Academic

Year
2015-16

LAB MANUAL

HEAT TRANSFER OERATION-I

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FINOLEX ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Compiled by Prof Y. A. Landge

Department of Chemical Engineering
FAMT, Ratnagiri
Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

01. UNSTEADY STATE OF HEAT TRANSFER

AIM:
To estimate the film heat transfer coefficient between medium in which body is heated

INTRODUCTION:
In all Steady State Heat Transfer, if all other parameters are constant then temperature is
also constant and does not vary with time. In unsteady state process through other variables are
constant, temperature is function of time. A very good example of this is when a chisel is to be
hardened it is heated and then quenched in oil or water. During both the heating and cooling
process temperature is function of time.

THEORY:
Newtonian heating or cooling is the process in which internal thermal resistance to heat
transfer is negligible, convective resistance determine overall heat transfer no temperature
gradient exist throughout the body is said to be at uniform temperature The system is known as
lump heat capacity. For lumped heat capacity Biot number is less than 0.1

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of hot water bath totally insulated with PUF insulation in between the
two chambers. An electric heater is provided to heat water up to desired temperature. A test piece
with the thermocouple at the center is immersed in hot water bath and its temperature is measured in
fixed interval of time i.e. 10 seconds. The hot test piece is then cooled in atmospheric air.
Heat transfer coefficient in both the heating and cooling is calculated.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Put sufficient water in insulated tank. (i.e. 7 liter)

2. Attach the test piece to test piece holder.
3. Start heater switch.
4. After achieving required temperature put OFF the heater.
5. Note down initial temperature of test piece, then insert it in water bath at the same time
and note down the temperature of test piece at every 5 seconds
6. Then take out test piece and cool it in atmospheric air during cooling also note down the
temperature at every 2 minutes.
7. Repeat the procedure for different bath temperature ( say 800 C, 900 C )

OBSERVATION:
1. Material of Test Piece = Aluminum
2. Diameter of Test Piece (d) = 50 mm
3. Length of Test Piece (L) = 125 mm
4. Specific Heat of Test Piece (Cp) = 0.896 kJ/kg K
5. Density of Specimen ( ) = 2707 kg/m3
o
6. Initial Temperature of Test Piece (To) = C
o
7. Temperature of surrounding (Water Bath) (T for Heating) = C
o
8. Temperature of surrounding (Atmosphere) (T for cooling) = C

2 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

 Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Heating Process Heat Transfer Cooling Process Heat Transfer

Sr. Coefficient h Coefficient h
Time Temperature Time Temperature
No. (W/m2K) (W/m2K)
(second) T (oC) (second) T (oC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

CALCULATIONS
We have
= (T T ) C
o = (To T ) C
Where,
T = Temperature at any time.
T=
Now we have

VC P T T
h= ln
A.t To T

For Cylinder L = R / 2
C P R
h= ln
2t o

Where,
Density of specimen ()
Specific heat of specimen (Cp)
Radius of specimen in meters(R)
Time in second (t)
Heat Transfer coefficient (h)

The above calculation is made by neglecting internal temperature gradient of specimen.

RESULT:
1. Average heat transfer coefficient for heating =.W/m2 K
2. Average heat transfer coefficient for cooling =.W/m2 K

3 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Operate all the switches gently.
2. Do not heat the water above 90 oC
3. Never start heater without water in tank.
4. Observe that while heater is ON the Bakelite cover should be closed.

4 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

02. STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

AIM:
To verify Stefan Boltzmann constant

THEORY:
The most commonly used law of thermal radiation is the Stefan Boltzmann law, which
states that thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power of black body is proportional to the
fourth power of absolute temperature of the surface & is given by .
Q = AT 4 W/mK4
The constant of proportionality is called the Stefan Boltzmann constant & has a value
of 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 in S.I unit & 4.876 x 10-8 Kcal/hr m2 K4
The Stefan Boltzmann law, can be derived by integrating the Plancks law over the
entire spectrum of wavelengths from 0 to through historically, it is worth noting that, the
Stefan Boltzmann law, was independently developed before planchs law. The object of this
experimental set up is to measure the value of this constant fairly close by Stefan Boltsmans
Constant.

DESCRIPTION:

The apparatus is centered on a flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a flat non-conducting

plate. The outer surface is enclosed in a metallic water jacket used to heat the surface to some
suitable constant temperature.
Four Alumel-Chromel thermocouples are attached to various points on surface to measure
its mean temperature to be read by a temperature indicator.
The disc which is mounted in an insulating Bakelite sleeve is fitted in a hole drilled in the
center of base plate. Chromel alumel thermocouple is used to measure the temperature.
When the disc is inserted the response of temperature change of the disc with
time is used to calculate the Stefan Boltzman constant.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Hemispherical enclosure diameter = 200 mm.

2. Test disc diameter (d) = 25 mm.
3. Mass of test disc (m) = 0.005 Kg
4. Specific heat of the disc for copper Cp = 0.39 KJ/kg K
5. Number of thermocouples mounted on hemisphere: 4
6. Number of thermocouples mounted on disc: 1
7. Immersion water heater of suitable capacity : 1.5 Kw

PROCEDURE:

1. The water is heated in the tank by the immersion heater up to a temperature of about
80 to 90o C.
2. The disc is removed before pouring the hot water in the jacket.
3. The hot water is poured in the water jacket.
4. The hemispherical enclosure will come to some uniform temperature T in short time after
filling the hot water in the jacket.
5. The enclosure will soon come to thermal equilibrium conditions.

5 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

6. The disc D is now inserted in A, at a time when its temperature is say T5 ( To be sensed
by a separate thermocouple )
7. Plot the graph of Temperature against time
8. Obtain the slope from the graph ( dT/dt)
9. The Experiment is repeated for obtaining better results.

Observation table:

Sr Temperature (Hemisphere) in oC
No.
T1 T2 T3 T4
1
2
3

Temperature time response of disc

Time t in Second Temperature T (Test piece) oC

00
05
10
15
20
25
30

CALCULATIONS:

1. Average Temperature in (Tavg oC) = T1 + T 2 + T3 + T 4

4
Average Temperature in (Tavg) = K
o
2. Temperature of disc D at the instant when it is inserted ( T5 ) = C
= K

3. The radiation energy falling on disc from the enclosure is given by

E = ATavg
4
------------- (1)
Where,
A = Area of disc
Tavg= Average temperature of the enclosure recorded by the thermocouples.

The emissivity of the disc is assumed to be unity (black disc)

The radiant energy disc emitting into the enclosure will be,
E1 = AT5 --------- (2)
4

Net heat input to Disc per unit time is given by equation 1 & 2.
E E1 = A(Tavg T5 ) ------------ (3)
4 4

6 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

If m be the mass disc & specific heat S, then

dT
= A(Tavg T5 )
4 4
mC P
dt

4. The value of can be obtained by using equation

mC P (dT dt ) kcal
= (MKS Unit
A(T 4 T5 )
4
K 4m2

mC P (dT dt ) W
= (SI Unit)
A(T 4 T5 )0.86 K 4m2
4

RESULT:
W
Stefan Boltzmanns constant is found to be__________
K 4m2

7 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

03. CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM: To find the effectiveness and overall heat transfer coefficient of a cross flow heat exchanger

INTRODUCTION :
Heat exchanges are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
The necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial application. Common examples
of heat exchanger are the indicator of a car, the consider at the back of a domestic refrigerator of
steam boiler of a thermal power plant heat exchangers are analyzed in the categories :
1. Transfer type.
2. Storage type.
3. Direct contact type.
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through the
device &heat is transfer through operating valves. In practice most of the heat exchangers used are
transfer tube ones. The transfer tube exchanger further according to flow arrangement as
01. Parallel flow in which fluids flow in the same direction.
02. Counter flow in which they flow in opposed direction.
03. Cross flow in which they flow at right angle to each other.

DESCRIPTION :
The apparatus consists of row of tubes in which cold water is passes and hot water passes
from outside. These two fluids are flowing cross direction to each other. The hot fluid is hot
water which is obtained from on electrical geyser & it flows outside the tube. While the cold
fluid is cold water, flowing inside the condenser tune. The cold water flows in one direction
& the flow rate of which is measured with help of rotameter. The hot water can be admitted at one
end through flow measuring rotameter enabling the heat exchanger to run as a cross flow condition.
The main of this experiment is to study & compare
1. Heat transfer rate.
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient.
3. To obtained the effectiveness of cross flow heat exchanger.
The experiment is conducted by keeping required flow rates of hot and cold water. The
temperature measured by digital temperature indicator & the flow rates by a rotameter.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Shell: i. Internal diameter (di) = 150 mm

ii. Thickness = 6 mm
iii. Length of Shell = 700 mm

Tube: i. Outer diameter = 17 mm

ii. Inner diameter = 13 mm
iii. Number of tubes =7
v. Length = 700 mm
vi. Material of Construction = M.S
vii. Specific Heat of water at Constant Pressure = ..J/Kg K

Gyser : 1 Kw, 2 numbers.

Rotameter: 1 to 10 lpm

8 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the flow of the hot water & cold water through rotameter.
2. Put ON the geyser.
3. Adjust the flow rate of hot water by rotameter.
4. Adjust the flow rate of cold water by rotameter.
5. Measure the flow rates of hot and cold water
6. Measure the inlet & outlet temperature of hot water & cold water
7. Repeat the experiment at different flow rate.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Hot water Coldwater Hot water Hot water Coldwater Coldwater

Sr.
Flow rate Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet temp. Inlet Outlet
no.
(mh) LPM (mc) LPM T1 oC T2 oC t1 oC t2 oC
1
2
3

CALCULATIONS:-

1) Hot Water flow rate (mh) = LPM

= kg/s

2) Cold water flow rate (mc) = LPM

= kg/s

3) Heat Transfer rate from Hot water

Qh = mh Cp h (T1 T 2)

Qh = _______ W

4) Heat Transfer rate to cold water

Qc = mc Cpc (t 2 t 1)
Qc = _______ W

5) Average Heat Transfer Rate

Qh + Qc
Qavg =
2

6) Logarithmic Mean Temperature Differential (L.M.T.D.):-

9 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

Ti To
Tlm =
ln (Ti To )
Where,

Ti = (T1 t 2 )
To = (T2 t 1)

7) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:-

Q = U o Ao Tlm

Q = U o d i L Tlm

8) Effectiveness
mc Cpc mh Cp h Then effectiveness
(t t )
= 2 1
(T1 t1 )
When, mh Cp h mc Cpc then effectiveness
(T T )
= 1 2
(T1 t1 )

Result:
1. Effectiveness of heat exchanger =.
2. Overall heat transfer coefficient = .W/m2K

10 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

4. FINNED TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Aim:-
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient of finned tube heat exchanger.

Apparatus:-
1. Longitudinal finned tube heat exchanger.
2. Air blower with orifice meter.
3. Hot water circulation tank.

Theory:
When viscous liquids are heated in any standard tubular heat exchanger by condensing steam
or hot liquid of low viscosity, the heat transfer coefficient of the viscous liquid will be much smaller
than that on the hot liquid side and will therefore , become controlling resistance for heat transfer.
This condition is also present in case of air or gas heaters where the gas side heat transfer coefficient
is very low (typically of the order of 0.01 to 0.005 times) compared to that for the liquid or
condensing vapor on the other side. Since, the heat transfer coefficient of viscous liquid or gas cannot
be improved much, the only alternative is to increase the area available for heat transfer o that side so
that its resistance to heat transfer can be reduced. To conserve space and to reduce the cost of
equipment in these cases, certain type of heat exchange surfaces, called extended surfaces, have
developed in which outside area of tube is increased many fold by fins and other appendages.
Two types of fins, are in common use viz; longitudinal fins and transverse fins. Longitudinal
fins are used when the direction of flow of the liquid is parallel to the axis of tube and transverse fins
are used when the direction of flow of the liquid is parallel to the axis of tube and transverse fins are
used when the direction of flow of the liquid is across the tube. Spikes, pins, studs or spines are also
used for either direction of flow. The outside are of a finned tube consists of two parts; the area of fins
and the area of bare tube not covered by the bases of fins.

Procedure:
1. Start the heater and heat water up to 70 to 80 0C
2. Start the blower & adjust the flow of cold air flowing through annulus.
3. Indirectly measure flow rate of cold air by note down manometer reading.
4. Starts pump the pump and note down the flow rate of hot water on rotameter.
5. Be sure that by pass valve is open.
6. At steady-state note the readings of temperature of inlet and outlets of air and water streams.
7. Take at-least 2 to 3 readings of various flow rates of hot water or cold air.

Observations:
1) Finned Tube:
1. Length(L) = 1m
2. Width (w) = 15mm
3. Thickness (b) = 1.5mm
4. Number of fins (N) = 6
5. Outside Diameter of fin tube (Do) = 25.4 mm
6. Inner Diameter (Di) = 21.6 mm.
7. Thermal conductivity of fin material (k) (copper) = 395 W/m C

11 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

2) Bare Tube:
1. Length of tube (l)=1.2 m
2. Thickness of tube (xw) = 1.5mm
3. Thermal conductivity of tube= 395 W/m C.
4. Orifice diameter (Dorifice) = 33mm.
5. Inside diameter of outer pipe= 54 mm.
6. Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter = 0.61
7. Density of air = .. kg/m3
8. Density of water = . kg/m3
9. Specific heat of air = J/kg K
10. Specific heat of water = ...J/kg K

Observation Table:

Air Hot water

Sr
No.
Manometer Flow rate Inlet temp Outlet Flow rate Inlet Outlet
Reading (H) cm (Kg/sec) (t1) C temp (t2) C LPM Temp (T1) C Temp(T2 )C
1
2
3

CALCULATIONS:
1. Circumference of fin (C)
C = 2( w + b) in m

2. Cross-sectional area of fin (A)

A = ( w b) m2

3. Fin area available for heat transfer

AF = C L N in m2

4. Tube area available for heat transfer in finned tube heat exchanger
AT = (D Nb) L in m2

5. Area of heat transfer(A)

A = AF + AT m2

6. Projected perimeter = 2(Do + 2 w + 3L )

2A
7. Equivalent Diameter De =
(Pr ojected perimeter )

12 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

Calculation: A) Practical overall heat transfer(U)

C d Aorifice 2 gH
q=
1 4

A= (d orifice )
2

Diameter of orifice
=
Diameter of pipe

H O air
H = 2 h
air
H = .. m of air

q .m3/s

Mass flow rate of air (m)

m = q air
m = ............ Kg/s

Heat gained by air (Q1 ) = mC p (t 2 t1 )

Heat loss by water (Q2 ) = mC p (T1 T2 )

Q1 + Q2
Qavg =
2
Qavg = UATlm

Where,
A=Total area of finned tube heat exchanger

T1 T2 t 2 + t1
Tlm =
T t
ln 1 2
T2 t1

Qavg
U Practical = =W/m2 C
0

ATlm

13 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

B] Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer (U)

1. Inside heat transfer coefficient -hi ( inner pipe- water)

Inner pipe-water flowing

DiV
N Re =

m
V=
A
V= m/s

Inside heat transfer coefficient (water)

If NRe <2100 use Sieder-Tate equation

NRe >10000 use Dittus Boelter equation

Cp
0.8 a
hi Di D V
= 0.023 i Dittus Boelter equation
k k
Where,
a = 0.4 for heating & a = 0.3 for cooling

0.333
hi Di D V C p D
= 1.86 i Sieder-Tate equation
k k L

hi=-----------W/m2K

2. Outside heat transfer coefficient calculation (ho) (annulus-air)

De = Equivalent Diameter

DeV
N Re =

m m
V= =
A

(
D2 D1
2 2
)
( N b w)
4

Where,
D1=2.54 cm & D2=5.4 cm

To calculate outside heat transfer coefficient

If, NRe < 2100 use Sieder-tate equation

14 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

NRe > 10000 use Dittus boelter equation

Cp
0.8 0.4
ho De D V
= 0.023 e
k k

1 1 xw 1
= + +
U hi k ho

U = ------------ W/m2K

RESULT:
1) Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient (U) =------------ W/m2K
2) Practical overall heat transfer coefficient (U) =--------------- W/m2K

INSTRUCTION:
1. Dont run heaters without water in hot tank, otherwise electrical heater will burn.
2. Open the drain valve provided at the bottom of tank and drain out the water from tank
completely if any.
3. Close the drain valve and charge 70 liters (3/4 volume) of water.
4. Start the electrical heaters of hot water tank.

15 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

5. FILM AND DROPWISE CONDENSATION

AIM:
To determine heat transfer coefficients for film and drop wise condensation of vapor on a copper
tube.

INTRODUCTION:
Condensation of surfaces tubes cooler than the condensing temperature of vapor is important
when vapors such as those of water or other volatile substances are processed. Some examples are
evaporation, distillation and drying. The condensing temperature of single pure substance depends
only on the pressure and therefore the process of condensation of pure substance is isothermal. Vapor
after condensation gives a pure liquid.

THEORY:
There are two way of condensation of vapor, Film-wise condensation & Drop-wise
condensation. In a film-wise condensation, which is more common than drop-wise, the liquid
condensate forms a film, or a continuous layer of liquid that flows over the surface of tube under the
action of gravity. It is the layer of liquid interposed between the vapour and the wall of the tube that
provide the resistance to the flow of heat and therefore controls the heat transfer coefficient. The
drop-wise condensation is unstable and difficult to maintain. The resistance of the layer even in film
type condensation is ordinarily small in comparison with the resistance inside the condenser tube, and
the increase in the overall coefficient is relatively small when drop wise condensation is achieved.
Therefore, film type condensation is assumed for normal design.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start boiler and allow steam to generate so as to flow over tubes.
2. Start supply of cold water to both the tubes at constant flow rates.
3. At steady state, note down the flow rates, temperature of inlets and outlets of both of the
tubes.
4. Repeat the procedure for different flow rates of cold water.

OBSERVATION:

1. Outside Diameter of tube (Do) = 19 mm

2. Length of tube = 180 mm
3. Area of heat transfer = Do L m2

a) Film-wise condensation: smooth surface

Cold Water Steam

Sr. Flow Rate Mass Flow Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Pressure
Temp. ( oC)
No. (LPM) rate (m) kg/s (t1) oC (t2) oC (Kg/cm2)
1
2
3
4

16 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

b) Drop-wise condensation: Rough surface

Cold Water Steam

Sr Flow Rate Mass Flow Inlet Temp Outlet Temp Pressure Temp.
No. (LPM) rate (m) kg/s (t1) oC (t2) oC (Kg/cm2) TS ( C)
1
2
3
4

Calculations:
Practical heat transfer coefficient calculation
Q = mC p (t 2 t1 )
Where,
Q- Heat transfer rate
m - Mass flow rate (kg/s)
Cp - Specific Heat (J/kg K)
t2 - Outlet temperature of water (oC)
t1 - Inlet temperature of cold water (oC)

Q = hAT
Q = hA(Ts Tw )
Where,
h - Outside heat transfer coefficient
TS - Steam temperature (oC)
TW - Wall temperature (oC)
t +t
Tw = 2 1
2
Q = mCp (t 2 t1 ) = hA(TS TW )
mCp (t2 t1 )
h =
A(TS TW )

Practical heat transfer coefficient (h) = ---------------- W/m2K

Theoretical h calculation

0.25
k 3 2 g
h = 0.943
TL
Properties of condensate should be determined at film temperature
T f = Film Temperature

17 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

(TS + TW )
Tf =
2

Where,
k = thermal conductivity of condensate film = 0.668 W/m K
= density of condensate = 977.8 kg/m3
= Latent heat of condensate film = 2334 KJ/Kg
= viscosity of condensate = 406x10-6 kg/ms
T = (TS TW )
Result:

Heat transfer coefficient Heat transfer coefficient for Heat transfer coefficient for
(W/m K)2
Rough surface (W/m2K) Smooth surface (W/m2K)
Theoretical
Practical

Conclusion:
Heat transfer coefficient for drop wise condensation is more than film wise
condensation.

18 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

06. PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM:
To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient in a plate heat exchanger & its
effectiveness.

THEORY:

The plate heat exchanger normally consists of corrugated plates assembled into a
frame. The hot fluid flows in one direction in alternating chambers while the cold fluid flows
in true counter-current flow in the other alternating chambers. The fluids are directed into their
proper chambers either by a suitable gasket or a weld depending on the type of exchanger
chosen. Traditionally, plate and frame exchangers have been used almost exclusively for
liquid to liquid heat transfer. The best example is in the dairy industry. Today, many variations
of the plate technology have proven useful in applications where a phase change occurs as
well. This includes condensing duties as well coefficients (U-values) in excess of 35 times
the U-value in a shell and tube designed for the same service. Plate heat exchanger is an
attractive option when more expensive materials of construction can be employed. The
significantly higher U-value results in far less area for a given application. The higher U-
values are obtained by inducing turbulence between the plate surfaces. Owing to this they are
also known to minimize the fouling.

PROCEDURE:
1. Give supply to the heaters.
2. Wait for some time till water becomes heated for certain degree of temperature rise.
3. Start the hot water and cold water flow through the heat exchanger.
4. Measure the temperature inlet and outlet of hot and cold fluid (T1 , T2 ,t1, t2)

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Height of Plate H = 550 mm
2. Width of Plate W = 125 mm
3. Gap between two plates( b) = 3 mm
4. Number to plates N = 5
5. Number of hot fluid chambers (Nh) = 3
6. Number of cold fluid chambers (Nc) = 3

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Hot Water Hot water Hot water Cold water Coldwater Coldwater
Sr.
Flow rate Inlet Temp. Outlet temp. Flow rate Inlet Outlet
No T1 oC T2 oC t1 oC t2 oC
LPM LPM
1
2
3
CALCULATION:
19 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri
Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

Total heat transfer area of heat exchanger A = N H W =..m2

2Wb
Equivalent diameter De =
W +b
Flow rate Hot Water (qh) =LPM
=..m3/s
Flow rate Hot Water (qc) =LPM
=..m3/s
qh
Velocity of hot fluid in a chamber u =
WbN h

Total heat transferred for hot fluid Qh = C p q(T1 T2 )

Total heat transferred for hot fluid Qc = C p q (t 2 t1 )

Log mean Temperature difference (LMTD)

(T t ) (T2 t1 )
Tlm = 1 2
(T t )
ln 1 2
(T2 t1 )
Qh + Qc
Qavg =
2

Qavg
Overall Heat Transfer coefficient U =
ATlm

Effectiveness
Actual Heat Transfer
=
Maximum Possible Heat Transfer

When, mc Cpc mh Cp h Then effectiveness

(t 2 t 1)
=
(T1 t1 )
When, mh Cp h mc Cpc then effectiveness
(T T )
= 1 2
(T1 t1 )

RESULT:
1. Overall heat transfer coefficient in a plate heat exchanger was found to beW/m2 K
2. Effectiveness of plate heat exchanger was found to be__________

20 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri

Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

07. JACKETED VESSEL

AIM:
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient, using water in the vessel and steam as the
heating medium in inside the jacket by natural convection.

APPARATUS:
Jacketed vessel consisting of an inner tank and an outer jacket to tank, pressure gauge and
steam trap

THEORY:
The simplest way to transfer heat to a process or storage vessel is to fit an external jacket, or
an internal coil. The most commonly used type jacketed vessel is the conventional one. It consists of
an outer cylinder which surrounds part of the vessel. The heating or cooling medium circulates in the
annular space between the jacket and vessel walls and the heat is transferred through the wall of the
vessel. The heat transfer is mainly due to free convection. It is an unsteady state process as heat flow,
temp. or both very with at a fixed point. Typically range from 50mm for small vessels to 300mm for
large vessel.
Jacketed vessels are used in various industrial appl. Including the chemical, pharmaceuticals,
food and beverage, oil and fuel and plastic industries. Based on the material to be handle design
components of the vessel are determined such as vessel material, size, shape, temp, and pressure.

Energy balance for the vessel

dT
mC p = UA(Ts T )
dt

Integrating above equation

Tb t
dT UA
T Ts T = mC p 0 dt
a

(Ts Ta ) tUA
ln =
(Ts Tb ) mC p

mC p (Ts Ta )
U= ln
At (Ts Tb )
A = .d .H
Where,
m=mass of water, Kg
Cp= specific heat of water, J/Kg K
Ta, Tb = initial and final temperature of the water in the time intervals (K)
Ts=steam temperature (K)
U=overall heat transfer coefficient for unsteady state heating of water (W/m2K)
A= area of heat transfer (m2)
H= height of the water from bottom, m
D= diameter of vessel at the top, m
D1= diameter of bottom portion of vessel, m
21 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri
Heat Transfer Operation-I III Year, V Semester

PROCEDURE:
1. Take water in the tank.
2. Note down Height, Diameter of vessel at top and bottom portion of vessel.
3. Fill water up to Height H the tank.
4. Supply saturated steam at constant pressure inside the jacked keeping the vent open for
some time.
5. Note down the temperature of water at every 30 second interval till it reached at 60c.
6. Stop steam supply and drain out the water.
7. Follow step for two more pressure of steam.

OBSERVATON:

1. Vessel I.D = 210mm

Total height (H) = 446mm
Straight height = 359mm
2. Vessel volume
Dished end volume = 2230ml
Total volume = 14660 ml
3. Jacket height = 446 mm
4. Area of heat transfer for jacket A = .d .H

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Overall heat Transfer Coefficient

Time (second) Temperature oC
No. U (W/m2 K)

CALCULATION:

mC p (Ts Ta )
U= ln
At (Ts Tb )

RESULT: Overall heat transfer coefficient is found to be____________(W/m2 K)

22 Compiled by Prof. Y. A. Landge Department of Chemical Engineering, FAMT Ratnagiri