars) for
32mm (# 10) and smaller longitudinal bars.
Minimum stirrup size for 36mm ((# 11) and
larger longitudinal bars, is 13mm (say available
12) (#4 bars).

Minimum inside radius of a 90 degree bent

stirrup is twice the stirrup diameter (2db).

17

Reinforcing Bar Cover

Cover is distance from surface of bar

to closest concrete surface.
Section 7.7 of ACI Code specifies cover values.

Special exposure requirements in of ACI Code

section 7.7.

18

9
19

20

10
 Minimum
Edge
Distance

(f12 mm)
(f10 mm)

(f32 mm)

(10 mm)

(40 mm)
(20 mm)
(40 mm)

(65 to 70 mm)
21

Aggregate Size and Bar Spacing

Aggregate size is limited to:

(a) one-fifth narrowest dimension between side

forms.

(b) one-third slab depth.

(c) three-fourths minimum clear spacing of bars.

22

11
 (Longitudinal bars)

23

Minimum Spacing of Bars

ACI Section 7.6 minimum clear distance

between bars is the larger of the bar diameter
or 25 mm ( 1 in )
If layers of bars are used, bars in the upper
layer are required to be placed directly over
those in the lower layer with clear distance
between layers not less than 25 mm
ACI Code Section 3.3.2 limits maximum
aggregate size, based on bar spacing for
20mm ( in.) max agg size, max. bar spacing =
25mm ( 1 in. )
24

12
 Development Length and Bar
Spacing
Development length varies with cover and bar
spacing.

Larger values of cover and / or bar spacing

result in smaller development length.

It may be economical to increase cover and / or

bar spacing in order to reduce development
length.

25

Minimum required Beam Width, bmin

For 32mm #10) and lesser longitudinal bars,
assumes 10mm (#3) stirrups, and 40mm (1 in.) cover
bmin = 135+ (n-1)db + (n-1)(larger of db or 25 mm),
bmin = 5 + (n-1)db + (n-1)(larger of db or 1 in.),
where n = no. of bars in one layer and
db = bar diameter
For 36mm (#11) and larger longitudinal bars, assumes
13mm (or say 12) (#4) stirrups, and with 40mm (= 1)
in cover
bmin = 150 + (n-1)db + (n-1)(larger of db or 25 mm),
bmin = 6 + (n-1)db + (n-1)(larger of db or 1 in),
where n = no. of bars in one layer and
Seedb =text Table A.5 for minimum beam widths
bar diameter
See Table A.5 for minimum beam widths 26

13
 For 32mm
Minimum Beam Width, bmin #10) and
lesser
longitudinal
bars, assumes
10mm (#3)
stirrups, and
40mm (1 in.)
cover .
For 36mm
(#11) and
larger
longitudinal
bars, assumes
13mm (or say
12) (#4)
stirrups, and
with 40mm (=
1) in cover
27

Skin Reinforcement for Beams

ACI 318-2011

ACI 318-2008 and

earlier

28

14
 Skin Reinforcement for Beams

Beams with web depths exceeding 0.9m (3 ft )

tend to develop excessively wide cracks in the
upper part of the tension zone.

Adding additional longitudinal reinforcement in

the tension zone reduces these cracks.

ACI Code Section 10.6.7 states that skin

reinforcement must be provided for beams deeper than
900 mm (36 in) , h > 900 mm (36 in.).

29

Skin Reinforcement for Beams

Skin reinforcement must be uniformly

distributed along both faces of the beam.

Skin reinforcement must be provided for a

distance of d/2 from the tension face.

30

15
Skin Reinforcement for Beams

Skin reinforcement may be considered to add

to the strength of the beam.

ACI Code does not specify area for skin

reinforcement.

Deep beams (see ACI Code Section 11.7) may

require additional shear reinforcement and this
additional steel requirement may be larger than
the skin reinforcement requirement. In this
case the shear requirement governs.
31

Practical Selection for Beam Sizes

Only a few beam sizes should be used in a

particular floor system.

Beam subject to largest moment should be

sized to be as small as practical.

Size other beams in the floor system similarly

and use less steel for those beams that
support smaller moment.

32

16
 Bundled Bars
ACI Code Section 7.6.6.3 permits bundled
bars
As many as four bars
can be bundled.
Bundled bars must be enclosed in stirrups
or ties (ACI 7.6.6.2).
Bars larger than 32mm (No 10) may not
be bundled.

33

Bundled Bars

For spacing and cover requirements, consider

bundle to be a single bar with equivalent
diameter of the same area for the bundled
bars.
When individual bars in the bundle are cut off,
cut-off point should be staggered.

According to ACI Code Section 7.6.6.6, stagger

must be at least (40.db) , db is bar diameters.

34

17
35

36

18
37

38

19
 Cantilever Beams

Cantilever beams are subject to negative

moment throughout the length.

For cantilever beams, the largest moment

occurs at the face of the support .

For cantilever beams, the largest steel

requirement occurs at the face of the support.

39

Cantilever Beams
Max.
moment
location

40

20
 Continuous Beams

Continuous beams are statically indeterminate.

Both positive and negative moment occurs in
continuous beams.
The largest negative moment occurs over the
supports.
The largest positive moment occurs near
midspan.
Both positive and negative moment steel is
required.
41

Continuous Beams

42

21
43

44

22
45

46

23
47

48

24
 Or check t

and sketch the longitudinal section.

49

Or check t

and sketch the longitudinal section.

50

25
Beam Design Examples

SI unit system

51

assume d @ 1.5 b

52

26
 Allow using 8 mm
stirrups according
to Jordanian Code.
Clear cover = 40 mm

Always, use size equal or less than the assumed!!

53

54

27
No data available
about Max. agg.
diameter!

Or check bmin. For spacing

55

56

28
Also sketch longitudinal section

57

L/S 2

One way slabs

58

29
 59

Allow using 8 mm
stirrups according
to Jordanian Code.
Clear cover = 40 mm

> 2120 mm2

Use size equal or less than the assumed

60

30
Or check bmin. For spacing

61

62

31
 Cross-section near the interior support

Also sketch longitudinal section.

63

m
Slab thickness = 120 mm
m
LL = 4 kN/m2
m :
:
Assume filling weight on slab is neglected
m m

Slab DL = (0.12 m) (25 kN/m3) = 3 kN/m2

Ultimate Load: qu = 1.2 (3 kN/m2) + 1.6 (4 kN/m2) = 10 kN/m2

64

32
 Recall:

65

Beam B2:

. = .
. /

. . . . /

. .

66

33
Beam B1:

= .

=10 /

: .

: . . . . /
: @ .
67

Or use Superposition

.
@ . .

@ .

@ . .

Design for
. . . worse!

: @ .
68

34
 Clear cover = 40 mm
Stirrups dia. = 10 mm

. .
,

Or check bmin.

69

This page is left blank

70

35
One-way Slabs
Review

71

72

36
One-way Slabs

73

One-way Slabs
Supported on two parallel and opposite sides (i.e.,
long edges).
Rectangular slabs supported on four sides, but long
side is at least twice as long as the short side.

Two way slab One-way slab

L L L
2 2 2
S S S 74

37
 One-way Slabs

75

One-way Slabs
One-way Solid Slabs

Cross section

Temp & Shrinkage reinforcement

Main Flexural reinforcement

Longitudinal Section 76

38
 One-way Slabs
Slabs are called one-way because bending is
primarily in one direction.
One-way slabs are supported only on two
parallel and opposite sides.
Two-way slabs bend in two directions and are
typically supported on four sides.
One-way bending may occur in slabs supported
on four sides if L/S 2
77

One-way Slabs
Slab thickness is normally rounded up to
one-quarter inch for slabs 6 or less in
thickness
(6mm for ts <150 mm ).
Slab thickness is normally rounded up to one-
half inch for slabs thicker than 6
(12 mm for ts >150 mm )
ACI Code Section 7.12 requires shrinkage
and temperature steel transverse to span
direction.
78

39
 One-way Slabs

One-way slabs are designed as rectangular

beams.
Typically, a 1 m (12 in) strip width is designed.
Poissons ratio is assumed to be zero (no lateral
stresses!).
Flexural reinforcement may not be spaced
further apart than three times the slab
thickness, nor 18 in. (450 mm) . See ACI Code
Section 7.6.5
79

One-way Slabs
According to ACI Section 7.12.2.2, shrinkage
and temperature may not be spaced more than
five times the slab thickness, nor 450 mm ( 18
in).
According to ACI Section 7.12.2.1, when Grade
420 MPa or GR60 steel or WWF is used, the
area of the shrinkage and temperature steel
may not be less than 0.0018bh
If resistance to shrinkage or temperature is
present (constraints exist!), it may be
necessary to provide more than ACI minimum
steel. 80

40
 One-way Slabs
See table A.6 for selecting bars for one-way solid
slabs

Min. shrinkage
and
temperature
transverse steel

81

Design of One-way Slabs

Review

82

41
 Thin slab assumption

83

Bending action is in one directions !

Bending action is in two orthogonal directions !

84

42
85

86

43
 87

Bending action is in one directions !

88

44
One-way slabs

Bending action is in one directions !

89

Bending action is in two orthogonal directions !

90

45
 91

Slab Minimum thickness

92

46
 ACI Minimum Thickness

93

Minimum Cover

94

47
95

96

48
Sum. = 2.315 kN/m2

97

98

49
 c h = 25 h kN/m2

Dimensions of
H.B might be
changed.

IBC-09:1607.5 Partition loads.

In office buildings and in other buildings where partition
locations are subject to change, provisions for partition
weight shall be made, whether or not partitions are shown
on the construction documents, unless the specified live
load exceeds 80 psf (3.83 kN/m2). The partition load
shall not be less than a uniformly distributed load of
15 psf (0.74 kN/m2).
99

(block dimension)= 0.40 m x 0.25 m x 0.20 m

Slab total depth = 0.25 m

per rib

per rib

Covering
Equiv.
materials
partitions

100

50
 101

Weight of partitions on Beams

If partition wall is supported by beam ! 102

51
103

104

52
105

106

53
SI unit system Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
One-way solid slabs are designed as rectangular sections
subjected to shear and moment. Thus, the maximum
reinforcement ratio is 3 f '
max (0.85 1 ) c

8 fy

Extra limit to be checked :

f c ' and f y in MPa

bw , d in mm
107 107

108

54
109

110

55
111

112

56
 Typical Reinforcement for One Way Solid Slab

Cutoffs

113

Typical Reinforcement for One Way Solid Slab

If slab satisfies ACI 8.3.3

Cutoffs

114

57
f c ' and f y in MPa b w , d in mm

115

f c ' and f y in MPa

bw , d in mm

116

58
117

118

59
119

120

60
 121

0.85 fc 2106 Mu
If Mu in kN.m then: 1 1
2
fy
0.85 fc bwd 122

61
 h 170 mm
d 144 mm
b 1000 mm
min 0 . 0018
max 0 . 0181

S S S S S=200 mm

1000 mm 123

h 170 mm
d 144 mm
b 1000 mm
min 0 . 0018
max 0 .0181

124

62
 in cms

125

Layout Top view

cm cm cm

cm cm cm

126

63
Design of one way RIBBED slabs

127

(Joist slabs)

128

64
 Note: lc = clear spacing
between ribs
Without filler!)

MPa

Old Jordanian standard

129

130

65
 Vu< 1.10 (Vc )

:
2
131

132

66
 133

Recall:

134

67
 10
2.63 2
3.8

One way slab.

> 5 cm > lc/12 = 3.3 cm

(Ignore this check !)

135

Wild Wires Fabricated mesh (WWF) is used. Or Try to use 38 mm/m?

136

68
Assume cover = 20 mm = 2 cm (not exposed to weather)

137

138

69
 139

Repeat example using 10mm deformed bars as minimum

allowed reinforcement as per ACI 318-2011 !.
140

70
 141

Beam and one-way slabs

Design Examples
US customary unit system

142

71
 Example 4.2
Design a rectangular beam for a 22-ft long
simple span to carry a dead load of 1 k/ft
(not including beam weight) and a live load
of 2 k/ft. Use a concrete strength of
4,000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement.

143

Example 4.2
a) Estimate the beam dimensions and weight

Assume h 0.10 22 ft 2.2 ft 27 in

Assume d 24.5 in
1 1
Assume b h 27 in 14 in
2 2
27 in 14 in 150 lb ft 3 394 lb ft
Beam weight
144 in 2 ft 2

144

72
 Example 4.2
(b) Compute wu and Mu

wu 1.2 1 0.394 k ft 1.6 2 k ft 4.873k ft

wu L2 4.873k ft 22 ft
2

Mu 294.8 k-ft
8 8

145

Example 4.2
(c) Select the
reinforcing
steel 0.85 f c' 2 Rn
reqd 1 1
fy 0.85 f c'

Rn
Mu

12 in ft 294.8 k-ft 1000 lb k 467.7
bd 2 0.9 14 in 24.5 in
2

0.85 4000 2 467.7

reqd 1 1 0.00842*
60, 000 0.85 4000
As bd 0.00842 14 in 24.5 in 2.89 in 2
Try 3 No 9 bars As 3 in 2
* Or from Table A.13, for Rn = 471.6, read = 0.0084

146

73
Example 4.2
(d) Check the 3 in 2
solution using 0.00875 min 0.0033
14 in 24.5 in
the selected
steel 0.00875 max 0.0181
Section is ductile and =0.90

a
As f y

3 in 60 ksi
2

3.78 in
0.85 f c'b 0.85 4 ksi 14 in
a
M n As f y d
2
3.78 in
0.90 3 in 2 60 ksi 24.5 in
2
3662 k-in 305.2 k-ft 294.8 k-ft

147

Example 4.2 final beam design

148

74
 Example 4.2
Alternative Procedure
a) assume select fc and fy
b) estimate beam weight
c) calculate bd2
d) select b and d
e) calculate As , select bars
f) check min, max and
g) check bmin
149

Example 4.3

Design a rectangular beam for = 0.0120

(approximately) and Mu = 600 k-ft. Use a
concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade
60 reinforcement. Assume Mu includes
beam self-weight.

150

75
 Example 4.3

Assume 0.90
Mu 1 fy
f y 1
bd 2 1.7 f c'
12 in ft 600 k-ft (1000 lb / k ) 0.0120 60, 000 psi 1 1 0.0120 60, 000 psi

0.9bd 2 1.7 4000 psi
bd
12 32.18
bd 2 12, 427 in3 The R.H.S. of this eqn. can be read
14 29.79
directly from Table A.13 (= 643.5 psi)
16 27.87
Try a beam with b 14 in and h 33 in d 30 in

151

Example 4.3
As 0.0120 14 in 30 in 5.04 in 2
Try 4 No 10 As 5.06 in 2
5.06 in 2
0.01205 min
14 in 30 in
0.01205 max 0.0181 0.9

a
5.06 in 60 ksi 6.378 in
2

0.85 4 ksi 14 in
a 6.378 in
d 30 in 26.81 in
2 2
152

76
 Example 4.3

a
M u As f y (d )
2
0.90 5.06 in 2 60 ksi 26.81 in
7,326 lb-in 610.5 k-ft 600 k-ft

Table A.5, bmin = 12.9 in

OK

153

Example 4.4
Select a rectangular beam for a 25 ft simple
span and a dead load of 2 k/ft (not
including beam weight) and a live load of 3
k/ft. Use a concrete strength of 3,000 psi
and Grade 60 reinforcement. Use:

f c' 3 ksi
0.18 0.18 0.009
fy 60 ksi

154

77
 Example 4.4
Assume a
wu 1.2 2 0.4 1.6 3 7.680 k ft
beam
weight of 7.680 k ft 25 ft
2

400 lb/ft M u 8
600 k-ft

Mu
482.6 (text Appendix Table A.12)
bd 2

bd 2
Mu

12 in ft 600 k-ft (1000 lb / k )
482.6 0.90 482.6
bd
16 32.19
bd 2 16,577
18 30.35
20 28.79
155

Example 4.4
Try b 18 in and h 33 in d 30.50 in
18 in 33 in
Beam weight 2
144in ft 2 150 lb ft 618.8lb ft 400 plf assumed
3

wu 1.2 2 0.65 1.6 3 7.98 k ft

7.98 k ft 25 ft
2

Mu 623.4 k-ft
8

bd 2
Mu

12 in ft 623.4 k-ft 1000 lb ft
482.6 0.90 482.6
b d
16 32.81
bd 2 17, 223 in3
18 30.93
20 29.35
156

78
 Example 4.4
Try b 18 in and h 34 in d 31.0 in
18 in 34 in
Beam weight
144 in 2 ft 2
150 lb ft 3 637.5 lb ft OK

As bd 0.009 18 in 31 in 5.02 in 2
Try 5 No 9 - As 5.00 in 2

a
5.00 in 60 ksi 6.54 in
2

0.85 3 ksi 18 in
a 6.54 in
d 31.0 in 2 7.73 in
2 2

M u As f y (d ) 0.90 5.0 in 2 60 ksi 27.73 in

a
2
7,488 lb-in 623.9 k-ft > 623.4 k-ft OK
157

Example 4.5
Select the reinforcing steel for the
rectangular cross-section shown. Mu = 160
k-ft. Use a concrete strength of 3,000 psi
and Grade 60 reinforcement. Note beam
dimensions are given. Only As need be
determined.

158

79
 Example 4.5 - worked 3 ways

159

Example 4.5 (using Appendix)

Mu

160, 000 ft-lb 12 in/ft 302.3 psi
bd 2
0.9 16 in (21 in)2
Appendix Table A.12
0.0054
A s bd (0.0054)(16)(21) 1.81 in 2
Three # 7 bars have slightly less area than theoretically required .

160

80
 Example 4.5 (using Text Eq. 3.3)
0.85 f c' 2 Rn
1 1
fy 0.85 f c'
Mu (12)(160, 000)
Rn 302.3
bd 2 (0.9)(16)(21) 2
(0.85)(3000) (2)(302.3)
= 1 1 =0.0054
60, 000 (0.85)(3000)

This is the same value obtained by using the Tables in

Appendix A, so the remainder of the problem is the
same as in the previous slide.
161

Example 4.5 (iterative method)

Assume a = 2 in. As
Mu

160 k/ft 12 in/ft 1.78 in 2
a 2 in
f y (d ) 0.9 60 ksi 21 in-
2 2

a
1.78 in 60 ksi 2.62 in
2

0.85 3 ksi 16 in
a 2.62 in
d 21 in 19.69 in
2 2
(12)(160)
As 1.81 in 2
(0.9)(60)(19.69)
Three # 7 bars have slightly less area than required .
M n 0.90 1.80 in 2 60 ksi 19.69 in
1913.9 k-in 159.5 k-ft 160 k-ft
Capacity is very close. Try 2#9 bars, Mn = 175.8 k-ft162

81
 Example 4.6
Design the one-way slab shown in the figure.
The span length is 10 ft and use a concrete
strength of 4,000 psi and Grade 60
reinforcement. The live load to be
supported is 200 psf.

163

Example 4.6
(a) Establish the minimum slab
thickness if deflections are not
computed (Table 4.1)

h
l

12 in/ft 10 ft 6 in
20 20
Use a 6 in slab
3 1
d 6 in in cover in one-half estimated bar diameter 5 in
4 4
Note that in this problem we are using Grade 60 steel and
normal weight concrete. Footnotes inTable 4.1 make
adjustments for different values of fy and c.
164

82
Example 4.6
(b) Design a 12-in wide strip, i.e. b = 12 in

6 in
Dead load 150 lb ft 75 psf
3

12 in/ft
wu 1.2 75 psf 1.6 200 psf 410 psf
wu L2 0.410 ksf 10 ft
2

Mu 5.125 k-ft
8 8
Mu

12 in/ft 5.125 k-ft 1000 lb k 227.8 psi
bd 0.90 12 in 5 in
2 2

165

Example 4.6
(b) Select the steel
0.00393 (text Appendix Table A.13) min 0.0033
As 0.0039312 in 5 in 0.236 in 2 ft
try # 4 bar , calculate spacing
12 in s
2

0.236 in 0.20 in 2
0.20
s (12) 10.17 in
0.236
Use #4 at 10 in; As 0.240in 2 ft 166

83
Example 4.6 Note h, not d,
used here
(c) Shrinkage and temperature steel

As 0.0018bh 0.0018 12 in 6 in 0.1296in 2 ft

Use #3 at 10 in; As 0.13in 2 ft
Maximum spacing 18 in ACI Section 7.12.2.2
If #4 bars are used as Temp. & Shrinkage steel,
As = 0.0018bh
0.20 = 0.0018(s)(6)
s = 0.20/(0.0018)(6)= 18.51 in, use #4@18 in.
167

84