1922

FOREWORD
These duct construction standards are intended for use by contractors, fabricators and designers of air pollution control,
pneumatic conveyance and industrial ventilation systems.
The 1980 edition of these standards was the first publication dealing with the selection of duct gauge and reinforcement
for rectangular industrial duct systems. While the first edition served industry very well for many years, technology
has continued to evolve and in response to our memberships request, SMACNAs Rectangular Industrial Duct
Construction Task Force led a comprehensive review and update of the first edition, resulting in this greatly expanded
and more user friendly version of the original publication.
While the new text includes many of the same assumptions as the original work, a number of new features have been
added:
S Six different types of carbon galvanized and aluminized steels

S Seven different types of stainless steel alloys
S Three different types of aluminum alloys
S Consideration of wind, snow, ice, and other loads
S Design check for localized and global modes of side panel buckling
S Design capability for high temperature systems up to 800 F, and higher with design review by a specialized pro-
fessional.
S New Chapter of practical examples with stepbystep instructions
S New Duct Class 5 for systems handling corrosives
S Expanded data for the selection of duct supports, fasteners, gaskets and joint sealants
S Accepted Industry Practice for Rectangular Industrial Ducts
S New Chapter on Welding
S New Guide Specification for the fabrication and Installation of industrial duct systems
The Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Task Force is deeply indebted to Doctor Michael C. Soteriades who did
the original work for the first edition and contributed greatly to the improvements and expansion of the technical scope
in the new edition. Likewise, the task force is deeply indebted to Joseph M Plecnik, PhD, P.E. of California State Uni-
versity at Long Beach, who is responsible for the physical testing, finite element analysis (FEA) studies, and design
guidance related to the issue of NonLinear Elastic Buckling of Duct Side Panels on Rectangular Industrial Duct.
SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards IP Second Edition iii

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
Panel Width Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def.,
W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in.
3.0 6.5 0.23 8.3 0.23 10.6 0.23 15.9 0.22 18.8 0.22 21.8 0.21 33.4 0.20 52.0 0.17 76.5 0.15 108.3 0.13 192.0 0.10
4.0 4.8 0.31 6.1 0.31 7.8 0.30 11.5 0.30 13.5 0.30 15.5 0.30 23.1 0.28 34.1 0.26 47.5 0.23 64.5 0.21 109.7 0.17
5.0 3.8 0.38 4.8 0.38 6.1 0.38 9.0 0.38 10.5 0.38 12.1 0.38 17.8 0.37 25.5 0.35 34.4 0.32 45.1 0.30 73.0 0.25
7.0 6.0 3.1 0.46 4.0 0.46 5.0 0.46 7.4 0.46 8.6 0.46 9.9 0.45 14.4 0.45 20.4 0.43 27.1 0.41 34.7 0.39 53.7 0.34
8.0 2.3 0.61 2.9 0.61 3.7 0.61 5.4 0.61 6.3 0.61 7.2 0.61 10.5 0.61 14.6 0.59 19.1 0.58 23.9 0.56 35.1 0.51
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.0 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 5.7 0.76 8.2 0.76 11.4 0.75 14.8 0.74 18.3 0.73 26.2 0.69
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 2.8 1.52 3.9 1.53 5.4 1.53 6.9 1.52 9.2 1.52 22.1 1.51
3.0 6.5 0.23 8.3 0.23 10.6 0.23 15.9 0.22 18.8 0.22 21.8 0.21 33.4 0.20 52.0 0.17 76.5 0.15 108.3 0.13 192.0 0.10
4.0 4.8 0.31 6.1 0.31 7.8 0.30 11.5 0.30 13.5 0.30 15.5 0.30 23.1 0.28 34.1 0.26 47.5 0.23 64.5 0.21 109.7 0.17
5.0 3.8 0.38 4.8 0.38 6.1 0.38 9.0 0.38 10.5 0.38 12.1 0.38 17.8 0.37 25.5 0.35 34.4 0.32 45.1 0.30 73.0 0.25
6.0 3.1 0.46 4.0 0.46 5.0 0.46 7.4 0.46 8.6 0.46 9.9 0.45 14.4 0.45 20.4 0.43 27.1 0.41 34.7 0.39 53.7 0.34
8.0 8.0 2.3 0.61 2.9 0.61 3.7 0.61 5.4 0.61 6.3 0.61 7.2 0.61 10.5 0.61 14.6 0.59 19.1 0.58 23.9 0.56 35.1 0.51
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.0 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 5.7 0.76 8.2 0.76 11.4 0.75 14.8 0.74 18.3 0.73 26.2 0.69
12.0 NA NA 2.4 0.91 3.5 0.92 4.1 0.92 4.7 0.92 6.7 0.92 9.3 0.91 12.0 0.90 14.9 0.89 20.9 0.86
16.0 NA NA NA 2.6 1.22 3.0 1.22 3.5 1.22 5.0 1.22 6.8 1.22 8.8 1.22 10.8 1.21 15.0 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 2.8 1.52 3.9 1.53 5.4 1.53 6.9 1.52 8.4 1.52 14.6 1.51
3.0 6.5 0.23 8.3 0.23 10.6 0.23 15.9 0.22 18.8 0.22 21.8 0.21 33.4 0.20 52.0 0.17 76.5 0.15 108.3 0.13 192.0 0.10
4.0 4.8 0.31 6.1 0.31 7.8 0.30 11.5 0.30 13.5 0.30 15.5 0.30 23.1 0.28 34.1 0.26 47.5 0.23 64.5 0.21 109.7 0.17
Larger 5.0 3.8 0.38 4.8 0.38 6.1 0.38 9.0 0.38 10.5 0.38 12.1 0.38 17.8 0.37 25.5 0.35 34.4 0.32 45.1 0.30 73.0 0.25
6.0 3.1 0.46 4.0 0.46 5.0 0.46 7.4 0.46 8.6 0.46 9.9 0.45 14.4 0.45 20.4 0.43 27.1 0.41 34.7 0.39 53.7 0.34
Than 8.0
8.0 2.3 0.61 2.9 0.61 3.7 0.61 5.4 0.61 6.3 0.61 7.2 0.61 10.5 0.61 14.6 0.59 19.1 0.58 23.9 0.56 35.1 0.51
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.0 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 5.7 0.76 8.2 0.76 11.4 0.75 14.8 0.74 18.3 0.73 26.2 0.69
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.4 0.91 3.5 0.92 4.1 0.92 4.7 0.92 6.7 0.92 9.3 0.91 12.0 0.90 14.9 0.89 20.9 0.86
16.0 NA NA NA 2.6 1.22 3.0 1.22 3.5 1.22 5.0 1.22 6.8 1.22 8.8 1.22 10.8 1.21 15.0 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 2.8 1.52 3.9 1.53 5.4 1.53 6.9 1.52 8.4 1.52 11.7 1.51
Table 6.11A.3 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 Systems Operating at Up to 4005F (continued)
NOTES:
a. The lefthand column (labeled Pr.) under each Material Gage lists its pressure capacity in inches water gage (in. wg) and represent the maximum allowable
operating pressure to which that specific panel geometry may be subjected based on an allowable stress of ( f Fy /1.5 = 18,350 psi) and a panel deflection
of (/145). The adjacent column to the right (labeled Def.) lists the estimated deflection in inches. These deflection values are relative and approximate. Labo-
ratory tests indicate that actual deflections are highly influenced by the aspect ration of the duct crosssection, the relative thickness of the four sides of the
duct, and the initial set" or curvature inherent in the flat surfaces of fabricated rectangular duct. Actual panel deflections may vary from the above in both
direction (in or out), and in magnitude by as much as 100%.
b. The pressure capacity values listed in this table can be taken as positive or negative as required by the intended application, and are based on a yield strength
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

of 32,000 psi characteristic of ASTM A1011 Commercial Quality Hotrolled Sheet (HRS) Steel, and ASTM 283 Hotrolled Steel Plate in Low and Intermediate
Tensile Strength. For all practical purposes the table values are also valid for other carbon, galvanized and aluminized steels, such as ASTM A1008 Commercial
Quality Coldrolled Sheet (CRS) Steel, ASTM A653 Galvanized Steel (CQor LFQ), and ASTM A463 Steel Sheet, Aluminum Coated by the HotDip Process,
having a minimum yield strength of 32,000 psi or higher.
6.27
c. Cells marked NA indicate that capacity values were too low to be practical for industrial applications.
COMMERCIAL GR. CS32 ksi

Panel Pressure Capacity
Class 1 Good to: 4005F
6.28
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 18.5 0.07 25.4 0.07 35.4 0.06 65.7 0.05 97.0 0.05 123.6 0.04 255.8 0.03 452.5 0.02 762.1 0.02 1121.0 0.01 2002.0 0.01
1.0 2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 41.8 0.14 56.8 0.12 73.9 0.11 149.7 0.07 278.7 0.05 446.0 0.04 656.0 0.04 1192.4 0.03
Unstiffened 4.9 0.38 10.8 0.38 15.1 0.30 39.8 0.21 54.1 0.18 70.4 0.15 142.6 0.11 265.6 0.08 424.9 0.06 625.1 0.05 1136.1 0.04
1.0 18.5 0.07 25.4 0.07 35.4 0.06 63.7 0.05 83.3 0.05 106.4 0.04 211.6 0.03 394.2 0.02 632.5 0.02 932.2 0.02 1698.4 0.01
2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 23.7 0.14 28.8 0.13 34.3 0.13 61.2 0.11 119.1 0.08 190.5 0.07 280.2 0.05 509.4 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 40.3 0.20 79.1 0.15 126.6 0.12 186.2 0.10 338.4 0.07
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 35.5 0.28 69.7 0.22 111.5 0.17 164.0 0.14 298.1 0.10
Unstiffened NA NA 2.4 0.63 7.6 0.63 12.1 0.63 14.7 0.62 35.5 0.43 66.4 0.32 106.2 0.25 156.3 0.21 284.0 0.15
1.5 11.7 0.11 15.7 0.11 21.1 0.11 34.4 0.10 42.7 0.09 52.3 0.08 96.4 0.07 175.3 0.05 280.0 0.04 412.5 0.03 752.3 0.03
2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 23.7 0.14 28.8 0.13 34.3 0.13 58.1 0.11 100.6 0.09 158.1 0.07 231.7 0.06 421.8 0.05
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 84.7 0.15 124.6 0.12 226.4 0.09
3.0 4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 56.6 0.24 87.0 0.21 158.1 0.15
5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 28.1 0.35 52.6 0.32 77.4 0.27 140.6 0.20
6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 27.3 0.43 49.6 0.39 72.9 0.32 132.5 0.24
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA 2.8 0.75 4.2 0.75 12.2 0.75 27.3 0.72 47.2 0.57 69.5 0.47 126.2 0.35
2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 23.7 0.14 28.8 0.13 34.3 0.13 58.1 0.11 100.6 0.09 158.1 0.07 231.7 0.06 421.8 0.05
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 67.0 0.21 127.3 0.16
5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 47.4 0.30 94.6 0.24
40
4.0 6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.5 0.41 45.0 0.39 84.6 0.30
8.0 NA 2.6 0.61 3.4 0.61 5.1 0.61 6.0 0.61 6.9 0.61 10.1 0.61 14.2 0.60 23.6 0.58 40.7 0.56 74.5 0.42
10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 12.7 0.75 23.6 0.74 40.1 0.66 72.8 0.49
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.8 0.75 9.8 0.75 19.8 0.75 35.3 0.75 71.0 0.62
2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 23.7 0.14 28.8 0.13 34.3 0.13 58.1 0.11 100.6 0.09 158.1 0.07 231.7 0.06 421.8 0.05
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 62.7 0.21 107.2 0.17
5.0 5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 44.0 0.30 80.1 0.25
6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.4 0.41 33.9 0.39 65.4 0.34
10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 11.1 0.75 14.4 0.74 21.7 0.73 47.7 0.65
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.0 0.75 8.1 0.75 14.5 0.75 35.4 0.75
2.0 8.5 0.15 11.3 0.15 15.1 0.15 23.7 0.14 28.8 0.13 34.3 0.13 58.1 0.11 100.6 0.09 158.1 0.07 231.7 0.06 421.8 0.05
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 62.7 0.21 107.2 0.17
5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 44.0 0.30 71.4 0.25
60
6.0 6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.4 0.41 33.9 0.39 52.7 0.34

8.0 NA 2.6 0.61 3.4 0.61 5.1 0.61 6.0 0.61 6.9 0.61 10.1 0.61 14.2 0.60 18.6 0.58 23.5 0.56 34.5 0.52
10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 11.1 0.75 14.4 0.74 18.0 0.73 30.6 0.69
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.9 0.75 7.0 0.75 17.1 0.75
Table 6.12A.3 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 2 Systems Operating at Up to 4005F
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 62.7 0.21 107.2 0.17
5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 44.0 0.30 71.4 0.25
7.0 6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.4 0.41 33.9 0.39 52.7 0.34
8.0 NA 2.6 0.61 3.4 0.61 5.1 0.61 6.0 0.61 6.9 0.61 10.1 0.61 14.2 0.60 18.6 0.58 23.5 0.56 34.5 0.52
10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 11.1 0.75 14.4 0.74 18.0 0.73 25.8 0.69
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.52 2.6 1.52 3.8 1.53 5.2 1.53 6.7 1.53 8.7 1.52 21.3 1.51
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 62.7 0.21 107.2 0.17
5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 44.0 0.30 71.4 0.25
6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.4 0.41 33.9 0.39 52.7 0.34
8.0 8.0 NA 2.6 0.61 3.4 0.61 5.1 0.61 6.0 0.61 6.9 0.61 10.1 0.61 14.2 0.60 18.6 0.58 23.5 0.56 34.5 0.52
10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 11.1 0.75 14.4 0.74 18.0 0.73 25.8 0.69
12.0 NA NA 2.2 0.91 3.3 0.91 3.9 0.92 4.5 0.92 6.5 0.92 9.1 0.91 11.8 0.90 14.6 0.89 20.6 0.86
16.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.22 2.9 1.22 3.3 1.22 4.8 1.22 6.6 1.22 8.6 1.22 10.6 1.21 14.8 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.52 2.6 1.52 3.8 1.53 5.2 1.53 6.7 1.53 8.3 1.52 14.1 1.51
3.0 5.5 0.23 7.3 0.23 9.6 0.23 14.8 0.22 17.6 0.22 20.5 0.22 31.9 0.20 49.9 0.17 73.8 0.15 105.0 0.13 187.4 0.10
4.0 4.1 0.31 5.4 0.31 7.0 0.30 10.7 0.30 12.7 0.30 14.7 0.30 22.2 0.28 32.9 0.26 46.1 0.24 62.7 0.21 107.2 0.17
Larger 5.0 3.2 0.38 4.2 0.38 5.5 0.38 8.4 0.38 9.9 0.38 11.5 0.38 17.1 0.37 24.7 0.35 33.5 0.33 44.0 0.30 71.4 0.25
6.0 2.7 0.46 3.5 0.46 4.6 0.46 6.9 0.46 8.1 0.46 9.4 0.46 13.9 0.45 19.8 0.43 26.4 0.41 33.9 0.39 52.7 0.34
Than
8.0 NA 2.6 0.61 3.4 0.61 5.1 0.61 6.0 0.61 6.9 0.61 10.1 0.61 14.2 0.60 18.6 0.58 23.5 0.56 34.5 0.52
88.0
0UUp
pT To 10.0 NA 2.1 0.76 2.7 0.76 4.0 0.76 4.7 0.76 5.4 0.76 7.9 0.76 11.1 0.75 14.4 0.74 18.0 0.73 25.8 0.69
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.2 0.91 3.3 0.91 3.9 0.92 4.5 0.92 6.5 0.92 9.1 0.91 11.8 0.90 14.6 0.89 20.6 0.86
16.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.22 2.9 1.22 3.3 1.22 4.8 1.22 6.6 1.22 8.6 1.22 10.6 1.21 14.8 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.52 2.6 1.52 3.8 1.53 5.2 1.53 6.7 1.53 8.3 1.52 11.5 1.51
NOTES:

6.29

6.30
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 20.3 0.07 29.4 0.07 59.3 0.06 82.1 0.05 110.1 0.04 231.5 0.03 407.6 0.02 721.4 0.02 1071.6 0.01 1904.4 0.01
1.0 2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 31.7 0.14 48.5 0.13 64.4 0.11 136.1 0.08 260.0 0.06 422.2 0.04 627.1 0.04 1153.3 0.03
Unstiffened 6.2 0.38 12.9 0.35 31.7 0.23 46.2 0.19 61.4 0.17 129.6 0.11 247.7 0.08 402.3 0.06 597.5 0.05 1098.9 0.04
1.0 20.3 0.07 29.4 0.07 54.7 0.06 72.4 0.05 93.6 0.05 192.4 0.03 367.6 0.02 598.6 0.02 891.0 0.02 1642.5 0.01
2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 21.2 0.14 26.0 0.14 31.2 0.13 53.8 0.11 111.1 0.09 180.4 0.07 267.9 0.06 492.7 0.04
2.0 3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 34.9 0.20 73.8 0.16 119.8 0.13 178.0 0.10 327.4 0.08
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 31.8 0.29 65.0 0.22 105.5 0.18 156.8 0.14 288.3 0.11
Unstiffened NA NA 5.8 0.63 9.5 0.63 13.6 0.63 31.8 0.46 61.9 0.33 100.6 0.26 149.4 0.21 274.7 0.16
1.5 12.7 0.11 17.9 0.11 30.4 0.10 38.1 0.09 47.0 0.09 88.3 0.07 163.7 0.05 265.0 0.04 394.2 0.04 727.5 0.03
2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 21.2 0.14 26.0 0.14 31.2 0.13 53.8 0.11 94.3 0.09 149.8 0.07 221.5 0.06 407.9 0.05
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 78.1 0.15 119.1 0.13 219.0 0.09
3.0 4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 52.2 0.24 82.6 0.21 152.9 0.16
5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 25.3 0.35 49.4 0.33 74.0 0.27 136.0 0.20
6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 24.6 0.43 46.9 0.40 69.7 0.32 128.1 0.24
Unstiffened NA NA NA 2.2 0.75 3.4 0.75 10.5 0.75 24.6 0.74 44.7 0.58 66.4 0.48 122.1 0.35
2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 21.2 0.14 26.0 0.14 31.2 0.13 53.8 0.11 94.3 0.09 149.8 0.07 221.5 0.06 407.9 0.05
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 62.6 0.21 123.2 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 44.3 0.30 91.5 0.25
40
4.0 6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 42.1 0.39 81.8 0.30
8.0 2.2 0.61 2.9 0.61 4.6 0.61 5.5 0.61 6.4 0.61 9.5 0.61 13.7 0.60 21.7 0.58 38.0 0.56 72.1 0.43
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 11.5 0.76 21.7 0.75 38.0 0.67 70.4 0.50
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA 3.3 0.75 8.8 0.75 18.2 0.75 33.0 0.75 68.7 0.63
2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 21.2 0.14 26.0 0.14 31.2 0.13 53.8 0.11 94.3 0.09 149.8 0.07 221.5 0.06 407.9 0.05
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

18 GAGE IS NOT PERMITTED TO
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 60.4 0.21 103.9 0.17
5.0 5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 42.6 0.30 76.2 0.25
6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 32.9 0.39 62.4 0.34
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 10.7 0.76 14.0 0.75 20.3 0.73 46.1 0.67
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.6 0.75 7.5 0.75 13.5 0.75 33.7 0.75
2.0 9.3 0.15 12.9 0.15 21.2 0.14 26.0 0.14 31.2 0.13 53.8 0.11 94.3 0.09 149.8 0.07 221.5 0.06 407.9 0.05
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 60.4 0.21 103.9 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 42.6 0.30 69.4 0.25
60
6.0 6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 32.9 0.39 51.3 0.34

8.0 2.2 0.61 2.9 0.61 4.6 0.61 5.5 0.61 6.4 0.61 9.5 0.61 13.7 0.60 18.1 0.58 22.8 0.56 33.7 0.52
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 10.7 0.76 14.0 0.75 17.5 0.73 29.1 0.69
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.6 0.75 6.5 0.75 16.3 0.75
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 60.4 0.21 103.9 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 42.6 0.30 69.4 0.25
7.0 6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 32.9 0.39 51.3 0.34
8.0 2.2 0.61 2.9 0.61 4.6 0.61 5.5 0.61 6.4 0.61 9.5 0.61 13.7 0.60 18.1 0.58 22.8 0.56 33.7 0.52
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 10.7 0.76 14.0 0.75 17.5 0.73 25.2 0.69
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 3.6 1.53 5.1 1.53 6.5 1.53 8.2 1.52 20.2 1.51
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 60.4 0.21 103.9 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 42.6 0.30 69.4 0.25
6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 32.9 0.39 51.3 0.34
8.0 8.0 2.2 0.61 2.9 0.61 4.6 0.61 5.5 0.61 6.4 0.61 9.5 0.61 13.7 0.60 18.1 0.58 22.8 0.56 33.7 0.52
10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 10.7 0.76 14.0 0.75 17.5 0.73 25.2 0.69
12.0 NA NA 3.0 0.91 3.6 0.92 4.1 0.92 6.2 0.92 8.7 0.91 11.4 0.90 14.2 0.89 20.2 0.86
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.22 2.7 1.22 3.1 1.22 4.5 1.22 6.4 1.22 8.3 1.22 10.3 1.21 14.5 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 3.6 1.53 5.1 1.53 6.5 1.53 8.1 1.52 13.4 1.51
3.0 6.0 0.23 8.3 0.23 13.3 0.22 16.1 0.22 18.9 0.22 30.0 0.20 47.3 0.18 70.4 0.15 100.6 0.13 181.3 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.31 6.1 0.31 9.7 0.30 11.6 0.30 13.6 0.30 21.0 0.29 31.4 0.26 44.2 0.24 60.4 0.21 103.9 0.17

Larger 5.0 3.5 0.38 4.8 0.38 7.6 0.38 9.1 0.38 10.6 0.38 16.2 0.37 23.7 0.35 32.2 0.33 42.6 0.30 69.4 0.25

6.0 2.9 0.46 4.0 0.46 6.2 0.46 7.5 0.46 8.7 0.46 13.1 0.45 19.0 0.43 25.5 0.42 32.9 0.39 51.3 0.34
Than 8.0
8.0 2.2 0.61 2.9 0.61 4.6 0.61 5.5 0.61 6.4 0.61 9.5 0.61 13.7 0.60 18.1 0.58 22.8 0.56 33.7 0.52
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.3 0.76 3.6 0.76 4.3 0.76 5.0 0.76 7.5 0.76 10.7 0.76 14.0 0.75 17.5 0.73 25.2 0.69
12.0 12.0 NA NA 3.0 0.91 3.6 0.92 4.1 0.92 6.2 0.92 8.7 0.91 11.4 0.90 14.2 0.89 20.2 0.86
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.22 2.7 1.22 3.1 1.22 4.5 1.22 6.4 1.22 8.3 1.22 10.3 1.21 14.5 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.52 2.4 1.52 3.6 1.53 5.1 1.53 6.5 1.53 8.1 1.52 11.3 1.51
NOTES:

6.31

6.32
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 22.7 0.07 44.7 0.06 60.2 0.05 91.4 0.05 191.6 0.03 405.8 0.02 672.2 0.02 1011.4 0.01 1786.8 0.01
1.0 2.0 10.3 0.15 23.1 0.15 37.8 0.14 53.5 0.12 119.9 0.08 237.5 0.06 393.4 0.05 591.9 0.04 1105.3 0.03
Unstiffened 8.3 0.38 23.1 0.26 37.2 0.21 51.0 0.18 114.3 0.12 226.3 0.09 374.8 0.07 563.9 0.05 1053.2 0.04
1.0 22.7 0.07 44.7 0.06 60.2 0.05 79.0 0.05 169.8 0.03 335.7 0.03 557.5 0.02 840.7 0.02 1574.0 0.01
2.0 10.3 0.15 18.2 0.15 22.8 0.14 27.7 0.14 48.7 0.12 100.1 0.09 168.0 0.07 252.8 0.06 472.2 0.04
2.0 3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 28.9 0.20 67.4 0.17 111.7 0.13 168.0 0.11 313.7 0.08
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 26.3 0.29 59.4 0.23 98.3 0.18 148.0 0.15 276.3 0.11
Unstiffened NA 3.9 0.63 6.9 0.63 11.0 0.63 26.3 0.49 56.6 0.34 93.7 0.27 141.0 0.22 263.3 0.16
1.5 14.2 0.11 25.8 0.10 32.9 0.10 40.9 0.09 78.8 0.07 149.8 0.06 247.0 0.04 372.0 0.04 697.1 0.03
2.0 10.3 0.15 18.2 0.15 22.8 0.14 27.7 0.14 48.7 0.12 86.8 0.09 139.9 0.08 209.1 0.06 390.8 0.05
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 74.7 0.16 112.4 0.13 209.9 0.10
3.0 4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 46.9 0.24 78.5 0.22 146.6 0.16
5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 44.4 0.33 69.8 0.28 130.4 0.21
6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 22.0 0.44 43.7 0.41 65.8 0.33 122.8 0.24
Unstiffened NA NA NA 2.6 0.75 8.7 0.75 22.0 0.75 41.6 0.60 62.7 0.49 117.0 0.36
2.0 10.3 0.15 18.2 0.15 22.8 0.14 27.7 0.14 48.7 0.12 86.8 0.09 139.9 0.08 209.1 0.06 390.8 0.05
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 60.2 0.22 118.0 0.17
5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 42.0 0.31 87.7 0.25
40
4.0 6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 39.6 0.40 78.4 0.31
8.0 2.4 0.61 4.0 0.61 4.9 0.61 5.8 0.61 8.9 0.61 13.0 0.60 19.9 0.59 35.5 0.57 69.1 0.44
10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 19.9 0.75 35.5 0.69 67.5 0.51
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA 2.8 0.75 7.7 0.75 16.4 0.75 30.2 0.75 65.8 0.64
2.0 10.3 0.15 18.2 0.15 22.8 0.14 27.7 0.14 48.7 0.12 86.8 0.09 139.9 0.08 209.1 0.06 390.8 0.05

3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 57.6 0.22 99.8 0.18
5.0 5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 40.8 0.31 74.3 0.26
16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 31.7 0.40 60.2 0.35
10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 13.4 0.75 18.6 0.73 44.2 0.68
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.75 6.7 0.75 12.4 0.75 31.6 0.75
2.0 10.3 0.15 18.2 0.15 22.8 0.14 27.7 0.14 48.7 0.12 86.8 0.09 139.9 0.08 209.1 0.06 390.8 0.05
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 57.6 0.22 99.8 0.18
5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 40.8 0.31 66.9 0.26
60
6.0 6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 31.7 0.40 49.6 0.35

8.0 2.4 0.61 4.0 0.61 4.9 0.61 5.8 0.61 8.9 0.61 13.0 0.60 17.3 0.59 22.0 0.57 32.7 0.52
10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 13.4 0.75 17.0 0.73 27.7 0.70
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.75 6.0 0.75 15.2 0.75
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 57.6 0.22 99.8 0.18
5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 40.8 0.31 66.9 0.26
7.0 6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 31.7 0.40 49.6 0.35
8.0 2.4 0.61 4.0 0.61 4.9 0.61 5.8 0.61 8.9 0.61 13.0 0.60 17.3 0.59 22.0 0.57 32.7 0.52
10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 13.4 0.75 17.0 0.73 24.6 0.70
20.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.52 3.4 1.52 4.8 1.53 6.3 1.53 7.8 1.52 19.0 1.51
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 57.6 0.22 99.8 0.18
5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 40.8 0.31 66.9 0.26
6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 31.7 0.40 49.6 0.35
8.0 8.0 2.4 0.61 4.0 0.61 4.9 0.61 5.8 0.61 8.9 0.61 13.0 0.60 17.3 0.59 22.0 0.57 32.7 0.52
10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 13.4 0.75 17.0 0.73 24.6 0.70
12.0 NA 2.6 0.91 3.2 0.91 3.8 0.92 5.8 0.92 8.3 0.91 11.0 0.91 13.8 0.90 19.7 0.87
16.0 NA NA 2.4 1.22 2.8 1.22 4.3 1.22 6.1 1.22 8.0 1.22 10.0 1.21 14.2 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.52 3.4 1.52 4.8 1.53 6.3 1.53 7.8 1.52 12.6 1.51
3.0 6.6 0.23 11.5 0.23 14.2 0.22 17.0 0.22 27.6 0.20 44.2 0.18 66.2 0.16 95.4 0.13 173.9 0.10
4.0 4.9 0.31 8.4 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.3 0.30 19.5 0.29 29.6 0.27 41.9 0.24 57.6 0.22 99.8 0.18
Larger 5.0 3.9 0.38 6.6 0.38 8.1 0.38 9.6 0.38 15.0 0.37 22.4 0.35 30.8 0.33 40.8 0.31 66.9 0.26

6.0 3.2 0.46 5.4 0.46 6.6 0.46 7.9 0.46 12.2 0.45 18.1 0.44 24.4 0.42 31.7 0.40 49.6 0.35
Than
8.0 2.4 0.61 4.0 0.61 4.9 0.61 5.8 0.61 8.9 0.61 13.0 0.60 17.3 0.59 22.0 0.57 32.7 0.52
88.0
0UUp
pT To 10.0 NA 3.2 0.76 3.9 0.76 4.6 0.76 7.0 0.76 10.1 0.76 13.4 0.75 17.0 0.73 24.6 0.70

12.0 12.0 NA 2.6 0.91 3.2 0.91 3.8 0.92 5.8 0.92 8.3 0.91 11.0 0.91 13.8 0.90 19.7 0.87
16.0 NA NA 2.4 1.22 2.8 1.22 4.3 1.22 6.1 1.22 8.0 1.22 10.0 1.21 14.2 1.19
20.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.52 3.4 1.52 4.8 1.53 6.3 1.53 7.8 1.52 11.0 1.51
NOTES:

6.33

6.34
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 18.2 0.07 24.3 0.06 34.2 0.06 64.1 0.04 90.7 0.04 120.2 0.03 229.4 0.02 419.4 0.02 664.1 0.01 813.0 0.01 1748.4 0.01
1.0 2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 18.0 0.14 41.4 0.11 53.1 0.10 70.4 0.09 134.3 0.06 245.5 0.05 388.7 0.04 567.7 0.03 1023.2 0.02
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 10.5 0.30 18.0 0.24 39.5 0.17 50.6 0.15 67.0 0.13 127.9 0.09 233.9 0.07 370.3 0.05 540.9 0.05 974.9 0.03
1.0 18.2 0.07 24.3 0.06 34.2 0.06 60.9 0.04 76.5 0.04 100.2 0.04 189.6 0.03 347.5 0.02 551.7 0.02 807.4 0.01 1458.0 0.01
2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 13.8 0.14 21.1 0.13 24.8 0.12 30.3 0.12 57.4 0.10 104.9 0.07 166.0 0.06 242.5 0.05 437.1 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 38.0 0.18 69.7 0.13 110.3 0.11 161.1 0.09 290.4 0.07
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 14.1 0.28 33.6 0.25 61.4 0.19 97.2 0.15 141.9 0.12 255.8 0.09
1.5 11.3 0.10 14.6 0.10 19.6 0.10 31.3 0.09 37.8 0.08 47.6 0.07 85.5 0.06 154.2 0.04 244.1 0.04 357.3 0.03 646.0 0.02
2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 13.8 0.14 21.1 0.13 24.8 0.12 30.3 0.12 50.6 0.10 87.8 0.08 137.4 0.06 200.5 0.05 362.2 0.04
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.8 0.15 73.8 0.13 107.8 0.11 194.3 0.08
3.0 4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 28.6 0.24 49.8 0.21 75.3 0.18 135.7 0.13
5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 26.2 0.32 45.8 0.28 67.0 0.23 120.7 0.17
6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 26.0 0.40 43.2 0.33 63.1 0.28 113.7 0.21
Unstiffened NA NA NA 2.2 0.75 3.2 0.75 4.8 0.75 11.4 0.75 26.0 0.62 41.1 0.49 60.1 0.41 108.3 0.30
2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 13.8 0.14 21.1 0.13 24.8 0.12 30.3 0.12 50.6 0.10 87.8 0.08 137.4 0.06 200.5 0.05 362.2 0.04
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 60.3 0.19 109.3 0.14
5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 42.4 0.27 81.2 0.21
40
4.0 6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 24.7 0.38 40.2 0.35 72.6 0.26
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.0 0.57 4.4 0.57 5.0 0.57 5.8 0.57 8.3 0.57 11.6 0.56 22.1 0.54 35.5 0.49 63.9 0.37
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 11.6 0.71 22.1 0.69 34.7 0.57 62.5 0.43
2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 13.8 0.14 21.1 0.13 24.8 0.12 30.3 0.12 50.6 0.10 87.8 0.08 137.4 0.06 200.5 0.05 362.2 0.04
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 53.1 0.19 91.3 0.15
5.0 5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 36.7 0.27 69.2 0.22
6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 21.7 0.38 28.0 0.35 56.2 0.30
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 9.0 0.71 11.7 0.69 20.1 0.68 40.9 0.57
2.0 8.2 0.14 10.5 0.14 13.8 0.14 21.1 0.13 24.8 0.12 30.3 0.12 50.6 0.10 87.8 0.08 137.4 0.06 200.5 0.05 362.2 0.04
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 53.1 0.19 91.3 0.15
5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 36.7 0.27 60.3 0.22
60
6.0 6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 21.7 0.38 28.0 0.35 45.5 0.30

8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.0 0.57 4.4 0.57 5.0 0.57 5.8 0.57 8.3 0.57 11.6 0.56 15.2 0.54 19.1 0.52 29.8 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 9.0 0.71 11.7 0.69 14.6 0.68 27.9 0.64
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 53.1 0.19 91.3 0.15
5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 36.7 0.27 60.3 0.22
7.0 6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 21.7 0.38 28.0 0.35 44.0 0.30
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.0 0.57 4.4 0.57 5.0 0.57 5.8 0.57 8.3 0.57 11.6 0.56 15.2 0.54 19.1 0.52 28.3 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 9.0 0.71 11.7 0.69 14.6 0.68 20.9 0.64
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.43 3.1 1.44 4.3 1.44 5.4 1.43 8.2 1.43 19.5 1.41
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 53.1 0.19 91.3 0.15
5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 36.7 0.27 60.3 0.22
6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 21.7 0.38 28.0 0.35 44.0 0.30
8.0 8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.0 0.57 4.4 0.57 5.0 0.57 5.8 0.57 8.3 0.57 11.6 0.56 15.2 0.54 19.1 0.52 28.3 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 9.0 0.71 11.7 0.69 14.6 0.68 20.9 0.64
12.0 NA NA NA 2.9 0.86 3.2 0.86 3.8 0.86 5.3 0.86 7.4 0.85 9.5 0.85 11.8 0.83 16.7 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.15 2.4 1.15 2.8 1.15 3.9 1.15 5.4 1.15 6.9 1.14 8.5 1.13 12.1 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.43 3.1 1.44 4.3 1.44 5.4 1.43 6.7 1.43 12.1 1.41
3.0 5.2 0.22 6.7 0.21 8.7 0.21 12.9 0.21 14.9 0.20 17.7 0.20 26.9 0.18 42.5 0.15 63.2 0.13 90.2 0.11 160.6 0.09
4.0 3.9 0.29 4.9 0.29 6.4 0.29 9.3 0.28 10.7 0.28 12.6 0.28 18.5 0.26 27.5 0.24 38.7 0.21 53.1 0.19 91.3 0.15
Larger 5.0 3.1 0.36 3.9 0.36 5.0 0.36 7.3 0.36 8.3 0.35 9.8 0.35 14.1 0.34 20.4 0.32 27.7 0.30 36.7 0.27 60.3 0.22
6.0 2.5 0.43 3.2 0.43 4.1 0.43 6.0 0.43 6.8 0.43 8.0 0.43 11.4 0.42 16.3 0.40 21.7 0.38 28.0 0.35 44.0 0.30
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.0 0.57 4.4 0.57 5.0 0.57 5.8 0.57 8.3 0.57 11.6 0.56 15.2 0.54 19.1 0.52 28.3 0.47
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.72 3.5 0.72 3.9 0.72 4.6 0.72 6.5 0.71 9.0 0.71 11.7 0.69 14.6 0.68 20.9 0.64
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA 2.9 0.86 3.2 0.86 3.8 0.86 5.3 0.86 7.4 0.85 9.5 0.85 11.8 0.83 16.7 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.15 2.4 1.15 2.8 1.15 3.9 1.15 5.4 1.15 6.9 1.14 8.5 1.13 11.9 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.43 3.1 1.44 4.3 1.44 5.4 1.43 6.7 1.43 9.2 1.41
NOTES:
Special Note: While other tables in this section are applicable to Galvanized Steel, this table with a maximum operating temperature of 650F is NOT applicable to Galvanized Steel because
Galvanized Steel is limited to an operating temperature not to exceed 400F The Zinc coating in galvanized steel is damaged at temperatures in excess of 400F, a suitable alternate can be
ASTM A463 Aluminized Steel which can operate at temperatures in excess of 1000F.
a. The lefthand column (labeled Pr.) under each Material Gage lists its pressure capacity in inches water gage (in. wg) and represent the maximum allowable operating pressure to which
that specific panel geometry may be subjected based on an allowable stress of ( f Fy /1.5 = 15,360 psi) and a panel deflection of (/145). The adjacent column to the right (labeled
Def.) lists the estimated deflection in inches. These deflection values are relative and approximate. Laboratory tests indicate that actual deflections are highly influenced by the aspect
ration of the duct crosssection, the relative thickness of the four sides of the duct, and the initial set" or curvature inherent in the flat surfaces of fabricated rectangular duct. Actual

panel deflections may vary from the above in both direction (in or out), and in magnitude by as much as 100%.
b. The pressure capacity values listed in this table can be taken as positive or negative as required by the intended application, and are based on a yield strength of 32,000 psi characteristic
of ASTM A1011 Commercial Quality Hotrolled Sheet (HRS) Steel, and ASTM 283 Hotrolled Steel Plate in Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength . For all practical purposes
the table values are also valid for other carbon, and aluminized steels, such as ASTM A1008 Commercial Quality Coldrolled Sheet (CRS) Steel, and ASTM A463 Steel Sheet,
Aluminum Coated by the HotDip Process, having a minimum yield strength of 32,000 psi or higher.
6.35
6.36
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 15.2 0.07 20.8 0.06 29.9 0.06 62.4 0.05 78.7 0.04 109.3 0.04 214.2 0.03 398.7 0.02 638.0 0.01 780.9 0.01 1705.8 0.01
1.0 2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 13.8 0.14 36.5 0.12 47.5 0.11 63.9 0.09 125.3 0.07 233.3 0.05 373.4 0.04 549.2 0.03 998.3 0.02
Unstiffened 5.1 0.38 9.2 0.34 13.8 0.26 34.8 0.18 45.3 0.16 60.9 0.13 119.4 0.10 222.3 0.07 355.7 0.06 523.3 0.05 951.2 0.03
1.0 15.2 0.07 20.8 0.06 29.9 0.06 54.5 0.05 69.0 0.04 91.3 0.04 177.0 0.03 330.3 0.02 529.9 0.02 780.9 0.01 1422.4 0.01
2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 12.5 0.14 19.5 0.13 23.1 0.12 28.3 0.12 52.7 0.10 99.7 0.07 159.5 0.06 234.6 0.05 426.5 0.04
2.0 3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 34.3 0.18 66.2 0.14 106.0 0.11 155.9 0.09 283.4 0.07
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 12.2 0.28 31.2 0.26 58.3 0.19 93.3 0.15 137.3 0.12 249.6 0.09
1.5 9.5 0.11 12.8 0.10 17.5 0.10 28.6 0.09 34.7 0.08 44.0 0.08 80.1 0.06 146.6 0.05 234.5 0.04 345.6 0.03 630.2 0.02
2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 12.5 0.14 19.5 0.13 23.1 0.12 28.3 0.12 47.7 0.10 83.7 0.08 132.1 0.06 193.9 0.05 353.4 0.04
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 42.3 0.16 69.6 0.13 104.3 0.11 189.5 0.08
3.0 4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 49.2 0.22 72.8 0.18 132.4 0.14
5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 24.3 0.32 44.0 0.29 64.8 0.24 117.7 0.18
6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 24.1 0.40 41.5 0.34 61.0 0.28 110.9 0.21
2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 12.5 0.14 19.5 0.13 23.1 0.12 28.3 0.12 47.7 0.10 83.7 0.08 132.1 0.06 193.9 0.05 353.4 0.04
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 57.4 0.19 106.6 0.14
5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 40.4 0.27 79.2 0.22
40
4.0 6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 23.3 0.38 39.0 0.36 70.8 0.26
8.0 NA 2.1 0.57 2.8 0.57 4.1 0.57 4.7 0.57 5.5 0.57 8.0 0.57 11.3 0.56 20.8 0.54 34.3 0.50 62.4 0.37
10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 11.3 0.71 20.8 0.70 33.5 0.58 61.0 0.43
2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 12.5 0.14 19.5 0.13 23.1 0.12 28.3 0.12 47.7 0.10 83.7 0.08 132.1 0.06 193.9 0.05 353.4 0.04
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 51.6 0.19 89.2 0.15
5.0 5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 35.8 0.27 68.2 0.22
6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 21.1 0.38 27.4 0.36 54.8 0.30
10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 8.8 0.71 11.4 0.70 19.1 0.68 39.9 0.58
2.0 6.9 0.14 9.2 0.14 12.5 0.14 19.5 0.13 23.1 0.12 28.3 0.12 47.7 0.10 83.7 0.08 132.1 0.06 193.9 0.05 353.4 0.04
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 51.6 0.19 89.2 0.15
5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 35.8 0.27 58.9 0.23
60
6.0 6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 21.1 0.38 27.4 0.36 45.3 0.31

8.0 NA 2.1 0.57 2.8 0.57 4.1 0.57 4.7 0.57 5.5 0.57 8.0 0.57 11.3 0.56 14.8 0.54 18.7 0.52 28.7 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 8.8 0.71 11.4 0.70 14.3 0.68 26.9 0.64
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 51.6 0.19 89.2 0.15
5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 35.8 0.27 58.9 0.23
7.0 6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 21.1 0.38 27.4 0.36 43.1 0.31
8.0 NA 2.1 0.57 2.8 0.57 4.1 0.57 4.7 0.57 5.5 0.57 8.0 0.57 11.3 0.56 14.8 0.54 18.7 0.52 27.8 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 8.8 0.71 11.4 0.70 14.3 0.68 20.6 0.64
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.43 3.0 1.44 4.1 1.44 5.3 1.43 7.8 1.43 18.8 1.41
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 51.6 0.19 89.2 0.15
5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 35.8 0.27 58.9 0.23
6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 21.1 0.38 27.4 0.36 43.1 0.31
8.0 8.0 NA 2.1 0.57 2.8 0.57 4.1 0.57 4.7 0.57 5.5 0.57 8.0 0.57 11.3 0.56 14.8 0.54 18.7 0.52 27.8 0.47
10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 8.8 0.71 11.4 0.70 14.3 0.68 20.6 0.64
12.0 NA NA NA 2.7 0.86 3.1 0.86 3.6 0.86 5.1 0.86 7.2 0.86 9.3 0.85 11.6 0.83 16.4 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.15 2.7 1.15 3.8 1.15 5.3 1.15 6.8 1.14 8.4 1.13 11.7 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.43 3.0 1.44 4.1 1.44 5.3 1.43 6.6 1.43 11.7 1.41
3.0 4.5 0.22 5.9 0.21 7.9 0.21 12.0 0.21 14.0 0.20 16.7 0.20 25.7 0.18 40.8 0.16 61.0 0.13 87.3 0.12 156.7 0.09
4.0 3.3 0.29 4.3 0.29 5.8 0.29 8.7 0.28 10.1 0.28 11.9 0.28 17.7 0.26 26.5 0.24 37.5 0.22 51.6 0.19 89.2 0.15
Larger 5.0 2.6 0.36 3.4 0.36 4.5 0.36 6.8 0.36 7.8 0.36 9.2 0.35 13.6 0.34 19.8 0.32 27.0 0.30 35.8 0.27 58.9 0.23
6.0 2.2 0.43 2.8 0.43 3.7 0.43 5.6 0.43 6.4 0.43 7.6 0.43 11.0 0.42 15.8 0.40 21.1 0.38 27.4 0.36 43.1 0.31
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 2.1 0.57 2.8 0.57 4.1 0.57 4.7 0.57 5.5 0.57 8.0 0.57 11.3 0.56 14.8 0.54 18.7 0.52 27.8 0.47
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA NA 2.2 0.72 3.2 0.72 3.7 0.72 4.3 0.72 6.2 0.71 8.8 0.71 11.4 0.70 14.3 0.68 20.6 0.64
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA 2.7 0.86 3.1 0.86 3.6 0.86 5.1 0.86 7.2 0.86 9.3 0.85 11.6 0.83 16.4 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.15 2.7 1.15 3.8 1.15 5.3 1.15 6.8 1.14 8.4 1.13 11.7 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.43 3.0 1.44 4.1 1.44 5.3 1.43 6.6 1.43 9.1 1.41
NOTES:

6.37
6.38
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 16.7 0.07 24.8 0.06 50.6 0.05 69.4 0.04 95.5 0.04 194.7 0.03 371.9 0.02 604.0 0.02 746.4 0.01 1649.9 0.01
1.0 2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 29.9 0.13 40.6 0.11 55.9 0.10 113.9 0.07 217.7 0.05 353.5 0.04 525.0 0.03 965.5 0.02
Unstiffened 6.4 0.38 10.7 0.30 29.1 0.19 38.7 0.17 53.2 0.14 108.5 0.10 207.4 0.07 336.8 0.06 500.2 0.05 920.0 0.03
1.0 16.7 0.07 24.8 0.06 46.6 0.05 59.8 0.05 80.3 0.04 161.0 0.03 308.0 0.02 501.5 0.02 746.4 0.01 1375.7 0.01
2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 17.4 0.13 20.8 0.13 25.7 0.12 45.7 0.10 93.0 0.08 151.0 0.06 224.3 0.05 412.5 0.04
2.0 3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 29.7 0.18 61.8 0.14 100.3 0.11 149.0 0.09 274.1 0.07
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 28.1 0.27 54.4 0.20 88.4 0.16 131.3 0.13 241.4 0.09
1.5 10.4 0.11 14.9 0.10 25.2 0.09 30.8 0.09 39.4 0.08 73.2 0.06 136.8 0.05 222.0 0.04 330.3 0.03 609.5 0.02
2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 17.4 0.13 20.8 0.13 25.7 0.12 44.0 0.10 78.3 0.08 125.1 0.07 185.4 0.05 341.7 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 67.1 0.14 99.7 0.11 183.3 0.08
3.0 4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 45.3 0.22 69.6 0.19 128.0 0.14
5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 22.6 0.33 41.7 0.29 61.9 0.24 113.9 0.18
6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 21.7 0.40 39.3 0.35 58.3 0.29 107.3 0.21
2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 17.4 0.13 20.8 0.13 25.7 0.12 44.0 0.10 78.3 0.08 125.1 0.07 185.4 0.05 341.7 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 53.7 0.19 103.1 0.15
5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 39.1 0.28 76.6 0.22
40
4.0 6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 21.4 0.38 36.8 0.36 68.5 0.27
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.7 0.57 4.3 0.57 5.1 0.57 7.6 0.57 10.9 0.56 19.2 0.54 32.8 0.51 60.3 0.38
10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 10.2 0.71 19.2 0.70 32.1 0.59 59.0 0.44
2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 17.4 0.13 20.8 0.13 25.7 0.12 44.0 0.10 78.3 0.08 125.1 0.07 185.4 0.05 341.7 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09

4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 49.6 0.19 86.4 0.15
5.0 5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 34.6 0.28 66.0 0.23
6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 20.4 0.38 26.5 0.36 53.0 0.31
10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 8.5 0.71 11.1 0.70 17.9 0.68 38.6 0.59
2.0 7.5 0.14 10.7 0.14 17.4 0.13 20.8 0.13 25.7 0.12 44.0 0.10 78.3 0.08 125.1 0.07 185.4 0.05 341.7 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 49.6 0.19 86.4 0.15
5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 34.6 0.28 57.2 0.23
60
6.0 6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 20.4 0.38 26.5 0.36 43.1 0.31

8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.7 0.57 4.3 0.57 5.1 0.57 7.6 0.57 10.9 0.56 14.4 0.54 18.2 0.52 27.9 0.48
10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 8.5 0.71 11.1 0.70 13.9 0.68 25.6 0.64
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 49.6 0.19 86.4 0.15
5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 34.6 0.28 57.2 0.23
7.0 6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 20.4 0.38 26.5 0.36 41.9 0.31
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.7 0.57 4.3 0.57 5.1 0.57 7.6 0.57 10.9 0.56 14.4 0.54 18.2 0.52 27.1 0.48
10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 8.5 0.71 11.1 0.70 13.9 0.68 20.2 0.64
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.8 1.43 4.0 1.44 5.2 1.43 7.3 1.43 17.9 1.41
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 49.6 0.19 86.4 0.15
5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 34.6 0.28 57.2 0.23
6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 20.4 0.38 26.5 0.36 41.9 0.31
8.0 8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.7 0.57 4.3 0.57 5.1 0.57 7.6 0.57 10.9 0.56 14.4 0.54 18.2 0.52 27.1 0.48
10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 8.5 0.71 11.1 0.70 13.9 0.68 20.2 0.64
12.0 NA NA 2.4 0.86 2.8 0.86 3.3 0.86 4.9 0.86 6.9 0.86 9.0 0.85 11.3 0.84 16.1 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.15 2.5 1.15 3.6 1.15 5.1 1.15 6.6 1.14 8.2 1.14 11.5 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.8 1.43 4.0 1.44 5.2 1.43 6.4 1.43 11.5 1.41
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.8 0.21 10.8 0.21 12.8 0.21 15.4 0.20 24.1 0.18 38.6 0.16 58.1 0.14 83.7 0.12 151.6 0.09
4.0 3.6 0.29 5.0 0.29 7.9 0.28 9.2 0.28 11.0 0.28 16.7 0.27 25.3 0.24 35.9 0.22 49.6 0.19 86.4 0.15

Larger 5.0 2.8 0.36 3.9 0.36 6.2 0.36 7.2 0.36 8.6 0.35 12.8 0.34 18.9 0.33 25.9 0.30 34.6 0.28 57.2 0.23

6.0 2.3 0.43 3.2 0.43 5.1 0.43 5.9 0.43 7.0 0.43 10.4 0.42 15.2 0.40 20.4 0.38 26.5 0.36 41.9 0.31
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 2.4 0.57 3.7 0.57 4.3 0.57 5.1 0.57 7.6 0.57 10.9 0.56 14.4 0.54 18.2 0.52 27.1 0.48
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA NA 2.9 0.72 3.4 0.72 4.0 0.72 5.9 0.72 8.5 0.71 11.1 0.70 13.9 0.68 20.2 0.64
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.4 0.86 2.8 0.86 3.3 0.86 4.9 0.86 6.9 0.86 9.0 0.85 11.3 0.84 16.1 0.80
16.0 NA NA NA 2.1 1.15 2.5 1.15 3.6 1.15 5.1 1.15 6.6 1.14 8.2 1.14 11.5 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.8 1.43 4.0 1.44 5.2 1.43 6.4 1.43 9.0 1.41
NOTES:

of ASTM A1011 Commercial Quality Hotrolled Sheet (HRS) Steel, and ASTM 283 Hotrolled Steel Plate in Low and Intermediate Tensile Strength. For all practical purposes
6.39
6.40
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 19.2 0.06 38.0 0.05 55.9 0.05 76.3 0.04 171.6 0.03 337.0 0.02 562.8 0.02 704.2 0.01 1581.3 0.01
1.0 2.0 8.6 0.14 22.1 0.14 32.7 0.13 46.5 0.11 100.4 0.07 198.8 0.05 329.3 0.04 495.5 0.03 925.4 0.02
Unstiffened 8.5 0.36 22.1 0.22 31.2 0.19 44.3 0.16 95.7 0.11 189.4 0.08 313.8 0.06 472.1 0.05 881.7 0.04
1.0 19.2 0.06 38.0 0.05 49.5 0.05 67.7 0.04 142.0 0.03 281.2 0.02 467.1 0.02 704.2 0.01 1318.3 0.01
2.0 8.6 0.14 15.0 0.14 18.2 0.13 22.8 0.12 41.6 0.11 84.2 0.08 140.7 0.06 211.7 0.05 395.3 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 26.0 0.19 56.4 0.15 93.5 0.12 140.7 0.09 262.7 0.07
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 23.2 0.27 49.7 0.21 82.3 0.16 123.9 0.13 231.4 0.10
Unstiffened NA 4.0 0.63 6.5 0.63 9.9 0.63 23.2 0.43 47.4 0.30 78.4 0.24 118.0 0.19 220.4 0.14
1.5 11.8 0.10 21.3 0.10 26.4 0.09 34.2 0.08 65.2 0.07 125.1 0.05 206.8 0.04 311.6 0.03 584.0 0.02
2.0 8.6 0.14 15.0 0.14 18.2 0.13 22.8 0.12 39.7 0.11 72.0 0.08 116.8 0.07 175.0 0.06 327.4 0.04
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 62.1 0.14 94.1 0.11 175.7 0.08
3.0 4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 40.7 0.22 65.7 0.19 122.7 0.14
5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 19.7 0.33 38.8 0.30 58.4 0.25 109.1 0.18
6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 19.4 0.41 36.6 0.36 55.1 0.30 102.8 0.22
2.0 8.6 0.14 15.0 0.14 18.2 0.13 22.8 0.12 39.7 0.11 72.0 0.08 116.8 0.07 175.0 0.06 327.4 0.04
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 51.8 0.20 98.8 0.15
5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 35.9 0.28 73.4 0.22
40
4.0 6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.8 0.39 33.7 0.36 65.7 0.27
8.0 NA 3.3 0.57 3.9 0.57 4.7 0.57 7.1 0.57 10.3 0.56 17.6 0.55 31.0 0.53 57.8 0.38
10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.9 0.71 17.6 0.70 30.3 0.61 56.5 0.45
2.0 8.6 0.14 15.0 0.14 18.2 0.13 22.8 0.12 39.7 0.11 72.0 0.08 116.8 0.07 175.0 0.06 327.4 0.04

3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 47.2 0.20 83.0 0.16
5.0 5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 33.1 0.28 62.3 0.23

6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.5 0.39 25.5 0.36 50.5 0.31
10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.0 0.71 10.7 0.70 16.6 0.69 37.0 0.60
2.0 8.6 0.14 15.0 0.14 18.2 0.13 22.8 0.12 39.7 0.11 72.0 0.08 116.8 0.07 175.0 0.06 327.4 0.04
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 47.2 0.20 83.0 0.16
5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 33.1 0.28 55.1 0.23
60
6.0 6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.5 0.39 25.5 0.36 40.5 0.31

8.0 NA 3.3 0.57 3.9 0.57 4.7 0.57 7.1 0.57 10.3 0.56 13.8 0.55 17.6 0.53 26.4 0.48
10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.0 0.71 10.7 0.70 13.5 0.69 24.4 0.65
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 47.2 0.20 83.0 0.16
5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 33.1 0.28 55.1 0.23
7.0 6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.5 0.39 25.5 0.36 40.5 0.31
8.0 NA 3.3 0.57 3.9 0.57 4.7 0.57 7.1 0.57 10.3 0.56 13.8 0.55 17.6 0.53 26.4 0.48
10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.0 0.71 10.7 0.70 13.5 0.69 19.6 0.65
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.7 1.43 3.8 1.44 5.0 1.43 6.7 1.43 16.9 1.42
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 47.2 0.20 83.0 0.16
5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 33.1 0.28 55.1 0.23
6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.5 0.39 25.5 0.36 40.5 0.31
8.0 8.0 NA 3.3 0.57 3.9 0.57 4.7 0.57 7.1 0.57 10.3 0.56 13.8 0.55 17.6 0.53 26.4 0.48
10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.0 0.71 10.7 0.70 13.5 0.69 19.6 0.65
12.0 NA 2.1 0.86 2.5 0.86 3.0 0.86 4.6 0.86 6.6 0.86 8.7 0.85 10.9 0.84 15.7 0.81
16.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.15 3.4 1.15 4.8 1.15 6.3 1.14 7.9 1.14 11.2 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.7 1.43 3.8 1.44 5.0 1.43 6.2 1.43 11.2 1.42
3.0 5.5 0.21 9.4 0.21 11.3 0.21 13.8 0.20 22.1 0.19 35.9 0.16 54.5 0.14 79.2 0.12 145.4 0.09
4.0 4.0 0.29 6.8 0.29 8.2 0.28 9.9 0.28 15.5 0.27 23.8 0.25 34.0 0.22 47.2 0.20 83.0 0.16
Larger 5.0 3.2 0.36 5.4 0.36 6.4 0.36 7.8 0.36 11.9 0.35 17.9 0.33 24.7 0.31 33.1 0.28 55.1 0.23

6.0 2.6 0.43 4.4 0.43 5.2 0.43 6.3 0.43 9.7 0.42 14.4 0.41 19.5 0.39 25.5 0.36 40.5 0.31
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 3.3 0.57 3.9 0.57 4.7 0.57 7.1 0.57 10.3 0.56 13.8 0.55 17.6 0.53 26.4 0.48
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.6 0.72 3.1 0.72 3.7 0.72 5.5 0.72 8.0 0.71 10.7 0.70 13.5 0.69 19.6 0.65

12.0 12.0 NA 2.1 0.86 2.5 0.86 3.0 0.86 4.6 0.86 6.6 0.86 8.7 0.85 10.9 0.84 15.7 0.81
16.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.15 3.4 1.15 4.8 1.15 6.3 1.14 7.9 1.14 11.2 1.11
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.7 1.43 3.8 1.44 5.0 1.43 6.2 1.43 8.7 1.42
NOTES:

6.41
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
6.42 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

6.6.2 Structural Grade Carbon Steel section apply to structural quality, Hot and Coldrolled
sheet and plate, of ASTM A36 or other designations
This section contains pressure capacity tables for the
with a minimum published yield strength of 36 ksi
selection of flat sheet and plate for the fabrication of
(36,000 lb/in2).
typical rectangular industrial duct. The tables in this
Tables Page
6.21A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 Systems Operating at Up to 120F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.45
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition 6.43

STRUCTURAL GR. CS36 ksi
6.44
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 30.2 0.08 39.9 0.08 53.9 0.07 101.6 0.06 130.5 0.05 176.6 0.05 347.6 0.03 635.5 0.02 1006.3 0.02 1469.9 0.02 2210.0 0.01
1.0 2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 57.8 0.15 80.4 0.14 103.3 0.12 203.4 0.09 371.9 0.06 588.9 0.05 860.2 0.04 1550.3 0.03
Unstiffened 8.3 0.38 16.4 0.38 23.0 0.33 57.4 0.23 76.6 0.20 98.4 0.18 193.8 0.13 354.4 0.09 561.1 0.07 819.6 0.06 1477.1 0.05
1.0 30.2 0.08 39.9 0.08 53.9 0.07 92.6 0.06 118.9 0.05 149.4 0.05 287.7 0.04 525.7 0.03 834.5 0.02 1221.6 0.02 2207.1 0.01
2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 34.9 0.15 41.7 0.15 49.1 0.14 80.6 0.12 158.9 0.10 251.6 0.08 367.5 0.06 662.3 0.05
2.0 3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 52.2 0.22 105.6 0.18 167.1 0.14 244.2 0.12 440.0 0.09
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 46.3 0.31 93.0 0.25 147.2 0.20 215.1 0.17 387.6 0.12
1.5 19.0 0.12 24.6 0.12 32.1 0.12 50.4 0.11 61.6 0.10 74.4 0.09 132.1 0.08 234.5 0.06 369.7 0.05 540.5 0.04 977.3 0.03
2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 34.9 0.15 41.7 0.15 49.1 0.14 80.6 0.12 135.6 0.10 209.4 0.08 304.0 0.07 548.0 0.05
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 108.6 0.17 163.3 0.14 294.3 0.11
3.0 4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 72.0 0.27 113.0 0.24 205.6 0.18
5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 35.9 0.39 66.1 0.36 101.5 0.31 182.8 0.23
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 35.0 0.48 65.4 0.45 95.6 0.37 172.3 0.28
2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 34.9 0.15 41.7 0.15 49.1 0.14 80.6 0.12 135.6 0.10 209.4 0.08 304.0 0.07 548.0 0.05
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 85.6 0.24 165.6 0.19
5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 123.0 0.29
40
4.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 55.5 0.43 110.0 0.35
8.0 3.2 0.66 4.1 0.67 5.1 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.9 0.67 14.4 0.66 20.1 0.65 29.4 0.64 50.3 0.62 96.9 0.49
10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 16.1 0.83 29.4 0.82 50.3 0.77 94.7 0.57
2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 34.9 0.15 41.7 0.15 49.1 0.14 80.6 0.12 135.6 0.10 209.4 0.08 304.0 0.07 548.0 0.05
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 84.3 0.24 140.8 0.20
5.0 5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 102.5 0.29
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 46.7 0.43 80.9 0.38
10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 15.6 0.83 20.2 0.82 26.6 0.80 61.9 0.77
2.0 13.8 0.17 17.7 0.16 23.0 0.16 34.9 0.15 41.7 0.15 49.1 0.14 80.6 0.12 135.6 0.10 209.4 0.08 304.0 0.07 548.0 0.05
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 84.3 0.24 140.8 0.2
5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 94.9 0.29
60
6.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 46.7 0.43 70.8 0.38

8.0 3.2 0.66 4.1 0.67 5.1 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.9 0.67 14.4 0.66 20.1 0.65 26.1 0.64 32.6 0.62 47.1 0.58
10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 15.6 0.83 20.2 0.82 25.1 0.80 37.7 0.77
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 84.3 0.24 140.8 0.20
5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 94.9 0.29
7.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 46.7 0.43 70.8 0.38
8.0 3.2 0.66 4.1 0.67 5.1 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.9 0.67 14.4 0.66 20.1 0.65 26.1 0.64 32.6 0.62 47.1 0.58
10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 15.6 0.83 20.2 0.82 25.1 0.80 35.5 0.77
20.0 NA NA NA 2.9 1.66 3.3 1.66 3.8 1.66 5.4 1.67 7.4 1.67 9.5 1.67 11.6 1.66 25.7 1.65
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 84.3 0.24 140.8 0.2
5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 94.9 0.29
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 46.7 0.43 70.8 0.38
8.0 8.0 3.2 0.66 4.1 0.67 5.1 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.9 0.67 14.4 0.66 20.1 0.65 26.1 0.64 32.6 0.62 47.1 0.58
10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 15.6 0.83 20.2 0.82 25.1 0.80 35.5 0.77
12.0 2.1 0.99 2.7 1.00 3.4 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 6.5 1.00 9.3 1.00 12.8 1.00 16.5 0.99 20.4 0.98 28.5 0.95
16.0 NA NA 2.5 1.33 3.6 1.33 4.2 1.33 4.8 1.33 6.8 1.33 9.4 1.33 12.0 1.33 14.8 1.32 20.5 1.31
20.0 NA NA NA 2.9 1.66 3.3 1.66 3.8 1.66 5.4 1.67 7.4 1.67 9.5 1.67 11.6 1.66 17.0 1.65
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.6 0.25 21.7 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.6 0.24 45.0 0.22 68.6 0.19 99.3 0.17 139.0 0.15 244.1 0.12
4.0 6.6 0.33 8.4 0.33 10.7 0.33 15.8 0.33 18.5 0.33 21.3 0.33 31.5 0.31 45.8 0.29 63.0 0.27 84.3 0.24 140.8 0.20
Larger 5.0 5.2 0.42 6.6 0.42 8.4 0.42 12.3 0.42 14.4 0.41 16.6 0.41 24.3 0.40 34.6 0.39 46.2 0.36 60.0 0.34 94.9 0.29
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.6 0.50 19.7 0.49 27.9 0.48 36.7 0.46 46.7 0.43 70.8 0.38
Than 8.0
8.0 3.2 0.66 4.1 0.67 5.1 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.9 0.67 14.4 0.66 20.1 0.65 26.1 0.64 32.6 0.62 47.1 0.58
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.5 0.83 3.2 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.83 6.9 0.83 7.8 0.83 11.3 0.83 15.6 0.83 20.2 0.82 25.1 0.80 35.5 0.77
12.0 12.0 2.1 0.99 2.7 1.00 3.4 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 6.5 1.00 9.3 1.00 12.8 1.00 16.5 0.99 20.4 0.98 28.5 0.95
16.0 NA NA 2.5 1.33 3.6 1.33 4.2 1.33 4.8 1.33 6.8 1.33 9.4 1.33 12.0 1.33 14.8 1.32 20.5 1.31
20.0 NA NA NA 2.9 1.66 3.3 1.66 3.8 1.66 5.4 1.67 7.4 1.67 9.5 1.67 11.6 1.66 16.0 1.65
NOTES:
of (/145). The adjacent column to the right (labeled Def.) lists the estimated deflection in inches. These deflection values are relative and approximate. Labora-
tory tests indicate that actual deflections are highly influenced by the aspect ration of the duct crosssection, the relative thickness of the four sides of the duct,
and the initial set" or curvature inherent in the flat surfaces of fabricated rectangular duct. Actual panel deflections may vary from the above in both direction

(in or out), and in magnitude by as much as 100%.
of 36,000 psi characteristic of ASTM A36 Structural Quality Hotrolled Steel. The table values are also valid for other ASTM designations of carbon steel
sheet having a minimum yield strength of 36,000 psi.
6.45
6.46
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 25.1 0.08 34.4 0.08 47.5 0.07 83.8 0.06 110.6 0.05 160.2 0.05 324.5 0.03 604.1 0.03 966.7 0.02 1421.9 0.02 2153.2 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 50.8 0.16 72.0 0.14 93.8 0.13 189.9 0.09 353.5 0.06 565.7 0.05 832.2 0.04 1512.5 0.03
Unstiffened 5.2 0.38 11.5 0.38 20.7 0.36 50.5 0.25 68.6 0.21 89.3 0.18 180.9 0.13 336.9 0.09 539.0 0.08 792.9 0.06 1441.1 0.05
1.0 25.1 0.08 34.4 0.08 47.5 0.07 83.3 0.06 107.8 0.05 136.6 0.05 268.8 0.04 499.7 0.03 801.5 0.02 1181.5 0.02 2153.2 0.01
2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 32.3 0.16 38.9 0.15 46.1 0.15 77.0 0.13 150.4 0.10 241.7 0.08 355.5 0.07 646.1 0.05
2.0 3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 47.1 0.22 100.4 0.18 160.6 0.15 236.2 0.12 429.3 0.09
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 41.8 0.31 88.4 0.26 141.4 0.20 208.0 0.17 378.1 0.12
Unstiffened NA NA 0.63 2.6 0.63 8.1 0.63 12.8 0.63 19.1 0.63 41.8 0.52 84.2 0.38 134.8 0.30 198.2 0.25 360.3 0.18
1.5 16.0 0.12 21.5 0.12 28.8 0.12 46.2 0.11 56.9 0.10 69.0 0.10 124.1 0.08 223.1 0.06 355.2 0.05 522.8 0.04 953.4 0.03
2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 32.3 0.16 38.9 0.15 46.1 0.15 76.4 0.13 129.4 0.10 201.4 0.08 294.1 0.07 534.6 0.05
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 102.2 0.17 158.0 0.15 287.2 0.11
3.0 4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 67.8 0.27 107.5 0.24 200.6 0.18
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 64.0 0.37 98.1 0.32 178.4 0.24
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 32.4 0.48 62.9 0.46 92.5 0.38 168.1 0.28
2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 32.3 0.16 38.9 0.15 46.1 0.15 76.4 0.13 129.4 0.10 201.4 0.08 294.1 0.07 534.6 0.05
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 161.5 0.19
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 119.4 0.29
40
4.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 54.0 0.44 107.3 0.36
8.0 2.7 0.66 3.6 0.66 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.2 0.67 9.4 0.67 13.8 0.66 19.5 0.65 27.7 0.64 47.9 0.62 94.5 0.5
10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 27.7 0.82 47.9 0.78 92.4 0.58
2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 32.3 0.16 38.9 0.15 46.1 0.15 76.4 0.13 129.4 0.10 201.4 0.08 294.1 0.07 534.6 0.05
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 137.6 0.20
5.0 5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 98.8 0.29
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 45.7 0.44 80.0 0.39
10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 19.7 0.82 25.3 0.80 59.7 0.77
2.0 11.7 0.17 15.6 0.17 20.7 0.16 32.3 0.16 38.9 0.15 46.1 0.15 76.4 0.13 129.4 0.10 201.4 0.08 294.1 0.07 534.6 0.05
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 137.6 0.2
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 92.9 0.29
60
6.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 45.7 0.44 69.5 0.39

8.0 2.7 0.66 3.6 0.66 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.2 0.67 9.4 0.67 13.8 0.66 19.5 0.65 25.5 0.64 31.9 0.62 46.3 0.58
10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 19.7 0.82 24.6 0.80 36.4 0.77
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 137.6 0.20
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 92.9 0.29
7.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 45.7 0.44 69.5 0.39
8.0 2.7 0.66 3.6 0.66 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.2 0.67 9.4 0.67 13.8 0.66 19.5 0.65 25.5 0.64 31.9 0.62 46.3 0.58
10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 19.7 0.82 24.6 0.80 35.0 0.77
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.66 3.2 1.66 3.6 1.66 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.3 1.67 11.4 1.66 24.7 1.65
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 137.6 0.2
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 92.9 0.29
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 45.7 0.44 69.5 0.39
8.0 8.0 2.7 0.66 3.6 0.66 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.2 0.67 9.4 0.67 13.8 0.66 19.5 0.65 25.5 0.64 31.9 0.62 46.3 0.58
10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 19.7 0.82 24.6 0.80 35.0 0.77
12.0 NA 2.4 1.00 3.1 1.00 4.6 1.00 5.4 1.00 6.1 1.00 8.9 1.00 12.5 1.00 16.1 0.99 20.0 0.98 28.1 0.95
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.33 3.4 1.33 4.0 1.33 4.6 1.33 6.6 1.33 9.2 1.33 11.8 1.33 14.5 1.33 20.2 1.31
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.66 3.2 1.66 3.6 1.66 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.3 1.67 11.4 1.66 16.4 1.65
3.0 7.6 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.2 0.25 24.0 0.24 28.0 0.24 43.0 0.22 66.1 0.20 96.0 0.17 134.9 0.15 238.3 0.12
4.0 5.6 0.33 7.4 0.33 9.7 0.33 14.7 0.33 17.4 0.33 20.1 0.33 30.2 0.31 44.3 0.29 61.1 0.27 82.1 0.24 137.6 0.20
Larger 5.0 4.4 0.42 5.8 0.42 7.6 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.6 0.41 15.7 0.41 23.3 0.40 33.6 0.39 45.0 0.37 58.5 0.34 92.9 0.29
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.5 0.50 11.2 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.0 0.49 27.1 0.48 35.8 0.46 45.7 0.44 69.5 0.39
Than 8.0
8.0 2.7 0.66 3.6 0.66 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.2 0.67 9.4 0.67 13.8 0.66 19.5 0.65 25.5 0.64 31.9 0.62 46.3 0.58
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.2 0.83 2.9 0.83 3.7 0.83 5.5 0.83 6.5 0.83 7.5 0.83 10.9 0.83 15.2 0.83 19.7 0.82 24.6 0.80 35.0 0.77
12.0 12.0 NA 2.4 1.00 3.1 1.00 4.6 1.00 5.4 1.00 6.1 1.00 8.9 1.00 12.5 1.00 16.1 0.99 20.0 0.98 28.1 0.95
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.33 3.4 1.33 4.0 1.33 4.6 1.33 6.6 1.33 9.2 1.33 11.8 1.33 14.5 1.33 20.2 1.31
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.66 3.2 1.66 3.6 1.66 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.3 1.67 11.4 1.66 15.8 1.65
NOTES:

6.47
6.48
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 27.7 0.08 39.8 0.08 72.0 0.06 104.8 0.06 133.7 0.05 294.9 0.04 563.5 0.03 897.4 0.02 1359.3 0.02 2082.3 0.01
1.0 2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 38.5 0.16 59.6 0.15 81.7 0.13 172.6 0.09 329.8 0.07 535.5 0.05 795.5 0.04 1462.9 0.03
Unstiffened 6.6 0.38 16.3 0.38 38.5 0.27 58.6 0.23 77.9 0.20 164.5 0.14 314.2 0.10 510.3 0.08 757.9 0.06 1393.9 0.05
1.0 27.7 0.08 39.8 0.08 72.0 0.06 94.2 0.06 120.6 0.05 244.6 0.04 466.0 0.03 758.5 0.02 1129.2 0.02 2082.3 0.01
2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 28.9 0.16 35.3 0.15 42.2 0.15 70.9 0.13 135.5 0.10 228.8 0.08 339.8 0.07 625.0 0.05
2.0 3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 152.0 0.15 225.8 0.12 415.2 0.09
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 37.4 0.32 82.4 0.27 133.9 0.21 198.9 0.17 365.7 0.13
1.5 17.5 0.12 24.5 0.12 41.0 0.11 51.1 0.11 62.3 0.10 114.0 0.08 208.5 0.06 336.3 0.05 499.7 0.04 921.9 0.03
2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 28.9 0.16 35.3 0.15 42.2 0.15 70.9 0.13 121.6 0.10 191.1 0.09 281.3 0.07 517.0 0.05
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 99.7 0.18 150.4 0.15 277.8 0.11
3.0 4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 62.4 0.27 104.6 0.25 194.0 0.19
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 58.9 0.37 93.8 0.33 172.5 0.24
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 29.2 0.48 58.0 0.46 88.4 0.39 162.6 0.29
2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 28.9 0.16 35.3 0.15 42.2 0.15 70.9 0.13 121.6 0.10 191.1 0.09 281.3 0.07 517.0 0.05
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.3 0.25 156.2 0.20
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 113.6 0.29
40
4.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 50.5 0.44 103.8 0.36
8.0 3.0 0.66 4.0 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.8 0.67 13.1 0.66 18.7 0.66 25.5 0.64 45.5 0.63 91.4 0.51
10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 25.5 0.82 45.5 0.80 89.3 0.59
2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 28.9 0.16 35.3 0.15 42.2 0.15 70.9 0.13 121.6 0.10 191.1 0.09 281.3 0.07 517.0 0.05
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12

4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.2 0.25 133.5 0.20
5.0 5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 94.0 0.29
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 44.3 0.44 76.1 0.39
10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 19.1 0.82 24.0 0.81 56.8 0.77
2.0 12.7 0.17 17.7 0.16 28.9 0.16 35.3 0.15 42.2 0.15 70.9 0.13 121.6 0.10 191.1 0.09 281.3 0.07 517.0 0.05
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.2 0.25 133.5 0.2
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 90.4 0.29
60
6.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 44.3 0.44 67.7 0.39

8.0 3.0 0.66 4.0 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.8 0.67 13.1 0.66 18.7 0.66 24.7 0.64 31.1 0.63 45.3 0.58
10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 19.1 0.82 24.0 0.81 34.6 0.77
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.2 0.25 133.5 0.20
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 90.4 0.29
7.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 44.3 0.44 67.7 0.39
8.0 3.0 0.66 4.0 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.8 0.67 13.1 0.66 18.7 0.66 24.7 0.64 31.1 0.63 45.3 0.58
10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 19.1 0.82 24.0 0.81 34.3 0.77
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.66 2.9 1.66 3.4 1.66 5.0 1.67 7.0 1.67 9.0 1.67 11.1 1.66 23.5 1.65
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.2 0.25 133.5 0.2
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 90.4 0.29
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 44.3 0.44 67.7 0.39
8.0 8.0 3.0 0.66 4.0 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.8 0.67 13.1 0.66 18.7 0.66 24.7 0.64 31.1 0.63 45.3 0.58
10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 19.1 0.82 24.0 0.81 34.3 0.77
12.0 NA 2.7 1.00 4.2 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 8.5 1.00 12.0 1.00 15.6 0.99 19.5 0.98 27.6 0.95
16.0 NA NA 3.1 1.33 3.7 1.33 4.2 1.33 6.3 1.33 8.8 1.33 11.4 1.33 14.2 1.33 19.9 1.31
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.66 2.9 1.66 3.4 1.66 5.0 1.67 7.0 1.67 9.0 1.67 11.1 1.66 15.6 1.65
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.0 0.24 25.8 0.24 40.5 0.22 62.7 0.20 91.7 0.18 129.4 0.15 230.7 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.33 8.4 0.33 13.3 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.7 0.33 28.6 0.32 42.4 0.30 58.8 0.27 79.2 0.25 133.5 0.20

Larger 5.0 4.8 0.42 6.6 0.42 10.4 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.6 0.41 22.1 0.41 32.2 0.39 43.5 0.37 56.7 0.34 90.4 0.29

6.0 4.0 0.50 5.5 0.50 8.6 0.50 10.3 0.50 11.9 0.50 18.0 0.49 26.0 0.48 34.6 0.46 44.3 0.44 67.7 0.39
Than 8.0
8.0 3.0 0.66 4.0 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.8 0.67 13.1 0.66 18.7 0.66 24.7 0.64 31.1 0.63 45.3 0.58
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.4 0.83 3.2 0.83 5.0 0.83 6.0 0.83 6.9 0.83 10.3 0.83 14.6 0.83 19.1 0.82 24.0 0.81 34.3 0.77
12.0 12.0 NA 2.7 1.00 4.2 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 8.5 1.00 12.0 1.00 15.6 0.99 19.5 0.98 27.6 0.95
16.0 NA NA 3.1 1.33 3.7 1.33 4.2 1.33 6.3 1.33 8.8 1.33 11.4 1.33 14.2 1.33 19.9 1.31
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.66 2.9 1.66 3.4 1.66 5.0 1.67 7.0 1.67 9.0 1.67 11.1 1.66 15.5 1.65
NOTES:

6.49
6.50
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 30.9 0.08 59.5 0.07 79.0 0.06 115.9 0.06 260.0 0.04 514.8 0.03 807.2 0.02 1282.9 0.02 1995.4 0.01
1.0 2.0 14.1 0.17 26.2 0.16 46.0 0.16 67.8 0.15 152.1 0.10 301.2 0.07 499.0 0.05 750.8 0.04 1402.1 0.03
Unstiffened 8.8 0.38 26.2 0.31 46.0 0.25 64.6 0.22 145.0 0.14 287.0 0.10 475.5 0.08 715.4 0.07 1335.9 0.05
1.0 30.9 0.08 59.5 0.07 79.0 0.06 102.4 0.06 216.2 0.04 425.5 0.03 706.5 0.02 1065.4 0.02 1995.4 0.01
2.0 14.1 0.17 24.9 0.16 31.0 0.16 37.5 0.15 64.5 0.13 128.7 0.11 213.2 0.08 320.7 0.07 599.0 0.05
2.0 3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 85.5 0.20 141.6 0.16 213.1 0.13 398.0 0.09
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 30.9 0.32 75.3 0.28 124.8 0.22 187.7 0.18 350.5 0.13
Unstiffened NA 4.2 0.63 7.3 0.63 11.7 0.63 30.9 0.58 71.8 0.41 118.9 0.32 178.8 0.26 334.0 0.19
1.5 19.4 0.12 35.0 0.12 44.2 0.11 54.6 0.10 102.1 0.08 191.1 0.06 313.4 0.05 471.5 0.04 883.4 0.03
2.0 14.1 0.17 24.9 0.16 31.0 0.16 37.5 0.15 64.5 0.13 112.2 0.11 178.5 0.09 265.7 0.07 495.4 0.06
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 89.7 0.18 142.5 0.16 266.2 0.11
3.0 4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 58.2 0.28 96.0 0.25 185.9 0.19
5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 53.0 0.37 88.6 0.34 165.4 0.25
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 25.5 0.48 53.0 0.47 83.4 0.40 155.8 0.29
2.0 14.1 0.17 24.9 0.16 31.0 0.16 37.5 0.15 64.5 0.13 112.2 0.11 178.5 0.09 265.7 0.07 495.4 0.06
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 148.5 0.20
5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 110.2 0.3
40
4.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 46.3 0.44 99.5 0.37
8.0 3.3 0.66 5.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.3 0.66 17.8 0.66 23.7 0.65 41.7 0.63 87.6 0.52
10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 23.7 0.82 41.7 0.81 85.6 0.60
2.0 14.1 0.17 24.9 0.16 31.0 0.16 37.5 0.15 64.5 0.13 112.2 0.11 178.5 0.09 265.7 0.07 495.4 0.06

3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 128.4 0.20
5.0 5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 91.2 0.3

6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 42.7 0.44 71.4 0.39
10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 18.4 0.82 23.2 0.81 54.0 0.78
2.0 14.1 0.17 24.9 0.16 31.0 0.16 37.5 0.15 64.5 0.13 112.2 0.11 178.5 0.09 265.7 0.07 495.4 0.06
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 128.4 0.2
5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 87.3 0.30
60
6.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 42.7 0.44 65.6 0.39

8.0 3.3 0.66 5.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.3 0.66 17.8 0.66 23.7 0.65 30.0 0.63 44.1 0.59
10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 18.4 0.82 23.2 0.81 33.4 0.78
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 128.4 0.20
5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 87.3 0.3
7.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 42.7 0.44 65.6 0.39
8.0 3.3 0.66 5.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.3 0.66 17.8 0.66 23.7 0.65 30.0 0.63 44.1 0.59
10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 18.4 0.82 23.2 0.81 33.4 0.78
20.0 NA 2.2 1.66 2.6 1.66 3.1 1.66 4.6 1.66 6.6 1.67 8.7 1.67 10.8 1.66 22.1 1.65
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 128.4 0.2
5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 87.3 0.30
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 42.7 0.44 65.6 0.39
8.0 8.0 3.3 0.66 5.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.3 0.66 17.8 0.66 23.7 0.65 30.0 0.63 44.1 0.59
10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 18.4 0.82 23.2 0.81 33.4 0.78
12.0 2.2 0.99 3.6 1.00 4.4 1.00 5.2 1.00 7.9 1.00 11.4 1.00 15.0 0.99 18.9 0.98 26.9 0.96
16.0 NA 2.7 1.33 3.3 1.33 3.9 1.33 5.9 1.33 8.4 1.33 11.0 1.33 13.7 1.33 19.4 1.31
20.0 NA 2.2 1.66 2.6 1.66 3.1 1.66 4.6 1.66 6.6 1.67 8.7 1.67 10.8 1.66 15.1 1.65
3.0 9.1 0.25 15.8 0.25 19.5 0.25 23.2 0.24 37.4 0.23 58.8 0.20 86.5 0.18 122.8 0.16 221.3 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 11.5 0.33 14.1 0.33 16.8 0.33 26.5 0.32 40.0 0.30 55.9 0.28 75.7 0.25 128.4 0.20

Larger 5.0 5.3 0.42 9.1 0.42 11.1 0.42 13.2 0.42 20.6 0.41 30.5 0.39 41.5 0.37 54.5 0.35 87.3 0.3
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.5 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 16.8 0.49 24.7 0.48 33.2 0.47 42.7 0.44 65.6 0.39
Than 8.0
8.0 3.3 0.66 5.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.3 0.66 17.8 0.66 23.7 0.65 30.0 0.63 44.1 0.59
Up To
Up T

10.0 2.6 0.83 4.4 0.83 5.3 0.83 6.3 0.83 9.6 0.83 13.9 0.83 18.4 0.82 23.2 0.81 33.4 0.78
12.0 12.0 2.2 0.99 3.6 1.00 4.4 1.00 5.2 1.00 7.9 1.00 11.4 1.00 15.0 0.99 18.9 0.98 26.9 0.96
16.0 NA 2.7 1.33 3.3 1.33 3.9 1.33 5.9 1.33 8.4 1.33 11.0 1.33 13.7 1.33 19.4 1.31
20.0 NA 2.2 1.66 2.6 1.66 3.1 1.66 4.6 1.66 6.6 1.67 8.7 1.67 10.8 1.66 15.1 1.65
NOTES:

6.51
6.52
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 25.5 0.07 33.8 0.07 46.0 0.07 80.4 0.05 120.2 0.05 144.5 0.04 299.4 0.03 556.1 0.02 880.5 0.02 1286.1 0.01 2099.5 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 52.7 0.14 70.4 0.12 90.4 0.11 178.0 0.08 325.4 0.06 515.3 0.05 752.7 0.04 1356.5 0.03
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 15.0 0.38 19.4 0.30 50.2 0.21 67.0 0.18 86.1 0.16 169.6 0.12 310.1 0.09 491.0 0.07 717.2 0.06 1292.5 0.04
1.0 25.5 0.07 33.8 0.07 46.0 0.07 80.0 0.05 103.2 0.05 130.1 0.04 251.6 0.03 460.2 0.03 730.5 0.02 1069.3 0.02 1931.7 0.01
2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 29.6 0.15 35.5 0.14 41.9 0.14 69.4 0.11 138.8 0.09 220.1 0.07 321.5 0.06 579.5 0.04
2.0 3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 47.4 0.21 92.4 0.17 146.3 0.13 213.6 0.11 385.0 0.08
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 42.6 0.30 81.4 0.23 128.8 0.18 188.2 0.15 339.1 0.11
1.5 16.0 0.12 20.8 0.12 27.2 0.11 42.9 0.10 52.8 0.09 64.0 0.09 114.8 0.07 204.9 0.05 323.5 0.04 473.1 0.04 855.5 0.03
2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 29.6 0.15 35.5 0.14 41.9 0.14 69.4 0.11 117.9 0.09 182.9 0.08 265.9 0.06 479.7 0.05
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 97.1 0.16 142.9 0.13 257.5 0.10
3.0 4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 63.3 0.25 99.8 0.22 179.9 0.17
5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 32.4 0.37 59.3 0.34 88.8 0.29 160.0 0.21
6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 31.2 0.45 57.3 0.41 83.6 0.34 150.7 0.26
2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 29.6 0.15 35.5 0.14 41.9 0.14 69.4 0.11 117.9 0.09 182.9 0.08 265.9 0.06 479.7 0.05
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 78.0 0.23 144.9 0.18
5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 53.7 0.32 107.6 0.27
40
4.0 6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 50.3 0.41 96.3 0.32
8.0 2.7 0.64 3.4 0.64 4.3 0.64 6.3 0.64 7.3 0.64 8.4 0.64 12.1 0.64 16.9 0.63 26.6 0.61 45.5 0.59 84.8 0.45
10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 14.5 0.79 26.6 0.78 45.5 0.71 82.8 0.53
2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 29.6 0.15 35.5 0.14 41.9 0.14 69.4 0.11 117.9 0.09 182.9 0.08 265.9 0.06 479.7 0.05
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 72.7 0.23 122.5 0.18
5.0 5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 51.3 0.32 90.7 0.27
6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 39.7 0.41 72.8 0.36
10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 13.2 0.79 17.1 0.78 24.3 0.77 54.3 0.71
Unstiffened NA NA 0.75 NA 0.75 NA 0.75 NA 0.75 NA 0.75 NA 0.75 4.4 0.75 8.7 0.75 15.4 0.75 37.2 0.75
2.0 11.6 0.16 15.0 0.16 19.4 0.15 29.6 0.15 35.5 0.14 41.9 0.14 69.4 0.11 117.9 0.09 182.9 0.08 265.9 0.06 479.7 0.05
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 72.7 0.23 122.5 0.18
5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 51.3 0.32 82.0 0.27
60
6.0 6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 39.7 0.41 60.8 0.36

8.0 2.7 0.64 3.4 0.64 4.3 0.64 6.3 0.64 7.3 0.64 8.4 0.64 12.1 0.64 16.9 0.63 22.0 0.61 27.6 0.59 40.1 0.55
10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 13.2 0.79 17.1 0.78 21.2 0.77 34.0 0.73
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 72.7 0.23 122.5 0.18
5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 51.3 0.32 82.0 0.27
7.0 6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 39.7 0.41 60.8 0.36
8.0 2.7 0.64 3.4 0.64 4.3 0.64 6.3 0.64 7.3 0.64 8.4 0.64 12.1 0.64 16.9 0.63 22.0 0.61 27.6 0.59 40.1 0.55
10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 13.2 0.79 17.1 0.78 21.2 0.77 30.1 0.73
20.0 NA NA NA 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 3.2 1.60 4.5 1.60 6.2 1.60 8.0 1.60 9.8 1.60 23.4 1.58
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 72.7 0.23 122.5 0.18
5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 51.3 0.32 82.0 0.27
6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 39.7 0.41 60.8 0.36
8.0 8.0 2.7 0.64 3.4 0.64 4.3 0.64 6.3 0.64 7.3 0.64 8.4 0.64 12.1 0.64 16.9 0.63 22.0 0.61 27.6 0.59 40.1 0.55
10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 13.2 0.79 17.1 0.78 21.2 0.77 30.1 0.73
12.0 NA 2.2 0.96 2.8 0.96 4.1 0.96 4.8 0.96 5.4 0.96 7.8 0.96 10.8 0.96 13.9 0.95 17.2 0.94 24.1 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.27 3.0 1.28 3.5 1.28 4.0 1.28 5.7 1.28 7.9 1.28 10.1 1.28 12.5 1.27 17.3 1.25
20.0 NA NA NA 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 3.2 1.60 4.5 1.60 6.2 1.60 8.0 1.60 9.8 1.60 15.5 1.58
3.0 7.5 0.24 9.6 0.24 12.3 0.24 18.3 0.23 21.6 0.23 25.1 0.23 38.3 0.21 58.9 0.18 85.9 0.16 120.9 0.14 213.3 0.11
4.0 5.5 0.32 7.0 0.32 9.0 0.32 13.3 0.32 15.6 0.31 18.0 0.31 26.7 0.30 39.0 0.28 53.9 0.25 72.7 0.23 122.5 0.18
Larger 5.0 4.4 0.40 5.6 0.40 7.1 0.40 10.4 0.40 12.2 0.40 14.0 0.39 20.5 0.38 29.3 0.37 39.3 0.34 51.3 0.32 82.0 0.27
6.0 3.6 0.48 4.6 0.48 5.8 0.48 8.5 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.4 0.48 16.7 0.47 23.6 0.45 31.1 0.44 39.7 0.41 60.8 0.36
Than 8.0
8.0 2.7 0.64 3.4 0.64 4.3 0.64 6.3 0.64 7.3 0.64 8.4 0.64 12.1 0.64 16.9 0.63 22.0 0.61 27.6 0.59 40.1 0.55
Up
Up To
T 10.0 2.1 0.80 2.7 0.80 3.4 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 6.6 0.80 9.5 0.80 13.2 0.79 17.1 0.78 21.2 0.77 30.1 0.73
12.0 12.0 NA 2.2 0.96 2.8 0.96 4.1 0.96 4.8 0.96 5.4 0.96 7.8 0.96 10.8 0.96 13.9 0.95 17.2 0.94 24.1 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.27 3.0 1.28 3.5 1.28 4.0 1.28 5.7 1.28 7.9 1.28 10.1 1.28 12.5 1.27 17.3 1.25
20.0 NA NA NA 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 3.2 1.60 4.5 1.60 6.2 1.60 8.0 1.60 9.8 1.60 13.5 1.58
NOTES:

6.53
6.54
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 21.4 0.08 29.2 0.07 40.5 0.07 79.2 0.06 105.1 0.05 140.2 0.04 270.0 0.03 528.6 0.02 845.8 0.02 1244.2 0.02 2023.3 0.01
1.0 2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 45.3 0.15 63.0 0.13 82.0 0.12 166.2 0.08 309.4 0.06 495.0 0.05 728.1 0.04 1323.5 0.03
Unstiffened 5.0 0.38 10.9 0.38 17.5 0.33 44.2 0.23 60.0 0.19 78.2 0.17 158.3 0.12 294.8 0.09 471.6 0.07 693.8 0.06 1261.0 0.04
1.0 21.4 0.08 29.2 0.07 40.5 0.07 71.8 0.06 93.4 0.05 118.8 0.05 235.0 0.03 437.4 0.03 701.6 0.02 1034.3 0.02 1884.6 0.01
2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 27.3 0.15 33.0 0.14 39.2 0.14 67.5 0.12 128.6 0.09 211.5 0.07 311.1 0.06 565.4 0.04
2.0 3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 42.7 0.21 87.8 0.17 140.5 0.13 206.7 0.11 375.7 0.08
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 38.4 0.30 77.3 0.24 123.8 0.19 182.0 0.16 330.9 0.12
1.5 13.5 0.12 18.1 0.12 24.4 0.11 39.3 0.10 48.7 0.10 59.3 0.09 107.8 0.07 194.9 0.06 310.7 0.05 457.6 0.04 834.6 0.03
2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 27.3 0.15 33.0 0.14 39.2 0.14 65.7 0.12 112.5 0.09 175.8 0.08 257.2 0.07 467.9 0.05
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 91.4 0.16 138.2 0.14 251.3 0.10
3.0 4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 59.6 0.25 96.6 0.23 175.5 0.17
5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 30.0 0.37 57.5 0.35 85.9 0.29 156.1 0.22
6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 29.5 0.46 55.0 0.42 80.9 0.35 147.1 0.26
2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 27.3 0.15 33.0 0.14 39.2 0.14 65.7 0.12 112.5 0.09 175.8 0.08 257.2 0.07 467.9 0.05
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 74.2 0.23 141.3 0.18
5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 51.1 0.32 105.0 0.27
40
4.0 6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 47.8 0.41 93.9 0.33
8.0 2.3 0.64 3.0 0.64 3.9 0.64 5.9 0.64 6.9 0.64 8.0 0.64 11.7 0.64 16.4 0.63 25.1 0.61 43.3 0.59 82.7 0.46
10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 13.5 0.79 25.1 0.78 43.3 0.72 80.8 0.54
2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 27.3 0.15 33.0 0.14 39.2 0.14 65.7 0.12 112.5 0.09 175.8 0.08 257.2 0.07 467.9 0.05
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 70.7 0.23 119.7 0.19
5.0 5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 50.1 0.32 87.4 0.27
6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.9 0.41 70.1 0.36
10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 12.8 0.79 16.7 0.78 23.1 0.77 52.9 0.72
2.0 9.9 0.16 13.1 0.16 17.5 0.16 27.3 0.15 33.0 0.14 39.2 0.14 65.7 0.12 112.5 0.09 175.8 0.08 257.2 0.07 467.9 0.05
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 70.7 0.23 119.7 0.19
5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 50.1 0.32 80.3 0.27
60
6.0 6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.9 0.41 59.6 0.36

8.0 2.3 0.64 3.0 0.64 3.9 0.64 5.9 0.64 6.9 0.64 8.0 0.64 11.7 0.64 16.4 0.63 21.5 0.61 27.0 0.59 39.4 0.55
10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 12.8 0.79 16.7 0.78 20.8 0.77 32.8 0.73
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 70.7 0.23 119.7 0.19
5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 50.1 0.32 80.3 0.27
7.0 6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.9 0.41 59.6 0.36
8.0 2.3 0.64 3.0 0.64 3.9 0.64 5.9 0.64 6.9 0.64 8.0 0.64 11.7 0.64 16.4 0.63 21.5 0.61 27.0 0.59 39.4 0.55
10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 12.8 0.79 16.7 0.78 20.8 0.77 29.6 0.73
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.59 2.7 1.59 3.0 1.60 4.4 1.60 6.1 1.60 7.8 1.60 9.6 1.60 22.5 1.58
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 70.7 0.23 119.7 0.19
5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 50.1 0.32 80.3 0.27
6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.9 0.41 59.6 0.36
8.0 8.0 2.3 0.64 3.0 0.64 3.9 0.64 5.9 0.64 6.9 0.64 8.0 0.64 11.7 0.64 16.4 0.63 21.5 0.61 27.0 0.59 39.4 0.55
10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 12.8 0.79 16.7 0.78 20.8 0.77 29.6 0.73
12.0 NA NA 2.6 0.96 3.8 0.96 4.5 0.96 5.2 0.96 7.5 0.96 10.5 0.96 13.6 0.95 16.9 0.94 23.8 0.91
16.0 NA NA NA 2.9 1.28 3.3 1.28 3.8 1.28 5.5 1.28 7.7 1.28 9.9 1.28 12.2 1.27 17.1 1.25
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.59 2.7 1.59 3.0 1.60 4.4 1.60 6.1 1.60 7.8 1.60 9.6 1.60 14.9 1.58
3.0 6.4 0.24 8.4 0.24 11.1 0.24 17.1 0.23 20.3 0.23 23.7 0.23 36.6 0.21 56.6 0.19 83.0 0.16 117.3 0.14 208.2 0.11
4.0 4.7 0.32 6.2 0.32 8.2 0.32 12.4 0.32 14.7 0.32 17.0 0.31 25.6 0.30 37.7 0.28 52.3 0.25 70.7 0.23 119.7 0.19
Larger 5.0 3.7 0.40 4.9 0.40 6.4 0.40 9.7 0.40 11.5 0.40 13.3 0.40 19.7 0.39 28.4 0.37 38.3 0.35 50.1 0.32 80.3 0.27
6.0 3.1 0.48 4.1 0.48 5.3 0.48 8.0 0.48 9.4 0.48 10.8 0.48 16.0 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.9 0.41 59.6 0.36
Than 8.0
8.0 2.3 0.64 3.0 0.64 3.9 0.64 5.9 0.64 6.9 0.64 8.0 0.64 11.7 0.64 16.4 0.63 21.5 0.61 27.0 0.59 39.4 0.55
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.4 0.80 3.1 0.80 4.6 0.80 5.5 0.80 6.3 0.80 9.1 0.80 12.8 0.79 16.7 0.78 20.8 0.77 29.6 0.73
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.6 0.96 3.8 0.96 4.5 0.96 5.2 0.96 7.5 0.96 10.5 0.96 13.6 0.95 16.9 0.94 23.8 0.91
16.0 NA NA NA 2.9 1.28 3.3 1.28 3.8 1.28 5.5 1.28 7.7 1.28 9.9 1.28 12.2 1.27 17.1 1.25
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.59 2.7 1.59 3.0 1.60 4.4 1.60 6.1 1.60 7.8 1.60 9.6 1.60 13.3 1.58
NOTES:

6.55
6.56
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 23.4 0.08 33.8 0.07 61.9 0.06 83.0 0.05 122.2 0.05 258.1 0.03 493.1 0.02 800.7 0.02 1189.4 0.02 1924.6 0.01
1.0 2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 34.3 0.15 53.8 0.14 71.5 0.12 151.0 0.09 288.6 0.06 468.6 0.05 696.0 0.04 1280.1 0.03
Unstiffened 6.3 0.38 14.9 0.38 34.3 0.25 51.3 0.21 68.1 0.18 143.9 0.13 274.9 0.09 446.5 0.07 663.2 0.06 1219.7 0.04
1.0 23.4 0.08 33.8 0.07 61.9 0.06 81.4 0.05 104.7 0.05 213.8 0.04 407.8 0.03 664.0 0.02 988.5 0.02 1822.6 0.01
2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 24.5 0.15 29.9 0.15 35.8 0.14 60.9 0.12 123.3 0.10 200.2 0.08 297.3 0.06 546.8 0.05
2.0 3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 37.0 0.21 81.9 0.18 133.0 0.14 197.6 0.11 363.3 0.08
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 33.3 0.30 72.1 0.25 117.2 0.19 174.0 0.16 320.0 0.12
1.5 14.7 0.12 20.7 0.12 34.9 0.11 43.5 0.10 53.4 0.09 98.9 0.08 182.1 0.06 294.2 0.05 437.4 0.04 807.1 0.03
2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 24.5 0.15 29.9 0.15 35.8 0.14 60.9 0.12 105.5 0.10 166.7 0.08 246.0 0.07 452.5 0.05
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 84.2 0.16 132.2 0.14 243.0 0.10
3.0 4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 57.1 0.26 91.5 0.23 169.7 0.17
5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 52.9 0.35 82.1 0.30 151.0 0.22
6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 26.6 0.46 52.1 0.43 77.3 0.36 142.2 0.26
2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 24.5 0.15 29.9 0.15 35.8 0.14 60.9 0.12 105.5 0.10 166.7 0.08 246.0 0.07 452.5 0.05
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 69.3 0.23 136.7 0.18
5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 100.4 0.27
40
4.0 6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 45.8 0.42 90.8 0.33
8.0 2.5 0.64 3.4 0.64 5.3 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 11.1 0.64 15.8 0.63 23.1 0.61 41.1 0.60 80.0 0.47
10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 23.1 0.78 41.1 0.74 78.2 0.54
2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 24.5 0.15 29.9 0.15 35.8 0.14 60.9 0.12 105.5 0.10 166.7 0.08 246.0 0.07 452.5 0.05
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11

4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 68.2 0.23 116.0 0.19
5.0 5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 83.1 0.27
6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 37.7 0.42 68.6 0.37
10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 16.2 0.78 21.6 0.77 51.1 0.73
2.0 10.7 0.16 14.9 0.16 24.5 0.15 29.9 0.15 35.8 0.14 60.9 0.12 105.5 0.10 166.7 0.08 246.0 0.07 452.5 0.05
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 68.2 0.23 116.0 0.19
5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 78.0 0.27
60
6.0 6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 37.7 0.42 58.1 0.37

8.0 2.5 0.64 3.4 0.64 5.3 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 11.1 0.64 15.8 0.63 20.8 0.61 26.3 0.60 38.6 0.55
10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 16.2 0.78 20.2 0.77 31.2 0.73
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 68.2 0.23 116.0 0.19
5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 78.0 0.27
7.0 6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 37.7 0.42 58.1 0.37
8.0 2.5 0.64 3.4 0.64 5.3 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 11.1 0.64 15.8 0.63 20.8 0.61 26.3 0.60 38.6 0.55
10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 16.2 0.78 20.2 0.77 29.0 0.73
20.0 NA NA 2.1 1.59 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 4.2 1.60 5.9 1.60 7.6 1.60 9.4 1.60 21.4 1.58
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 68.2 0.23 116.0 0.19
5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 78.0 0.27
6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 37.7 0.42 58.1 0.37
8.0 8.0 2.5 0.64 3.4 0.64 5.3 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 11.1 0.64 15.8 0.63 20.8 0.61 26.3 0.60 38.6 0.55
10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 16.2 0.78 20.2 0.77 29.0 0.73
12.0 NA 2.2 0.96 3.5 0.96 4.2 0.96 4.8 0.96 7.1 0.96 10.1 0.96 13.2 0.95 16.4 0.94 23.3 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.6 1.28 3.1 1.28 3.6 1.28 5.3 1.28 7.4 1.28 9.6 1.28 11.9 1.27 16.8 1.25
20.0 NA NA 2.1 1.59 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 4.2 1.60 5.9 1.60 7.6 1.60 9.4 1.60 14.2 1.58
3.0 6.9 0.24 9.6 0.24 15.4 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.9 0.23 34.4 0.21 53.7 0.19 79.2 0.16 112.5 0.14 201.5 0.11
4.0 5.1 0.32 7.0 0.32 11.2 0.32 13.4 0.32 15.7 0.31 24.2 0.30 36.0 0.28 50.3 0.26 68.2 0.23 116.0 0.19

Larger 5.0 4.1 0.40 5.6 0.40 8.8 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.3 0.40 18.7 0.39 27.3 0.37 37.0 0.35 48.5 0.32 78.0 0.27

6.0 3.4 0.48 4.6 0.48 7.2 0.48 8.6 0.48 10.1 0.48 15.2 0.47 22.0 0.46 29.3 0.44 37.7 0.42 58.1 0.37
Than 8.0
8.0 2.5 0.64 3.4 0.64 5.3 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 11.1 0.64 15.8 0.63 20.8 0.61 26.3 0.60 38.6 0.55
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.7 0.80 4.2 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.80 8.7 0.80 12.3 0.79 16.2 0.78 20.2 0.77 29.0 0.73
12.0 12.0 NA 2.2 0.96 3.5 0.96 4.2 0.96 4.8 0.96 7.1 0.96 10.1 0.96 13.2 0.95 16.4 0.94 23.3 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.6 1.28 3.1 1.28 3.6 1.28 5.3 1.28 7.4 1.28 9.6 1.28 11.9 1.27 16.8 1.25
20.0 NA NA 2.1 1.59 2.4 1.59 2.8 1.59 4.2 1.60 5.9 1.60 7.6 1.60 9.4 1.60 13.1 1.58
NOTES:

6.57
6.58
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
Panel Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def.,
Width W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in.
1.0 26.2 0.07 50.9 0.06 72.0 0.06 96.1 0.05 227.5 0.04 450.4 0.03 746.1 0.02 1122. 0.02 1805. 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.9 0.16 23.3 0.15 40.9 0.15 59.4 0.14 133.1 0.09 263.6 0.06 436.6 0.05 656.9
6 0.04 1226.
9 0.03
Unstiffened 8.3 0.38 23.3 0.28 40.9 0.23 56.6 0.20 126.8 0.13 251.1 0.09 416.0 0.07 625.9 0.06 1169.
9 0.04
1.0 26.2 0.07 50.9 0.06 68.0 0.06 88.6 0.05 188.8 0.04 372.4 0.03 618.5 0.02 932.7 0.02 0
1746. 0.01
2.0 11.9 0.16 21.0 0.15 26.2 0.15 31.8 0.14 55.3 0.12 112.4 0.10 186.5 0.08 280.6 0.06 524.1
5 0.05
2.0 3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 32.1 0.22 74.8 0.18 123.9 0.14 186.5 0.12 348.2 0.09
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 27.5 0.30 65.9 0.26 109.2 0.20 164.2 0.16 306.7 0.12
Unstiffened NA 4.0 0.63 7.0 0.63 11.2 0.63 27.5 0.53 62.8 0.38 104.0 0.29 156.5 0.24 292.2 0.18
1.5 16.4 0.12 29.6 0.11 37.6 0.10 46.6 0.10 88.4 0.08 166.7 0.06 274.2 0.05 412.7 0.04 773.3 0.03
2.0 11.9 0.16 21.0 0.15 26.2 0.15 31.8 0.14 55.3 0.12 97.2 0.10 155.7 0.08 232.3 0.07 433.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 80.5 0.17 124.7 0.14 232.9 0.10
3.0 4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 51.4 0.26 87.1 0.24 162.7 0.17
5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 47.6 0.35 77.5 0.31 144.7 0.23
6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 23.2 0.46 47.4 0.44 73.0 0.37 136.3 0.27
2.0 11.9 0.16 21.0 0.15 26.2 0.15 31.8 0.14 55.3 0.12 97.2 0.10 155.7 0.08 232.3 0.07 433.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 66.3 0.24 131.0 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 97.4 0.28
40
4.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 42.0 0.42 87.1 0.34
8.0 2.7 0.64 4.7 0.64 5.7 0.64 6.7 0.64 10.3 0.64 15.0 0.63 21.1 0.62 37.7 0.60 76.7 0.48
10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 21.1 0.79 37.7 0.76 74.9 0.56
2.0 11.9 0.16 21.0 0.15 26.2 0.15 31.8 0.14 55.3 0.12 97.2 0.10 155.7 0.08 232.3 0.07 433.6 0.05

3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 65.1 0.24 111.6 0.19
5.0 5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 80.9 0.28

6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 36.3 0.42 64.3 0.37
10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 15.5 0.79 19.8 0.77 48.6 0.74
2.0 11.9 0.16 21.0 0.15 26.2 0.15 31.8 0.14 55.3 0.12 97.2 0.10 155.7 0.08 232.3 0.07 433.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 65.1 0.24 111.6 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 75.3 0.28
60
6.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 36.3 0.42 56.3 0.37

8.0 2.7 0.64 4.7 0.64 5.7 0.64 6.7 0.64 10.3 0.64 15.0 0.63 20.0 0.62 25.4 0.60 37.5 0.56
10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 15.5 0.79 19.6 0.77 29.6 0.74
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 65.1 0.24 111.6 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 75.3 0.28
7.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 36.3 0.42 56.3 0.37
8.0 2.7 0.64 4.7 0.64 5.7 0.64 6.7 0.64 10.3 0.64 15.0 0.63 20.0 0.62 25.4 0.60 37.5 0.56
10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 15.5 0.79 19.6 0.77 28.3 0.74
20.0 NA NA 2.2 1.59 2.6 1.59 3.9 1.60 5.6 1.60 7.3 1.60 9.1 1.60 20.2 1.59
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 65.1 0.24 111.6 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 75.3 0.28
6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 36.3 0.42 56.3 0.37
8.0 8.0 2.7 0.64 4.7 0.64 5.7 0.64 6.7 0.64 10.3 0.64 15.0 0.63 20.0 0.62 25.4 0.60 37.5 0.56
10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 15.5 0.79 19.6 0.77 28.3 0.74
12.0 NA 3.1 0.96 3.7 0.96 4.4 0.96 6.7 0.96 9.6 0.96 12.7 0.95 15.9 0.94 22.8 0.91
16.0 NA 2.3 1.27 2.8 1.28 3.2 1.28 4.9 1.28 7.1 1.28 9.3 1.28 11.6 1.27 16.4 1.25
20.0 NA NA 2.2 1.59 2.6 1.59 3.9 1.60 5.6 1.60 7.3 1.60 9.1 1.60 13.4 1.59
3.0 7.7 0.24 13.3 0.24 16.4 0.24 19.6 0.23 31.8 0.22 50.3 0.19 74.6 0.17 106.7 0.15 193.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 9.7 0.32 11.9 0.32 14.2 0.32 22.4 0.30 34.0 0.28 47.8 0.26 65.1 0.24 111.6 0.19

Larger 5.0 4.5 0.40 7.6 0.40 9.4 0.40 11.1 0.40 17.4 0.39 25.8 0.37 35.3 0.35 46.5 0.33 75.3 0.28
6.0 3.7 0.48 6.3 0.48 7.7 0.48 9.1 0.48 14.2 0.47 20.8 0.46 28.1 0.44 36.3 0.42 56.3 0.37
Than 8.0
8.0 2.7 0.64 4.7 0.64 5.7 0.64 6.7 0.64 10.3 0.64 15.0 0.63 20.0 0.62 25.4 0.60 37.5 0.56
Up To
Up T

10.0 2.2 0.80 3.7 0.80 4.5 0.80 5.3 0.80 8.1 0.80 11.7 0.79 15.5 0.79 19.6 0.77 28.3 0.74
12.0 12.0 NA 3.1 0.96 3.7 0.96 4.4 0.96 6.7 0.96 9.6 0.96 12.7 0.95 15.9 0.94 22.8 0.91
16.0 NA 2.3 1.27 2.8 1.28 3.2 1.28 4.9 1.28 7.1 1.28 9.3 1.28 11.6 1.27 16.4 1.25
20.0 NA NA 2.2 1.59 2.6 1.59 3.9 1.60 5.6 1.60 7.3 1.60 9.1 1.60 12.8 1.59
NOTES:

6.59
6.60
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 20.0 0.07 26.6 0.07 36.5 0.06 74.1 0.05 92.9 0.04 127.1 0.04 250.3 0.03 457.6 0.02 724.5 0.02 880.4 0.01 1907.3 0.01
1.0 2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 16.5 0.14 43.4 0.13 57.9 0.11 74.4 0.10 146.5 0.07 267.8 0.05 424.0 0.04 619.3 0.03 1116.2 0.02
Unstiffened 7.3 0.38 11.6 0.33 16.5 0.27 41.3 0.19 55.2 0.16 70.9 0.14 139.6 0.10 255.1 0.07 404.0 0.06 590.1 0.05 1063.5 0.04
1.0 20.0 0.07 26.6 0.07 36.5 0.06 64.7 0.05 84.0 0.04 106.4 0.04 206.9 0.03 378.9 0.02 601.6 0.02 880.4 0.01 1590.2 0.01
2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 15.1 0.14 23.2 0.14 27.9 0.13 33.1 0.12 58.4 0.10 114.4 0.08 181.1 0.06 264.6 0.05 476.8 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 40.1 0.19 76.0 0.15 120.3 0.12 175.8 0.10 316.8 0.07
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 36.6 0.28 66.9 0.20 106.0 0.16 154.8 0.13 279.0 0.10
1.5 12.4 0.11 16.2 0.11 21.3 0.10 34.0 0.09 42.1 0.09 51.3 0.08 93.7 0.06 168.3 0.05 266.2 0.04 389.6 0.03 704.4 0.02
2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 15.1 0.14 23.2 0.14 27.9 0.13 33.1 0.12 55.9 0.10 96.2 0.08 150.1 0.07 218.7 0.06 395.0 0.04
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 48.5 0.17 79.6 0.14 117.6 0.12 211.9 0.09
3.0 4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 54.6 0.23 82.1 0.20 148.0 0.15
5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 27.9 0.34 50.0 0.31 73.0 0.25 131.6 0.19
6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 27.3 0.42 47.1 0.36 68.8 0.30 124.0 0.22
2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 15.1 0.14 23.2 0.14 27.9 0.13 33.1 0.12 55.9 0.10 96.2 0.08 150.1 0.07 218.7 0.06 395.0 0.04
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 63.5 0.20 119.2 0.16
5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 45.6 0.29 88.6 0.23
40
4.0 6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 26.0 0.40 43.6 0.38 79.2 0.29
8.0 2.1 0.60 2.6 0.60 3.3 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 6.5 0.60 9.4 0.59 13.2 0.58 23.3 0.57 38.7 0.54 69.8 0.40
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 12.8 0.74 23.3 0.73 37.8 0.62 68.2 0.46
2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 15.1 0.14 23.2 0.14 27.9 0.13 33.1 0.12 55.9 0.10 96.2 0.08 150.1 0.07 218.7 0.06 395.0 0.04
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 58.6 0.20 100.0 0.16
5.0 5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 40.8 0.29 75.5 0.24
6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 24.4 0.40 31.4 0.38 61.3 0.32
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 10.2 0.74 13.3 0.73 21.0 0.71 44.6 0.62
2.0 9.0 0.15 11.6 0.15 15.1 0.14 23.2 0.14 27.9 0.13 33.1 0.12 55.9 0.10 96.2 0.08 150.1 0.07 218.7 0.06 395.0 0.04
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 58.6 0.20 100.0 0.16
5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 40.8 0.29 66.4 0.24
60
6.0 6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 24.4 0.40 31.4 0.38 50.1 0.33

8.0 2.1 0.60 2.6 0.60 3.3 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 6.5 0.60 9.4 0.59 13.2 0.58 17.2 0.57 21.6 0.55 31.7 0.50
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 10.2 0.74 13.3 0.73 16.5 0.71 29.2 0.67
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 58.6 0.20 100.0 0.16
5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 40.8 0.29 66.4 0.24
7.0 6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 24.4 0.40 31.4 0.38 48.7 0.33
8.0 2.1 0.60 2.6 0.60 3.3 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 6.5 0.60 9.4 0.59 13.2 0.58 17.2 0.57 21.6 0.55 31.7 0.50
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 10.2 0.74 13.3 0.73 16.5 0.71 23.6 0.67
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 2.5 1.50 3.5 1.50 4.8 1.50 6.2 1.50 8.5 1.49 20.5 1.48
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 58.6 0.20 100.0 0.16
5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 40.8 0.29 66.4 0.24
6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 24.4 0.40 31.4 0.38 48.7 0.33
8.0 8.0 2.1 0.60 2.6 0.60 3.3 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 6.5 0.60 9.4 0.59 13.2 0.58 17.2 0.57 21.6 0.55 31.7 0.50
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 10.2 0.74 13.3 0.73 16.5 0.71 23.6 0.67
12.0 NA NA 2.2 0.90 3.2 0.90 3.7 0.90 4.2 0.90 6.0 0.90 8.4 0.89 10.8 0.89 13.4 0.87 18.9 0.84
16.0 NA NA NA 2.4 1.20 2.7 1.20 3.1 1.20 4.4 1.20 6.1 1.20 7.9 1.19 9.7 1.19 13.5 1.16
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 2.5 1.50 3.5 1.50 4.8 1.50 6.2 1.50 7.6 1.49 13.5 1.48
3.0 5.8 0.22 7.4 0.22 9.6 0.22 14.3 0.22 16.9 0.21 19.6 0.21 30.2 0.19 47.1 0.17 69.6 0.14 98.7 0.12 175.3 0.10
4.0 4.3 0.30 5.5 0.30 7.0 0.30 10.3 0.30 12.1 0.29 14.0 0.29 20.8 0.28 30.8 0.25 43.0 0.23 58.6 0.20 100.0 0.16
Larger 5.0 3.4 0.37 4.3 0.37 5.5 0.37 8.1 0.37 9.5 0.37 10.9 0.37 16.0 0.36 23.0 0.34 31.1 0.31 40.8 0.29 66.4 0.24
6.0 2.8 0.45 3.6 0.45 4.5 0.45 6.6 0.45 7.7 0.45 8.9 0.45 13.0 0.44 18.4 0.42 24.4 0.40 31.4 0.38 48.7 0.33
Than 8.0
8.0 2.1 0.60 2.6 0.60 3.3 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 6.5 0.60 9.4 0.59 13.2 0.58 17.2 0.57 21.6 0.55 31.7 0.50
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 2.7 0.75 3.8 0.75 4.5 0.75 5.1 0.75 7.4 0.75 10.2 0.74 13.3 0.73 16.5 0.71 23.6 0.67
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.2 0.90 3.2 0.90 3.7 0.90 4.2 0.90 6.0 0.90 8.4 0.89 10.8 0.89 13.4 0.87 18.9 0.84
16.0 NA NA NA 2.4 1.20 2.7 1.20 3.1 1.20 4.4 1.20 6.1 1.20 7.9 1.19 9.7 1.19 13.5 1.16
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 2.5 1.50 3.5 1.50 4.8 1.50 6.2 1.50 7.6 1.49 10.5 1.48
NOTES:

6.61
6.62
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 16.7 0.07 22.9 0.07 32.0 0.06 62.2 0.05 88.6 0.04 115.3 0.04 233.6 0.03 428.4 0.02 696.0 0.02 851.6 0.01 1860. 0.01
1.0 2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 38.2 0.13 51.8 0.12 67.5 0.10 136.7 0.07 254.6 0.05 407.3 0.04 599.2 0.03 1089.
9 0.03
Unstiffened 4.7 0.38 10.1 0.38 13.6 0.29 36.4 0.20 49.4 0.17 64.3 0.15 130.3 0.10 242.5 0.08 388.1 0.06 570.9 0.05 1037.
0 0.04
1.0 16.7 0.07 22.9 0.07 32.0 0.06 57.9 0.05 75.9 0.05 97.0 0.04 193.2 0.03 360.1 0.02 577.8 0.02 851.6 0.01 6
1551. 0.01
2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 21.4 0.14 25.9 0.13 30.9 0.13 58.0 0.11 107.1 0.08 174.0 0.06 256.0 0.05 465.2
4 0.04
2.0 3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 36.2 0.19 72.3 0.15 115.6 0.12 170.1 0.10 309.1 0.07
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 33.6 0.28 63.6 0.21 101.8 0.17 149.8 0.14 272.3 0.10
1.5 10.5 0.11 14.1 0.11 19.0 0.10 31.1 0.09 38.7 0.09 47.4 0.08 87.8 0.06 160.1 0.05 255.7 0.04 376.8 0.03 687.2 0.02
2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 21.4 0.14 25.9 0.13 30.9 0.13 52.8 0.11 91.7 0.08 144.3 0.07 211.6 0.06 385.3 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 74.9 0.14 113.8 0.12 206.8 0.09
3.0 4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 51.4 0.23 79.4 0.20 144.4 0.15
5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 25.8 0.34 48.0 0.31 70.7 0.26 128.4 0.19
6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 25.3 0.42 45.3 0.37 66.6 0.31 121.0 0.23
2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 21.4 0.14 25.9 0.13 30.9 0.13 52.8 0.11 91.7 0.08 144.3 0.07 211.6 0.06 385.3 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 63.5 0.21 116.3 0.16
5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 43.4 0.29 86.4 0.24
40
4.0 6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 24.5 0.40 41.5 0.38 77.3 0.29
8.0 NA 2.3 0.60 3.0 0.60 4.5 0.60 5.4 0.60 6.2 0.60 9.0 0.59 12.8 0.58 22.0 0.57 37.4 0.54 68.1 0.40
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 11.8 0.74 22.0 0.73 36.6 0.63 66.5 0.47
2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 21.4 0.14 25.9 0.13 30.9 0.13 52.8 0.11 91.7 0.08 144.3 0.07 211.6 0.06 385.3 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 57.0 0.21 97.7 0.16
5.0 5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 39.8 0.29 72.8 0.24
6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 23.8 0.40 30.7 0.38 59.8 0.33
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 10.0 0.74 13.0 0.73 20.0 0.71 43.6 0.63
2.0 7.7 0.15 10.2 0.15 13.6 0.15 21.4 0.14 25.9 0.13 30.9 0.13 52.8 0.11 91.7 0.08 144.3 0.07 211.6 0.06 385.3 0.04
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 57.0 0.21 97.7 0.16
5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 39.8 0.29 64.9 0.24
60
6.0 6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 23.8 0.40 30.7 0.38 48.3 0.33

8.0 NA 2.3 0.60 3.0 0.60 4.5 0.60 5.4 0.60 6.2 0.60 9.0 0.59 12.8 0.58 16.8 0.57 21.1 0.55 31.1 0.50
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 10.0 0.74 13.0 0.73 16.2 0.71 28.6 0.68
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 57.0 0.21 97.7 0.16
5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 39.8 0.29 64.9 0.24
7.0 6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 23.8 0.40 30.7 0.38 47.8 0.33
8.0 NA 2.3 0.60 3.0 0.60 4.5 0.60 5.4 0.60 6.2 0.60 9.0 0.59 12.8 0.58 16.8 0.57 21.1 0.55 31.1 0.50
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 10.0 0.74 13.0 0.73 16.2 0.71 23.2 0.68
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.49 2.4 1.50 3.4 1.50 4.7 1.50 6.0 1.50 8.1 1.49 19.7 1.48
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 57.0 0.21 97.7 0.16
5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 39.8 0.29 64.9 0.24
6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 23.8 0.40 30.7 0.38 47.8 0.33
8.0 8.0 NA 2.3 0.60 3.0 0.60 4.5 0.60 5.4 0.60 6.2 0.60 9.0 0.59 12.8 0.58 16.8 0.57 21.1 0.55 31.1 0.50
10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 10.0 0.74 13.0 0.73 16.2 0.71 23.2 0.68
12.0 NA NA NA 3.0 0.90 3.5 0.90 4.0 0.90 5.8 0.90 8.2 0.89 10.6 0.89 13.1 0.87 18.6 0.84
16.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.20 2.6 1.20 3.0 1.20 4.3 1.20 6.0 1.20 7.7 1.19 9.5 1.19 13.3 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.49 2.4 1.50 3.4 1.50 4.7 1.50 6.0 1.50 7.4 1.49 13.1 1.48
3.0 4.9 0.22 6.5 0.22 8.6 0.22 13.3 0.22 15.8 0.21 18.5 0.21 28.8 0.19 45.3 0.17 67.2 0.14 95.7 0.12 171.1 0.10
4.0 3.7 0.30 4.8 0.30 6.3 0.30 9.6 0.30 11.4 0.29 13.2 0.29 20.0 0.28 29.7 0.25 41.7 0.23 57.0 0.21 97.7 0.16
Larger 5.0 2.9 0.37 3.8 0.37 5.0 0.37 7.5 0.37 8.9 0.37 10.3 0.37 15.4 0.36 22.3 0.34 30.2 0.32 39.8 0.29 64.9 0.24
6.0 2.4 0.45 3.1 0.45 4.1 0.45 6.2 0.45 7.3 0.45 8.4 0.45 12.5 0.44 17.8 0.42 23.8 0.40 30.7 0.38 47.8 0.33
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 2.3 0.60 3.0 0.60 4.5 0.60 5.4 0.60 6.2 0.60 9.0 0.59 12.8 0.58 16.8 0.57 21.1 0.55 31.1 0.50
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA NA 2.4 0.75 3.6 0.75 4.2 0.75 4.9 0.75 7.1 0.75 10.0 0.74 13.0 0.73 16.2 0.71 23.2 0.68
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA 3.0 0.90 3.5 0.90 4.0 0.90 5.8 0.90 8.2 0.89 10.6 0.89 13.1 0.87 18.6 0.84
16.0 NA NA NA 2.2 1.20 2.6 1.20 3.0 1.20 4.3 1.20 6.0 1.20 7.7 1.19 9.5 1.19 13.3 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.49 2.4 1.50 3.4 1.50 4.7 1.50 6.0 1.50 7.4 1.49 10.3 1.48
NOTES:

6.63
6.64
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 18.3 0.07 26.5 0.07 49.6 0.05 75.7 0.05 95.2 0.04 212.4 0.03 386.0 0.02 658.9 0.02 978.7 0.01 1799.9 0.01
1.0 2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 30.0 0.14 44.3 0.13 58.8 0.11 124.3 0.07 237.4 0.05 385.6 0.04 572.7 0.03 1053.3 0.03
Unstiffened 5.9 0.38 11.6 0.33 30.0 0.22 42.2 0.18 56.1 0.16 118.4 0.11 226.2 0.08 367.4 0.06 545.7 0.05 1003.6 0.04
1.0 18.3 0.07 26.5 0.07 49.6 0.05 65.9 0.05 85.2 0.04 175.7 0.03 335.8 0.02 546.8 0.02 813.9 0.02 1500.3 0.01
2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 19.1 0.14 23.5 0.13 28.2 0.13 50.2 0.11 101.4 0.08 164.7 0.07 244.7 0.05 450.0 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 33.0 0.20 67.4 0.15 109.4 0.12 162.6 0.10 299.0 0.07
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 29.1 0.28 59.4 0.22 96.4 0.17 143.2 0.14 263.3 0.10
1.5 11.5 0.11 16.1 0.11 27.4 0.10 34.5 0.09 42.6 0.09 80.4 0.07 149.4 0.05 242.1 0.04 360.1 0.03 664.6 0.03
2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 19.1 0.14 23.5 0.13 28.2 0.13 48.8 0.11 85.9 0.09 136.7 0.07 202.3 0.06 372.6 0.04
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 73.2 0.15 108.7 0.12 200.0 0.09
3.0 4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 47.3 0.23 75.9 0.20 139.7 0.15
5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 23.3 0.34 45.3 0.32 67.6 0.26 124.2 0.19
6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 23.3 0.43 42.8 0.38 63.6 0.31 117.0 0.23
2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 19.1 0.14 23.5 0.13 28.2 0.13 48.8 0.11 85.9 0.09 136.7 0.07 202.3 0.06 372.6 0.04
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 59.3 0.21 112.5 0.16
5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 41.9 0.30 83.6 0.24
40
4.0 6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.1 0.41 38.8 0.38 74.7 0.29
8.0 NA 2.6 0.60 4.1 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 8.6 0.60 12.3 0.59 20.2 0.57 35.3 0.55 65.8 0.41
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 10.6 0.74 20.2 0.73 35.0 0.65 64.3 0.48
2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 19.1 0.14 23.5 0.13 28.2 0.13 48.8 0.11 85.9 0.09 136.7 0.07 202.3 0.06 372.6 0.04
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10

4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 54.8 0.21 94.7 0.17
5.0 5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 38.5 0.30 72.0 0.25
6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.0 0.41 29.7 0.38 57.3 0.33
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 9.6 0.74 12.6 0.73 18.9 0.72 42.1 0.64
2.0 8.3 0.15 11.6 0.15 19.1 0.14 23.5 0.13 28.2 0.13 48.8 0.11 85.9 0.09 136.7 0.07 202.3 0.06 372.6 0.04
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 54.8 0.21 94.7 0.17
5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 38.5 0.30 63.1 0.25
60
6.0 6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.0 0.41 29.7 0.38 46.5 0.33

8.0 NA 2.6 0.60 4.1 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 8.6 0.60 12.3 0.59 16.2 0.57 20.6 0.55 30.4 0.51
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 9.6 0.74 12.6 0.73 15.8 0.72 27.2 0.68
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 54.8 0.21 94.7 0.17
5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 38.5 0.30 63.1 0.25
7.0 6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.0 0.41 29.7 0.38 46.5 0.33
8.0 NA 2.6 0.60 4.1 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 8.6 0.60 12.3 0.59 16.2 0.57 20.6 0.55 30.4 0.51
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 9.6 0.74 12.6 0.73 15.8 0.72 22.7 0.68
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 3.2 1.50 4.5 1.50 5.9 1.50 7.6 1.49 18.8 1.48
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 54.8 0.21 94.7 0.17
5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 38.5 0.30 63.1 0.25
6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.0 0.41 29.7 0.38 46.5 0.33
8.0 8.0 NA 2.6 0.60 4.1 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 8.6 0.60 12.3 0.59 16.2 0.57 20.6 0.55 30.4 0.51
10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 9.6 0.74 12.6 0.73 15.8 0.72 22.7 0.68
12.0 NA NA 2.7 0.90 3.2 0.90 3.7 0.90 5.5 0.90 7.8 0.90 10.2 0.89 12.8 0.88 18.2 0.84
16.0 NA NA 2.0 1.20 2.4 1.20 2.8 1.20 4.1 1.20 5.8 1.20 7.5 1.20 9.3 1.19 13.0 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 3.2 1.50 4.5 1.50 5.9 1.50 7.3 1.49 12.4 1.48
3.0 5.4 0.22 7.4 0.22 11.9 0.22 14.4 0.22 17.0 0.21 27.0 0.20 42.9 0.17 64.0 0.15 91.7 0.13 165.5 0.10
4.0 4.0 0.30 5.4 0.30 8.7 0.30 10.4 0.30 12.2 0.29 18.9 0.28 28.4 0.26 40.0 0.23 54.8 0.21 94.7 0.17

Larger 5.0 3.1 0.37 4.3 0.37 6.8 0.37 8.2 0.37 9.5 0.37 14.5 0.36 21.3 0.34 29.1 0.32 38.5 0.30 63.1 0.25

6.0 2.6 0.45 3.5 0.45 5.6 0.45 6.7 0.45 7.8 0.45 11.8 0.44 17.1 0.43 23.0 0.41 29.7 0.38 46.5 0.33
Than 8.0
8.0 NA 2.6 0.60 4.1 0.60 4.9 0.60 5.7 0.60 8.6 0.60 12.3 0.59 16.2 0.57 20.6 0.55 30.4 0.51
Up To
Up T 10.0 NA 2.1 0.75 3.3 0.75 3.9 0.75 4.5 0.75 6.7 0.75 9.6 0.74 12.6 0.73 15.8 0.72 22.7 0.68
12.0 12.0 NA NA 2.7 0.90 3.2 0.90 3.7 0.90 5.5 0.90 7.8 0.90 10.2 0.89 12.8 0.88 18.2 0.84
16.0 NA NA 2.0 1.20 2.4 1.20 2.8 1.20 4.1 1.20 5.8 1.20 7.5 1.20 9.3 1.19 13.0 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 2.2 1.49 3.2 1.50 4.5 1.50 5.9 1.50 7.3 1.49 10.2 1.48
NOTES:

6.65
6.66
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 20.5 0.07 40.5 0.06 56.2 0.05 83.5 0.05 181.4 0.03 337.0 0.02 613.9 0.02 923.7 0.01 1691.8 0.01
1.0 2.0 9.2 0.15 20.4 0.14 35.7 0.14 48.8 0.12 109.5 0.08 216.9 0.06 359.3 0.04 540.6 0.04 1009.5 0.03
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 20.4 0.25 34.0 0.21 46.5 0.18 104.4 0.12 206.7 0.08 342.3 0.06 515.1 0.05 961.9 0.04
1.0 20.5 0.07 40.5 0.06 54.7 0.05 71.9 0.05 155.0 0.03 306.6 0.02 509.3 0.02 767.9 0.02 1437.8 0.01
2.0 9.2 0.15 16.4 0.14 20.5 0.14 25.0 0.13 44.1 0.11 92.7 0.09 153.5 0.07 230.9 0.06 431.3 0.04
2.0 3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 27.3 0.20 61.6 0.16 102.0 0.13 153.4 0.10 286.5 0.07
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 24.1 0.28 54.2 0.23 89.8 0.18 135.1 0.14 252.4 0.10
Unstiffened NA 3.7 0.63 6.5 0.63 10.5 0.63 24.1 0.47 51.7 0.33 85.6 0.26 128.8 0.21 240.5 0.15
1.5 12.7 0.11 23.2 0.10 29.7 0.10 37.0 0.09 71.7 0.07 136.7 0.05 225.5 0.04 339.8 0.03 636.8 0.03
2.0 9.2 0.15 16.4 0.14 20.5 0.14 25.0 0.13 44.1 0.11 79.0 0.09 127.6 0.07 191.0 0.06 357.0 0.05
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 66.5 0.15 102.6 0.13 191.7 0.09
3.0 4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 44.4 0.24 71.7 0.21 133.9 0.15
5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.9 0.35 40.8 0.32 63.8 0.27 119.1 0.20
6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 20.3 0.43 39.9 0.40 60.1 0.32 112.2 0.24
2.0 9.2 0.15 16.4 0.14 20.5 0.14 25.0 0.13 44.1 0.11 79.0 0.09 127.6 0.07 191.0 0.06 357.0 0.05
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 54.4 0.21 107.8 0.16
5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 38.4 0.30 80.1 0.24
40
4.0 6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 36.5 0.39 71.6 0.30
8.0 2.1 0.60 3.6 0.60 4.4 0.60 5.2 0.60 8.0 0.60 11.7 0.59 18.2 0.57 33.0 0.56 63.1 0.42
10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.3 0.74 18.2 0.73 33.0 0.67 61.6 0.49
2.0 9.2 0.15 16.4 0.14 20.5 0.14 25.0 0.13 44.1 0.11 79.0 0.09 127.6 0.07 191.0 0.06 357.0 0.05

3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 52.3 0.21 91.0 0.17
5.0 5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 36.9 0.30 67.7 0.25

6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 28.6 0.39 55.4 0.34
10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.1 0.74 12.1 0.73 17.4 0.72 40.4 0.66
2.0 9.2 0.15 16.4 0.14 20.5 0.14 25.0 0.13 44.1 0.11 79.0 0.09 127.6 0.07 191.0 0.06 357.0 0.05
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 52.3 0.21 91.0 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 36.9 0.30 60.8 0.25
60
6.0 6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 28.6 0.39 45.0 0.34

8.0 2.1 0.60 3.6 0.60 4.4 0.60 5.2 0.60 8.0 0.60 11.7 0.59 15.6 0.57 19.9 0.56 29.6 0.51
10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.1 0.74 12.1 0.73 15.2 0.72 25.5 0.68
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 52.3 0.21 91.0 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 36.9 0.30 60.8 0.25
7.0 6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 28.6 0.39 45.0 0.34
8.0 2.1 0.60 3.6 0.60 4.4 0.60 5.2 0.60 8.0 0.60 11.7 0.59 15.6 0.57 19.9 0.56 29.6 0.51
10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.1 0.74 12.1 0.73 15.2 0.72 22.1 0.68
20.0 NA NA NA NA 3.0 1.50 4.3 1.50 5.7 1.50 7.0 1.50 17.6 1.48
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 52.3 0.21 91.0 0.17
5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 36.9 0.30 60.8 0.25
6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 28.6 0.39 45.0 0.34
8.0 8.0 2.1 0.60 3.6 0.60 4.4 0.60 5.2 0.60 8.0 0.60 11.7 0.59 15.6 0.57 19.9 0.56 29.6 0.51
10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.1 0.74 12.1 0.73 15.2 0.72 22.1 0.68
12.0 NA 2.4 0.90 2.9 0.90 3.4 0.90 5.2 0.90 7.5 0.90 9.9 0.89 12.4 0.88 17.8 0.85
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.20 2.5 1.20 3.8 1.20 5.5 1.20 7.2 1.20 9.0 1.19 12.7 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 3.0 1.50 4.3 1.50 5.7 1.50 7.0 1.50 11.7 1.48
3.0 5.9 0.22 10.3 0.22 12.8 0.22 15.3 0.22 24.9 0.20 40.0 0.17 60.2 0.15 86.9 0.13 158.7 0.10
4.0 4.4 0.30 7.5 0.30 9.3 0.30 11.0 0.29 17.5 0.28 26.7 0.26 37.9 0.24 52.3 0.21 91.0 0.17

Larger 5.0 3.5 0.37 5.9 0.37 7.3 0.37 8.6 0.37 13.5 0.36 20.2 0.35 27.8 0.32 36.9 0.30 60.8 0.25
6.0 2.9 0.45 4.9 0.45 6.0 0.45 7.1 0.45 11.0 0.44 16.2 0.43 22.0 0.41 28.6 0.39 45.0 0.34
Than 8.0
8.0 2.1 0.60 3.6 0.60 4.4 0.60 5.2 0.60 8.0 0.60 11.7 0.59 15.6 0.57 19.9 0.56 29.6 0.51
Up To
Up T

10.0 NA 2.9 0.75 3.5 0.75 4.1 0.75 6.3 0.75 9.1 0.74 12.1 0.73 15.2 0.72 22.1 0.68
12.0 12.0 NA 2.4 0.90 2.9 0.90 3.4 0.90 5.2 0.90 7.5 0.90 9.9 0.89 12.4 0.88 17.8 0.85
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.20 2.5 1.20 3.8 1.20 5.5 1.20 7.2 1.20 9.0 1.19 12.7 1.17
20.0 NA NA NA NA 3.0 1.50 4.3 1.50 5.7 1.50 7.0 1.50 9.9 1.48
NOTES:

6.67

6.6.3 High Strength Structural Grade typical rectangular industrial duct. The tables in this
Carbon Steel section apply to structural quality, Hotrolled sheet
and plate, of ASTM A1011 or other ASTM designa-
This section contains pressure capacity tables for the tions with a minimum published yield strength of 50
selection of flat sheet and plate for the fabrication of ksi (50,000 lb/in2).
Tables Page

6.70
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 31.4 0.08 45.9 0.08 70.4 0.08 137.3 0.08 182.8 0.07 228.2 0.06 482.8 0.05 882.6 0.03 1397.6 0.03 2041.5 0.02 3679.2 0.02
1.0 2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 65.5 0.17 101.0 0.17 143.5 0.17 282.5 0.12 516.5 0.09 817.9 0.07 1194.7 0.06 2153.2 0.04
Unstiffened 8.3 0.38 16.4 0.38 26.2 0.38 65.5 0.32 101.0 0.28 136.7 0.24 269.2 0.17 492.2 0.13 779.3 0.10 1138.3 0.08 2051.5 0.06
1.0 31.4 0.08 45.9 0.08 70.4 0.08 137.3 0.08 172.8 0.07 214.0 0.06 402.0 0.05 729.6 0.04 1156.9 0.03 1693.6 0.03 3061.4 0.02
2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 44.1 0.17 56.0 0.17 70.1 0.17 121.0 0.16 211.0 0.13 349.4 0.11 510.4 0.09 919.8 0.07
2.0 3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 146.6 0.25 232.2 0.20 339.1 0.16 611.2 0.12
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 50.8 0.34 125.5 0.34 204.5 0.28 298.7 0.23 538.3 0.17
1.5 22.1 0.13 29.8 0.13 41.5 0.13 75.6 0.13 94.6 0.13 112.4 0.12 190.7 0.10 329.3 0.08 514.5 0.07 750.0 0.06 1354.8 0.04
2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 44.1 0.17 56.0 0.17 70.1 0.17 121.0 0.16 195.3 0.13 295.2 0.11 424.3 0.10 760.3 0.07
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 225.5 0.20 408.8 0.15
3.0 4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 145.9 0.31 285.5 0.25
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 77.1 0.42 136.1 0.42 254.0 0.32
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 36.5 0.50 72.7 0.50 128.3 0.50 239.2 0.39
2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 44.1 0.17 56.0 0.17 70.1 0.17 121.0 0.16 195.3 0.13 295.2 0.11 424.3 0.10 760.3 0.07
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 224.5 0.26
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 158.1 0.37
40
4.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 64.5 0.50 152.8 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.8 0.67 10.1 0.67 14.8 0.67 21.4 0.67 30.8 0.67 54.4 0.67 131.6 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 30.8 0.84 54.4 0.84 131.5 0.80
2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 44.1 0.17 56.0 0.17 70.1 0.17 121.0 0.16 195.3 0.13 295.2 0.11 424.3 0.10 760.3 0.07
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 202.4 0.26
5.0 5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 140.4 0.37
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 62.5 0.50 107.4 0.49
10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 21.8 0.84 28.1 0.84 67.6 0.84
2.0 14.8 0.17 19.5 0.17 26.2 0.17 44.1 0.17 56.0 0.17 70.1 0.17 121.0 0.16 195.3 0.13 295.2 0.11 424.3 0.10 760.3 0.07
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 202.4 0.26
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 140.4 0.37
60
6.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 62.5 0.50 107.4 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.8 0.67 10.1 0.67 14.8 0.67 21.4 0.67 29.3 0.67 38.9 0.67 64.0 0.67

10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 21.8 0.84 28.1 0.84 43.8 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 202.4 0.26
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 140.4 0.37
7.0 6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 62.5 0.50 107.4 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.8 0.67 10.1 0.67 14.8 0.67 21.4 0.67 29.3 0.67 38.9 0.67 64.0 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 21.8 0.84 28.1 0.84 43.8 0.84
20.0 NA NA 2.1 1.68 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 3.9 1.68 5.5 1.68 7.6 1.68 9.7 1.68 11.9 1.68 26.1 1.68
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 202.4 0.26
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 140.4 0.37
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 62.5 0.50 107.4 0.49
8.0 8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.8 0.67 10.1 0.67 14.8 0.67 21.4 0.67 29.3 0.67 38.9 0.67 64.0 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 21.8 0.84 28.1 0.84 43.8 0.84
12.0 2.2 1.01 2.8 1.01 3.5 1.01 5.0 1.01 5.9 1.01 6.7 1.01 9.5 1.01 13.3 1.01 17.5 1.01 22.1 1.01 33.2 1.01
16.0 NA 2.1 1.34 2.6 1.34 3.7 1.34 4.3 1.34 4.9 1.34 6.9 1.34 9.6 1.34 12.3 1.34 15.3 1.34 22.0 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.1 1.7 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 3.9 1.68 5.5 1.68 7.6 1.68 9.7 1.68 11.9 1.68 17.3 1.68
3.0 8.9 0.25 11.4 0.25 14.9 0.25 23.2 0.25 28.3 0.25 34.0 0.25 59.5 0.25 104.4 0.25 146.4 0.22 200.0 0.20 342.5 0.16
4.0 7.0 0.34 8.9 0.34 11.4 0.34 17.1 0.34 20.4 0.34 23.9 0.34 38.6 0.34 63.7 0.34 96.4 0.34 126.0 0.31 202.4 0.26
Larger 5.0 5.3 0.42 6.8 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.7 0.42 15.0 0.42 17.5 0.42 27.1 0.42 42.4 0.42 62.9 0.42 90.2 0.42 140.4 0.37
6.0 4.3 0.50 5.5 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 11.9 0.50 13.8 0.50 20.8 0.50 31.4 0.50 45.0 0.50 62.5 0.50 107.4 0.49
Than 8.0
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.8 0.67 10.1 0.67 14.8 0.67 21.4 0.67 29.3 0.67 38.9 0.67 64.0 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.6 0.84 3.3 0.84 4.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 8.0 0.84 11.6 0.84 16.4 0.84 21.8 0.84 28.1 0.84 43.8 0.84
12.0 12.0 2.2 1.01 2.8 1.01 3.5 1.01 5.0 1.01 5.9 1.01 6.7 1.01 9.5 1.01 13.3 1.01 17.5 1.01 22.1 1.01 33.2 1.01
16.0 NA 2.1 1.34 2.6 1.34 3.7 1.34 4.3 1.34 4.9 1.34 6.9 1.34 9.6 1.34 12.3 1.34 15.3 1.34 22.0 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.09 1.7 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 3.9 1.68 5.5 1.68 7.6 1.68 9.7 1.68 11.9 1.68 16.8 1.68
NOTES:

of 50,000 psi characteristic of ASTM A1011 High-strength Hotrolled Steel. The table values are also valid for other grades of carbon steel sheet having a
minimum yield strength of 50,000 psi or higher.
6.71
6.72
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 25.0 0.08 37.3 0.08 58.5 0.08 122.1 0.08 154.7 0.07 218.5 0.07 442.6 0.05 824.0 0.03 1318.4 0.03 1939. 0.02 3525.0 0.02
1.0 2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 53.7 0.17 85.0 0.17 126.3 0.17 259.0 0.12 482.2 0.09 771.6 0.07 1135.
4 0.06 2062.9 0.04
Unstiffened 5.2 0.38 11.4 0.38 23.0 0.38 53.7 0.34 85.0 0.29 121.8 0.25 246.8 0.18 459.4 0.13 735.2 0.10 1081.
0 0.08 1965.6 0.06
1.0 25.0 0.08 37.3 0.08 58.5 0.08 122.1 0.08 154.7 0.07 192.8 0.07 369.2 0.05 681.1 0.04 1091.2 0.03 1608.
4 0.03 2933.0 0.02
2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 39.6 0.17 50.7 0.17 63.8 0.17 112.7 0.16 194.4 0.13 329.6 0.11 484.8
6 0.09 881.3 0.07
2.0 3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 135.2 0.25 219.0 0.20 322.2 0.17 585.5 0.12
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 45.5 0.34 115.7 0.34 192.9 0.28 283.7 0.23 515.7 0.17
1.5 18.3 0.13 25.3 0.13 36.0 0.13 66.9 0.13 85.9 0.13 102.7 0.12 176.4 0.10 308.0 0.08 485.6 0.07 712.5 0.06 1297.9 0.04
2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 39.6 0.17 50.7 0.17 63.8 0.17 112.7 0.16 183.4 0.13 279.0 0.11 403.3 0.10 728.5 0.07
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 213.3 0.20 391.7 0.15
3.0 4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 138.0 0.31 273.5 0.25
5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 72.2 0.42 128.8 0.42 243.3 0.32
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 33.6 0.50 68.0 0.50 121.3 0.50 229.2 0.39
2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 39.6 0.17 50.7 0.17 63.8 0.17 112.7 0.16 183.4 0.13 279.0 0.11 403.3 0.10 728.5 0.07
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 215.0 0.26
5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 151.4 0.37
40
4.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 61.0 0.50 146.4 0.49
8.0 2.8 0.67 3.6 0.67 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.3 0.67 9.5 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.6 0.67 28.8 0.67 51.4 0.67 126.0 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 28.8 0.84 51.4 0.84 126.0 0.80
2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 39.6 0.17 50.7 0.17 63.8 0.17 112.7 0.16 183.4 0.13 279.0 0.11 403.3 0.10 728.5 0.07
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 194.2 0.26
5.0 5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 134.9 0.37
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 60.3 0.50 103.3 0.49
10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 21.1 0.84 27.3 0.84 64.7 0.84
2.0 12.4 0.17 16.8 0.17 23.0 0.17 39.6 0.17 50.7 0.17 63.8 0.17 112.7 0.16 183.4 0.13 279.0 0.11 403.3 0.10 728.5 0.07
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 194.2 0.26
5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 134.9 0.37
60
6.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 60.3 0.50 103.3 0.49
8.0 2.8 0.67 3.6 0.67 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.3 0.67 9.5 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.6 0.67 28.3 0.67 37.6 0.67 62.2 0.67

10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 21.1 0.84 27.3 0.84 42.7 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 194.2 0.26
5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 134.9 0.37
7.0 6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 60.3 0.50 103.3 0.49
8.0 2.8 0.67 3.6 0.67 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.3 0.67 9.5 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.6 0.67 28.3 0.67 37.6 0.67 62.2 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 21.1 0.84 27.3 0.84 42.7 0.84
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.2 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.3 1.68 9.4 1.68 11.7 1.68 25.0 1.68
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 194.2 0.26
5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 134.9 0.37
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 60.3 0.50 103.3 0.49
8.0 8.0 2.8 0.67 3.6 0.67 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.3 0.67 9.5 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.6 0.67 28.3 0.67 37.6 0.67 62.2 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 21.1 0.84 27.3 0.84 42.7 0.84
12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.2 1.01 4.7 1.01 5.5 1.01 6.3 1.01 9.1 1.01 12.9 1.01 16.9 1.01 21.5 1.01 32.4 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.5 1.34 4.0 1.34 4.6 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.2 1.34 12.0 1.34 14.9 1.34 21.5 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.2 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.3 1.68 9.4 1.68 11.7 1.68 16.6 1.68
3.0 7.5 0.25 10.0 0.25 13.3 0.25 21.2 0.25 26.0 0.25 31.4 0.25 55.6 0.25 98.6 0.25 139.0 0.22 190.6 0.20 328.3 0.16
4.0 5.9 0.34 7.8 0.34 10.2 0.34 15.7 0.34 18.9 0.34 22.3 0.34 36.4 0.34 60.5 0.34 91.8 0.34 120.4 0.31 194.2 0.26
Larger 5.0 4.5 0.42 5.9 0.42 7.8 0.42 11.8 0.42 14.0 0.42 16.4 0.42 25.6 0.42 40.5 0.42 60.2 0.42 86.7 0.42 134.9 0.37
6.0 3.7 0.50 4.8 0.50 6.3 0.50 9.4 0.50 11.1 0.50 12.9 0.50 19.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 43.3 0.50 60.3 0.50 103.3 0.49
Than 8.0
8.0 2.8 0.67 3.6 0.67 4.7 0.67 7.0 0.67 8.3 0.67 9.5 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.6 0.67 28.3 0.67 37.6 0.67 62.2 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.3 0.84 2.9 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.6 0.84 6.6 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.1 0.84 15.8 0.84 21.1 0.84 27.3 0.84 42.7 0.84
12.0 12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.2 1.01 4.7 1.01 5.5 1.01 6.3 1.01 9.1 1.01 12.9 1.01 16.9 1.01 21.5 1.01 32.4 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.5 1.34 4.0 1.34 4.6 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.2 1.34 12.0 1.34 14.9 1.34 21.5 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.2 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.3 1.68 9.4 1.68 11.7 1.68 16.5 1.68
NOTES:

6.73
6.74
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 28.0 0.08 45.4 0.08 105.7 0.08 136.6 0.07 186.1 0.07 402.3 0.05 768.6 0.04 1248.1 0.03 1853. 0.02 3409. 0.02
1.0 2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 40.7 0.17 67.1 0.17 102.8 0.17 235.4 0.13 449.8 0.09 730.4 0.07 1084.
9 0.06 1995.
5 0.04
Unstiffened 6.6 0.38 16.2 0.38 40.7 0.37 67.1 0.31 102.8 0.27 224.3 0.19 428.6 0.13 696.0 0.11 1033.
9 0.09 1901.
3 0.06
1.0 28.0 0.08 45.4 0.08 105.7 0.08 136.6 0.07 171.6 0.07 336.8 0.05 635.4 0.04 1032.8 0.03 1537.
7 0.03 2836.
1 0.02
2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 34.4 0.17 44.5 0.17 56.5 0.17 105.3 0.16 188.6 0.14 312.0 0.11 463.5
4 0.09 852.4
4 0.07
2.0 3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 121.8 0.25 207.3 0.21 308.0 0.17 566.3 0.12
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 39.5 0.34 104.2 0.34 182.6 0.29 271.2 0.24 498.8 0.17
1.5 20.1 0.13 29.5 0.13 56.9 0.13 76.6 0.13 93.5 0.13 162.9 0.10 288.5 0.08 460.1 0.07 681.1 0.06 1255. 0.04
2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 34.4 0.17 44.5 0.17 56.5 0.17 105.3 0.16 172.9 0.14 265.2 0.12 386.0 0.10 704.6
1 0.07
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 199.4 0.20 378.8 0.15
3.0 4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 129.0 0.31 264.6 0.25
5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 66.5 0.42 120.3 0.42 235.3 0.33
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 30.3 0.50 62.6 0.50 113.4 0.50 221.7 0.39
2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 34.4 0.17 44.5 0.17 56.5 0.17 105.3 0.16 172.9 0.14 265.2 0.12 386.0 0.10 704.6 0.07
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 204.5 0.26
5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 147.9 0.38
40
4.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 139.4 0.49
8.0 3.0 0.67 4.1 0.67 6.4 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.9 0.67 13.4 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.2 0.67 48.1 0.67 119.9 0.67
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 27.2 0.84 48.1 0.84 119.9 0.81
2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 34.4 0.17 44.5 0.17 56.5 0.17 105.3 0.16 172.9 0.14 265.2 0.12 386.0 0.10 704.6 0.07
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 188.7 0.26

5.0 5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 131.5 0.38
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 100.9 0.49
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 20.4 0.84 26.5 0.84 61.6 0.84
2.0 13.5 0.17 19.3 0.17 34.4 0.17 44.5 0.17 56.5 0.17 105.3 0.16 172.9 0.14 265.2 0.12 386.0 0.10 704.6 0.07
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 188.7 0.26
5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 131.5 0.38
60
6.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 100.9 0.49
8.0 3.0 0.67 4.1 0.67 6.4 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.9 0.67 13.4 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.2 0.67 36.4 0.67 60.4 0.67

10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 20.4 0.84 26.5 0.84 41.6 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 188.7 0.26
5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 131.5 0.38
7.0 6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 100.9 0.49
8.0 3.0 0.67 4.1 0.67 6.4 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.9 0.67 13.4 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.2 0.67 36.4 0.67 60.4 0.67
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 20.4 0.84 26.5 0.84 41.6 0.84
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.68 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.1 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 23.8 1.68
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 188.7 0.26
5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 131.5 0.38
6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 100.9 0.49
8.0 8.0 3.0 0.67 4.1 0.67 6.4 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.9 0.67 13.4 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.2 0.67 36.4 0.67 60.4 0.67
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 20.4 0.84 26.5 0.84 41.6 0.84
12.0 2.0 1.01 2.8 1.01 4.3 1.01 5.1 1.01 5.9 1.01 8.7 1.01 12.4 1.01 16.4 1.01 20.9 1.01 31.7 1.01
16.0 NA 2.0 1.34 3.1 1.34 3.7 1.34 4.3 1.34 6.3 1.34 8.9 1.34 11.6 1.34 14.5 1.34 21.1 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.68 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.1 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 16.1 1.68
3.0 8.2 0.25 11.3 0.25 18.8 0.25 23.4 0.25 28.5 0.25 51.1 0.25 94.1 0.25 133.2 0.23 183.4 0.20 318.1 0.16
4.0 6.4 0.34 8.8 0.34 14.1 0.34 17.2 0.34 20.4 0.34 33.9 0.34 56.9 0.34 88.5 0.34 116.5 0.31 188.7 0.26
Larger 5.0 4.9 0.42 6.7 0.42 10.6 0.42 12.8 0.42 15.1 0.42 24.1 0.42 38.3 0.42 57.3 0.42 83.0 0.42 131.5 0.38

6.0 4.0 0.50 5.4 0.50 8.5 0.50 10.2 0.50 12.0 0.50 18.6 0.50 28.6 0.50 41.4 0.50 57.9 0.50 100.9 0.49
Than 8.0
8.0 3.0 0.67 4.1 0.67 6.4 0.67 7.6 0.67 8.9 0.67 13.4 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.2 0.67 36.4 0.67 60.4 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.4 0.84 3.3 0.84 5.1 0.84 6.1 0.84 7.0 0.84 10.5 0.84 15.2 0.84 20.4 0.84 26.5 0.84 41.6 0.84
12.0 12.0 2.0 1.01 2.8 1.01 4.3 1.01 5.1 1.01 5.9 1.01 8.7 1.01 12.4 1.01 16.4 1.01 20.9 1.01 31.7 1.01
16.0 NA 2.0 1.34 3.1 1.34 3.7 1.34 4.3 1.34 6.3 1.34 8.9 1.34 11.6 1.34 14.5 1.34 21.1 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.5 1.68 3.0 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.1 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 16.1 1.68
NOTES:

6.75
6.76
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 32.3 0.08 80.5 0.08 116.2 0.08 147.5 0.07 337.7 0.05 702.1 0.04 1163.0 0.03 1749.8 0.02 3267.7 0.02
1.0 2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 48.5 0.17 77.8 0.17 207.5 0.14 410.9 0.10 680.6 0.07 1024.0 0.06 1912.3 0.04
Unstiffened 8.7 0.38 28.6 0.38 48.5 0.35 77.8 0.30 197.7 0.20 391.5 0.14 648.5 0.11 975.7 0.09 1822.1 0.07
1.0 32.3 0.08 80.5 0.08 116.2 0.08 147.5 0.07 298.8 0.05 580.7 0.04 962.0 0.03 1450.5 0.03 2718.0 0.02
2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 37.6 0.17 48.2 0.17 96.5 0.17 164.6 0.14 290.7 0.12 437.4 0.09 816.9 0.07
2.0 3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 106.3 0.25 193.2 0.21 290.7 0.17 542.8 0.13
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 32.6 0.34 91.0 0.34 170.1 0.30 256.0 0.24 478.1 0.18
Unstiffened NA 4.1 0.63 7.3 0.63 11.7 0.63 32.6 0.63 91.0 0.56 162.1 0.44 243.9 0.36 455.5 0.26
1.5 22.5 0.13 46.1 0.13 63.0 0.13 82.7 0.13 147.1 0.11 265.2 0.09 429.3 0.07 642.9 0.06 1202.7 0.04
2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 37.6 0.17 48.2 0.17 96.5 0.17 160.5 0.14 248.5 0.12 365.0 0.10 675.3 0.08
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 182.8 0.20 363.1 0.16
3.0 4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 122.1 0.32 253.6 0.26
5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 59.8 0.42 110.3 0.42 225.5 0.34
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 56.3 0.50 104.0 0.50 212.5 0.40
2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 37.6 0.17 48.2 0.17 96.5 0.17 160.5 0.14 248.5 0.12 365.0 0.10 675.3 0.08
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 199.3 0.27
5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 138.8 0.38
40
4.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 130.8 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 5.6 0.67 6.8 0.67 8.0 0.67 12.4 0.67 18.6 0.67 25.9 0.67 44.1 0.67 112.5 0.67
10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 25.1 0.84 44.1 0.84 112.5 0.83
2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 37.6 0.17 48.2 0.17 96.5 0.17 160.5 0.14 248.5 0.12 365.0 0.10 675.3 0.08
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16

4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 182.0 0.27
5.0 5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 127.3 0.38
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 98.0 0.49

10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.5 0.84 57.8 0.84
2.0 15.1 0.17 28.6 0.17 37.6 0.17 48.2 0.17 96.5 0.17 160.5 0.14 248.5 0.12 365.0 0.10 675.3 0.08
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 182.0 0.27
5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 127.3 0.38
60
6.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 98.0 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 5.6 0.67 6.8 0.67 8.0 0.67 12.4 0.67 18.6 0.67 25.9 0.67 34.8 0.67 58.1 0.67

10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.5 0.84 40.2 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 182.0 0.27
5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 127.3 0.38
7.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 98.0 0.49
8.0 3.3 0.67 5.6 0.67 6.8 0.67 8.0 0.67 12.4 0.67 18.6 0.67 25.9 0.67 34.8 0.67 58.1 0.67
10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.5 0.84 40.2 0.84
20.0 NA 2.2 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.2 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 11.0 1.68 22.3 1.68
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 182.0 0.27
5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 127.3 0.38
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 98.0 0.49
8.0 8.0 3.3 0.67 5.6 0.67 6.8 0.67 8.0 0.67 12.4 0.67 18.6 0.67 25.9 0.67 34.8 0.67 58.1 0.67
10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.5 0.84 40.2 0.84
12.0 2.2 1.01 3.8 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 8.1 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.7 1.01 20.1 1.01 30.7 1.01
16.0 NA 2.8 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 5.9 1.34 8.5 1.34 11.1 1.34 14.0 1.34 20.5 1.34
20.0 NA 2.2 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.2 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 11.0 1.68 15.7 1.68
3.0 9.1 0.25 16.1 0.25 20.3 0.25 25.0 0.25 45.9 0.25 85.8 0.25 126.3 0.23 174.6 0.20 305.5 0.16
4.0 7.1 0.34 12.2 0.34 15.1 0.34 18.2 0.34 31.0 0.34 52.6 0.34 83.3 0.34 111.7 0.32 182.0 0.27
Larger 5.0 5.4 0.42 9.2 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.5 0.42 22.1 0.42 35.7 0.42 53.9 0.42 78.4 0.42 127.3 0.38
6.0 4.4 0.50 7.4 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.8 0.50 17.2 0.50 26.9 0.50 39.1 0.50 55.0 0.50 98.0 0.49

Than 8.0
8.0 3.3 0.67 5.6 0.67 6.8 0.67 8.0 0.67 12.4 0.67 18.6 0.67 25.9 0.67 34.8 0.67 58.1 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.7 0.84 4.5 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.4 0.84 9.8 0.84 14.4 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.5 0.84 40.2 0.84
12.0 2.2 1.01 3.8 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 8.1 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.7 1.01 20.1 1.01 30.7 1.01

12.0
16.0 NA 2.8 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 5.9 1.34 8.5 1.34 11.1 1.34 14.0 1.34 20.5 1.34
20.0 NA 2.2 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.2 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 11.0 1.68 15.7 1.68
NOTES:

6.77
6.78
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 29.9 0.08 43.6 0.08 66.9 0.08 118.0 0.07 167.0 0.07 214.6 0.06 422.4 0.04 740.1 0.03 1222. 0.02 1735. 0.02 3219. 0.02
1.0 2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 62.2 0.17 95.9 0.17 125.6 0.15 247.2 0.11 452.0 0.08 715.7
9 0.06 1045.
5 0.05 1884.
3 0.04
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 15.6 0.38 24.9 0.38 62.2 0.29 93.1 0.25 119.6 0.22 235.6 0.16 430.6 0.12 681.9 0.09 996.0
4 0.08 1795.
0 0.06
1.0 29.9 0.08 43.6 0.08 66.9 0.08 118.0 0.07 149.2 0.07 185.5 0.06 351.0 0.05 638.4 0.03 1012. 0.03 1482. 0.02 1
2679. 0.02
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 41.9 0.17 53.2 0.17 65.1 0.17 103.6 0.15 185.0 0.12 305.7
7 0.10 446.6
6 0.08 804.8
7 0.06
2.0 3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 128.2 0.23 203.1 0.18 296.7 0.15 534.8 0.11
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 48.2 0.34 113.0 0.32 178.9 0.26 261.3 0.21 471.0 0.16
1.5 21.0 0.13 28.3 0.13 39.5 0.13 66.6 0.13 80.6 0.12 96.1 0.11 164.9 0.09 287.1 0.07 449.8 0.06 656.3 0.05 1186. 0.04
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 41.9 0.17 53.2 0.17 65.1 0.17 103.6 0.15 169.0 0.12 257.1 0.10 370.6 0.09 665.4
0 0.07
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 127.4 0.21 192.8 0.18 357.7 0.14
3.0 4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 129.7 0.29 249.8 0.23
5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 73.3 0.42 123.2 0.40 222.2 0.30
6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 34.6 0.50 69.0 0.50 116.2 0.48 209.3 0.36
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 41.9 0.17 53.2 0.17 65.1 0.17 103.6 0.15 169.0 0.12 257.1 0.10 370.6 0.09 665.4 0.07
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 196.8 0.24
5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 142.0 0.35
40
4.0 6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 61.3 0.50 133.7 0.45
8.0 3.1 0.67 3.9 0.67 5.0 0.67 7.2 0.67 8.4 0.67 9.6 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.4 0.67 29.3 0.67 51.7 0.67 117.8 0.63
10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 29.3 0.84 51.7 0.84 115.0 0.74
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 41.9 0.17 53.2 0.17 65.1 0.17 103.6 0.15 169.0 0.12 257.1 0.10 370.6 0.09 665.4 0.07
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 175.2 0.24
5.0 5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 120.7 0.35
6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 59.4 0.50 93.0 0.46
10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 20.7 0.84 26.7 0.84 64.2 0.84
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.5 0.17 24.9 0.17 41.9 0.17 53.2 0.17 65.1 0.17 103.6 0.15 169.0 0.12 257.1 0.10 370.6 0.09 665.4 0.07
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 175.2 0.24
5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 120.7 0.35
60
6.0 6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 59.4 0.50 91.8 0.46

8.0 3.1 0.67 3.9 0.67 5.0 0.67 7.2 0.67 8.4 0.67 9.6 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.4 0.67 27.8 0.67 36.9 0.67 60.8 0.67
10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 20.7 0.84 26.7 0.84 41.7 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 175.2 0.24
5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 120.7 0.35
7.0 6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 59.4 0.50 91.8 0.46
8.0 3.1 0.67 3.9 0.67 5.0 0.67 7.2 0.67 8.4 0.67 9.6 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.4 0.67 27.8 0.67 36.9 0.67 60.8 0.67
10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 20.7 0.84 26.7 0.84 41.7 0.84
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.3 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.2 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 24.8 1.68
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 175.2 0.24
5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 120.7 0.35
6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 59.4 0.50 91.8 0.46
8.0 8.0 3.1 0.67 3.9 0.67 5.0 0.67 7.2 0.67 8.4 0.67 9.6 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.4 0.67 27.8 0.67 36.9 0.67 60.8 0.67
10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 20.7 0.84 26.7 0.84 41.7 0.84
12.0 2.1 1.01 2.6 1.01 3.3 1.01 4.8 1.01 5.6 1.01 6.3 1.01 9.1 1.01 12.7 1.01 16.6 1.01 21.0 1.01 31.6 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.5 1.34 3.5 1.34 4.1 1.34 4.6 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.1 1.34 11.7 1.34 14.5 1.34 20.9 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.3 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.2 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 16.4 1.68
3.0 8.5 0.25 10.9 0.25 14.2 0.25 22.0 0.25 26.9 0.25 32.3 0.25 56.5 0.25 89.1 0.23 125.9 0.21 173.1 0.18 298.7 0.15
4.0 6.6 0.34 8.4 0.34 10.8 0.34 16.2 0.34 19.3 0.34 22.7 0.34 36.7 0.34 60.5 0.34 82.2 0.32 108.0 0.29 175.2 0.24
Larger 5.0 5.1 0.42 6.4 0.42 8.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 14.3 0.42 16.6 0.42 25.7 0.42 40.3 0.42 59.7 0.42 78.5 0.40 120.7 0.35
6.0 4.1 0.50 5.2 0.50 6.6 0.50 9.7 0.50 11.3 0.50 13.1 0.50 19.7 0.50 29.9 0.50 42.7 0.50 59.4 0.50 91.8 0.46
Than 8.0
8.0 3.1 0.67 3.9 0.67 5.0 0.67 7.2 0.67 8.4 0.67 9.6 0.67 14.1 0.67 20.4 0.67 27.8 0.67 36.9 0.67 60.8 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.5 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 7.6 0.84 11.0 0.84 15.6 0.84 20.7 0.84 26.7 0.84 41.7 0.84
12.0 12.0 2.1 1.01 2.6 1.01 3.3 1.01 4.8 1.01 5.6 1.01 6.3 1.01 9.1 1.01 12.7 1.01 16.6 1.01 21.0 1.01 31.6 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.5 1.34 3.5 1.34 4.1 1.34 4.6 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.1 1.34 11.7 1.34 14.5 1.34 20.9 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.8 1.68 3.3 1.68 3.7 1.68 5.3 1.68 7.2 1.68 9.2 1.68 11.4 1.68 16.0 1.68
of (/145). The adjacent column to the rigth (labled Def.) lists the estimated deflection in inches. These deflection values are relative and approximate. Labora-

6.79
6.80
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 23.8 0.08 35.7 0.08 55.9 0.08 106.9 0.07 147.1 0.07 187.3 0.06 394.4 0.04 734.2 0.03 1174.8 0.03 1651. 0.02 3140. 0.02
1.0 2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 51.3 0.17 81.3 0.17 113.9 0.16 230.8 0.11 429.7 0.08 687.5 0.07 1011.
3 0.05 1838.
9 0.04
Unstiffened 5.0 0.38 10.9 0.38 22.0 0.38 51.3 0.31 81.3 0.27 108.6 0.24 219.9 0.17 409.4 0.12 655.1 0.10 963.6
3 0.08 1751.
2 0.06
1.0 23.8 0.08 35.7 0.08 55.9 0.08 106.9 0.07 136.1 0.07 170.2 0.06 328.2 0.05 606.9 0.04 972.7 0.03 1433. 0.02 4
2614. 0.02
2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 37.9 0.17 48.5 0.17 61.0 0.17 98.5 0.15 183.5 0.13 293.7 0.10 432.0
9 0.08 785.2
2 0.06
2.0 3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 122.0 0.24 195.1 0.19 287.0 0.15 521.7 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 43.5 0.34 107.4 0.33 171.9 0.26 252.8 0.22 459.5 0.16
1.5 17.5 0.13 24.2 0.13 34.3 0.13 61.4 0.13 74.8 0.12 89.6 0.12 155.5 0.10 273.5 0.08 432.3 0.06 634.9 0.05 1157. 0.04
2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 37.9 0.17 48.5 0.17 61.0 0.17 98.5 0.15 161.7 0.13 247.5 0.11 358.8 0.09 649.1
0 0.07
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 192.0 0.19 349.0 0.14
3.0 4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 123.4 0.29 243.7 0.23
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 69.0 0.42 117.2 0.40 216.8 0.30
6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 32.1 0.50 65.0 0.50 112.4 0.48 204.2 0.36
2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 37.9 0.17 48.5 0.17 61.0 0.17 98.5 0.15 161.7 0.13 247.5 0.11 358.8 0.09 649.1 0.07
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 196.3 0.25
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 136.9 0.35
40
4.0 6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 58.3 0.50 130.4 0.46
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.5 0.67 4.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.1 0.67 13.5 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.6 0.67 49.2 0.67 114.9 0.64
10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 27.6 0.84 49.2 0.84 112.2 0.74
2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 37.9 0.17 48.5 0.17 61.0 0.17 98.5 0.15 161.7 0.13 247.5 0.11 358.8 0.09 649.1 0.07
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 171.5 0.25
5.0 5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 118.3 0.35
6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 57.6 0.50 90.2 0.46
10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 20.2 0.84 26.1 0.84 61.9 0.84
2.0 11.8 0.17 16.0 0.17 22.0 0.17 37.9 0.17 48.5 0.17 61.0 0.17 98.5 0.15 161.7 0.13 247.5 0.11 358.8 0.09 649.1 0.07
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 171.5 0.25
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 118.3 0.35
60
6.0 6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 57.6 0.50 90.2 0.46

8.0 2.7 0.67 3.5 0.67 4.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.1 0.67 13.5 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.0 0.67 36.0 0.67 59.5 0.67
10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 20.2 0.84 26.1 0.84 40.9 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 171.5 0.25
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 118.3 0.35
7.0 6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 57.6 0.50 90.2 0.46
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.5 0.67 4.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.1 0.67 13.5 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.0 0.67 36.0 0.67 59.5 0.67
10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 20.2 0.84 26.1 0.84 40.9 0.84
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.0 1.68 9.0 1.68 11.1 1.68 23.9 1.68
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 171.5 0.25
5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 118.3 0.35
6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 57.6 0.50 90.2 0.46
8.0 8.0 2.7 0.67 3.5 0.67 4.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.1 0.67 13.5 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.0 0.67 36.0 0.67 59.5 0.67
10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 20.2 0.84 26.1 0.84 40.9 0.84
12.0 NA 2.4 1.01 3.0 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 6.0 1.01 8.7 1.01 12.3 1.01 16.2 1.01 20.6 1.01 31.0 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 4.4 1.34 6.4 1.34 8.8 1.34 11.4 1.34 14.3 1.34 20.6 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.0 1.68 9.0 1.68 11.1 1.68 15.8 1.68
3.0 7.2 0.25 9.5 0.25 12.7 0.25 20.3 0.25 24.9 0.25 30.0 0.25 53.1 0.25 86.0 0.24 122.0 0.21 168.2 0.19 291.7 0.15
4.0 5.7 0.34 7.4 0.34 9.8 0.34 15.0 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 34.8 0.34 57.8 0.34 80.0 0.32 105.4 0.29 171.5 0.25
Larger 5.0 4.4 0.42 5.7 0.42 7.4 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.6 0.42 24.5 0.42 38.7 0.42 57.6 0.42 76.8 0.40 118.3 0.35
6.0 3.5 0.50 4.6 0.50 6.0 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.3 0.50 18.9 0.50 28.8 0.50 41.3 0.50 57.6 0.50 90.2 0.46
Than 8.0
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.5 0.67 4.5 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.1 0.67 13.5 0.67 19.7 0.67 27.0 0.67 36.0 0.67 59.5 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.2 0.84 2.8 0.84 3.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.2 0.84 10.6 0.84 15.1 0.84 20.2 0.84 26.1 0.84 40.9 0.84
12.0 12.0 NA 2.4 1.01 3.0 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 6.0 1.01 8.7 1.01 12.3 1.01 16.2 1.01 20.6 1.01 31.0 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 4.4 1.34 6.4 1.34 8.8 1.34 11.4 1.34 14.3 1.34 20.6 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 5.1 1.68 7.0 1.68 9.0 1.68 11.1 1.68 15.7 1.68

6.81
6.82
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 26.7 0.08 43.4 0.08 93.3 0.08 119.9 0.07 152.5 0.06 358.4 0.05 684.8 0.03 1112.1 0.03 1543. 0.02 3038. 0.02
1.0 2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 38.9 0.17 64.2 0.17 98.3 0.17 209.8 0.12 400.8 0.09 650.8 0.07 966.7
4 0.06 1777.
0 0.04
Unstiffened 6.3 0.38 15.5 0.38 38.9 0.34 64.2 0.29 94.6 0.25 199.9 0.17 381.9 0.13 620.1 0.10 921.1 0.08 1694.
9 0.06
1.0 26.7 0.08 43.4 0.08 93.3 0.08 119.9 0.07 151.2 0.06 299.3 0.05 566.1 0.04 920.6 0.03 1370. 0.02 0
2528. 0.02
2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 32.9 0.17 42.6 0.17 54.0 0.17 91.9 0.15 167.4 0.13 278.0 0.10 413.0
4 0.09 759.5
1 0.06
2.0 3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 111.7 0.24 184.7 0.19 274.4 0.16 504.6 0.12
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 37.7 0.34 99.6 0.34 162.7 0.27 241.7 0.22 444.5 0.16
1.5 19.2 0.13 28.2 0.13 54.4 0.13 67.5 0.13 81.4 0.12 143.4 0.10 256.0 0.08 409.5 0.06 606.9 0.05 1118. 0.04
2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 32.9 0.17 42.6 0.17 54.0 0.17 91.9 0.15 152.4 0.13 235.1 0.11 343.3 0.09 627.8
8 0.07
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 181.0 0.19 337.6 0.14
3.0 4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 119.3 0.30 235.7 0.24
5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 63.5 0.42 112.3 0.41 209.7 0.31
6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 28.9 0.50 59.9 0.50 107.4 0.50 197.5 0.37
2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 32.9 0.17 42.6 0.17 54.0 0.17 91.9 0.15 152.4 0.13 235.1 0.11 343.3 0.09 627.8 0.07
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 188.0 0.25
5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 133.9 0.36
40
4.0 6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 126.2 0.46
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.9 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.3 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.8 0.67 18.9 0.67 26.0 0.67 45.9 0.67 111.1 0.65
10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 26.0 0.84 45.9 0.84 108.6 0.76
2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 32.9 0.17 42.6 0.17 54.0 0.17 91.9 0.15 152.4 0.13 235.1 0.11 343.3 0.09 627.8 0.07
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15

4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 166.6 0.25
5.0 5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 115.3 0.36
6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 88.1 0.47
10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.3 0.84 58.8 0.84
2.0 13.0 0.17 18.4 0.17 32.9 0.17 42.6 0.17 54.0 0.17 91.9 0.15 152.4 0.13 235.1 0.11 343.3 0.09 627.8 0.07
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 166.6 0.25
5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 115.3 0.36
60
6.0 6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 88.1 0.47

8.0 2.9 0.67 3.9 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.3 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.8 0.67 18.9 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.7 0.67 57.7 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.3 0.84 39.8 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 166.6 0.25
5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 115.3 0.36
7.0 6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 88.1 0.47
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.9 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.3 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.8 0.67 18.9 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.7 0.67 57.7 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.3 0.84 39.8 0.84
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 10.9 1.68 22.8 1.68
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 166.6 0.25
5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 115.3 0.36
6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 88.1 0.47
8.0 8.0 2.9 0.67 3.9 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.3 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.8 0.67 18.9 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.7 0.67 57.7 0.67
10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.3 0.84 39.8 0.84
12.0 NA 2.6 1.01 4.1 1.01 4.8 1.01 5.6 1.01 8.3 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.6 1.01 20.0 1.01 30.2 1.01
16.0 NA NA 3.0 1.34 3.6 1.34 4.1 1.34 6.0 1.34 8.5 1.34 11.1 1.34 13.9 1.34 20.1 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 10.9 1.68 15.4 1.68
3.0 7.8 0.25 10.9 0.25 18.0 0.25 22.4 0.25 27.2 0.25 48.9 0.25 82.0 0.24 116.8 0.21 161.7 0.19 282.5 0.15
4.0 6.1 0.34 8.4 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.4 0.34 19.5 0.34 32.4 0.34 54.4 0.34 77.1 0.32 101.9 0.30 166.6 0.25

Larger 5.0 4.7 0.42 6.4 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.2 0.42 14.4 0.42 23.0 0.42 36.7 0.42 54.8 0.42 74.5 0.41 115.3 0.36

6.0 3.8 0.50 5.2 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.8 0.50 11.4 0.50 17.8 0.50 27.4 0.50 39.5 0.50 55.3 0.50 88.1 0.47
Than 8.0
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.9 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.3 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.8 0.67 18.9 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.7 0.67 57.7 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.3 0.84 3.2 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.8 0.84 6.7 0.84 10.0 0.84 14.5 0.84 19.5 0.84 25.3 0.84 39.8 0.84
12.0 12.0 NA 2.6 1.01 4.1 1.01 4.8 1.01 5.6 1.01 8.3 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.6 1.01 20.0 1.01 30.2 1.01
16.0 NA NA 3.0 1.34 3.6 1.34 4.1 1.34 6.0 1.34 8.5 1.34 11.1 1.34 13.9 1.34 20.1 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.8 1.68 10.9 1.68 15.4 1.68

6.83
6.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 30.9 0.08 77.0 0.08 101.6 0.07 134.5 0.07 315.9 0.05 625.6 0.03 1036. 0.03 1415. 0.02 2911. 0.02
1.0 2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 46.4 0.17 74.3 0.17 184.9 0.13 366.1 0.09 606.4
2 0.07 912.4
2 0.06 1704.
7 0.04
Unstiffened 8.3 0.38 27.3 0.38 46.4 0.32 74.3 0.28 176.2 0.19 348.8 0.13 577.8 0.10 869.4 0.08 1623.
0 0.06
1.0 30.9 0.08 77.0 0.08 101.6 0.07 129.6 0.07 265.2 0.05 517.2 0.04 857.4 0.03 1293. 0.02 5
2422. 0.02
2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 35.9 0.17 46.1 0.17 84.1 0.16 146.1 0.13 259.1 0.11 389.8
0 0.09 727.9
6 0.06
2.0 3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 97.5 0.24 172.1 0.20 259.0 0.16 483.7 0.12
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 31.2 0.34 86.9 0.34 151.6 0.28 228.1 0.23 426.0 0.17
Unstiffened NA 4.0 0.63 7.0 0.63 11.2 0.63 31.2 0.63 86.9 0.53 144.5 0.41 217.3 0.33 405.9 0.24
1.5 21.5 0.13 44.0 0.13 58.9 0.13 71.9 0.12 129.3 0.10 235.1 0.08 382.0 0.07 572.8 0.05 1072. 0.04
2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 35.9 0.17 46.1 0.17 84.1 0.16 141.2 0.13 220.2 0.11 324.5 0.09 601.7
0 0.07
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 166.0 0.19 323.5 0.15
3.0 4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 109.4 0.30 225.9 0.24
5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 57.1 0.42 102.9 0.41 201.0 0.31
6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 53.8 0.50 99.4 0.50 189.3 0.37
2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 35.9 0.17 46.1 0.17 84.1 0.16 141.2 0.13 220.2 0.11 324.5 0.09 601.7 0.07
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 176.4 0.25
5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 125.7 0.36
40
4.0 6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 119.9 0.47
8.0 3.2 0.67 5.3 0.67 6.5 0.67 7.7 0.67 11.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 24.8 0.67 42.1 0.67 106.5 0.66
10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 24.0 0.84 42.1 0.84 104.1 0.77
2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 35.9 0.17 46.1 0.17 84.1 0.16 141.2 0.13 220.2 0.11 324.5 0.09 601.7 0.07

3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 160.6 0.25
5.0 5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 111.6 0.36

6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 85.5 0.47
10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 18.6 0.84 24.3 0.84 55.2 0.84
2.0 14.4 0.17 27.3 0.17 35.9 0.17 46.1 0.17 84.1 0.16 141.2 0.13 220.2 0.11 324.5 0.09 601.7 0.07
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 160.6 0.25
5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 111.6 0.36
60
6.0 6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 85.5 0.47

8.0 3.2 0.67 5.3 0.67 6.5 0.67 7.7 0.67 11.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 24.8 0.67 33.3 0.67 55.5 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 18.6 0.84 24.3 0.84 38.4 0.84
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 160.6 0.25
5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 111.6 0.36
7.0 6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 85.5 0.47
8.0 3.2 0.67 5.3 0.67 6.5 0.67 7.7 0.67 11.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 24.8 0.67 33.3 0.67 55.5 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 18.6 0.84 24.3 0.84 38.4 0.84
20.0 NA 2.1 1.68 2.6 1.68 3.0 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.5 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.5 1.68 21.4 1.68
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 160.6 0.25
5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 111.6 0.36
6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 85.5 0.47
8.0 8.0 3.2 0.67 5.3 0.67 6.5 0.67 7.7 0.67 11.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 24.8 0.67 33.3 0.67 55.5 0.67
10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 18.6 0.84 24.3 0.84 38.4 0.84
12.0 2.1 1.01 3.6 1.01 4.3 1.01 5.1 1.01 7.8 1.01 11.2 1.01 15.0 1.01 19.3 1.01 29.3 1.01
16.0 NA 2.6 1.34 3.2 1.34 3.7 1.34 5.7 1.34 8.1 1.34 10.7 1.34 13.4 1.34 19.6 1.34
20.0 NA 2.1 1.68 2.6 1.68 3.0 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.5 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.5 1.68 15.0 1.68
3.0 8.7 0.25 15.4 0.25 19.4 0.25 23.9 0.25 43.9 0.25 77.1 0.24 110.6 0.22 153.9 0.19 271.3 0.15
4.0 6.8 0.34 11.7 0.34 14.4 0.34 17.4 0.34 29.6 0.34 50.4 0.34 73.5 0.33 97.6 0.30 160.6 0.25
Larger 5.0 5.2 0.42 8.8 0.42 10.8 0.42 12.9 0.42 21.2 0.42 34.2 0.42 51.5 0.42 71.7 0.41 111.6 0.36
6.0 4.2 0.50 7.1 0.50 8.7 0.50 10.3 0.50 16.4 0.50 25.7 0.50 37.4 0.50 52.6 0.50 85.5 0.47

Than 8.0
8.0 3.2 0.67 5.3 0.67 6.5 0.67 7.7 0.67 11.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 24.8 0.67 33.3 0.67 55.5 0.67
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.6 0.84 4.3 0.84 5.2 0.84 6.1 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.8 0.84 18.6 0.84 24.3 0.84 38.4 0.84
12.0 2.1 1.01 3.6 1.01 4.3 1.01 5.1 1.01 7.8 1.01 11.2 1.01 15.0 1.01 19.3 1.01 29.3 1.01

12.0
16.0 NA 2.6 1.34 3.2 1.34 3.7 1.34 5.7 1.34 8.1 1.34 10.7 1.34 13.4 1.34 19.6 1.34
20.0 NA 2.1 1.68 2.6 1.68 3.0 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.5 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.5 1.68 15.0 1.68

6.85
6.86
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 28.0 0.08 40.8 0.08 55.9 0.08 94.5 0.06 137.4 0.06 169.2 0.05 347.6 0.04 635.5 0.03 921.0 0.02 1469. 0.02 2649. 0.01
1.0 2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 54.9 0.16 80.4 0.15 103.3 0.13 203.4 0.10 371.9 0.07 588.9 0.06 860.2
9 0.05 1550.
0 0.03
Unstiffened 7.3 0.38 14.6 0.38 23.3 0.37 54.9 0.26 76.6 0.22 98.4 0.20 193.8 0.14 354.4 0.10 561.1 0.08 819.6 0.07 1477.
3 0.05
1.0 28.0 0.08 40.8 0.08 55.9 0.08 94.5 0.06 120.5 0.06 150.8 0.05 288.1 0.04 525.5 0.03 833.9 0.02 1220. 0.02 1
2206. 0.02
2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 36.5 0.16 43.6 0.16 51.1 0.15 82.7 0.13 158.9 0.11 251.6 0.09 367.5
8 0.07 662.3
1 0.05
2.0 3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 50.7 0.24 105.6 0.20 167.1 0.16 244.2 0.13 440.0 0.10
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 43.9 0.33 93.0 0.28 147.2 0.22 215.1 0.19 387.6 0.14
1.5 19.7 0.13 25.8 0.13 33.7 0.13 52.3 0.12 63.7 0.11 76.5 0.10 133.6 0.08 235.1 0.07 369.8 0.05 540.2 0.05 976.6 0.03
2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 36.5 0.16 43.6 0.16 51.1 0.15 82.7 0.13 137.0 0.11 210.3 0.09 304.3 0.08 547.7 0.06
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 108.0 0.19 160.6 0.16 294.3 0.12
3.0 4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 68.8 0.29 108.9 0.26 205.6 0.20
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 63.7 0.39 101.5 0.35 182.8 0.26
6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 32.5 0.50 63.4 0.49 95.6 0.42 172.3 0.31
2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 36.5 0.16 43.6 0.16 51.1 0.15 82.7 0.13 137.0 0.11 210.3 0.09 304.3 0.08 547.7 0.06
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 165.6 0.22
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 121.7 0.32
40
4.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 54.0 0.47 110.0 0.40
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.7 0.67 4.7 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.0 0.67 13.2 0.67 19.1 0.67 27.4 0.67 48.4 0.67 96.9 0.55
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 27.4 0.84 48.4 0.84 94.7 0.65
2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 36.5 0.16 43.6 0.16 51.1 0.15 82.7 0.13 137.0 0.11 210.3 0.09 304.3 0.08 547.7 0.06
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 142.2 0.22
5.0 5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 100.7 0.32
6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 48.6 0.47 79.6 0.42
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 19.4 0.84 25.0 0.84 58.7 0.82
2.0 13.2 0.17 17.3 0.17 23.3 0.17 36.5 0.16 43.6 0.16 51.1 0.15 82.7 0.13 137.0 0.11 210.3 0.09 304.3 0.08 547.7 0.06
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 142.2 0.22
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 96.8 0.32
60
6.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 48.6 0.47 72.9 0.42

8.0 2.9 0.67 3.7 0.67 4.7 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.0 0.67 13.2 0.67 19.1 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.1 0.67 49.0 0.62
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 19.4 0.84 25.0 0.84 37.2 0.82
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 142.2 0.22
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 96.8 0.32
7.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 48.6 0.47 72.9 0.42
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.7 0.67 4.7 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.0 0.67 13.2 0.67 19.1 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.1 0.67 49.0 0.62
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 19.4 0.84 25.0 0.84 37.2 0.82
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 4.9 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.6 1.68 10.6 1.68 23.3 1.68
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 142.2 0.22
5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 96.8 0.32
6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 48.6 0.47 72.9 0.42
8.0 8.0 2.9 0.67 3.7 0.67 4.7 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.0 0.67 13.2 0.67 19.1 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.1 0.67 49.0 0.62
10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 19.4 0.84 25.0 0.84 37.2 0.82
12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.1 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.2 1.01 5.9 1.01 8.5 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.5 1.01 19.7 1.01 29.6 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.8 1.34 4.3 1.34 6.2 1.34 8.5 1.34 10.9 1.34 13.6 1.34 19.6 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 4.9 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.6 1.68 10.6 1.68 15.4 1.68
3.0 7.9 0.25 10.2 0.25 13.2 0.25 20.6 0.25 25.2 0.25 30.2 0.25 46.9 0.24 70.7 0.21 101.1 0.19 140.5 0.16 244.8 0.13
4.0 6.2 0.34 7.9 0.34 10.1 0.34 15.2 0.34 18.1 0.34 21.3 0.34 33.0 0.33 47.8 0.31 65.0 0.29 86.3 0.26 142.2 0.22
Larger 5.0 4.8 0.42 6.0 0.42 7.7 0.42 11.3 0.42 13.4 0.42 15.5 0.42 24.1 0.42 36.2 0.41 48.2 0.39 62.0 0.37 96.8 0.32
6.0 3.9 0.50 4.9 0.50 6.2 0.50 9.0 0.50 10.6 0.50 12.2 0.50 18.5 0.50 28.0 0.50 38.4 0.49 48.6 0.47 72.9 0.42
Than 8.0
8.0 2.9 0.67 3.7 0.67 4.7 0.67 6.7 0.67 7.9 0.67 9.0 0.67 13.2 0.67 19.1 0.67 26.0 0.67 34.1 0.67 49.0 0.62
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.4 0.84 3.0 0.84 3.7 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 7.1 0.84 10.3 0.84 14.6 0.84 19.4 0.84 25.0 0.84 37.2 0.82
12.0 12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.1 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.2 1.01 5.9 1.01 8.5 1.01 11.8 1.01 15.5 1.01 19.7 1.01 29.6 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.8 1.34 4.3 1.34 6.2 1.34 8.5 1.34 10.9 1.34 13.6 1.34 19.6 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 3.5 1.68 4.9 1.68 6.8 1.68 8.6 1.68 10.6 1.68 15.0 1.68
NOTES:

6.87
6.88
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 22.3 0.08 33.4 0.08 49.5 0.08 87.0 0.07 118.1 0.06 160.2 0.05 324.5 0.04 604.1 0.03 867.2 0.02 1421.9 0.02 2584.5 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 48.1 0.17 71.7 0.16 93.8 0.14 189.9 0.10 353.5 0.07 565.7 0.06 832.2 0.05 1512.5 0.04
Unstiffened 4.7 0.38 10.2 0.38 20.6 0.38 48.1 0.28 68.6 0.24 89.3 0.21 180.9 0.15 336.9 0.11 539.0 0.08 792.9 0.07 1441.1 0.05
1.0 22.3 0.08 33.4 0.08 49.5 0.08 85.4 0.07 109.6 0.06 138.1 0.06 269.3 0.04 499.5 0.03 801.0 0.02 1180.8 0.02 2152.2 0.02
2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 33.8 0.17 40.7 0.16 48.0 0.16 78.4 0.14 147.3 0.11 241.7 0.09 355.5 0.07 646.1 0.05
2.0 3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 45.7 0.24 100.4 0.21 160.6 0.16 236.2 0.14 429.3 0.10
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 40.8 0.34 88.4 0.29 141.4 0.23 208.0 0.19 378.1 0.14
1.5 16.3 0.13 22.6 0.13 30.2 0.13 48.2 0.12 59.0 0.11 71.1 0.11 125.7 0.09 223.9 0.07 355.3 0.05 522.6 0.05 952.7 0.03
2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 33.8 0.17 40.7 0.16 48.0 0.16 78.4 0.14 131.0 0.11 202.3 0.09 294.5 0.08 534.3 0.06
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 101.7 0.19 158.0 0.17 287.2 0.12
3.0 4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 64.8 0.29 107.6 0.27 200.6 0.21
5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 60.0 0.39 98.1 0.36 178.4 0.27
6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 30.1 0.50 59.7 0.49 92.5 0.43 168.1 0.32
2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 33.8 0.17 40.7 0.16 48.0 0.16 78.4 0.14 131.0 0.11 202.3 0.09 294.5 0.08 534.3 0.06
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 161.5 0.22
5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 117.2 0.32
40
4.0 6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 51.4 0.47 107.3 0.40
8.0 2.5 0.67 3.3 0.67 4.2 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.4 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.7 0.67 18.5 0.67 25.8 0.67 46.1 0.67 94.5 0.56
10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 25.8 0.84 46.1 0.84 92.4 0.65
2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 33.8 0.17 40.7 0.16 48.0 0.16 78.4 0.14 131.0 0.11 202.3 0.09 294.5 0.08 534.3 0.06
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 139.1 0.22
5.0 5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 97.1 0.32
6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 47.6 0.47 76.7 0.42
10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 18.9 0.84 24.5 0.84 56.6 0.82
2.0 11.1 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.6 0.17 33.8 0.17 40.7 0.16 48.0 0.16 78.4 0.14 131.0 0.11 202.3 0.09 294.5 0.08 534.3 0.06
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 139.1 0.22
5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 94.9 0.32
60
6.0 6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 47.6 0.47 71.6 0.42

8.0 2.5 0.67 3.3 0.67 4.2 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.4 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.7 0.67 18.5 0.67 25.3 0.67 33.5 0.67 48.3 0.63
10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 18.9 0.84 24.5 0.84 36.6 0.82
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 139.1 0.22
5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 94.9 0.32
7.0 6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 47.6 0.47 71.6 0.42
8.0 2.5 0.67 3.3 0.67 4.2 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.4 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.7 0.67 18.5 0.67 25.3 0.67 33.5 0.67 48.3 0.63
10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 18.9 0.84 24.5 0.84 36.6 0.82
20.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.6 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.4 1.68 22.4 1.68
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 139.1 0.22
5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 94.9 0.32
6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 47.6 0.47 71.6 0.42
8.0 8.0 2.5 0.67 3.3 0.67 4.2 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.4 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.7 0.67 18.5 0.67 25.3 0.67 33.5 0.67 48.3 0.63
10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 18.9 0.84 24.5 0.84 36.6 0.82
12.0 NA 2.2 1.01 2.8 1.01 4.2 1.01 4.9 1.01 5.6 1.01 8.2 1.01 11.5 1.01 15.1 1.01 19.3 1.01 29.0 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.34 3.1 1.34 3.6 1.34 4.1 1.34 5.9 1.34 8.3 1.34 10.7 1.34 13.4 1.34 19.3 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.6 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.4 1.68 14.8 1.68
3.0 6.8 0.25 8.9 0.25 11.9 0.25 19.0 0.25 23.3 0.25 28.2 0.25 44.9 0.24 68.1 0.21 97.9 0.19 136.3 0.17 239.0 0.13
4.0 5.3 0.34 7.0 0.34 9.1 0.34 14.1 0.34 16.9 0.34 20.0 0.34 31.7 0.34 46.2 0.32 63.2 0.29 84.1 0.27 139.1 0.22
Larger 5.0 4.1 0.42 5.3 0.42 7.0 0.42 10.5 0.42 12.5 0.42 14.7 0.42 23.0 0.42 35.2 0.41 46.9 0.39 60.6 0.37 94.9 0.32
6.0 3.3 0.50 4.3 0.50 5.6 0.50 8.4 0.50 10.0 0.50 11.6 0.50 17.7 0.50 27.0 0.50 37.5 0.49 47.6 0.47 71.6 0.42
Than 8.0
8.0 2.5 0.67 3.3 0.67 4.2 0.67 6.3 0.67 7.4 0.67 8.5 0.67 12.7 0.67 18.5 0.67 25.3 0.67 33.5 0.67 48.3 0.63
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 3.4 0.84 5.0 0.84 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 9.9 0.84 14.2 0.84 18.9 0.84 24.5 0.84 36.6 0.82
12.0 12.0 NA 2.2 1.01 2.8 1.01 4.2 1.01 4.9 1.01 5.6 1.01 8.2 1.01 11.5 1.01 15.1 1.01 19.3 1.01 29.0 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.1 1.34 3.1 1.34 3.6 1.34 4.1 1.34 5.9 1.34 8.3 1.34 10.7 1.34 13.4 1.34 19.3 1.34
20.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.68 2.9 1.68 3.3 1.68 4.8 1.68 6.6 1.68 8.4 1.68 10.4 1.68 14.7 1.68
NOTES:

6.89
6.90
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 25.1 0.08 40.7 0.08 74.1 0.07 96.1 0.06 139.6 0.06 292.3 0.04 563.5 0.03 915.1 0.02 1359.3 0.02 2499.8 0.01
1.0 2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 36.4 0.17 56.6 0.16 81.7 0.15 172.6 0.10 329.8 0.08 535.5 0.06 795.5 0.05 1462.9 0.04
Unstiffened 5.9 0.38 14.5 0.38 36.4 0.30 56.6 0.26 77.9 0.22 164.5 0.15 314.2 0.11 510.3 0.09 757.9 0.07 1393.9 0.05
1.0 25.1 0.08 40.7 0.08 74.1 0.07 96.1 0.06 122.2 0.06 245.3 0.04 465.8 0.03 758.0 0.03 1128.5 0.02 2081.4 0.02
2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 30.4 0.17 37.0 0.16 44.0 0.16 73.0 0.14 140.9 0.12 228.8 0.09 339.8 0.08 625.0 0.06
2.0 3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 93.6 0.21 152.0 0.17 225.8 0.14 415.2 0.10
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 35.3 0.34 82.4 0.30 133.9 0.24 198.9 0.19 365.7 0.14
1.5 18.0 0.13 25.8 0.13 42.9 0.12 53.1 0.11 64.4 0.11 115.7 0.09 209.4 0.07 336.5 0.06 499.5 0.05 921.3 0.03
2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 30.4 0.17 37.0 0.16 44.0 0.16 73.0 0.14 123.2 0.12 192.0 0.10 281.7 0.08 516.8 0.06
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.7 0.19 151.0 0.17 277.8 0.12
3.0 4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 61.7 0.30 100.6 0.27 194.0 0.21
5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 56.7 0.40 93.8 0.37 172.5 0.27
6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 27.1 0.50 56.1 0.50 88.4 0.44 162.6 0.32
2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 30.4 0.17 37.0 0.16 44.0 0.16 73.0 0.14 123.2 0.12 192.0 0.10 281.7 0.08 516.8 0.06
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 155.0 0.22
5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 111.5 0.32
40
4.0 6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 48.0 0.47 103.8 0.41
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.7 0.67 5.7 0.67 6.8 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.0 0.67 17.7 0.67 24.4 0.67 43.0 0.67 91.4 0.57
10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 24.4 0.84 43.0 0.84 89.3 0.66
2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 30.4 0.17 37.0 0.16 44.0 0.16 73.0 0.14 123.2 0.12 192.0 0.10 281.7 0.08 516.8 0.06
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 135.0 0.22

5.0 5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 92.3 0.32
6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 46.2 0.47 74.7 0.43
10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 18.2 0.84 23.7 0.84 54.5 0.83
2.0 12.1 0.17 17.3 0.17 30.4 0.17 37.0 0.16 44.0 0.16 73.0 0.14 123.2 0.12 192.0 0.10 281.7 0.08 516.8 0.06
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 135.0 0.22
5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 92.3 0.32
60
6.0 6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 46.2 0.47 69.8 0.43

8.0 2.7 0.67 3.7 0.67 5.7 0.67 6.8 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.0 0.67 17.7 0.67 24.4 0.67 32.5 0.67 47.2 0.63
10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 18.2 0.84 23.7 0.84 35.9 0.83
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 135.0 0.22
5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 92.3 0.32
7.0 6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 46.2 0.47 69.8 0.43
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.7 0.67 5.7 0.67 6.8 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.0 0.67 17.7 0.67 24.4 0.67 32.5 0.67 47.2 0.63
10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 18.2 0.84 23.7 0.84 35.9 0.83
20.0 NA NA 2.3 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.3 1.68 8.2 1.68 10.2 1.68 21.3 1.68
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 135.0 0.22
5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 92.3 0.32
6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 46.2 0.47 69.8 0.43
8.0 8.0 2.7 0.67 3.7 0.67 5.7 0.67 6.8 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.0 0.67 17.7 0.67 24.4 0.67 32.5 0.67 47.2 0.63
10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 18.2 0.84 23.7 0.84 35.9 0.83
12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.8 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 7.8 1.01 11.1 1.01 14.7 1.01 18.7 1.01 28.3 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.8 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 5.7 1.34 8.0 1.34 10.4 1.34 13.0 1.34 18.9 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.3 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.3 1.68 8.2 1.68 10.2 1.68 14.4 1.68
3.0 7.3 0.25 10.2 0.25 16.9 0.25 20.9 0.25 25.5 0.25 42.3 0.24 64.8 0.22 93.6 0.19 131.0 0.17 231.4 0.13
4.0 5.8 0.34 7.9 0.34 12.7 0.34 15.4 0.34 18.3 0.34 30.0 0.34 44.3 0.32 60.9 0.30 81.2 0.27 135.0 0.22
Larger 5.0 4.4 0.42 6.0 0.42 9.5 0.42 11.5 0.42 13.5 0.42 21.5 0.42 33.8 0.42 45.3 0.40 58.8 0.37 92.3 0.32

6.0 3.6 0.50 4.9 0.50 7.6 0.50 9.1 0.50 10.7 0.50 16.7 0.50 25.6 0.50 36.2 0.50 46.2 0.47 69.8 0.43

Than 8.0
8.0 2.7 0.67 3.7 0.67 5.7 0.67 6.8 0.67 7.9 0.67 12.0 0.67 17.7 0.67 24.4 0.67 32.5 0.67 47.2 0.63
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.2 0.84 3.0 0.84 4.6 0.84 5.4 0.84 6.3 0.84 9.4 0.84 13.6 0.84 18.2 0.84 23.7 0.84 35.9 0.83
12.0 12.0 NA 2.5 1.01 3.8 1.01 4.5 1.01 5.3 1.01 7.8 1.01 11.1 1.01 14.7 1.01 18.7 1.01 28.3 1.01
16.0 NA NA 2.8 1.34 3.3 1.34 3.9 1.34 5.7 1.34 8.0 1.34 10.4 1.34 13.0 1.34 18.9 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.3 1.68 2.7 1.68 3.1 1.68 4.5 1.68 6.3 1.68 8.2 1.68 10.2 1.68 14.4 1.68
NOTES:

6.91
6.92
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
Panel Width Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., in. Def.,
W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. wg in.
1.0 28.9 0.08 61.6 0.07 81.0 0.07 108.0 0.06 260.0 0.04 505.4 0.03 852.7 0.02 1282.9 0.02 2395.9 0.01
1.0 2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 43.5 0.17 65.5 0.16 152.1 0.11 301.2 0.08 499.0 0.06 750.8 0.05 1402.1 0.04
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 25.6 0.34 43.5 0.28 64.6 0.24 145.0 0.16 287.0 0.12 475.5 0.09 715.4 0.07 1335.9 0.05
1.0 28.9 0.08 61.6 0.07 81.0 0.07 104.2 0.06 217.0 0.05 425.5 0.03 706.0 0.03 1064.7 0.02 1994.5 0.02
2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 32.5 0.17 39.2 0.16 66.6 0.14 126.4 0.12 213.2 0.09 320.7 0.08 599.0 0.06
2.0 3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 83.8 0.22 141.6 0.17 213.1 0.14 398.0 0.10
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 29.2 0.34 75.3 0.31 124.8 0.24 187.7 0.20 350.5 0.15
Unstiffened NA 3.7 0.63 6.5 0.63 10.5 0.63 29.2 0.63 71.8 0.46 118.9 0.36 178.8 0.29 334.0 0.21
1.5 20.2 0.13 36.6 0.12 46.1 0.12 56.7 0.11 104.0 0.09 192.0 0.07 313.7 0.06 471.4 0.05 882.8 0.04
2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 32.5 0.17 39.2 0.16 66.6 0.14 113.9 0.12 179.6 0.10 266.2 0.08 495.2 0.06
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.7 0.20 139.1 0.17 266.2 0.13
3.0 4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 92.2 0.27 185.9 0.21
5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 51.0 0.40 88.6 0.38 165.4 0.28
6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 50.4 0.50 83.4 0.45 155.8 0.33
2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 32.5 0.17 39.2 0.16 66.6 0.14 113.9 0.12 179.6 0.10 266.2 0.08 495.2 0.06
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 149.7 0.23
5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 107.9 0.33
40
4.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.9 0.48 99.5 0.42
8.0 3.0 0.67 5.0 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.2 0.67 11.2 0.67 16.7 0.67 23.2 0.67 39.5 0.67 87.6 0.58
10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 22.5 0.84 39.5 0.84 85.6 0.68
2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 32.5 0.17 39.2 0.16 66.6 0.14 113.9 0.12 179.6 0.10 266.2 0.08 495.2 0.06
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 130.0 0.23

5.0 5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 89.3 0.33
6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.6 0.48 70.1 0.43
10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 17.5 0.84 22.8 0.84 51.1 0.83

2.0 13.5 0.17 25.6 0.17 32.5 0.17 39.2 0.16 66.6 0.14 113.9 0.12 179.6 0.10 266.2 0.08 495.2 0.06
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 130.0 0.23
5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 89.3 0.33
60
6.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.6 0.48 67.7 0.43

8.0 3.0 0.67 5.0 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.2 0.67 11.2 0.67 16.7 0.67 23.2 0.67 31.1 0.67 46.0 0.63
10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 17.5 0.84 22.8 0.84 35.0 0.83
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
Panel Width Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., in. Def.,
W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. wg in.
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 130.0 0.23
5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 89.3 0.33
7.0 6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.6 0.48 67.7 0.43
8.0 3.0 0.67 5.0 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.2 0.67 11.2 0.67 16.7 0.67 23.2 0.67 31.1 0.67 46.0 0.63
10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 17.5 0.84 22.8 0.84 35.0 0.83
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.8 1.68 4.3 1.68 6.0 1.68 7.9 1.68 9.9 1.68 20.0 1.68
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 130.0 0.23
5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 89.3 0.33
6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.6 0.48 67.7 0.43
8.0 8.0 3.0 0.67 5.0 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.2 0.67 11.2 0.67 16.7 0.67 23.2 0.67 31.1 0.67 46.0 0.63
10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 17.5 0.84 22.8 0.84 35.0 0.83
12.0 2.0 1.01 3.4 1.01 4.1 1.01 4.8 1.01 7.3 1.01 10.5 1.01 14.1 1.01 18.0 1.01 27.5 1.01
16.0 NA 2.5 1.34 3.0 1.34 3.5 1.34 5.3 1.34 7.6 1.34 10.0 1.34 12.6 1.34 18.4 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.8 1.68 4.3 1.68 6.0 1.68 7.9 1.68 9.9 1.68 14.1 1.68
3.0 8.1 0.25 14.4 0.25 18.2 0.25 22.4 0.25 39.2 0.24 60.9 0.22 88.4 0.20 124.5 0.17 222.0 0.14
4.0 6.3 0.34 10.9 0.34 13.5 0.34 16.3 0.34 27.7 0.34 41.8 0.32 58.0 0.30 77.7 0.27 130.0 0.23
Larger 5.0 4.9 0.42 8.3 0.42 10.2 0.42 12.1 0.42 19.8 0.42 32.0 0.42 43.4 0.40 56.5 0.38 89.3 0.33
6.0 3.9 0.50 6.7 0.50 8.1 0.50 9.7 0.50 15.4 0.50 24.1 0.50 34.8 0.50 44.6 0.48 67.7 0.43

Than 8.0
8.0 3.0 0.67 5.0 0.67 6.1 0.67 7.2 0.67 11.2 0.67 16.7 0.67 23.2 0.67 31.1 0.67 46.0 0.63
Up To
Up T 10.0 2.4 0.84 4.0 0.84 4.9 0.84 5.7 0.84 8.8 0.84 12.9 0.84 17.5 0.84 22.8 0.84 35.0 0.83
12.0 12.0 2.0 1.01 3.4 1.01 4.1 1.01 4.8 1.01 7.3 1.01 10.5 1.01 14.1 1.01 18.0 1.01 27.5 1.01

16.0 NA 2.5 1.34 3.0 1.34 3.5 1.34 5.3 1.34 7.6 1.34 10.0 1.34 12.6 1.34 18.4 1.34
20.0 NA NA 2.4 1.68 2.8 1.68 4.3 1.68 6.0 1.68 7.9 1.68 9.9 1.68 14.1 1.68
NOTES:

6.93

6.7 AUXILIARY TABLES and bolt sizes for duct connections. The tables in this
section apply equally to ducts fabricated from all types
This section contains the necessary tables for selecting
of carbon steel sheet and plate, including commercial
stiffeners, establishing maximum duct loads as a func-
grade carbon and coated steels, structural, and high
tion of support spacing, checking for global and local-
strength steels.
ized buckling of duct sidewalls, and selecting flange
Tables Page
6B2 Pressure Capacity for Carbon Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.96
6B6 Pressure Capacity for Carbon Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 6 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.100
6B10 Pressure Capacity for Carbon Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 10 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . 6.104
6C Internal Carbon Steel Pipe SupportAllowable Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.109
6D Stiffener Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.110
6E Maximum Allowable Duct Load as a Function of Support Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.114
6F Section Properties and Bending Moment Capacity of Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.115
6G1 Min. Flange Height and Maximum Bolt Spacing for Bolted Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.116
6G2 Maximum Bolt Hole Gage for Bolted Flange Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.116
6H1.a Load Ratio Alpha vs. Duct Aspect Ratio and Stiffener Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.117
6H1 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Localized Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . 6.119
6H2 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Global Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . . . 6.121

Table 6B2 2 ft Spacing
Fixed Stiffener Pressure Capacity
Panel Width, ft
6.96
Stiffener Type Stiffener Type
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 58.0 25.6 14.4 9.0 5.2 3.3 2.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R1
R2 135 59.8 33.7 21.5 15.0 9.8 6.6 3.4 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R2
R3 250 112 63.0 40.3 28.0 20.6 15.2 7.8 4.5 2.8 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6 R3
R4 370 162 91.4 58.5 40.6 29.8 22.8 14.6 8.8 5.6 3.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 R4
R5 580 260 144 92.3 64.1 47.1 36.1 23.1 13.5 8.5 5.7 4.0 2.9 1.7 R5
R6 750 330 188 120 83.4 61.2 46.9 30.0 20.8 14.3 9.6 6.7 4.9 2.8 R6
R7 1080 480 270 172 120 87.9 67.3 43.1 29.9 20.0 13.4 9.4 6.9 4.0 R7
R8 1440 640 360 230 160 118 90.2 57.7 40.1 29.4 20.9 14.7 10.7 6.2 R8
R9 2020 900 500 320 220 165 126 80.8 56.1 41.2 30.4 21.3 15.6 9.0 R9
R10 2480 1100 620 400 280 200 155 99.3 68.9 50.6 38.8 30.6 24.8 15.0 R10
R11 3730 1660 930 600 410 300 230 149 104 76.2 58.3 46.1 37.3 21.6 R11
R12 4660 2070 1160 740 520 380 290 186 129 95.0 72.7 57.5 46.6 32.3 R12
R13 5600 2490 1400 900 620 460 350 220 156 114 87.5 69.1 56.0 38.3 R13
R14 6400 2840 1600 1020 710 520 400 260 177 130 99.8 78.8 63.9 44.3 R14
R15 8700 3850 2160 1390 960 710 540 350 240 177 135 107 86.6 54.7 R15
R16 9700 4330 2430 1560 1080 790 610 390 270 199 152 120 97.3 61.6 R16
R17 11700 5200 2920 1870 1300 950 730 470 325 240 183 144 117 75.8 R17
R18 14,100 6250 3520 2250 1560 1150 880 560 390 290 220 174 141 89.6 R18
R19 15,000 6670 3750 2400 1670 1220 940 600 420 310 230 185 150 104 R19
R20 17,400 7720 4340 2780 1930 1420 1090 690 480 355 271 214 174 121 R20
R21 21,000 9320 5240 3350 2330 1710 1310 840 580 430 330 259 210 146 R21
R22 23,100 10260 5770 3690 2560 1880 1440 920 640 470 360 285 231 160 R22
R23 26,500 11800 6640 4250 2950 2170 1660 1060 740 540 410 328 266 184 R23
R24 30,400 13510 7600 4860 3380 2480 1900 1220 840 620 470 375 304 211 R24
R25 39,400 17,530 9860 6310 4380 3220 2460 1580 1100 800 620 487 394 274 R25
R26 46,400 20,600 11590 7420 5150 3780 2900 1850 1290 950 720 572 464 322 R26
R27 53,500 23,770 13370 8560 5940 4370 3340 2140 1490 1090 840 660 535 371 R27
R28 60,600 26,930 15,150 9700 6730 4950 3790 2420 1680 1240 950 748 606 421 R28
R29 65,800 29,240 16,450 10530 7310 5370 4110 2630 1830 1340 1030 812 658 457 R29
R30 67,500 30,010 16,880 10800 7500 5510 4220 2700 1880 1380 1050 834 675 469 R30
Temperature Correction Factors for Carbon and Coated Steels
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
Table 6B2 Pressure Capacity Table for Carbon Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals
NOTES:
a. The Stiffener Types refer to a classification system which groups various structural shapes having approximately equivalent physical characteristics, see Table 6D for a complete listing
of the available structural shapes and the physical characteristics assigned to each reinforcement class.

b. Each column lists pressure capacity in inches water gage (in. wg) for a panel width (W) in feet. The pressure capacity of each reinforcement class is based on a stiffener maximum
allowable stress of ( f Fy /1.5 = 24,000 psi) and a corresponding deflection of not more than (W/360).
c. The pressure capacity values listed in this table can be taken as positive or negative as required by the intended application, and are based on a yield strength of 36,000 psi characteristic
of ASTM A36 Structural Quality Hotrolled Steel. For unfixed stiffeners the pressure capacity of table values must be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.80
d. While the pressure capacities listed are intended for systems operating at ambient temperature they may be reduced for higher temperatures, up to 650 Deg.F for carbon steel, and
400 Deg. F for galvanized steel by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value of ( f ) above. Currently, structural shapes are not available in aluminized steel.
Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 44.0 17.1 9.6 6.0 3.5 2.2 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R1
R2 103 39.9 22.4 14.4 10.0 6.5 4.4 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 R2
R3 190 74.7 42.0 26.9 18.7 13.7 10.1 5.2 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 R3
R4 280 108 60.9 39.0 27.1 19.9 15.2 9.7 5.9 3.7 2.5 1.7 1.3 0.7 R4
R5 440 171 96.2 61.6 42.7 31.4 24.0 15.4 9.0 5.7 3.8 2.7 1.9 1.1 R5
R6 570 222 125 80.0 55.6 40.8 31.3 20.0 13.9 9.5 6.4 4.5 3.3 1.9 R6
R7 820 320 180 115 79.8 58.6 44.9 28.7 19.9 13.3 8.9 6.3 4.6 2.6 R7
R8 1100 430 240 154 107 78.5 60.1 38.5 26.7 19.6 14.0 9.8 7.1 4.1 R8
R9 1540 600 340 215 150 110 84.2 53.9 37.4 27.5 20.3 14.2 10.4 6.0 R9
R10 1890 740 410 260 184 135 103 66.2 46.0 33.8 25.8 20.4 16.5 10.0 R10
R11 2840 1110 620 400 276 203 156 99.5 69.1 50.8 38.9 30.7 24.8 14.4 R11
R12 3550 1380 780 500 340 253 194 124 86.2 63.3 48.5 38.3 31.0 21.6 R12
R13 4260 1660 930 600 410 300 233 149 104 76.2 58.3 46.1 37.3 25.5 R13
R14 4900 1890 1060 680 470 350 266 170 118 86.9 66.5 52.6 42.6 29.6 R14
R15 6600 2560 1440 920 640 470 361 231 160 118 90.2 71.2 57.7 36.5 R15
R16 7400 2880 1620 1040 720 530 406 260 180 132 101 80.1 64.9 41.1 R16
R17 8900 3470 1950 1250 870 640 490 310 217 159 122 96.3 78.0 50.5 R17
R18 10,700 4170 2340 1500 1040 770 590 370 260 191 147 116 93.7 59.7 R18
R19 11,400 4450 2500 1600 1110 820 630 400 280 204 156 124 100 69.5 R19
R20 13,200 5150 2900 1850 1290 950 720 460 320 236 181 143 116 80.4 R20
R21 16,000 6210 3490 2240 1550 1140 870 560 390 290 220 173 140 97.1 R21
R22 17,600 6840 3850 2460 1710 1260 960 620 430 310 240 190 154 107 R22
R23 20,200 7870 4420 2830 1970 1440 1110 710 490 360 280 219 177 123 R23
R24 23,200 9010 5070 3240 2250 1650 1270 810 560 410 320 250 203 141 R24
R25 30,000 11,680 6570 4210 2920 2150 1640 1050 730 540 410 325 263 183 R25
R26 35,300 13,740 7730 4940 3430 2520 1930 1240 860 630 480 382 309 215 R26
R27 40,700 15,840 8910 5700 3960 2910 2230 1430 990 730 560 440 357 248 R27
R28 46,200 17,950 10,100 6460 4490 3300 2520 1620 1120 820 630 499 404 281 R28
R29 50,100 19,490 10,960 7020 4870 3580 2740 1750 1220 900 690 542 439 305 R29
R30 51,400 20,010 11,250 7200 5000 3670 2810 1800 1250 920 700 556 450 313 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.97

Panel Width, ft
6.98
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 38.0 14.0 7.2 4.5 2.6 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R1
R2 89.8 32.6 16.8 10.8 7.5 4.9 3.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R2
R3 170 61.1 31.5 20.2 14.0 10.3 7.6 3.9 2.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R3
R4 240 88.6 45.7 29.2 20.3 14.9 11.4 7.3 4.4 2.8 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6 R4
R5 380 140 72.1 46.2 32.1 23.6 18.0 11.5 6.7 4.2 2.8 2.0 1.5 0.8 R5
R6 500 182 93.8 60.0 41.7 30.6 23.4 15.0 10.4 7.1 4.8 3.4 2.5 1.4 R6
R7 720 260 135 86.2 59.8 44.0 33.7 21.5 15.0 10.0 6.7 4.7 3.4 2.0 R7
R8 960 350 180 115 80.2 58.9 45.1 28.9 20.0 14.7 10.5 7.4 5.4 3.1 R8
R9 1350 490 250 162 112 82.4 63.1 40.4 28.1 20.6 15.2 10.7 7.8 4.5 R9
R10 1650 600 310 200 138 101 77.5 49.6 34.5 25.3 19.4 15.3 12.4 7.5 R10
R11 2490 900 470 300 207 152 117 74.6 51.8 38.1 29.2 23.0 18.6 10.8 R11
R12 3100 1130 580 370 260 190 146 93.1 64.7 47.5 36.4 28.7 23.3 16.2 R12
R13 3730 1360 700 450 310 230 175 112 77.7 57.1 43.7 34.6 28.0 19.2 R13
R14 4300 1550 800 510 350 260 200 128 88.7 65.2 49.9 39.4 31.9 22.2 R14
R15 5800 2100 1080 690 480 350 271 173 120 88.3 67.6 53.4 43.3 27.4 R15
R16 6500 2360 1220 780 540 400 304 195 135 99.3 76.0 60.1 48.7 30.8 R16
R17 7800 2840 1460 940 650 480 370 230 162 119 91.4 72.2 58.5 37.9 R17
R18 9400 3410 1760 1120 780 570 440 280 195 144 110 86.8 70.3 44.8 R18
R19 10,000 3640 1880 1200 830 610 470 300 210 153 117 92.6 75.0 52.1 R19
R20 11,600 4210 2170 1390 970 710 540 350 240 177 136 107 86.9 60.3 R20
R21 14,000 5080 2620 1680 1160 860 660 420 290 210 164 129 105 72.8 R21
R22 15,400 5600 2890 1850 1280 940 720 460 320 240 180 143 115 80.2 R22
R23 17,700 6440 3320 2120 1470 1080 830 530 370 270 207 164 133 92.2 R23
R24 20,300 7370 3800 2430 1690 1240 950 610 420 310 237 188 152 106 R24
R25 26,300 9560 4930 3150 2190 1610 1230 790 550 400 308 243 197 137 R25
R26 30,900 11,240 5790 3710 2580 1890 1450 930 640 470 362 286 232 161 R26
R27 35,700 12,960 6680 4280 2970 2180 1670 1070 740 550 418 330 267 186 R27
R28 40,400 14,690 7570 4850 3370 2470 1890 1210 840 620 473 374 303 210 R28
R29 43,900 15,950 8220 5260 3650 2690 2060 1320 910 670 514 406 329 228 R29
R30 45,000 16,370 8440 5400 3750 2760 2110 1350 940 690 528 417 338 234 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 37.0 12.3 6.2 3.6 2.1 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R1
R2 86.2 28.7 14.4 8.6 6.0 3.9 2.6 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R2
R3 160 53.8 26.9 16.1 11.2 8.2 6.1 3.1 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 R3
R4 230 78.0 39.0 23.4 16.2 11.9 9.1 5.8 3.5 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.4 R4
R5 370 123 61.6 36.9 25.6 18.8 14.4 9.2 5.4 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 R5
R6 480 160 80.0 48.0 33.3 24.5 18.8 12.0 8.3 5.7 3.8 2.7 2.0 1.1 R6
R7 690 230 115 68.9 47.9 35.2 26.9 17.2 12.0 8.0 5.4 3.8 2.7 1.6 R7
R8 920 310 150 92.3 64.1 47.1 36.1 23.1 16.0 11.8 8.4 5.9 4.3 2.5 R8
R9 1290 430 220 129 89.8 66.0 50.5 32.3 22.4 16.5 12.2 8.5 6.2 3.6 R9
R10 1590 530 260 160 110 81.0 62.0 39.7 27.6 20.3 15.5 12.3 9.9 6.0 R10
R11 2390 800 400 240 166 122 93.3 59.7 41.5 30.5 23.3 18.4 14.9 8.6 R11
R12 2980 990 500 300 210 152 116 74.5 51.7 38.0 29.1 23.0 18.6 12.9 R12
R13 3580 1190 600 360 250 180 140 89.6 62.2 45.7 35.0 27.6 22.4 15.3 R13
R14 4100 1360 680 410 280 210 160 102 71.0 52.1 39.9 31.5 25.5 17.7 R14
R15 5500 1850 920 550 380 280 216 139 96.2 70.7 54.1 42.7 34.6 21.9 R15
R16 6200 2080 1040 620 430 320 243 156 108 79.5 60.8 48.1 38.9 24.6 R16
R17 7500 2500 1250 750 520 380 290 190 130 95.5 73.1 57.8 46.8 30.3 R17
R18 9000 3000 1500 900 620 460 350 220 156 115 87.9 69.4 56.2 35.8 R18
R19 9600 3200 1600 960 670 490 380 240 167 123 93.8 74.1 60.0 41.7 R19
R20 11,100 3710 1850 1110 770 570 430 280 193 142 109 85.8 69.5 48.3 R20
R21 13,400 4470 2240 1340 930 680 520 340 233 171 131 104 83.9 58.2 R21
R22 14,800 4920 2460 1480 1030 750 580 370 257 188 144 114 92.3 64.1 R22
R23 17,000 5660 2830 1700 1180 870 660 420 295 217 166 131 106 73.7 R23
R24 19,500 6480 3240 1950 1350 990 760 490 338 248 190 150 122 84.4 R24
R25 25,200 8410 4210 2520 1750 1290 990 630 440 322 247 195 158 110 R25
R26 29,700 9890 4940 2970 2060 1510 1160 740 520 378 290 229 185 129 R26
R27 34,200 11410 5700 3420 2380 1750 1340 860 590 437 334 264 214 149 R27
R28 38,800 12,930 6460 3880 2690 1980 1510 970 670 495 379 299 242 168 R28
R29 42,100 14,030 7020 4210 2920 2150 1640 1050 730 537 411 325 263 183 R29
R30 43,200 14,400 7200 4320 3000 2200 1690 1080 750 551 422 333 270 188 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.99

Panel Width, ft
6.100
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 38.0 11.4 5.5 3.1 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 90.0 26.6 12.8 7.6 5.0 3.3 2.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 170 49.8 24.0 14.1 9.3 6.9 5.1 2.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R3
R4 240 72.2 34.8 20.5 13.5 9.9 7.6 4.9 2.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 R4
R5 380 114 55.0 32.4 21.4 15.7 12.0 7.7 4.5 2.8 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6 R5
R6 500 148 71.4 42.1 27.8 20.4 15.6 10.0 6.9 4.8 3.2 2.2 1.6 0.9 R6
R7 720 210 103 60.5 39.9 29.3 22.4 14.4 10.0 6.7 4.5 3.1 2.3 1.3 R7
R8 960 280 140 81.0 53.4 39.3 30.1 19.2 13.4 9.8 7.0 4.9 3.6 2.1 R8
R9 1350 400 190 113 74.8 55.0 42.1 26.9 18.7 13.7 10.1 7.1 5.2 3.0 R9
R10 1650 490 240 140 91.9 67.5 51.7 33.1 23.0 16.9 12.9 10.2 8.3 5.0 R10
R11 2490 740 360 210 138 102 77.7 49.8 34.6 25.4 19.4 15.4 12.4 7.2 R11
R12 3100 920 440 260 170 127 97.0 62.1 43.1 31.7 24.2 19.2 15.5 10.8 R12
R13 3730 1110 530 310 210 150 117 74.6 51.8 38.1 29.2 23.0 18.7 12.8 R13
R14 4300 1260 610 360 240 170 133 85.2 59.1 43.4 33.3 26.3 21.3 14.8 R14
R15 5800 1710 820 490 320 240 180 115 80.2 58.9 45.1 35.6 28.9 18.2 R15
R16 6500 1920 930 550 360 260 203 130 90.1 66.2 50.7 40.1 32.4 20.5 R16
R17 7800 2310 1110 660 430 320 240 160 108 79.6 60.9 48.1 39.0 25.3 R17
R18 9400 2780 1340 790 520 380 290 190 130 95.7 73.2 57.9 46.9 29.9 R18
R19 10,000 2960 1430 840 560 410 310 200 139 102 78.1 61.7 50.0 34.7 R19
R20 11,600 3430 1650 980 640 470 360 230 161 118 90.5 71.5 57.9 40.2 R20
R21 14,000 4140 2000 1180 780 570 440 280 194 143 109 86.3 69.9 48.5 R21
R22 15,400 4560 2200 1300 850 630 480 310 214 157 120 95.0 76.9 53.4 R22
R23 17,700 5240 2530 1490 980 720 550 350 246 181 138 109 88.5 61.4 R23
R24 20,300 6000 2890 1710 1130 830 630 410 281 207 158 125 101 70.4 R24
R25 26,300 7790 3760 2210 1460 1070 820 530 370 268 205 162 131 91.3 R25
R26 30,900 9160 4420 2600 1720 1260 970 620 430 315 242 191 155 107 R26
R27 35,700 10560 5090 3000 1980 1460 1110 710 500 364 279 220 178 124 R27
R28 40,400 11,970 5770 3400 2240 1650 1260 810 560 412 316 249 202 140 R28
R29 43,900 13,000 6270 3690 2440 1790 1370 880 610 448 343 271 219 152 R29
R30 45,000 13,340 6430 3790 2500 1840 1410 900 630 459 352 278 225 156 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 44.0 11.0 5.1 2.8 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 100 25.6 11.8 6.8 4.5 2.8 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 190 48.0 22.2 12.8 8.3 5.9 4.3 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 R3
R4 280 69.6 32.1 18.6 12.1 8.5 6.5 4.2 2.5 1.6 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 R4
R5 440 110 50.7 29.3 19.1 13.5 10.3 6.6 3.9 2.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 R5
R6 570 143 66.0 38.1 24.9 17.5 13.4 8.6 6.0 4.1 2.7 1.9 1.4 0.8 R6
R7 820 210 94.7 54.7 35.7 25.1 19.2 12.3 8.5 5.7 3.8 2.7 2.0 1.1 R7
R8 1100 270 130 73.3 47.8 33.6 25.8 16.5 11.5 8.4 6.0 4.2 3.1 1.8 R8
R9 1540 380 180 103 66.9 47.1 36.1 23.1 16.0 11.8 8.7 6.1 4.4 2.6 R9
R10 1890 470 220 130 82.2 57.9 44.3 28.4 19.7 14.5 11.1 8.8 7.1 4.3 R10
R11 2840 710 330 190 124 87.0 66.6 42.6 29.6 21.8 16.7 13.2 10.6 6.2 R11
R12 3550 890 410 240 150 109 83.1 53.2 36.9 27.1 20.8 16.4 13.3 9.2 R12
R13 4260 1070 490 280 190 130 100 64.0 44.4 32.6 25.0 19.7 16.0 10.9 R13
R14 4900 1220 560 320 210 150 114 73.0 50.7 37.2 28.5 22.5 18.2 12.7 R14
R15 6600 1650 760 440 290 200 155 98.9 68.7 50.5 38.6 30.5 24.7 15.6 R15
R16 7400 1850 860 490 320 230 174 111 77.2 56.8 43.5 34.3 27.8 17.6 R16
R17 8900 2230 1030 590 390 270 210 130 92.8 68.2 52.2 41.3 33.4 21.7 R17
R18 10,700 2680 1240 710 470 330 250 160 112 82.0 62.8 49.6 40.2 25.6 R18
R19 11,400 2860 1320 760 500 350 270 170 119 87.5 67.0 52.9 42.9 29.8 R19
R20 13,200 3310 1530 880 580 410 310 200 138 101 77.5 61.3 49.6 34.5 R20
R21 16,000 3990 1840 1070 690 490 370 240 166 122 93.6 74.0 59.9 41.6 R21
R22 17,600 4400 2030 1170 760 540 410 260 183 135 103 81.4 66.0 45.8 R22
R23 20,200 5060 2330 1350 880 620 470 300 211 155 119 93.6 75.8 52.7 R23
R24 23,200 5790 2670 1540 1010 710 540 350 241 177 136 107 86.8 60.3 R24
R25 30,000 7510 3470 2000 1310 920 700 450 310 230 176 139 113 78.2 R25
R26 35,300 8830 4080 2350 1540 1080 830 530 370 270 207 164 133 92.0 R26
R27 40,700 10190 4700 2720 1770 1250 950 610 420 312 239 189 153 106.1 R27
R28 46,200 11,540 5330 3080 2010 1410 1080 690 480 353 271 214 173 120 R28
R29 50,100 12,530 5780 3340 2180 1530 1170 750 520 384 294 232 188 131 R29
R30 51,400 12,860 5940 3430 2240 1570 1210 770 540 394 301 238 193 134 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.101

Panel Width, ft
6.102
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 58 11.0 4.8 2.6 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 130 25.6 11.2 6.3 4.1 2.5 1.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 250 48.0 21.0 11.9 7.6 5.3 3.8 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 370 69.6 30.5 17.2 11.1 7.7 5.7 3.7 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 R4
R5 580 110 48.1 27.2 17.5 12.2 9.0 5.8 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R5
R6 750 143 62.5 35.3 22.7 15.9 11.7 7.5 5.2 3.6 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.7 R6
R7 1080 210 89.8 50.7 32.6 22.8 16.8 10.8 7.5 5.0 3.4 2.4 1.7 1.0 R7
R8 1440 270 120 67.9 43.7 30.5 22.5 14.4 10.0 7.4 5.2 3.7 2.7 1.6 R8
R9 2020 380 170 95.0 61.2 42.7 31.6 20.2 14.0 10.3 7.6 5.3 3.9 2.3 R9
R10 2480 470 210 120 75.2 52.5 38.8 24.8 17.2 12.7 9.7 7.7 6.2 3.8 R10
R11 3730 710 310 180 113 79.0 58.3 37.3 25.9 19.0 14.6 11.5 9.3 5.4 R11
R12 4660 890 390 220 140 98.5 72.7 46.6 32.3 23.8 18.2 14.4 11.6 8.1 R12
R13 5600 1070 470 260 170 120 87.5 56.0 38.9 28.6 21.9 17.3 14.0 9.6 R13
R14 6400 1220 530 300 190 140 99.8 63.9 44.3 32.6 24.9 19.7 16.0 11.1 R14
R15 8700 1650 720 410 260 180 135 86.6 60.1 44.2 33.8 26.7 21.6 13.7 R15
R16 9700 1850 810 460 290 210 152 97.3 67.6 49.7 38.0 30.0 24.3 15.4 R16
R17 11,700 2230 970 550 350 250 180 120 81.2 59.7 45.7 36.1 29.2 19.0 R17
R18 14,100 2680 1170 660 430 300 220 140 97.6 71.7 54.9 43.4 35.2 22.4 R18
R19 15,000 2860 1250 710 450 320 230 150 104 76.6 58.6 46.3 37.5 26.0 R19
R20 17,400 3310 1450 820 530 370 270 170 121 88.6 67.9 53.6 43.4 30.2 R20
R21 21,000 3990 1750 990 640 440 330 210 146 107 81.9 64.7 52.4 36.4 R21
R22 23,100 4400 1920 1090 700 490 360 230 160 118 90.2 71.2 57.7 40.1 R22
R23 26,500 5060 2210 1250 800 560 410 270 184 135 104 81.9 66.4 46.1 R23
R24 30,400 5790 2530 1430 920 640 470 300 211 155 119 93.8 76.0 52.8 R24
R25 39,400 7510 3290 1860 1190 830 620 390 270 201 154 122 98.6 68.5 R25
R26 46,400 8830 3860 2180 1400 980 720 460 320 237 181 143 116 80.5 R26
R27 53,500 10190 4460 2520 1620 1130 840 530 370 273 209 165 134 92.8 R27
R28 60,600 11,540 5050 2850 1840 1280 950 610 420 309 237 187 152 105 R28
R29 65,800 12,530 5480 3100 1990 1390 1030 660 460 336 257 203 165 114 R29
R30 67,500 12,860 5630 3180 2050 1430 1050 680 470 345 264 208 169 117 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 103 11.4 4.7 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 240 26.6 10.9 6.0 3.8 2.3 1.5 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 450 49.8 20.4 11.2 7.1 4.9 3.5 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 650 72.2 29.5 16.2 10.3 7.1 5.2 3.2 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R4
R5 1030 114 46.6 25.6 16.3 11.3 8.3 5.1 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 R5
R6 1330 148 60.6 33.3 21.2 14.7 10.8 6.7 4.6 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.6 R6
R7 1920 210 87.0 47.9 30.4 21.0 15.4 9.6 6.6 4.4 3.0 2.1 1.5 0.9 R7
R8 2560 280 120 64.1 40.7 28.2 20.7 12.8 8.9 6.5 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.4 R8
R9 3590 400 160 89.8 57.0 39.5 29.0 18.0 12.5 9.2 6.8 4.7 3.5 2.0 R9
R10 4410 490 200 110 70.0 48.5 35.6 22.1 15.3 11.3 8.6 6.8 5.5 3.3 R10
R11 6630 740 300 170 105 72.9 53.5 33.2 23.0 16.9 13.0 10.2 8.3 4.8 R11
R12 8280 920 380 210 130 90.9 66.7 41.4 28.7 21.1 16.2 12.8 10.3 7.2 R12
R13 9950 1110 450 250 160 110 80.3 49.8 34.6 25.4 19.4 15.4 12.4 8.5 R13
R14 11,400 1260 520 280 180 120 91.6 56.8 39.4 29.0 22.2 17.5 14.2 9.9 R14
R15 15,400 1710 700 380 240 170 124 76.9 53.4 39.3 30.1 23.7 19.2 12.2 R15
R16 17,300 1920 790 430 270 190 140 86.5 60.1 44.1 33.8 26.7 21.6 13.7 R16
R17 20,800 2310 950 520 330 230 170 100 72.2 53.0 40.6 32.1 26.0 16.8 R17
R18 25,000 2780 1140 620 400 270 200 120 86.8 63.8 48.8 38.6 31.2 19.9 R18
R19 26,700 2960 1210 670 420 290 220 130 92.6 68.0 52.1 41.2 33.3 23.2 R19
R20 30,900 3430 1400 770 490 340 250 150 107 78.8 60.3 47.7 38.6 26.8 R20
R21 37,300 4140 1690 930 590 410 300 190 129 95.1 72.8 57.5 46.6 32.4 R21
R22 41,000 4560 1870 1030 650 450 330 210 143 105 80.2 63.3 51.3 35.6 R22
R23 47,200 5240 2150 1180 750 520 380 240 164 120 92.2 72.8 59.0 41.0 R23
R24 54,000 6000 2460 1350 860 590 440 270 188 138 106 83.4 67.5 46.9 R24
R25 70,100 7790 3190 1750 1110 770 570 350 240 179 137 108 87.6 60.9 R25
R26 82,400 9160 3750 2060 1310 910 660 410 290 210 161 127 103 71.5 R26
R27 95,100 10560 4320 2380 1510 1040 770 480 330 243 186 147 119 82.5 R27
R28 107,700 11,970 4900 2690 1710 1180 870 540 370 275 210 166 135 93.5 R28
R29 117,000 13,000 5320 2920 1860 1290 940 580 410 298 228 181 146 102 R29
R30 120,000 13,340 5460 3000 1910 1320 970 600 420 306 234 185 150 104 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.103

Panel Width, ft
6.104
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 12.3 4.6 2.4 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 400 28.7 10.8 5.7 3.6 2.2 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 760 53.8 20.2 10.8 6.7 4.6 3.2 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 1100 78.0 29.2 15.6 9.7 6.7 4.9 2.9 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 R4
R5 1730 123 46.2 24.6 15.4 10.6 7.7 4.6 2.7 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 R5
R6 2250 160 60.0 32.0 20.0 13.7 10.0 6.0 4.2 2.9 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6 R6
R7 3230 230 86.2 46.0 28.7 19.7 14.4 8.6 6.0 4.0 2.7 1.9 1.4 0.8 R7
R8 4330 310 115 61.6 38.5 26.4 19.2 11.5 8.0 5.9 4.2 2.9 2.1 1.2 R8
R9 6060 430 162 86.2 53.9 36.9 26.9 16.2 11.2 8.2 6.1 4.3 3.1 1.8 R9
R10 7440 530 199 106 66.2 45.4 33.1 19.9 13.8 10.1 7.8 6.1 5.0 3.0 R10
R11 11,200 800 300 159 99.5 68.2 49.8 29.9 20.7 15.2 11.7 9.2 7.5 4.3 R11
R12 14,000 990 370 200 120 90.0 62.1 37.2 25.9 19.0 14.5 11.5 9.3 6.5 R12
R13 16,800 1190 450 240 150 100 74.6 44.8 31.1 22.8 17.5 13.8 11.2 7.7 R13
R14 19,200 1360 510 270 170 120 85.2 51.1 35.5 26.1 20.0 15.8 12.8 8.9 R14
R15 26,000 1850 690 370 230 160 115 69.3 48.1 35.3 27.1 21.4 17.3 10.9 R15
R16 29,200 2080 780 420 260 180 130 77.9 54.1 39.7 30.4 24.0 19.5 12.3 R16
R17 35,100 2500 940 500 310 210 156 93.6 65.0 47.7 36.5 28.9 23.4 15.2 R17
R18 42,200 3000 1120 600 370 260 188 113 78.1 57.4 43.9 34.7 28.1 17.9 R18
R19 45,000 3200 1200 640 400 270 200 120 83.4 61.2 46.9 37.0 30.0 20.8 R19
R20 52,100 3710 1390 740 460 320 230 140 96.5 70.9 54.3 42.9 34.7 24.1 R20
R21 62,900 4470 1680 890 560 380 280 170 117 85.6 65.5 51.8 41.9 29.1 R21
R22 69,300 4920 1850 980 620 420 310 180 128 94.2 72.1 57.0 46.2 32.1 R22
R23 79,600 5660 2120 1130 710 490 350 210 148 108 83.0 65.5 53.1 36.9 R23
R24 91,200 6480 2430 1300 810 560 410 240 169 124 95.0 75.0 60.8 42.2 R24
R25 118,000 8410 3150 1680 1050 720 530 320 220 161 123 97.4 78.9 54.8 R25
R26 139,000 9890 3710 1980 1240 850 620 370 260 190 145 115 92.7 64.4 R26
R27 160,000 11400 4280 2280 1430 980 710 430 300 220 167 132 107.0 74.3 R27
R28 182,000 12,900 4850 2590 1620 1110 810 480 340 250 189 150 121 84.2 R28
R29 197,000 14,000 5260 2810 1750 1200 880 530 370 270 206 162 132 91.4 R29
R30 203,000 14,400 5400 2880 1800 1230 900 540 380 280 211 167 135 93.8 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 17.1 4.8 2.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 400 39.9 11.2 5.5 3.3 2.0 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 760 74.7 21.0 10.3 6.2 4.2 2.9 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 1100 108 30.5 15.0 9.0 6.1 4.4 2.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R4
R5 1730 171 48.1 23.7 14.2 9.6 6.9 4.0 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 R5
R6 2250 222 62.5 30.8 18.5 12.4 8.9 5.3 3.5 2.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 R6
R7 3230 320 89.8 44.2 26.6 17.8 12.8 7.6 5.0 3.3 2.2 1.6 1.1 0.7 R7
R8 4330 430 120 59.2 35.6 23.9 17.2 10.1 6.7 4.9 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.0 R8
R9 6060 600 168 82.9 49.9 33.5 24.0 14.2 9.4 6.9 5.1 3.6 2.6 1.5 R9
R10 7440 740 207 102 61.3 41.1 29.5 17.4 11.5 8.4 6.5 5.1 4.1 2.5 R10
R11 11,200 1110 310 153 92.1 61.8 44.4 26.2 17.3 12.7 9.7 7.7 6.2 3.6 R11
R12 14,000 1380 390 190 110 80.0 55.4 32.7 21.6 15.8 12.1 9.6 7.8 5.4 R12
R13 16,800 1660 470 230 140 90 66.6 39.3 25.9 19.0 14.6 11.5 9.3 6.4 R13
R14 19,200 1890 530 260 160 110 76.0 44.8 29.6 21.7 16.6 13.1 10.6 7.4 R14
R15 26,000 2560 720 360 210 140 103 60.7 40.1 29.4 22.5 17.8 14.4 9.1 R15
R16 29,200 2880 810 400 240 160 116 68.3 45.1 33.1 25.3 20.0 16.2 10.3 R16
R17 35,100 3470 970 480 290 190 139 82.1 54.1 39.8 30.5 24.1 19.5 12.6 R17
R18 42,200 4170 1170 580 350 230 167 99 65.1 47.8 36.6 28.9 23.4 14.9 R18
R19 45,000 4450 1250 620 370 250 180 110 69.5 51.0 39.1 30.9 25.0 17.4 R19
R20 52,100 5150 1450 710 430 290 210 120 80.4 59.1 45.2 35.7 29.0 20.1 R20
R21 62,900 6210 1750 860 520 350 250 150 97 71.3 54.6 43.1 34.9 24.3 R21
R22 69,300 6840 1920 950 570 380 270 160 107 78.5 60.1 47.5 38.5 26.7 R22
R23 79,600 7870 2210 1090 660 440 320 190 123 90 69.1 54.6 44.2 30.7 R23
R24 91,200 9010 2530 1250 750 500 360 210 141 103 79.1 62.5 50.7 35.2 R24
R25 118,000 11,680 3290 1620 970 650 470 280 180 134 103 81.1 65.7 45.6 R25
R26 139,000 13,740 3860 1900 1140 770 550 330 210 160 121 95 77.3 53.7 R26
R27 160,000 15,800 4460 2190 1320 890 640 380 250 180 139 110 89.1 61.9 R27
R28 182,000 18,000 5050 2490 1500 1000 720 430 280 210 158 125 101 70.1 R28
R29 197,000 19,500 5480 2700 1620 1090 780 460 300 220 171 135 110 76.1 R29
R30 203,000 20,000 5630 2770 1670 1120 800 470 310 230 176 139 113 78.1 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.105

Panel Width, ft
6.106
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 51.3 6.2 2.4 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 400 120 14.4 5.7 3.2 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 760 220 26.9 10.8 6.0 3.8 2.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 1100 320 39.0 15.6 8.7 5.6 3.9 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.1 R4
R5 1730 510 61.6 24.6 13.7 8.8 6.2 3.5 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 R5
R6 2250 670 80.0 32.0 17.8 11.4 8.0 4.6 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 R6
R7 3230 960 115 46.0 25.5 16.4 11.5 6.6 4.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R7
R8 4330 1280 154 61.6 34.2 22.0 15.4 8.8 5.7 4.0 2.8 2.0 1.4 0.8 R8
R9 6060 1800 215 86.2 47.9 30.8 21.5 12.3 8.0 5.6 4.1 2.8 2.1 1.2 R9
R10 7440 2210 260 106 58.8 37.8 26.5 15.1 9.8 6.9 5.2 4.1 3.3 2.0 R10
R11 11,200 3320 400 159 88.5 56.9 39.8 22.7 14.7 10.3 7.8 6.1 5.0 2.9 R11
R12 14,000 4140 500 200 110 70.0 49.7 28.4 18.4 12.9 9.7 7.7 6.2 4.3 R12
R13 16,800 4980 600 240 130 90.0 59.7 34.1 22.1 15.5 11.7 9.2 7.5 5.1 R13
R14 19,200 5680 680 270 150 100 68.1 38.9 25.2 17.7 13.3 10.5 8.5 5.9 R14
R15 26,000 7690 920 370 210 130 92.3 52.8 34.2 24.0 18.0 14.2 11.5 7.3 R15
R16 29,200 8650 1040 420 230 150 104 59.3 38.5 27.0 20.3 16.0 13.0 8.2 R16
R17 35,100 10,400 1250 500 280 180 125 71.3 46.2 32.4 24.4 19.3 15.6 10.1 R17
R18 42,200 12,500 1500 600 330 210 150 85.7 55.6 39.0 29.3 23.1 18.7 11.9 R18
R19 45,000 13,300 1600 640 360 230 160 90.0 59.3 41.6 31.3 24.7 20.0 13.9 R19
R20 52,100 15,400 1850 740 410 260 190 110 68.6 48.1 36.2 28.6 23.2 16.1 R20
R21 62,900 18,600 2240 890 500 320 220 130 82.8 58.1 43.7 34.5 28.0 19.4 R21
R22 69,300 20,500 2460 980 550 350 250 140 91.2 64.0 48.1 38.0 30.8 21.4 R22
R23 79,600 23,600 2830 1130 630 400 280 160 105 73.5 55.3 43.7 35.4 24.6 R23
R24 91,200 27,000 3240 1300 720 460 320 190 120 84.2 63.3 50.0 40.5 28.1 R24
R25 118,000 35,050 4210 1680 930 600 420 240 160 109 82.2 64.9 52.6 36.5 R25
R26 139,000 41,200 4940 1980 1100 710 490 280 180 130 96.6 76.3 61.8 42.9 R26
R27 160,000 47,500 5700 2280 1270 810 570 330 210 150 111.4 88.0 71.3 49.5 R27
R28 182,000 53,900 6460 2590 1440 920 650 370 240 170 126 100 80.8 56.1 R28
R29 197,000 58,500 7020 2810 1560 1000 700 400 260 180 137 108 87.7 60.9 R29
R30 203,000 60,000 7200 2880 1600 1030 720 410 270 190 141 111 90.0 62.5 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 51.3 21.6 3.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 400 120 50.5 8.6 3.6 1.8 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 760 220 94.5 16.1 6.7 3.8 2.4 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 1100 320 137 23.4 9.7 5.6 3.7 1.9 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 1730 510 220 36.9 15.4 8.8 5.8 3.1 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R5
R6 2250 670 280 48.0 20.0 11.4 7.5 4.0 2.5 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R6
R7 3230 960 400 68.9 28.7 16.4 10.8 5.7 3.6 2.2 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R7
R8 4330 1280 540 92.3 38.5 22.0 14.4 7.7 4.8 3.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.6 R8
R9 6060 1800 760 129 53.9 30.8 20.2 10.8 6.7 4.6 3.2 2.2 1.6 0.9 R9
R10 7440 2210 930 159 66.2 37.8 24.8 13.2 8.3 5.7 4.1 3.2 2.5 1.5 R10
R11 11,200 3320 1400 240 99.5 56.9 37.3 19.9 12.4 8.5 6.2 4.7 3.7 2.2 R11
R12 14,000 4140 1750 300 120 70.0 46.6 24.8 15.5 10.6 7.8 5.9 4.7 3.2 R12
R13 16,800 4980 2100 360 150 90.0 56.0 29.9 18.7 12.8 9.3 7.1 5.6 3.8 R13
R14 19,200 5680 2390 410 170 100 63.9 34.1 21.3 14.6 10.6 8.1 6.4 4.4 R14
R15 26,000 7690 3250 550 230 130 86.6 46.2 28.9 19.8 14.4 11.0 8.7 5.5 R15
R16 29,200 8650 3650 620 260 150 97 51.9 32.4 22.2 16.2 12.4 9.7 6.2 R16
R17 35,100 10,400 4390 750 310 180 117 62.4 39.0 26.7 19.5 14.9 11.7 7.6 R17
R18 42,200 12,500 5270 900 370 210 141 75.0 46.9 32.1 23.4 17.9 14.1 9.0 R18
R19 45,000 13,300 5630 960 400 230 150 80.0 50.0 34.3 25.0 19.1 15.0 10.4 R19
R20 52,100 15,400 6510 1110 460 260 170 90.0 57.9 39.7 29.0 22.1 17.4 12.1 R20
R21 62,900 18,600 7860 1340 560 320 210 110 69.9 47.9 34.9 26.6 21.0 14.6 R21
R22 69,300 20,500 8660 1480 620 350 230 120 76.9 52.8 38.5 29.3 23.1 16.0 R22
R23 79,600 23,600 9950 1700 710 400 270 140 88.5 60.7 44.2 33.7 26.5 18.4 R23
R24 91,200 27,000 11,400 1950 810 460 300 160 101 69.5 50.7 38.6 30.4 21.1 R24
R25 118,000 35,050 14,800 2520 1050 600 390 210 130 90.1 65.7 50.1 39.4 27.4 R25
R26 139,000 41,200 17,400 2970 1240 710 460 250 150 110 77.3 58.9 46.4 32.2 R26
R27 160,000 47,500 20,100 3420 1430 810 530 290 180 120 89.1 67.9 53.5 37.1 R27
R28 182,000 53,900 22,700 3880 1620 920 610 320 200 140 101 76.9 60.6 42.1 R28
R29 197,000 58,500 24,700 4210 1750 1000 660 350 220 150 110 83.5 65.8 45.7 R29
R30 203,000 60,000 25,300 4320 1800 1030 680 360 230 150 113 85.7 67.5 46.9 R30
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1000 1050
f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.52
NOTES:

6.107


Allowable Compressive Loads in Pounds
Pipe Dia., in. 1_w 3_v 1 11_v 11_x 2 21_x 3 31_x
Wall
0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226
Thickness, in.
Weight, lb/ft 0.851 1.131 1.679 2.273 2.718 3.653 5.793 7.576 9.109
Fy, ksi 36,000
1.0 4680 6400 9900 13,000 16,000 22,000 35,000 47,000 56,000
1.5 4150 5900 9300 13,000 16,000 21,000 35,000 46,000 56,000
2.0 3520 5400 8700 12,000 15,000 21,000 34,000 45,000 55,000
t, fft
3.0 2000 4010 7300 11,000 14,000 20,000 32,000 44,000 54,000
eight,
4.0 1120 2440 5500 9600 12,000 18,000 31,000 42,000 52,000
nHHeigh
5.0 1560 3680 7700 10,000 17,000 29,000 40,000 50,000
umn
6.0 2550 5700 8800 15,000 27,000 38,000 48,000
olumn
Colu
7.0 1870 4180 6600 13,000 24,000 36,000 46,000
ed C
8.0 3200 5100 10,000 22,000 33,000 43,000
raced
9.0 4030 8600 19,000 31,000 41,000
10.0 3260 7000 16,000 28,000 38,000
Unbrac
Unb
See Note a.
11.0 5800 13,000 25,000 35,000
12.0 4870 11,000 22,000 32,000
Properties
Area A, in.2 0.250 0.332 0.494 0.668 0.799 1.074 1.703 2.227 2.678
I , in.4 0.017 0.037 0.087 0.194 0.309 0.665 1.527 3.012 4.779
r , in. 0.261 0.334 0.421 0.540 0.623 0.787 0.947 1.164 1.337
Internal Pipe Support Load Reduction Factors Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650
h f 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73
h e 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90
Table 6C Internal Carbon Steel Pipe SupportAllowable Load Table

NOTES:

a. Selections in blank area of the table have a K l/r > 200 and are not generally recommended for internal duct supports.
b. Maximum column loading is assumed to be concentric with the columns center of gravity; the effective column length factor (K = 1.0) represents typical end
conditions for duct support applications.
c. Apply yield strength reduction factor ( f ) to table values above heavy line, and Modulus reduction factor ( e ) to values below the heavy line.
d. Pipe is assumed to be Standard Sch 40 pipe in ASTM A53 Gr. B, Types S or E, or ASTM A501 Structural Pipe.
6.109
Stiffener S I Stiffener Stiffener Weight,
Type (Min) (Min) Size Description lb/ft S, in.3 I, in.4
R1 0.031 0.022 1 1 1_, Angle 0.80 0.031 0.022
1 1 3_zn Angle 1.16 0.044 0.030
1 1 1_v Angle 1.49 0.056 0.037
1 3_, 1_, Channel 0.68 0.048 0.024
1 1_x 1_, Channel 0.82 0.063 0.031
1 1_v Bar 0.85 0.042 0.021
1 5_zn Bar 1.06 0.052 0.026
STRUCTURAL GR CS 36 ksi
1 3_, Bar 1.28 0.062 0.031

R2 0.072 0.060 11_x 11_x 1_, Angle 1.23 0.072 0.078
13_v 13_v 1_, Angle 1.44 0.099 0.126
Table 6D Stiffener Data
11_x 11_x 3_zn Angle 1.80 0.104 0.110

11_v 1_x 1_, Channel 1.01 0.096 0.060
R3 0.131 0.139 11_x 11_x 1_v Angle 2.34 0.134 0.139
2 2 1_, Angle 1.65 0.131 0.190
2 1_v Bar 1.70 0.167 0.167
R4 0.190 0.272 2 2 3_zn Angle 2.44 0.190 0.272
2 2 1_v Angle 3.19 0.247 0.348
R5 0.300 0.416 2 2 5_zn Angle 3.92 0.300 0.416
2 2 3_, Angle 4.70 0.351 0.479
21_x 21_x 3_zn Angle 3.07 0.303 0.547
3 1_v Bar 2.55 0.375 0.563
R6 0.394 0.703 21_x 21_x 5_zn Angle 5.00 0.482 0.849
21_x 21_x 1_v Angle 4.10 0.394 0.703
3 3 3_zn Angle 3.71 0.441 0.962
3 5_zn Bar 3.19 0.469 0.703
3 3_, Bar 3.83 0.563 0.844
R7 0.566 0.984 21_x 21_x 1_x Angle 7.70 0.724 1.230
21_x 21_x 3_v Angle 5.90 0.566 0.984
3 3 1_v Angle 4.90 0.577 1.240
3 3 5_zn Angle 6.10 0.707 1.510
4 1_v Bar 3.40 0.667 1.330
R8 0.755 1.530 3 2 3_, Angle 5.90 0.781 1.530
3 21_x 3_, Angle 6.60 0.810 1.660
31_x 21_x 1_v Angle 4.90 0.755 1.800
31_x 21_x 5_zn Angle 6.10 0.927 2.190
31_x 3 1_v Angle 5.40 0.776 1.910
31_x 3 5_zn Angle 6.60 0.954 2.330
4 3 1_v Angle 5.80 1.000 2.770
4 31_x 1_v Angle 6.20 1.030 2.910
3 3 3_v Angle 7.20 0.833 1.760
31_x 31_x 1_v Angle 5.80 0.794 2.010
31_x 31_x 5_zn Angle 7.20 0.976 2.450
4 3_, Bar 5.10 1.000 2.000
R9 1.050 2.220 4 4 1_v Angle 6.60 1.050 3.040
3 3 1_x Angle 9.40 1.070 2.220
31_x 21_x 3_, Angle 7.20 1.090 2.560
31_x 3 3_, Angle 7.90 1.130 2.720
31_x 31_x 3_, Angle 8.50 1.150 2.870
4 3 5_zn Angle 7.20 1.230 3.380
4 31_x 5_zn Angle 7.70 1.260 3.560
4 1_x Bar 6.80 1.334 2.667

R10 1.290 3.710 4 4 5_zn Angle 8.20 1.290 3.710
4 3 3_, Angle 8.50 1.460 3.960
4 31_x 3_, Angle 9.10 1.490 4.180
5 3 1_v Angle 6.60 1.530 5.110
4 4 3_, Angle 9.80 1.520 4.360
4 3 1_x Angle 11.10 1.890 5.050
5 3 5_zn Angle 8.20 1.890 6.260
C4 Channel 5.40 1.930 3.850
R11 1.940 5.320 4 31_x 1_x Angle 11.90 1.940 5.320

5 31_x 5_zn Angle 8.70 1.940 6.600
4 4 1_x Angle 12.80 1.970 5.560
5 3 3_, Angle 9.80 2.240 7.370
5 31_x 3_, Angle 10.40 2.290 7.780
5 5 5_zn Angle 10.30 2.040 7.420
C5 Channel 6.70 3.000 7.490
S4 Beam 7.70 3.040 6.080
5 3_v Bar 12.80 3.125 7.813
R12 2.420 8.740 5 5 3_, Angle 12.30 2.420 8.740
6 31_x 5_zn Angle 9.80 2.730 10.900
6 1_x Bar 10.20 2.625 9.000
C5 Channel 9.00 3.560 8.900
R13 2.910 9.450 5 3 1_x Angle 12.80 2.910 9.450
5 31_x 1_x Angle 13.60 2.990 9.990
5 5 1_x Angle 16.20 3.160 11.300
6 31_x 3_, Angle 11.70 3.240 12.900
51 Bar 5.00 4.168 10.420
R14 3.320 13.100 6 4 3_, Angle 12.30 3.320 13.500
6 4 1_x Angle 16.20 4.330 17.400
6 6 3_, Angle 14.90 3.530 15.400
C6 Channel 8.20 4.380 13.100
R15 4.500 13.500 6 6 1_x Angle 19.60 4.610 19.900
6 3_v Bar 15.30 4.500 13.500
M8 Beam 6.50 4.620 18.500
R16 5.060 15.200 61 Bar 20.40 6.000 18.000
C6 Channel 10.50 5.060 15.200
C6 Channel 13.00 5.800 17.400
R17 6.080 18.700 MC6 Channel 12.00 6.240 18.700
C7 Channel 9.80 6.080 21.300
C7 Channel 12.20 6.930 24.200
R18 7.310 22.100 W6 Wide Flange 12.00 7.310 22.100
8 4 1_x Angle 19.60 7.490 38.500
86 Angle 23.00 8.020 44.300
C7 Channel 14.75 7.780 27.200
S6 Beam 12.50 7.370 22.100
R19 7.800 30.800 C8 Channel 11.50 8.140 32.600
S7 Beam 20.00 12.100 42.400
S7 Beam 15.30 10.500 36.700
W8 Wide Flange 10.00 7.800 30.800
Table 6D Stiffener Data (continued)

Stiffener S I Stiffener Stiffener
Type (Min) (Min) Size Description Weight, lb/ft S, in.3 I, in.4
R20 9.0 36.1 C8 Channel 13.75 9.030 36.100
C8 Channel 18.75 11.000 44.000
C9 Channel 13.40 10.600 47.900
W8 Wide Flange 13.00 9.900 39.600
R21 10.9 48.1 C9 Channel 15.00 11.300 51.000
W8 Wide Flange 15.00 11.800 48.100
W10 Wide Flange 12.00 10.900 53.800
R22 12.0 57.6 M12 Wide Flange 11.80 12.000 71.900

S8 Beam 18.40 14.400 57.600
R23 13.8 68.9 W10 Wide Flange 15.00 13.800 68.900

W8 Wide Flange 20.00 17.000 69.400
R24 15.8 78.9 C10 Channel 20.00 15.800 78.900
C10 Channel 25.00 18.200 91.200
W8 Wide Flange 24.00 20.800 82.500
W8 Wide Flange 28.00 24.300 97.800
W10 Wide Flange 17.00 16.200 81.900
W10 Wide Flange 19.00 18.800 96.300
R25 20.5 103.0 MC10 Channel 22.00 20.500 103.000
MC10 Channel 25.00 22.000 110.000
MC10 Channel 28.50 25.300 127.000
C10 Channel 30.00 20.700 103.000
C12 Channel 20.70 21.500 129.000
W10 Wide Flange 22.00 23.200 118.000
S10 Beam 25.40 24.700 124.000
R26a 24.1 139.0 C12 Channel 25.00 24.100 144.000
C12 Channel 30.00 27.000 162.000
W10 Wide Flange 26.00 27.900 144.000
W12 Wide Flange 22.00 25.400 156.000
MC10 Channel 33.60 27.800 139.000
S10 Beam 35.00 29.400 147.000
R28 31.5 158.0 MCI0 Channel 41.10 31.500 158.000
MC12 Channel 31.00 33.800 203.000
MC12 Channel 35.00 36.100 216.000
W10 Wide Flange 30.00 32.400 170.000
WI0 Wide Flange 33.00 35.000 170.000
R29 34.2 204.0 W12 Wide Flange 27.00 34.200 204.000
R30 35.1 244.0 W14 Wide Flange 26.00 35.100 244.000
NOTE:
a. The reinforcement members listed under R27 in the First Edition have been combined with those listed under
R26 for practical reasons, and the R27 designation has been eliminated.


Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Duct Height Support
h, ft Spacing L, ft
10.0 200 260 320 450 520 580 800 1060 1300 1530 1950
12.0 140 180 220 310 360 400 560 730 900 1060 1350
15.0 90 110 140 200 230 260 360 470 580 680 870
10
1.0 20.0 51 64 80 110 130 150 200 260 320 380 490
25.0 33 41 51 72 80 90 130 170 210 240 310
30.0 23 28 35 50 57 65 90 120 140 170 220
10.0 320 400 510 720 820 930 1280 1690 2080 2460 3150
12.0 220 280 350 500 570 640 890 1170 1450 1710 2190
15.0 140 180 220 320 370 410 570 750 920 1090 1400
15
1.5 20.0 80 100 130 180 210 230 320 420 520 610 790
25.0 52 65 80 110 130 150 200 270 330 390 500
30.0 36 45 56 79 90 100 140 190 230 270 350
10.0 440 550 690 980 1130 1270 1760 2330 2870 3400 4370
12.0 310 380 480 680 780 880 1220 1620 1990 2360 3030
15.0 200 250 310 440 500 570 780 1030 1280 1510 1940
20
2.0 20.0 110 140 170 250 280 320 440 580 720 850 1090
25.0 71 90 110 160 180 200 280 370 460 540 700
30.0 49 62 77 110 130 140 200 260 320 380 490
10.0 560 710 880 1250 1440 1620 2240 2970 3660 4340 5590
12.0 390 490 610 870 1000 1130 1550 2060 2540 3010 3880
15.0 250 310 390 560 640 720 990 1320 1630 1930 2480
30
3.0 20.0 140 180 220 310 360 410 560 740 920 1080 1400
ALL CARBON & COATED STEELS
25.0 90 110 140 200 230 260 360 470 590 690 890
30.0 60 80 100 140 160 180 250 330 410 480 620
Table 6E Max. Allowable Duct
10.0 680 860 1070 1520 1740 1970 2720 3610 4450 5280 6810
12.0 470 590 740 1050 1210 1370 1890 2500 3090 3660 4730
15.0 300 380 480 670 780 870 1210 1600 1980 2340 3020
35
3.5 20.0 170 210 270 380 440 490 680 900 1110 1320 1700
Load vs. Support Span
25.0 110 140 170 240 280 310 440 580 710 840 1090
30.0 80 100 120 170 190 220 300 400 490 590 760
10.0 800 1010 1260 1780 2050 2320 3200 4250 5250 6220 8030
12.0 560 700 880 1240 1430 1610 2220 2950 3640 4320 5570
15.0 360 450 560 790 910 1030 1420 1890 2330 2760 3570
35
3.5 20.0 200 250 320 450 510 580 800 1060 1310 1550 2010
25.0 130 160 200 290 330 370 510 680 840 990 1280
30.0 90 110 140 200 230 260 360 470 580 690 890
10.0 920 1160 1450 2050 2360 2660 3680 4890 6040 7160 9250
12.0 640 800 1010 1430 1640 1850 2560 3390 4190 4970 6420
15.0 410 510 640 910 1050 1180 1640 2170 2680 3180 4110
40
4.0 20.0 230 290 360 510 590 670 920 1220 1510 1790 2310
25.0 150 190 230 330 380 430 590 780 970 1150 1480
30.0 100 130 160 230 260 300 410 540 670 800 1030
10.0 1160 1460 1830 2590 2980 3360 4650 6170 7620 9040 11690
12.0 810 1010 1270 1800 2070 2330 3230 4280 5290 6280 8120
15.0 520 650 810 1150 1320 1490 2060 2740 3390 4020 5200
50
5.0 20.0 290 360 460 650 740 840 1160 1540 1910 2260 2920
25.0 190 230 290 410 480 540 740 990 1220 1450 1870
30.0 130 160 200 290 330 370 520 690 850 1000 1300
10.0 1400 1760 2210 3120 3590 4060 5610 7450 9210 10930 14130
12.0 980 1220 1530 2170 2500 2820 3900 5180 6400 7590 9810
15.0 620 780 980 1390 1600 1800 2490 3310 4090 4860 6280
60
6.0 20.0 350 440 550 780 900 1010 1400 1860 2300 2730 3530
25.0 220 280 350 500 570 650 900 1190 1470 1750 2260
30.0 160 200 250 350 400 450 620 830 1020 1210 1570
Yield Strength Reduction Factor for Carbon and Coated Steels
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1050
hf 1.00 0.91 0.89 0.86 0.81 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.32
Table 6E Maximum Allowable Duct Load as a Function of Support Span

NOTES:
a. Table lists maximum allowable duct loads in pounds per linear foot of duct, as a function of duct gage and support spacing.
b. While the maximum allowable duct loads listed above are intended for systems operating at ambient temperatures they may be adjusted for higher tempera-
tures by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value of (hf ) up to 400 Deg. F for galvanized steel and 1050 Deg. F for aluminized steel.
c. The table values are based on the strength characteristics of commercial grade carbon steel, for structural grade carbon steel with a yield strength of 36 ksi
multiply table values by 1.125; for high strength steel with yield strength of 50 ksi multiply table values by 1.56.

Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Duct Height h, ft ISM Data
I 20.7 25.8 32.3 45.6 52.4 59.1 81.2 107.1 131.4 154.8 197.4
1.0 S 3.4 4.3 5.4 7.6 8.7 9.8 13.5 17.8 21.9 25.8 32.9
M 2040 2550 3190 4510 5170 5830 8020 10,570 12,980 15,290 19,490
I 49.0 61.4 76.9 108.7 124.9 140.8 194.1 256.8 316.1 373.5 479.1
1.5 S 5.4 6.8 8.5 12.1 13.9 15.6 21.6 28.5 35.1 41.5 53.2
M 3230 4040 5060 7150 8220 9270 12,780 16,900 20,810 24,590 31,540
I 89.6 112.3 140.6 198.8 228.6 257.9 355.9 471.4 581.1 687.7 884.6
2.0 S 7.5 9.4 11.7 16.6 19.0 21.5 29.7 39.3 48.4 57.3 73.7
M 4430 5540 6940 9820 11,290 12,730 17,570 23,280 28,690 33,950 43,680
I 142.4 178.4 223.5 316.1 363.5 410.2 566.5 751.1 926.6 1097.4 1414.0
2.5 S 9.5 11.9 14.9 21.1 24.2 27.3 37.8 50.1 61.8 73.2 94.3
M 5620 7050 8830 12,490 14,360 16,200 22,380 29,670 36,600 43,350 55,850
I 207.4 259.8 325.6 460.6 529.8 597.8 826.0 1095.7 1352.5 1602.7 2067.2
3.0 S 11.5 14.4 18.1 25.6 29.4 33.2 45.9 60.9 75.1 89.0 114.8
M 6830 8550 10,720 15,160 17,440 19,680 27,190 36,070 44,520 52,760 68,050
I 284.5 356.5 446.8 632.2 727.2 820.7 1134.3 1505.3 1858.8 2203.5 2844.3
3.5 S 13.5 17.0 21.3 30.1 34.6 39.1 54.0 71.7 88.5 104.9 135.4

M 8030 10,060 12,610 17,840 20,520 23,160 32,000 42,470 52,450 62,170 80,250
Table 6F Max. Allowable Duct

I 373.9 468.5 587.2 831.0 955.9 1078.9 1491.5 1979.8 2445.5 2899.8 3745.1
4.0 S 15.6 19.5 24.5 34.6 39.8 45.0 62.1 82.5 101.9 120.8 156.0
M 9230 11,570 14,500 20,520 23,600 26,630 36,820 48,880 60,370 71,590 92,460

I 589.2 738.4 925.5 1310.0 1507.0 1701.0 2352.4 3123.9 3860.2 4579.1 5918.4
5.0 S 19.6 24.6 30.9 43.7 50.2 56.7 78.4 104.1 128.7 152.6 197.3
M 11,640 14,580 18,280 25,870 29,760 33,600 46,460 61,700 76,240 90,440 116,890
I 853.3 1069.4 1340.5 1897.6 2183.1 2464.3 3408.7 4527.8 5596.5 6640.4 8587.0
6.0 S 23.7 29.7 37.2 52.7 60.6 68.5 94.7 125.8 155.5 184.5 238.5
M 14,040 17,600 22,060 31,230 35,930 40,560 56,100 74,520 92,110 109,290 141,330
Table 6F Section Properties and Bending Moment Capacity of Duct
NOTES:
a. Row heading (I) represents the duct section moment of inertia in in.4, (S) represents Duct section modulus
in in.3, and (M) represents the bending moment capacity of the duct section in foot pounds.
b. The bending moment capacity (M) values are based on the strength characteristics of commercial grade car-
bon steel, for structural grade carbon steel with a yield strength of 36 ksi multiply table values by 1.125, and
by 1.56 for highstrength steels with a yield strength of 50 ksi.

Duct Min. Flange Height, in. Nominal Bolt Sizes, in.
Gage t, in. Pos. Pres. Neg. Pres. 3_i 1_w 5_i 3_r 7_i
18 0.043 1 1 10.0
16 0.054 1 1 8.0 12.0
14 0.068 1 11_r 6.0 12.0
12 0.097 1 11_w 5.0 8.0 12.0
11 0.112 11_r 13_r 4.0 8.0 12.0
10 0.127 13_i 2 4.0 6.0 10.0
3_qy 0.178 2 21_w 3.0 4.0 8.0 10.0
1_r 0.240 3 31_w 3.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
5_qy 0.302 31_w 5 4.0 6.0 8.0
3_i 0.365 4 6 4.0 6.0 8.0
1_w 0.490 5 7 3.0 4.0 6.0
Table 6G1 Min. Flange Height and Maximum Bolt Spacing for Bolted Flanges
h
f
h h a
f f
a a
Flange Height, hf, in. 1 11_r 13_i 1_w 13_r 2 21_w 3 31_w 4 5 6 7
Bolt Hole Gage, a, in. 5_i 3_r 7_i 7_i 1 11_i 13_i 13_r 2 21_w 3 31_w 4
Table 6G2 Maximum Bolt Hole Gage for Bolted Flange Connections
Min. Flange Height & Bolting
TABLES 6G1 & G2
For Connecting Flanges

For Stiffener Spacing (l vW) For Stiffener Spacing (l uW)
Duct Aspect
Duct Width 36 t Wv 60 t Wv 108tWv Duct Width 36 t Wv 60 t Wv
Ratio, h/W
v 36 in. 60 in. 108 in. 144 in. v 36 in. 60 in. 108 in.
h/Wt1_e 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6
1_eth/W v0.40 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.9
0.40th/W v0.50 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.6 2.2
0.50th/W v 2_e 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.9
2_eth/W v0.80 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.5 2.5 4.3
0.80th/W v1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.5 3.4 6.5
Table 6H1.a Load Ratio Alpha (a) vs. Duct Aspect Ratio
and Stiffener Spacing
a. In computing the total support load to be used in Tables 6H1 for assessing the possibility of localized side
wall buckling, the loads contributed by the top panel are to be multiplied by the Load Ratio Factor (a) before
summing with the loads contributed by the bottom and side panels, which are to be used without modification.
b. To select a value for (a), first compute the aspect ratio (duct height over duct width) for the duct under consid-
eration. Then, select the section of the table corresponding to ducts having a stiffener spacing ( v W) or
( u W). Finally, the value of (a) is found at the intersection of the aspect ratio (row), and the duct width
(column).
c. Notice that there are no (a) values for an aspect ratio greater than 1.0, the reason is that the value of (a) in-
creases exponentially for (hW u 1.0). This suggests that such ducts when subjected to high snow, ice or
particulate accumulation are very susceptible to localized buckling at trapeze type supports. Therefore, high
aspect ratio duct configurations and trapeze type supports should be avoided under the high loading condi-
tions listed above.
d. Exception: horizontal support members that are an extension of a flanged joint or bottom panel reinforcement
and are integrally welded to the side wall stiffeners, forming a complete frame around the entire duct cross
section are not subject to the localized type of buckling affecting unattached trapeze type supports located
at intermediate points between side wall stiffeners. Duct systems using this type of support are checked for
global type of buckling instead of localized buckling, see Table 6H2.
Table 6H1.a Load Ratio Alpha vs.

Duct Aspect Ratio

Table 6H1 Max. Shear Loads

Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Localized Buckling
Duct Height Stiffener

Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb Fvc, lb
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 510 1010 2000 5800 9000 13,100 36,100 89,300 178,000 314,000 760,000
1.0 2.0 460 910 1810 5300 8100 11,800 32,600 80,600 161,000 284,000 686,000
Unstiffened 410 820 1640 4760 7300 10,700 29,600 73,100 146,000 257,000 622,000
1.0 270 530 1050 3050 4700 6800 18,900 46,700 93,100 164,000 398,000
2.0 250 500 1000 2890 4460 6500 17,900 44,400 88,400 156,000 377,000
2.0 3.0 240 470 950 2750 4240 6200 17,000 42,100 83,900 148,000 359,000
4.0 230 450 900 2610 4030 5900 16,200 40,000 79,800 141,000 341,000
Unstiffened 210 410 810 2370 3650 5300 14,700 36,300 72,300 128,000 309,000
1.5 180 350 700 2030 3130 4560 12,600 31,100 62,000 109,000 265,000
2.0 170 340 690 1990 3070 4480 12,400 30,600 60,900 108,000 260,000
3.0 170 330 660 1930 2970 4320 11,900 29,500 58,800 104,000 251,000
3.0 4.0 160 320 640 1860 2870 4180 11,500 28,500 56,900 100,000 243,000
5.0 160 310 620 1800 2770 4040 11,200 27,600 55,000 97,000 235,000
6.0 150 300 600 1740 2680 3910 10,800 26,700 53,100 93,800 227,000
Unstiffened 140 270 540 1580 2430 3540 9800 24,200 48,200 85,000 206,000
2.0 130 260 520 1520 2350 3420 9400 23,300 46,500 82,100 199,000
3.0 130 260 510 1480 2280 3330 9200 22,700 45,300 79,900 193,000
4.0 130 250 500 1440 2230 3240 9000 22,100 44,100 77,900 188,000
5.0 120 240 480 1410 2170 3160 8700 21,600 43,000 75,900 184,000
40
4.0 6.0 120 240 470 1370 2110 3080 8500 21,000 41,900 74,000 179,000
7.0 120 230 460 1340 2060 3000 8300 20,500 40,800 72,100 174,000
10.0 110 210 430 1240 1910 2790 7700 19,000 37,900 66,900 162,000
Unstiffened 100 200 410 1180 1820 2650 7300 18,100 36,100 63,800 154,000
2.0 110 210 420 1230 1900 2760 7600 18,900 37,600 66,300 160,000
3.0 100 210 410 1200 1860 2700 7500 18,500 36,800 65,000 157,000
4.0 100 200 410 1180 1820 2650 7300 18,100 36,000 63,600 154,000
5.0 100 200 400 1150 1780 2590 7200 17,700 35,300 62,300 151,000
50
5.0 6.0 100 200 390 1130 1740 2540 7000 17,300 34,600 61,000 148,000
7.0 100 190 380 1110 1710 2490 6900 17,000 33,900 59,800 145,000
10.0 90 180 360 1040 1610 2340 6500 16,000 31,900 56,300 136,000
Unstiffened 80 160 330 950 1460 2120 5900 14,500 28,900 51,000 123,000
2.0 90 180 360 1030 1590 2320 6400 15,800 31,500 55,700 135,000
3.0 90 180 350 1010 1560 2280 6300 15,500 31,000 54,700 132,000
4.0 90 170 340 1000 1540 2240 6200 15,300 30,400 53,700 130,000
5.0 90 170 340 980 1510 2200 6100 15,000 29,900 52,800 128,000
60
6.0 6.0 80 170 330 960 1480 2160 6000 14,800 29,400 51,900 126,000
7.0 80 160 330 950 1460 2120 5900 14,500 28,900 51,000 123,000
10.0 80 160 310 900 1390 2020 5600 13,800 27,500 48,500 117,000
15.0 70 140 280 830 1270 1860 5100 12,700 25,300 44,600 108,000
3.0 80 150 300 880 1350 1970 5400 13,400 26,800 47,200 114,000
4.0 80 150 300 860 1330 1940 5400 13,200 26,400 46,500 113,000
5.0 70 150 290 850 1310 1910 5300 13,000 26,000 45,800 111,000
6.0 70 140 290 840 1290 1880 5200 12,800 25,600 45,200 109,000
7.0 8.0 70 140 280 810 1250 1820 5000 12,500 24,800 43,800 106,000
10.0 70 140 270 790 1220 1770 4900 12,100 24,100 42,600 103,000
12.0 70 130 260 770 1180 1720 4750 11,800 23,400 41,300 100,000
16.0 60 130 250 720 1120 1630 4490 11,100 22,100 39,000 94,500
20.0 60 120 240 680 1060 1540 4250 10500 20,900 36,900 89,300
3.0 70 130 270 770 1190 1730 4780 11,800 23,500 41,600 101,000
4.0 70 130 260 760 1170 1710 4720 11,700 23,200 41,000 99,200
5.0 70 130 260 750 1160 1690 4660 11,500 22,900 40,500 97,900
6.0 60 130 250 740 1140 1660 4590 11,400 22,600 40,000 96,700
8.0 8.0 60 120 250 720 1110 1620 4480 11,100 22,000 38,900 94,200
10.0 60 120 240 700 1080 1580 4360 10,800 21,500 37,900 91,800
12.0 60 120 240 690 1060 1540 4250 10,500 20,900 37,000 89,500
16.0 60 110 220 650 1000 1460 4040 10,000 19,900 35,100 85,000
20.0 50 110 210 620 960 1390 3850 9500 18,900 33,400 80,900
Table 6H1 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Localized Buckling

Localized Buckling
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
h, ft Spacing l, ft
3.0 60 120 240 690 1060 1540 4270 10,500 21,000 37,100 89,800
4.0 60 120 230 680 1050 1530 4220 10,400 20,800 36,700 88,700
5.0 60 120 230 670 1040 1510 4170 10,300 20,500 36,200 87,700
6.0 60 110 230 660 1020 1490 4120 10,200 20,300 35,800 86,700
9.0 8.0 60 110 220 650 1000 1460 4030 10,000 19,800 35,000 84,700
10.0 60 110 220 630 980 1420 3930 9700 19,400 34,200 82,800
12.0 50 110 210 620 960 1390 3840 9500 18,900 33,400 80,900
16.0 50 100 200 590 910 1330 3670 9100 18,100 31,900 77,300
20 50 100 190 570 870 1270 3510 8700 17,300 30,600 73,900
3.0 50 110 210 620 960 1390 3850 9500 19,000 33,500 81,100
4.0 50 110 210 610 950 1380 3810 9400 18,800 33,200 80,200
5.0 50 110 210 610 940 1370 3770 9300 18,600 32,800 79,400
6.0 50 100 210 600 930 1350 3730 9200 18,400 32,500 78,600
10.0 8.0 50 100 200 590 910 1320 3660 9000 18,000 31,800 76,900
10.0 50 100 200 580 890 1300 3580 8900 17,600 31,100 75,300
12.0 50 100 190 570 870 1270 3510 8700 17,300 30,500 73,800
16.0 50 90 190 540 840 1220 3370 8300 16,600 29,300 70,800
20.0 50 90 180 520 800 1170 3230 8000 15,900 28,100 68,000
3.0 50 100 190 570 870 1270 3510 8700 17,300 30,600 73,900
4.0 50 100 190 560 860 1260 3480 8600 17,100 30,300 73,200
5.0 50 100 190 560 860 1250 3450 8500 17,000 30,000 72,500
6.0 50 100 190 550 850 1240 3410 8400 16,800 29,700 71,800
11.0 8.0 50 90 190 540 830 1210 3350 8300 16,500 29,100 70,500
10.0 50 90 180 530 820 1190 3290 8100 16,200 28,600 69,100
12.0 50 90 180 520 800 1170 3230 8000 15,900 28,000 67,800
16.0 40 90 170 500 770 1120 3110 7700 15,300 27,000 65,400
20.0 40 80 170 480 740 1080 2990 7400 14,700 26,000 63,000
3.0 50 90 180 520 800 1170 3230 8000 15,900 28,100 67,900
4.0 40 90 180 520 800 1160 3200 7900 15,800 27,800 67,300
5.0 40 90 180 510 790 1150 3170 7800 15,600 27,600 66,700
6.0 40 90 170 510 780 1140 3140 7800 15,500 27,300 66,100
12.0 8.0 40 90 170 500 770 1120 3090 7600 15,200 26,900 65,000
10.0 40 80 170 490 750 1100 3040 7500 15,000 26,400 63,900
12.0 40 80 170 480 740 1080 2980 7400 14,700 25,900 62,800
16.0 40 80 160 460 720 1040 2880 7100 14,200 25,100 60,700
20.0 40 80 150 450 690 1010 2790 6900 13,700 24,200 58,600
Class 1 and 5 USE VALUES DIRECT FROM TABLE NO MULTIPLIER REQUIRED
Class 2 0.636 0.701 0.757 0.825 0.847 0.864 0.902 0.927 0.942 0.951 0.964
Class 3 NA 0.405 0.499 0.625 0.669 0.703 0.782 0.835 0.867 0.889 0.917
Class 4 NA NA 0.269 0.425 0.484 0.532 0.647 0.729 0.780 0.815 0.860
Modulus Reduction Factor for Carbon and Coated Steels Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1050
he 1.0 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.75 0.68 0.57

Mode for One Side (continued)
NOTES:
a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side as a function of duct gage, height and stiffen-
er spacing. Double the table values for two sides.
b. While the maximum allowable shear loads listed above are intended for systems operating at ambient temper-
ature, they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value
of (h e) up to the maximum recommended operating temperature of the duct material.
c. The table data, including the reduction factor (h e) are based on carbon steel, but may also be used up to 400
Deg. F for galvanized steel, and 1050 Deg F for aluminized steel.
d. Since buckling is governed by the modulus of elasticity and not yield strength, the values of this table are
valid for all types of carbon and coated steels with E = 29.5 106 psi.

Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 1690 3360 6700 19,400 30,000 43,600 121,000 298,000 594,000 1,050,000 2,540,000
1.0 2.0 1060 2110 4200 12,200 18,800 27,400 75,700 187,000 373,000 658,000 1,590,000
Unstiffened 1020 2020 4020 11,700 18,000 26,200 72,400 179,000 357,000 630,000 1,520,000
1.0 2530 5000 10,000 29,100 44,900 65,400 181,000 447,000 890,000 1,570,000 3,800,000
2.0 840 1680 3340 9,700 15,000 21,800 60,300 149,000 297,000 524,000 1,270,000
2.0 3.0 590 1170 2340 6,800 10,500 15,300 42,100 104,000 208,000 366,000 887,000
4.0 530 1050 2100 6,100 9,400 13,700 37,900 93,600 186,000 329,000 796,000
Unstiffened 510 1010 2010 5,800 9,000 13,100 36,200 89,500 178,000 315,000 762,000
1.5 1690 3360 6700 19,400 30,000 43,600 121,000 298,000 594,000 1,050,000 2,540,000
2.0 970 1940 3860 11,200 17,300 25,200 69,500 172,000 342,000 604,000 1,460,000
3.0 560 1120 2230 6500 10,000 14,500 40,200 99,300 198,000 349,000 845,000
3.0 4.0 450 890 1780 5200 8000 11,600 32,100 79,400 158,000 279,000 676,000
5.0 360 710 1420 4130 6400 9300 25,600 63,300 126,000 223,000 539,000
Global Buckling
6.0 350 700 1400 4070 6300 9100 25,200 62,400 124,000 219,000 531,000
Unstiffened 340 670 1340 3890 6000 8700 24,100 59,700 119,000 210,000 508,000
2.0 1270 2520 5000 14,600 22,500 32,700 90,400 223,000 445,000 786,000 1,900,000
3.0 650 1300 2590 7500 11,600 16,900 46,600 115,000 230,000 405,000 981,000
4.0 420 840 1670 4860 7500 10,900 30,100 74,500 148,000 262,000 634,000
5.0 360 710 1420 4130 6400 9300 25,600 63,300 126,000 223,000 539,000
40
4.0 6.0 300 590 1170 3400 5200 7600 21,100 52,100 104,000 183,000 443,000
8.0 270 530 1050 3050 4700 6900 18,900 46,800 93,200 165,000 398,000
10.0 260 520 1030 2990 4600 6700 18,500 45,800 91,200 161,000 390,000
Unstiffened 250 500 1000 2920 4500 6600 18,100 44,800 89,200 157,000 381,000
2.0 1390 2770 5500 16,000 24,700 36,000 99,400 246,000 490,000 864,000 2,090,000
3.0 630 1260 2510 7300 11,200 16,400 45,200 112,000 223,000 393,000 951,000
4.0 490 970 1920 5600 8600 12,500 34,700 85,700 171,000 301,000 729,000
5.0 340 670 1340 3890 6000 8700 24,100 59,600 119,000 210,000 507,000
50
5.0 6.0 300 590 1180 3420 5300 7700 21,200 52,400 104,000 184,000 446,000
8.0 220 430 850 2480 3830 5600 15,400 38,100 75,900 134,000 324,000
10.0 210 420 840 2440 3760 5500 15,100 37,400 74,600 132,000 319,000
Unstiffened 200 400 800 2330 3600 5200 14,500 35,800 71,300 126,000 305,000
2.0 1160 2310 4600 13,400 20,600 30,000 82,800 205,000 408,000 720,000 1,740,000
3.0 840 1680 3340 9700 15,000 21,800 60,300 149,000 297,000 524,000 1,270,000
4.0 490 970 1930 5600 8600 12,600 34,800 85,900 171,000 302,000 731,000
5.0 380 760 1520 4420 6800 9900 27,400 67,800 135,000 238,000 577,000
60
6.0 6.0 280 560 1110 3240 4990 7300 20,100 49,700 98,900 175,000 423,000
8.0 230 450 890 2590 3990 5800 16,100 39,700 79,100 140,000 338,000
10.0 180 360 710 2060 3180 4630 12,800 31,600 63,100 111,000 269,000
15.0 170 340 680 1990 3070 4470 12,300 30,500 60,800 107,000 260,000
3.0 920 1820 3630 10,600 16,300 23,700 65,500 162,000 322,000 569,000 1,380,000
4.0 530 1050 2100 6100 9400 13,700 37,800 93,500 186,000 329,000 796,000
5.0 390 780 1550 4510 7000 10,100 28,000 69,200 138,000 243,000 589,000
6.0 320 630 1250 3640 5600 8200 22,600 55,900 111,000 197,000 476,000
7.0 8.0 220 440 870 2540 3910 5700 15,700 38,900 77,500 137,000 331,000
10.0 180 360 710 2060 3180 4630 12,800 31,600 62,900 111,000 269,000
12.0 150 300 610 1770 2720 3960 11,000 27,100 53,900 95,200 230,000
16.0 150 300 590 1720 2660 3870 10,700 26,400 52,600 92,900 225,000
20.0 150 290 580 1680 2590 3770 10,400 25,700 51,300 90,600 219,000
3.0 870 1730 3450 10,000 15,400 22,500 62,100 154,000 306,000 540,000 1,310,000
4.0 630 1260 2510 7300 11,200 16,400 45,200 112,000 223,000 393,000 951,000
5.0 380 760 1520 4420 6800 9900 27,400 67,800 135,000 239,000 577,000
6.0 330 650 1290 3760 5800 8400 23,300 57,600 115,000 203,000 491,000
8.0 8.0 210 420 840 2430 3740 5500 15,100 37,200 74,200 131,000 317,000
10.0 180 360 710 2060 3180 4630 12,800 31,600 63,000 111,000 269,000
12.0 150 290 580 1700 2620 3810 10,500 26,000 51,900 91,600 222,000
16.0 130 260 530 1530 2350 3430 9500 23,400 46,600 82,300 199,000
20.0 130 260 510 1490 2300 3350 9300 22,900 45,600 80,500 195,000
Table 6H2 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Global Buckling

Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Duct
Stiffener
Height Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb Fvg, lb
Spacing l, ft
h, ft
3.0 770 1540 3060 8900 13,700 20,000 55,200 137,000 272,000 480,000 1,160,000
4.0 680 1350 2690 7800 12,100 17,600 48,500 120,000 239,000 422,000 1,020,000
5.0 450 890 1770 5100 7900 11,500 31,800 78,600 157,000 277,000 669,000
6.0 320 650 1290 3730 5800 8400 23,200 57,300 114,000 201,000 487,000

9.0 8.0 230 460 920 2680 4140 6000 16,700 41,200 82,000 145,000 350,000

10.0 180 350 690 2010 3110 4520 12,500 30,900 61,600 109,000 263,000
12.0 150 300 590 1730 2660 3880 10,700 26,500 52,700 93,100 225,000
16.0 120 240 470 1370 2110 3070 8500 21,000 41,800 73,900 179,000
20.0 120 230 460 1340 2070 3020 8300 20,600 41,000 72,500 175,000
3.0 700 1380 2760 8000 12,400 18,000 49,700 123,000 245,000 432,000 1,050,000
4.0 700 1380 2760 8000 12,400 18,000 49,700 123,000 245,000 432,000 1,050,000
Global Buckling
5.0 510 1010 2010 5800 9000 13,100 36,200 89,400 178,000 314,000 761,000
6.0 320 630 1250 3650 5600 8200 22,600 55,900 111,000 197,000 476,000
10.0 8.0 240 480 960 2790 4310 6300 17,300 42,800 85,400 151,000 365,000
10.0 170 340 670 1940 3000 4360 12,100 29,800 59,400 105,000 254,000
12.0 150 300 590 1710 2640 3840 10,600 26,200 52,200 92,200 223,000
16.0 110 210 430 1240 1910 2790 7700 19,000 37,900 67,000 162,000
20.0 110 210 420 1220 1880 2740 7600 18,700 37,300 65,800 159,000
3.0 630 1260 2510 7300 11,200 16,400 45,200 112,000 223,000 393,000 951,000
4.0 630 1260 2510 7300 11,200 16,400 45,200 112,000 223,000 393,000 951,000
5.0 540 1070 2130 6200 9600 13,900 38,500 95,100 189,000 334,000 809,000
6.0 380 760 1510 4400 6800 9900 27,300 67,400 134,000 237,000 574,000
11.0 8.0 250 490 970 2820 4350 6300 17,500 43,300 86,200 152,000 368,000
10.0 180 370 730 2120 3270 4760 13,100 32,500 64,700 114,000 276,000
12.0 150 290 570 1670 2570 3750 10,400 25,600 51,000 90,100 218,000
16.0 110 220 440 1280 1980 2880 8000 19,700 39,200 69,200 168,000
20.0 100 190 380 1120 1720 2510 6900 17,200 34,200 60,300 146,000
3.0 580 1150 2300 6700 10,300 15,000 41,400 102,000 204,000 360,000 871,000
4.0 580 1150 2300 6700 10,300 15,000 41,400 102,000 204,000 360,000 871,000
5.0 550 1100 2190 6400 9800 14,300 39,500 97,700 195,000 344,000 832,000
6.0 420 840 1670 4860 7500 10,900 30,100 74,500 148,000 262,000 634,000
12.0 8.0 240 480 960 2800 4320 6300 17,400 43,000 85,600 151,000 366,000
10.0 190 380 760 2210 3410 4960 13,700 33,900 67,500 119,000 288,000
12.0 140 280 560 1620 2500 3640 10,000 24,800 49,500 87,300 211,000
16.0 110 220 450 1290 2000 2910 8000 19,900 39,600 69,800 169,000
20.0 90 180 360 1030 1590 2320 6400 15,800 31,500 55,700 135,000
Class 1 and 5 USE VALUES DIRECT FROM TABLE NO MULTIPLIER REQUIRED
Class 2 0.636 0.701 0.757 0.825 0.847 0.864 0.902 0.927 0.942 0.951 0.964
Class 3 NA 0.405 0.499 0.625 0.669 0.703 0.782 0.835 0.867 0.889 0.917
Class 4 NA NA 0.269 0.425 0.484 0.532 0.647 0.729 0.780 0.815 0.860
Modulus Reduction Factor for Carbon and Coated Steels Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 800 900 950 1050
he 1.0 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.75 0.68 0.57

NOTES:
a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side as a function of duct gage, height and stiffen-
er spacing. Double the table values for two sides.
ature, they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying the table values by the approprite value
of (h e) up to the maximum recommended operating temperature of the duct material.
c. The table data, including the reduction factor (h e) are based on carbon steel, but may also be used up to 400
Deg. F for galvanized steel, and 1050 Deg F for aluminized steel.
d. Since buckling is governed by the modulus of elasticity and not yield strength, the values of this table are
valid for all types of carbon and coated steels with E = 29.5 106 psi.


CHAPTER 7
DUCT SELECTION TABLES

STAINLESS STEEL
CHAPTER 7 DUCT SELECTION TABLES STAINLESS STEEL
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.3 MINIMUM MATERIAL

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
This chapter contains the basic selection tables for rec-
As indicated in the Introduction, the materials in-
tangular industrial ducts, fabricated using flat sheet or
tended for the fabrication of industrial duct in accor-
plate from any of the stainless steel types described in
dance with the requirements of this chapter are de-
Chapter 3.
scribed in detail in Chapter 3. The tables in Section 7.6
are valid for hotrolled and coldrolled stainless steel
This document, Rectangular Industrial Duct sheet and plate per ASTM A480/A480M and ASTM
Construction Standards, provides tables for selecting A240/A240M designations with mechanical proper-
materials, material thickness, stiffeners, stiffener ties as listed in section 3.4 Stainless Steel Data
spacing, and support spacing for rectangular industrial
duct construction. 7.4 USE OF THE TABLES
To use these tables, the designer first determines the

7.2 SCOPE
critical combination of loads acting on each panel of
the rectangular duct. That critical load is compared to
The scope of this chapter includes rectangular indus- the maximum load capacities provided in the tables.
trial ducts as described above and subject to the fol- Then, a combination of sheet thickness and stiffener
lowing design limits: spacing, that will provide a load capacity equal to or
exceeding the critical load, is selected.
S Design pressure not to exceed 150 in. wg,
positive or negative. The pressure capacities shown in Tables 7A are based
on a maximum stress of 23,300 psi on the duct materi-
al, or a panel deflection not greater than (/145). The
S Supports at spacing intervals from 10 ft to 30 ft stiffener capacities shown in Table 7B are based on a
maximum stress of 23,300 psi, or a maximum stiffener
S Design temperature not to exceed 800 F deflection of 1/360th of the stiffener length.
(stainless steel only).
The pressure capacity tables are intended for Class 1
S Tables are provided for industrial duct and Class 5 industrial duct applications, and are based
on three temperature ranges, ambient up to 120F,
Classes 1 and 5, as described in Chapter 2.
350F and 800F. Panel thickness selection is based on
the assumption that the stainless steel panels will not
S Pressure capacity information is provided for corrode significantly during their service life. It is the
duct panels in widths from one foot to 12 feet designers responsibility to specify a corrosion allow-
and for significant stiffener spacings for each ance if operating conditions and experience, indicate a
width. need for increased material thickness in excess of
structural requirements.
S The tables provide load capacity and deflec-
tion information for material gages 18, 16, 7.4.1 LOADS ON THE DUCT
14, 12, 11, and 10, plus 3_qy", 1_r", 5_qy", 3_i", and
As in most structures there are two types of loads ap-
1_w" plate.
plied on rectangular ducts:
S Stiffeners are based on common commercial- a. Dead loads: loads that act on the duct perma-
ly available structural shapes. nently.
b. Live loads: loads that act intermittently or pe-

S The critical load calculations described in
riodically.
section 7.5 cover both, indoor applications
with few external loads, as well as more com- The usual dead loads acting on rectangular ducts are:
plex outdoor applications where weather
conditions are such that wind, ice, and snow a. Their own weight
result in significant additional loads that must
be included. Other loads such as: mainte- b. The weight of any stiffeners, flanges, coating
nance, insulation and lagging loads must also or insulation and lagging material perma-
be included, when present. nently attached to the duct.

Common live loads acting on rectangular ducts are: d. Particulate weight (wp ) is given in pounds per
cubic foot (lb/ft3). Its direction is gravitation-
a. The internal pressure acting on the panels of al for the bottom panel of the duct. This load
a rectangular duct (this pressure is considered also causes a lateral outward pressure on the
positive when it is greater in the inside of the vertical sides of the duct. The intensity and
duct than on the outside, and negative when distribution of both the gravitational and the
it is less inside than outside). lateral components of this load can be calcu-
lated, based on the given particulate weight
b. The weight of particulate accumulation in the per cubic foot (or density) and depth of accu-
duct. mulation.
e. Superimposed live loads (wsl ) result from the

c. The weight of ice, snow, workmen or imple-
weight of ice, snow, workmen or implements
ments resting from time to time on the duct.
resting on the duct. They are given either as
a single concentrated load in pounds, or as a
d. The pressure due to winds. uniformly distributed load in pounds per
square foot (lb/ft2), or as an equivalent dis-
In addition to the loads already mentioned, other tributed load in pounds per linear foot of duct
forces such as those related to vibration, and earth- (lb/ft of duct) acting on the top panel of the
quake loads may, under certain circumstances, affect duct. Their direction is gravitational.
the integrity of rectangular duct systems. Vibration is
sometimes caused by flow pressure harmonics, or it f. Wind forces (pw ) are sometimes given in
may be transmitted from operating equipment external pounds per square foot (lb/ft2) of area ex-
to the duct system, causing the duct panels to pulse or posed to the wind. The intensity of the force
vibrate. It is difficult to accurately predict these condi- is often prescribed by local code or is part of
tions and they are usually best remedied after system the performance specification of a project.
startup. Options for preventing or resolving such Other times the wind force is given in terms
forces include internal duct reinforcing, additional ex- of maximum expected wind velocity. In such
ternal duct stiffeners, increased material thickness, cases, Table B1 (see Appendix B) can be
and changes to the operating conditions of the equip- used to convert wind velocity to equivalent
ment influencing the system. While this document pressure in lb/ft2 (or in. wg). The direction of
does not address earthquake loads or vibration analy- the force is always perpendicular to the sur-
sis, it is suggested that when such issues are a concern, face on which it is acting. In all examples and
the duct system design should be reviewed by a spe- in the critical load diagrams (Figure 71),
cialized professional. wind load is assumed to be acting only on the
side panels. If there are situations where the
7.4.2 UNITS AND DIRECTION OF top or bottom panels of the duct may be ex-
posed to wind, the designer must adapt the
LOADS
procedures in the examples to include these
loads in the calculations. Wind pressure re-
Traditionally, duct loads are expressed in measure- sults in an inward force of full intensity, act-
ment units as follows: ing on the duct side exposed to the wind. Si-
multaneously, on the opposite side of the
a. Panel weight (wd ) values are tabulated in duct, there is an outward force with a magni-
Chapter 3 for each metal type and gage. They tude of 40% of that calculated for the duct
are listed in both, lb/ft2 and their equivalent panel directly exposed to the wind.
in in. wg.
7.4.3 CONVERSION OF LOAD UNITS
b. Superimposed dead loads (wsd ) are generally
given in pounds per square foot (lb/ft2) of the The efficient use of this manual requires the frequent
surface over which they are acting. Their di- conversion of loads expressed in lb/ft2 or lb/ft3 (partic-
rection is always gravitational. ulate accumulation, ice and insulating materials) to
inches of water gage (in. wg). This is accomplished as
c. System pressures (pn or pp ) are given in inch- follows:
es of water gage (in. wg). The direction is nor-
mal to the surface of the duct (outward if posi- a. For loads expressed as lb/ft2 multiply by
tive and inward if negative). 0.192 in. wg/(lb/ft2); (1 lb/ft2 = 0.192 in. wg).

Example: a dead load of 3 lb/ft2 acting perpendic- their intensity is 1/10th of the total particulate
ular to a surface exerts 3 lb/ft2 0.192 in. wg/(lb/ load.
ft2) = 0.576 in. wg pressure.
Example: From above, if 5 inches of particulate
b. For particulate accumulation, multiply the accumulation is equivalent to 4 in. wg acting on
particulate density expressed in lb/ft3 by the bottom panel, then 1/10th 4 in. wg = 0.4 in.
0.016 in. wg/in./(lb/ft3), times the depth of wg is the load acting outward on each side panel.
accumulation in inches.
7.4.4 CONSIDER EACH PANEL OF THE
DUCT INDEPENDENTLY
Example: 5 inches of particulate weighing 50 lb/
ft3 generates a pressure of: 50 lb/ft3 5 inch
Usually, the four panels of a rectangular duct are built
0.016 in. wg/in./(lb/ft3) = 4.0 in. wg.
of material with the same thickness. Occasionally,
when ducts are very large or have the potential for
NOTE: This procedure is also applicable to the con- heavy particulate accumulation, they may be built
version of ice accumulations, where the density of ice with the bottom panels thicker than the other three
is 57.6 lb/ft 3 and the accumulation is given in inches. panels.
Likewise, this procedure is also applicable to insulat-
ing materials. Their density in (lb/ft 3) is either given by During the design process each panel of the duct is de-
the designer or can be obtained from Table B2 (not to signed independently of the other three panels. For
be confused with Table B1 mentioned above). And the each panel (top, sides, and bottom) it is necessary to
thickness of the insulation, usually in inches, is also identify the most critical combination of operating and
provided by the designer. atrest loads (see Figure 71) and design accordingly. It
is the combination of critical load, panel width and
c. Particulate loads acting on the sides of the stiffener spacing that determines the minimum panel
duct always act in an outward direction and thickness.

CRITICAL LOAD DIAGRAMS
wd = panel weight (dead load)

wsd = superimposed dead load
pn or pp = system pressure in duct (live load)
wp = particulate weight (live load)
wsl = superimposed live load (wice + wsnow) or (wm (maintenance))
Pw = wind load (live load)
POSITIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM NEGATIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM
TOP A B C
PANEL
Shutdown: Operating: Operating:
wd + wsd + wsl pp wd wsd pn + wd + wsd + wsl
CRITICAL LOAD =
THE LARGER OF A OR B
D E F
BOTTOM
PANEL
Operating: Shutdown: Operating:
pp + wd + wsd + wp wd + wsd + wp pn wd wsd
CRITICAL LOAD =
THE LARGER OF E OR F
G H I J
SIDE Shutdown: Operating: Shutdown: Operating:

PANEL Pw pp + 0.1 wp + 0.4 Pw 0.1 wp + 0.4 Pw pn + Pw
CRITICAL LOAD = CRITICAL LOAD =

THE LARGER OF G OR H THE LARGER OF I OR J
FIGURE 71 CRITICAL LOAD DIAGRAMS FOR WORST CASE CONDITIONS

7.5 DESIGN PROCESS a. For negative system pressure (the greater of
the following conditions):
These are the steps to be followed when using the
tables in this manual to select each panel of the rectan- i. Panel weight, plus superimposed dead
gular duct: load, plus particulate weight (Figure
71E)
STEP #1: DETERMINE CRITICAL LOADS
ii. Negative Pressure, less panel weight,
less superimposed dead load (Figure
For each panel (top, both sides, and bottom), deter- 71F)
mine the most critical loading condition. This is done
with the help of Figure 71. The design situations illus- 3. For the side panels the critical load is:
trated in these figures take into account the worst com-
bination of loads acting on the duct when the system is a. For positive system pressure (the greater of
operating or shut down. All systems must be evaluated the following conditions):
for either the positive or negative operating pressure
conditions and the shutdown conditions when applica- i. Wind load (Figure 71G)
ble. For purposes of combining panel loads, rather than
specifying a sign convention which can be confusing, ii. Positive pressure, plus 10% of particu-
the concept used is that considering each panel as ref- late load, plus 40% of wind load, (Figure
erence, loads acting in the same direction are added 71H)
arithmetically, and subtracted when acting in opposite
directions. b For negative system pressure (the greater of
1. For the top panel, the critical load is:
i. 10% of particulate load, plus 40% of
a. For positive system pressure (the greater of wind load (Figure 71I)
the following two conditions):
ii. Negative pressure, plus wind load (Fig-
i. Panel weight plus superimposed dead ure 71J)
load plus superimposed live load (Figure
71A) The weight of the duct panel is not known until after
the panel gauge is determined. Since the panel weight
ii. Positive pressure, less panel weight, less is relatively small, varying between 0.40 in. wg (for 18
superimposed dead load (Figure 71B). gage) and 4.2 in. wg (for 1_w in. plate), it can be ignored
until a panel thickness is selected; at which time the ef-
fect of this additional panel weight must be consid-
b. For negative system pressure:
ered. The weight of the panels only affects the critical
load on the top and bottom panels; it does not affect the
i. Negative pressure, plus panel weight, critical load on the side panels of the duct because it is
plus superimposed dead load, plus super-
acting in a plane parallel to the side panels.
imposed live load (Figure 71C).
STEP #2: DETERMINE PANEL THICKNESS
2. For the bottom panel the critical load is: FOR STIFFENER SPACING OPTIONS
a. For positive system pressure: For the critical load combination computed in Step #1,
use Tables 7A to determine panel thickness options
i. Positive pressure, plus panel weight, based on the reinforcing stiffener spacing () and the
plus superimposed dead load, plus par- width (W) of the panel. See Figure 72 for guidance in
ticulate weight. (Figure 71D) choosing stiffener spacing options.

APPROXIMATE
MINIMUM
CAPACITY LIMIT
MAX. PRACTICAL
CAPACITY LIMIT
w W3
+W
v 3W
FIGURE 72 STIFFENING GUIDELINES FOR FLAT PANELS
NOTES: On the other hand, unfixed stiffeners may be freeen-

ded as is the case when the stiffener spacing is differ-
a. A panel of a given thickness and width (W), if stiff- ent on intersecting panels (that is top and sides, or bot-
ened at intervals + W will have a pressure ca-
tom and sides). Stiffeners that are joined by
pacity (both negative and positive) significantly
singlebolted corners are also termed unfixed, since
higher (1.5 to 100 times or more) than that of an
the bolted corner acts as a hinge which can not trans-
identical unstiffened duct.
mit significant moments.
b. The capacity of that same panel will continue to
increase for progressively smaller stiffener inter- STEP #4: DESIGN OPTIONS
vals ( t W) until a practical limit is reached at
approximately + W3. For each stiffener spacing, both the minimum panel
thicknesses and the minimum stiffener sizes must be
c. Conversely, the panel capacity will decrease for identified. In this process, it may be convenient for the
progressively larger stiffener intervals ( u W) contractor to list in a table similar to Figure 74 the de-
until the panel capacity approaches that of an un- sign options under consideration. Additional options
stiffened panel for stiffener intervals + 3W. based on the use of greater than the minimum required
thickness of sheet and plate and larger than required
STEP #3: DETERMINE STIFFENER SIZE FOR stiffener sizes, can also be listed when they may result
CRITICAL LOAD in fabrication or inventory economies.
For the critical load combination computed in Step #1,
use Tables 7B to select the minimum stiffener size Example: Select the bottom panel for a a negative
needed for each stiffener spacing to panel width com- pressure duct system, for Class 5 construction, using
bination. In the case of unfixed stiffeners, where the 316 stainless steel sheet or plate at 700F. The bottom
bending moment is not transferred to an adjacent stiff- panel has a width (W) of 5 feet and a critical load of 20
ener through a welded corner, only 80% of the Table in. wg less the duct panel weight. If () is the stiffener
7B stiffener capacity is used. spacing, then from Table 7A.3 where W = 5 feet, and
= 2 feet, the 12 gage panel has a capacity of 28.4 in.
NOTE: Fixed stiffeners are defined as being joined wg, and a weight of 0.80 in. wg (see circled values in
all around the periphery of the duct by welded corners. Figure 73).

Material Gage 16 14 12 11 3_qy
Thickness, in. 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1775
Weight, in. wg 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.50
Panel Width W, Stiffener Spacing Pr., in. Pr., in. Pr., in. Pr., in. Pr., in.
Def., in. Def., in. Def., in. Def., in. Def., in.
ft l, ft wg wg wg wg wg
1.0 33.0 0.07 45.0 0.07 87.6 0.06 114.9 0.05 257.0 0.03
1.0 2.0 14.5 0.16 20.0 0.16 51.3 0.15 67.2 0.13 160.2 0.08
Unstiffened 14.5 0.38 20.0 0.30 48.8 0.21 64.1 0.19 152.6 0.12
1.0 33.0 0.07 45.0 0.07 77.4 0.06 98.5 0.05 226.5 0.03
2.0 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 64.2 0.12
2.0 3.0 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 40.7 0.21
4.0 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 37.8 0.31
Unstiffened NA 3.2 0.63 9.0 0.63 13.5 0.63 37.8 0.48
1.5 20.2 0.12 26.5 0.11 41.3 0.10 50.3 0.10 103.7 0.07
2.0 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 63.1 0.12
3.0 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 35.0 0.21
3.0 4.0 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 24.5 0.31
5.0 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 18.8 0.40
6.0 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 15.3 0.48
Unstiffened NA NA 2.1 0.75 3.2 0.75 11.7 0.75
2.0 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 63.1 0.12
3.0 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 35.0 0.21
4.0 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 24.5 0.31
5.0 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 18.8 0.40
40
4.0 6.0 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 15.3 0.48
8.0 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 11.1 0.65
10.0 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 8.7 0.82
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA 3.7 0.75
2.0 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 63.1 0.12
3.0 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 35.0 0.21
4.0 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 24.5 0.31
5.0 5.0 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 18.8 0.40
6.0 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 15.3 0.48
10.0 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 8.7 0.82
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA
6.0 2.0 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 63.1 0.12
FIGURE 73 SAMPLE PANEL CAPACITY OPTIONS FROM TABLE 7A.3

Since the system is operating under negative pressure under the critical load of 19.2 in. wg can be approxi-
the critical load (From Figure 71F) is: (wcr2 = pn wd mated as the ratio 19.2 28.4 times the 0.15 in. table
wsd ), or (20 in. wg 0.8 in. wg) = 19.2 in. wg. deflection.
NOTE: For the sake of simplicity in the determina- Therefore the Estimated deflection = 0.15 in. (19.2
tion of the critical load above, we did not compare the 28.4) = 0.10 in. (rounded).
values of (wcr1 and wcr2 ) as recommended in Figure
71 for a bottom panel under negative pressure, be- (See table cutout Figure 73 to identify the numbers
cause, clearly the value of (wcr1 = wd + wsd + wp ) is quoted in this example).
less than (wcr2 = pn wd wsd ) for this and other simi-
larly loaded cases. In Figure 74, the panel thickness and critical load are
also circled for stiffener spacings of 3 ft and 4 ft to permit
The number 0.15 (to the right of the 28.4 in. wg capac- a comparison of several design alternatives in addition to
ity) is the expected deflection in inches, with the panel 2 foot stiffener scheme described above. All three alter-
loaded to its full capacity of 28.4 in. wg. The deflection natives are tabulated in Figure 74 below.
Capacity, Critical Load,

Table W, ft l , ft Gage in. wg in. wg Deflection, in.
7A.3 5 2 12 28.4 (20 0.8) = 19.2 0.15(19.2B28.4)[0.10
7A.3 5 3 11 20.6 (20 1.0) = 19.0 0.23(19.0B20.6)[0.21
7A.3 5 4 3_qy" 24.5 (20 1.6) = 18.4 0.31(18.4B24.5)[0.23
FIGURE 74 PANEL THICKNESS & DEFLECTION PER STIFFENER SPACING

For each stiffener spacing and plate thickness com- vides for combinations of stiffener size (left column)
bination listed in Figure 74, a stiffener size can be se- and duct panel width (W) (top row of numbers). The
lected from Tables 7B. Assuming fixed stiffeners, the values in the table represent the capacity of the stiffen-
capacity values in Tables 7B can be used directly to er in inches of water gage (in. wg).
make the selections. As indicated in Table 7B.2 for
elevated temperature applications the values in the For the l = 2 ft and W = 5 ft case, refer to Table 7B.2. In
table must be reduced based the reduction in yield column W = 5 ft, find the listed capacity that (after a
strength of the metal. From Table 7B.2 for Type 304 reduction of 15% (1.000.85)) exceeds the critical load
stainless steel at 700F the reduction factor is 0.85. of 36.0 in. wg. In this case, assuming an R6 stiffener
the result is (29.2 in. wg times 0.85) = 24.8 in. wg. The
results for stiffener spacings (l) of 3 ft and 4 ft are also
For the three panel design options listed in Figure 74
listed in Figure 75.
above, determine the required stiffener size for each
(i.e., for stiffener spacing of l = 2 ft, 3 ft, and 4 ft).
To select actual structural shapes that meet the re-
quired reinforcement R" designations for the
NOTE: Tables 7B are organized in terms of one construction options listed in Figure 75, see Table
table for each stiffener spacing (). Each table pro- 7D.
Capacity, Critical Load

Table W, ft l , ft Stiffener Size in. wg in. wg
7B.2 5 2 R6 0.85 29.2 = 24.8 19.2
7B.3 5 3 R7 0.85 27.9 = 23.7 19.0
7B.4 5 4 R8 0.85 28.1 = 23.9 18.4
FIGURE 75 STIFFENER SIZE PER STIFFENER SPACING

7.6 DUCT SELECTION TABLES section apply to commercial quality Hot and Cold
rolled stainless steel sheet and plate, of ASTM
This section contains pressure capacity tables for the A480/A480M and ASTM A240/A240M designations
selection of flat sheet and plate for the fabrication of with mechanical characteristics as listed in section 3.4,
typical rectangular industrial duct. The tables in this Stainless Steel Data.
Tables Page
7A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 and Class 5 Stainless Steel Systems
Operating at Up to 1205F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.11

STAINLESS STEEL35 ksi
Classes 1 & 5 Good to: 1205F
7.10
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 30.9 0.08 40.9 0.07 55.7 0.07 107.0 0.06 136.5 0.05 175.6 0.05 334.6 0.03 611.7 0.02 971.7 0.02 1414.8 0.02 2124.3 0.01
1.0 2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 62.0 0.15 82.2 0.13 102.8 0.12 195.8 0.09 358.0 0.06 568.7 0.05 827.9 0.04 1492.1 0.03
Unstiffened 9.2 0.38 18.1 0.38 23.5 0.31 59.7 0.22 78.3 0.19 97.9 0.17 186.6 0.13 341.1 0.09 541.8 0.07 788.9 0.06 1421.7 0.05
1.0 30.9 0.08 40.9 0.07 55.7 0.07 95.2 0.06 120.8 0.05 148.4 0.05 276.9 0.04 506.0 0.03 805.9 0.02 1175.7 0.02 2124.3 0.01
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 35.3 0.15 41.9 0.15 48.5 0.14 77.7 0.12 152.9 0.10 242.9 0.08 353.7 0.06 637.4 0.05
2.0 3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 49.9 0.22 101.6 0.18 161.4 0.14 235.0 0.12 423.5 0.09
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 44.2 0.31 89.5 0.25 142.2 0.20 207.0 0.17 373.0 0.12
1.5 19.4 0.12 25.1 0.12 32.9 0.12 51.2 0.11 62.1 0.10 73.6 0.09 127.3 0.08 225.7 0.06 357.0 0.05 520.2 0.04 940.6 0.03
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 35.3 0.15 41.9 0.15 48.5 0.14 77.7 0.12 130.5 0.10 202.3 0.08 292.6 0.07 527.4 0.05
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 104.3 0.17 157.2 0.15 283.3 0.11
3.0 4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 69.1 0.27 107.9 0.24 197.9 0.18
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 34.3 0.39 63.5 0.36 97.7 0.32 176.0 0.23
6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 33.4 0.48 63.2 0.45 92.0 0.38 165.8 0.28
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 35.3 0.15 41.9 0.15 48.5 0.14 77.7 0.12 130.5 0.10 202.3 0.08 292.6 0.07 527.4 0.05
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.8 0.24 159.4 0.19
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 118.4 0.29
40
4.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 54.2 0.44 105.9 0.36
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.8 0.67 13.9 0.67 19.4 0.66 28.3 0.64 48.9 0.63 93.3 0.50
10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.4 0.83 28.3 0.82 48.9 0.78 91.1 0.58
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 35.3 0.15 41.9 0.15 48.5 0.14 77.7 0.12 130.5 0.10 202.3 0.08 292.6 0.07 527.4 0.05
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.3 0.24 135.6 0.20
5.0 5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 98.0 0.29
6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 45.0 0.44 79.3 0.39
10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.1 0.83 19.5 0.82 25.7 0.81 59.2 0.77
2.0 14.1 0.17 18.1 0.16 23.5 0.16 35.3 0.15 41.9 0.15 48.5 0.14 77.7 0.12 130.5 0.10 202.3 0.08 292.6 0.07 527.4 0.05
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.3 0.24 135.6 0.20
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 91.4 0.29
60
6.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 45.0 0.44 68.3 0.39
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.8 0.67 13.9 0.67 19.4 0.66 25.2 0.64 31.4 0.63 45.4 0.58

10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.1 0.83 19.5 0.82 24.2 0.81 36.1 0.77
Table 7A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 and Class 5 Stainless Steel Systems Operating at Up to 1205F
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.3 0.24 135.6 0.20
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 91.4 0.29
7.0 6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 45.0 0.44 68.3 0.39
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.8 0.67 13.9 0.67 19.4 0.66 25.2 0.64 31.4 0.63 45.4 0.58
10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.1 0.83 19.5 0.82 24.2 0.81 34.3 0.77
20.0 NA NA 2.0 1.66 2.9 1.67 3.3 1.67 3.7 1.67 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.2 1.67 11.2 1.67 24.7 1.66
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.3 0.24 135.6 0.20
5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 91.4 0.29
6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 45.0 0.44 68.3 0.39
8.0 8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.8 0.67 13.9 0.67 19.4 0.66 25.2 0.64 31.4 0.63 45.4 0.58
10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.1 0.83 19.5 0.82 24.2 0.81 34.3 0.77
12.0 2.1 1.00 2.7 1.00 3.4 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 6.4 1.00 8.9 1.00 12.4 1.00 15.9 0.99 19.7 0.98 27.6 0.95
16.0 NA 2.021 1.3 2.6 1.33 3.6 1.33 4.2 1.34 4.7 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.1 1.34 11.6 1.33 14.3 1.33 19.8 1.31
20.0 NA NA 2.0 1.66 2.9 1.67 3.3 1.67 3.7 1.67 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.2 1.67 11.2 1.67 16.3 1.66
3.0 9.0 0.25 11.5 0.25 14.9 0.25 21.9 0.24 25.6 0.24 29.2 0.24 43.4 0.22 66.2 0.20 95.9 0.17 133.9 0.15 235.0 0.12
4.0 6.7 0.33 8.5 0.33 10.9 0.33 15.9 0.33 18.5 0.33 20.9 0.33 30.4 0.31 44.2 0.29 60.9 0.27 81.3 0.24 135.6 0.20
Larger 5.0 5.3 0.42 6.7 0.42 8.6 0.42 12.4 0.42 14.4 0.42 16.3 0.41 23.4 0.40 33.4 0.39 44.7 0.36 57.8 0.34 91.4 0.29
6.0 4.4 0.50 5.5 0.50 7.0 0.50 10.1 0.50 11.8 0.50 13.3 0.50 19.1 0.49 26.9 0.48 35.5 0.46 45.0 0.44 68.3 0.39
Than 8.0
8.0 3.3 0.67 4.1 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.5 0.67 8.7 0.67 9.8 0.67 13.9 0.67 19.4 0.66 25.2 0.64 31.4 0.63 45.4 0.58
Up
Up To
T 10.0 2.6 0.83 3.3 0.83 4.1 0.83 5.9 0.84 6.8 0.84 7.7 0.84 10.9 0.83 15.1 0.83 19.5 0.82 24.2 0.81 34.3 0.77
12.0 12.0 2.1 1.00 2.7 1.00 3.4 1.00 4.9 1.00 5.7 1.00 6.4 1.00 8.9 1.00 12.4 1.00 15.9 0.99 19.7 0.98 27.6 0.95
16.0 NA 2.0 1.3 2.6 1.33 3.6 1.33 4.2 1.34 4.7 1.34 6.6 1.34 9.1 1.34 11.6 1.33 14.3 1.33 19.8 1.31
20.0 NA NA 2.0 1.66 2.9 1.67 3.3 1.67 3.7 1.67 5.2 1.67 7.2 1.67 9.2 1.67 11.2 1.67 15.5 1.66
Table 7A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 and Class 5 Stainless Steel Systems
Operating at Up to 1205F (continued)
NOTES:

of 35,000 psi characteristic ASTM A240, Type 304L and 316L stainless steels. The table values are also valid for other types of stainless steel sheet
7.11
7.12
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 26.3 0.07 35.0 0.07 47.9 0.07 86.2 0.05 123.4 0.05 144.9 0.04 285.7 0.03 537.5 0.02 853.9 0.02 1243.3 0.02 2003.5 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 22.3 0.16 55.1 0.14 72.2 0.12 90.3 0.11 172.1 0.08 314.6 0.06 499.7 0.05 727.6 0.04 1311.3 0.03
Unstiffened 8.7 0.38 15.4 0.37 22.3 0.29 52.5 0.21 68.8 0.18 86.1 0.16 163.9 0.12 299.7 0.09 476.2 0.07 693.2 0.06 1249.4 0.04
1.0 26.3 0.07 35.0 0.07 47.9 0.07 82.8 0.05 105.4 0.05 129.8 0.04 243.2 0.03 444.8 0.03 708.5 0.02 1033.6 0.02 1867.3 0.01
2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 20.0 0.16 30.1 0.15 35.8 0.14 41.6 0.14 71.4 0.12 132.4 0.09 213.5 0.07 310.8 0.06 560.2 0.04
2.0 3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 45.2 0.21 89.3 0.17 141.8 0.13 206.5 0.11 372.2 0.08
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 40.6 0.30 78.6 0.23 124.9 0.19 181.9 0.15 327.8 0.12
1.5 16.5 0.12 21.3 0.12 28.1 0.11 43.9 0.10 53.5 0.09 63.6 0.09 111.1 0.07 198.1 0.06 313.7 0.04 457.3 0.04 826.9 0.03
2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 20.0 0.16 30.1 0.15 35.8 0.14 41.6 0.14 67.3 0.12 114.0 0.09 177.4 0.08 257.0 0.07 463.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 93.1 0.16 138.1 0.14 249.0 0.10
3.0 4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 60.7 0.25 96.5 0.23 173.9 0.17
5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 30.9 0.37 58.5 0.35 85.8 0.29 154.7 0.22
6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 30.4 0.46 55.5 0.42 80.8 0.35 145.7 0.26
2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 20.0 0.16 30.1 0.15 35.8 0.14 41.6 0.14 67.3 0.12 114.0 0.09 177.4 0.08 257.0 0.07 463.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 74.4 0.23 140.0 0.18
5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 51.2 0.32 104.1 0.27
40
4.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 49.1 0.42 93.0 0.33
8.0 2.8 0.64 3.5 0.64 4.4 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 8.3 0.64 11.8 0.64 16.5 0.63 26.0 0.62 44.2 0.60 82.0 0.46
10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 14.0 0.80 26.0 0.79 44.2 0.72 80.1 0.54
2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 20.0 0.16 30.1 0.15 35.8 0.14 41.6 0.14 67.3 0.12 114.0 0.09 177.4 0.08 257.0 0.07 463.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 70.4 0.23 118.5 0.19
5.0 5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 49.8 0.32 86.6 0.27
6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.6 0.42 71.4 0.37
10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 12.8 0.80 16.6 0.79 23.2 0.77 52.5 0.72
2.0 11.9 0.16 15.4 0.16 20.0 0.16 30.1 0.15 35.8 0.14 41.6 0.14 67.3 0.12 114.0 0.09 177.4 0.08 257.0 0.07 463.6 0.05
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 70.4 0.23 118.5 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 49.8 0.32 79.4 0.27
60
6.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.6 0.42 58.9 0.37
8.0 2.8 0.64 3.5 0.64 4.4 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 8.3 0.64 11.8 0.64 16.5 0.63 21.4 0.62 26.8 0.60 38.9 0.55

10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 12.8 0.80 16.6 0.79 20.6 0.77 32.9 0.74
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 70.4 0.23 118.5 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 49.8 0.32 79.4 0.27
7.0 6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.6 0.42 58.9 0.37
8.0 2.8 0.64 3.5 0.64 4.4 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 8.3 0.64 11.8 0.64 16.5 0.63 21.4 0.62 26.8 0.60 38.9 0.55
10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 12.8 0.80 16.6 0.79 20.6 0.77 29.2 0.74
20.0 NA 1.6 NA 1.6 NA 1.6 2.5 1.60 2.8 1.61 3.2 1.61 4.4 1.61 6.1 1.61 7.8 1.61 9.5 1.61 22.4 1.59
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 70.4 0.23 118.5 0.19
5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 49.8 0.32 79.4 0.27
6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.6 0.42 58.9 0.37
8.0 8.0 2.8 0.64 3.5 0.64 4.4 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 8.3 0.64 11.8 0.64 16.5 0.63 21.4 0.62 26.8 0.60 38.9 0.55
10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 12.8 0.80 16.6 0.79 20.6 0.77 29.2 0.74
12.0 NA 2.3 0.96 2.9 0.96 4.2 0.97 4.8 0.97 5.4 0.97 7.6 0.97 10.5 0.96 13.5 0.95 16.7 0.94 23.5 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.28 3.1 1.28 3.6 1.29 4.0 1.29 5.6 1.29 7.7 1.29 9.9 1.28 12.1 1.28 16.8 1.26
20.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.60 2.8 1.61 3.2 1.61 4.4 1.61 6.1 1.61 7.8 1.61 9.5 1.61 14.8 1.59
3.0 7.7 0.24 9.8 0.24 12.6 0.24 18.6 0.23 21.8 0.23 24.9 0.23 37.2 0.21 57.1 0.18 83.4 0.16 117.0 0.14 206.3 0.11
4.0 5.7 0.32 7.2 0.32 9.2 0.32 13.5 0.32 15.7 0.32 17.8 0.31 25.9 0.30 37.9 0.28 52.4 0.25 70.4 0.23 118.5 0.19
Larger 5.0 4.5 0.40 5.7 0.40 7.3 0.40 10.5 0.40 12.2 0.40 13.8 0.40 19.9 0.39 28.5 0.37 38.3 0.35 49.8 0.32 79.4 0.27
6.0 3.7 0.48 4.7 0.48 6.0 0.48 8.7 0.48 10.0 0.48 11.3 0.48 16.2 0.47 22.9 0.46 30.3 0.44 38.6 0.42 58.9 0.37
Than 8.0
8.0 2.8 0.64 3.5 0.64 4.4 0.64 6.4 0.64 7.4 0.64 8.3 0.64 11.8 0.64 16.5 0.63 21.4 0.62 26.8 0.60 38.9 0.55
Up
Up To
T 10.0 2.2 0.80 2.8 0.80 3.5 0.80 5.0 0.80 5.8 0.81 6.5 0.81 9.2 0.80 12.8 0.80 16.6 0.79 20.6 0.77 29.2 0.74
12.0 12.0 NA 2.3 0.96 2.9 0.96 4.2 0.97 4.8 0.97 5.4 0.97 7.6 0.97 10.5 0.96 13.5 0.95 16.7 0.94 23.5 0.91
16.0 NA NA 2.2 1.28 3.1 1.28 3.6 1.29 4.0 1.29 5.6 1.29 7.7 1.29 9.9 1.28 12.1 1.28 16.8 1.26
20.0 NA NA NA 2.5 1.60 2.8 1.61 3.2 1.61 4.4 1.61 6.1 1.61 7.8 1.61 9.5 1.61 13.1 1.59
NOTES:

7.13
7.14
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
1.0 24.9 0.08 33.0 0.07 45.0 0.07 87.6 0.06 114.9 0.05 143.7 0.04 257.0 0.03 500.5 0.02 795.1 0.02 1157.5 0.02 1802.1 0.01
1.0 2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 20.0 0.16 51.3 0.15 67.2 0.13 84.1 0.11 160.2 0.08 292.9 0.06 465.3 0.05 677.4 0.04 1220.8 0.03
Unstiffened 7.8 0.38 14.5 0.38 20.0 0.30 48.8 0.21 64.1 0.19 80.1 0.17 152.6 0.12 279.1 0.09 443.3 0.07 645.4 0.06 1163.2 0.04
1.0 24.9 0.08 33.0 0.07 45.0 0.07 77.4 0.06 98.5 0.05 121.1 0.05 226.5 0.03 414.1 0.03 659.5 0.02 962.1 0.02 1738.3 0.01
2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 39.1 0.14 64.2 0.12 125.1 0.09 198.8 0.08 289.4 0.06 521.5 0.05
2.0 3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 40.7 0.21 83.1 0.17 132.1 0.14 192.3 0.11 346.5 0.09
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 37.8 0.31 73.2 0.24 116.3 0.19 169.4 0.16 305.2 0.12
1.5 15.5 0.12 20.2 0.12 26.5 0.11 41.3 0.10 50.3 0.10 59.7 0.09 103.7 0.07 184.5 0.06 292.1 0.05 425.7 0.04 769.8 0.03
2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 39.1 0.14 63.1 0.12 106.4 0.10 165.3 0.08 239.3 0.07 431.6 0.05
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 88.3 0.17 128.6 0.14 231.8 0.10
3.0 4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 56.8 0.26 88.3 0.23 161.9 0.17
5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 28.6 0.38 52.7 0.35 79.9 0.30 144.0 0.23
6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 28.0 0.47 51.7 0.43 75.3 0.36 135.6 0.27
2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 39.1 0.14 63.1 0.12 106.4 0.10 165.3 0.08 239.3 0.07 431.6 0.05
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.9 0.23 130.4 0.19
5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 47.5 0.33 96.9 0.28
40
4.0 6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 44.2 0.42 86.6 0.34
8.0 2.6 0.65 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 7.8 0.65 11.1 0.65 15.5 0.64 23.7 0.63 40.4 0.61 76.3 0.48
10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.8 0.81 23.7 0.80 40.4 0.74 74.6 0.55
2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 39.1 0.14 63.1 0.12 106.4 0.10 165.3 0.08 239.3 0.07 431.6 0.05
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.0 0.23 110.6 0.19
5.0 5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 46.8 0.33 80.7 0.28
6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 36.3 0.42 64.2 0.37
10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.1 0.81 15.7 0.80 21.4 0.79 48.8 0.74
2.0 11.3 0.16 14.5 0.16 18.9 0.16 28.4 0.15 33.7 0.14 39.1 0.14 63.1 0.12 106.4 0.10 165.3 0.08 239.3 0.07 431.6 0.05
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.0 0.23 110.6 0.19
5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 46.8 0.33 74.3 0.28
60
6.0 6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 36.3 0.42 55.3 0.37
8.0 2.6 0.65 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 7.8 0.65 11.1 0.65 15.5 0.64 20.3 0.63 25.3 0.61 36.7 0.57

10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.1 0.81 15.7 0.80 19.4 0.79 30.0 0.75
Thickness, in. 0.0428 0.0538 0.0677 0.0966 0.1116 0.1265 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Weight, in. wg 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.50 2.00 2.40 2.90 3.90
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.0 0.23 110.6 0.19
5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 46.8 0.33 74.3 0.28
7.0 6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 36.3 0.42 55.3 0.37
8.0 2.6 0.65 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 7.8 0.65 11.1 0.65 15.5 0.64 20.3 0.63 25.3 0.61 36.7 0.57
10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.1 0.81 15.7 0.80 19.4 0.79 27.6 0.75
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.63 2.7 1.63 3.0 1.63 4.2 1.64 5.7 1.64 7.3 1.64 9.0 1.63 20.6 1.62
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.0 0.23 110.6 0.19
5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 46.8 0.33 74.3 0.28
6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 36.3 0.42 55.3 0.37
8.0 8.0 2.6 0.65 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 7.8 0.65 11.1 0.65 15.5 0.64 20.3 0.63 25.3 0.61 36.7 0.57
10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.1 0.81 15.7 0.80 19.4 0.79 27.6 0.75
12.0 NA 2.2 0.98 2.8 0.98 3.9 0.98 4.5 0.98 5.1 0.98 7.2 0.98 9.9 0.98 12.8 0.97 15.8 0.96 22.2 0.93
16.0 NA NA 2.0 1.30 2.9 1.31 3.4 1.31 3.8 1.31 5.3 1.31 7.3 1.31 9.3 1.31 11.5 1.30 15.9 1.28
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.63 2.7 1.63 3.0 1.63 4.2 1.64 5.7 1.64 7.3 1.64 9.0 1.63 13.6 1.62
3.0 7.3 0.25 9.3 0.24 12.0 0.24 17.6 0.24 20.6 0.23 23.5 0.23 35.0 0.21 53.6 0.19 78.0 0.17 109.2 0.14 192.1 0.11
4.0 5.4 0.33 6.8 0.33 8.7 0.33 12.7 0.32 14.8 0.32 16.8 0.32 24.5 0.31 35.7 0.28 49.2 0.26 66.0 0.23 110.6 0.19
Larger 5.0 4.2 0.41 5.4 0.41 6.9 0.41 10.0 0.41 11.6 0.41 13.1 0.40 18.8 0.40 26.9 0.38 36.1 0.35 46.8 0.33 74.3 0.28
6.0 3.5 0.49 4.5 0.49 5.7 0.49 8.2 0.49 9.5 0.49 10.7 0.49 15.3 0.48 21.6 0.47 28.6 0.45 36.3 0.42 55.3 0.37
Than 8.0
8.0 2.6 0.65 3.3 0.65 4.2 0.65 6.0 0.66 7.0 0.66 7.8 0.65 11.1 0.65 15.5 0.64 20.3 0.63 25.3 0.61 36.7 0.57
Up
Up To
T 10.0 2.1 0.82 2.6 0.82 3.3 0.82 4.8 0.82 5.5 0.82 6.2 0.82 8.7 0.82 12.1 0.81 15.7 0.80 19.4 0.79 27.6 0.75
12.0 12.0 NA 2.2 0.98 2.8 0.98 3.9 0.98 4.5 0.98 5.1 0.98 7.2 0.98 9.9 0.98 12.8 0.97 15.8 0.96 22.2 0.93
16.0 NA NA 2.0 1.30 2.9 1.31 3.4 1.31 3.8 1.31 5.3 1.31 7.3 1.31 9.3 1.31 11.5 1.30 15.9 1.28
20.0 NA NA NA 2.3 1.63 2.7 1.63 3.0 1.63 4.2 1.64 5.7 1.64 7.3 1.64 9.0 1.63 12.4 1.62
NOTES:

7.15

7.7 AUXILIARY TABLES ized buckling of duct sidewalls, and selecting flange
and bolt sizes for duct connections. The tables in this
This section contains the necessary tables for selecting
section apply equally to ducts fabricated from all types
stiffeners, establishing maximum duct loads as a func-
stainless steel sheet and plate.
tion of support spacing, checking for global and local-
Tables Page
7B.2 Pressure Capacity for Stainless Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.18
7B.10 Pressure Capacity for Stainless Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 10 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . 7.26
7C Stainless Steel Internal Pipe SupportAllowable Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31
7D Stiffener Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.32
7E Maximum Allowable Duct Load as a Function of Support Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.36
7F Section Properties and Bending Moment Capacity of Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.37
7G1 Min. Flange Height and Maximum Bolt Spacing for Bolted Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.38
7H1.a Load Ratio Alpha vs. Duct Aspect Ratio and Stiffener Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.39
7H1 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Localized Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . 7.41
7H2 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Global Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.43

Panel Width, ft
7.18
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 56.0 25.0 14.0 8.6 5.0 3.1 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R1
R2 131 58.2 32.8 21.0 14.6 9.4 6.3 3.2 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R2
R3 250 109 61.3 39.2 27.2 20.0 14.6 7.5 4.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R3
R4 360 158 88.9 56.9 39.5 29.0 22.2 14.2 8.5 5.3 3.6 2.5 1.8 1.1 R4
R5 560 250 140 89.8 62.4 45.8 35.1 22.4 12.9 8.2 5.5 3.8 2.8 1.6 R5
R6 730 320 183 117 81.1 59.6 45.6 29.2 20.3 13.7 9.2 6.5 4.7 2.7 R6
R7 1050 470 260 168 116 85.6 65.5 41.9 29.1 19.2 12.9 9.0 6.6 3.8 R7
R8 1400 620 350 220 156 115 87.7 56.1 39.0 28.6 20.1 14.1 10.3 6.0 R8
R9 1970 870 490 310 220 160 123 78.6 54.6 40.1 29.1 20.5 14.9 8.6 R9
R10 2410 1070 600 390 270 200 151 96.6 67.1 49.3 37.7 29.8 24.1 14.4 R10
R11 3630 1610 910 580 400 300 230 145 101 74.1 56.7 44.8 35.8 20.7 R11
R12 4530 2010 1130 720 500 370 280 181 126 92.4 70.8 55.9 45.3 31.5 R12
R13 5450 2420 1360 870 610 440 340 220 151 111 85.1 67.2 54.5 36.8 R13
R14 6200 2760 1550 990 690 510 390 250 173 127 97.1 76.7 62.1 43.1 R14
R15 8400 3740 2110 1350 940 690 530 340 230 172 132 104 84.2 52.5 R15
R16 9500 4210 2370 1520 1050 770 590 380 260 193 148 117 94.7 59.1 R16
R17 11,400 5060 2840 1820 1260 930 710 460 316 230 178 141 114 72.7 R17
R18 13,700 6080 3420 2190 1520 1120 860 550 380 280 210 169 137 86.0 R18
R19 14,600 6490 3650 2340 1620 1190 910 580 410 300 230 180 146 101 R19
R20 16,900 7510 4220 2700 1880 1380 1060 680 470 345 264 209 169 117 R20
R21 20,400 9070 5100 3260 2270 1670 1270 820 570 420 320 252 204 142 R21
R22 22,500 9,980 5610 3590 2500 1830 1400 900 620 460 350 277 225 156 R22
R23 25,800 11,480 6460 4130 2870 2110 1610 1030 720 530 400 319 258 179 R23
R24 29,600 13,140 7390 4730 3290 2410 1850 1180 820 600 460 365 296 205 R24
R25 38,400 17,050 9590 6140 4260 3130 2400 1530 1070 780 600 474 384 266 R25
R26 45,100 20,050 11280 7220 5010 3680 2820 1800 1250 920 700 557 451 313 R26
R27 52,000 23,120 13010 8320 5780 4250 3250 2080 1450 1060 810 642 520 361 R27
R28 59,000 26,200 14,740 9430 6550 4810 3680 2360 1640 1200 920 728 590 409 R28
R29 64,000 28,450 16,000 10240 7110 5220 4000 2560 1780 1310 1000 790 640 445 R29
R30 65,700 29,200 16,420 10510 7300 5360 4110 2630 1820 1340 1030 811 657 456 R30
Yield Strength Reduction Factor for Type 304 Stainless Steel Structural Shapes
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
Table 7B.2 Pressure Capacity Table for Stainless Steel Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals
NOTES:

of Type 304 Stainless Steel. For unfixed stiffeners the table values must be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.80.
d. While the pressure capacities listed are intended for systems operating at ambient temperature they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying by the appropriate value
of ( f ), up to the maximum recommended operating temperature of stainless steel (1200 Deg. F). For temperatures not listed,the correction factor ( f ) may be interpolated.
e. Design for operation at temperatures of 800 Deg. F and above, requires considerable care and attention to detail, see section 3.4 and the notes to Tables 37, 38, and 312. Additionally,
the maximum recommended operating temperature of 1200 Deg. F for stainless steel should not be exceeded.
Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 43.0 16.6 9.4 5.7 3.3 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R1
R2 100 38.8 21.8 14.0 9.7 6.3 4.2 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 R2
R3 190 72.6 40.9 26.2 18.2 13.3 9.7 5.0 2.9 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 R3
R4 270 105 59.3 37.9 26.3 19.4 14.8 9.5 5.6 3.6 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.7 R4
R5 430 166 93.6 59.9 41.6 30.6 23.4 14.9 8.6 5.4 3.6 2.6 1.9 1.1 R5
R6 560 216 122 77.9 54.1 39.7 30.4 19.5 13.5 9.1 6.1 4.3 3.1 1.8 R6
R7 800 310 175 112 77.6 57.0 43.7 27.9 19.4 12.8 8.6 6.0 4.4 2.5 R7
R8 1070 420 230 150 104 76.4 58.5 37.4 26.0 19.1 13.4 9.4 6.9 4.0 R8
R9 1500 580 330 210 146 107 81.9 52.4 36.4 26.7 19.4 13.6 9.9 5.8 R9
R10 1840 720 400 260 179 131 101 64.4 44.7 32.8 25.1 19.9 16.1 9.6 R10
R11 2770 1080 610 390 269 198 151 96.8 67.2 49.4 37.8 29.9 23.8 13.8 R11
R12 3450 1340 750 480 340 247 189 121 83.9 61.6 47.2 37.3 30.2 21.0 R12
R13 4150 1610 910 580 400 300 227 145 101 74.1 56.7 44.8 36.3 24.5 R13
R14 4700 1840 1040 660 460 340 259 166 115 84.5 64.7 51.1 41.4 28.8 R14
R15 6400 2500 1400 900 620 460 351 225 156 115 87.7 69.3 56.1 35.0 R15
R16 7200 2810 1580 1010 700 520 395 253 175 129 99 77.9 63.1 39.4 R16
R17 8700 3370 1900 1210 840 620 470 300 211 155 119 93.7 75.9 48.5 R17
R18 10,400 4050 2280 1460 1010 740 570 360 253 186 143 113 91.2 57.3 R18
R19 11,100 4330 2430 1560 1080 790 610 390 270 199 152 120 97 67.6 R19
R20 12,900 5010 2820 1800 1250 920 700 450 310 230 176 139 113 78.2 R20
R21 15,500 6040 3400 2180 1510 1110 850 540 380 280 210 168 136 94.4 R21
R22 17,100 6650 3740 2400 1660 1220 940 600 420 310 230 185 150 104 R22
R23 19,700 7650 4300 2750 1910 1410 1080 690 480 350 270 213 172 120 R23
R24 22,500 8760 4930 3150 2190 1610 1230 790 550 400 310 243 197 137 R24
R25 29,200 11,370 6390 4090 2840 2090 1600 1020 710 520 400 316 256 178 R25
R26 34,400 13,360 7520 4810 3340 2450 1880 1200 840 610 470 371 301 209 R26
R27 39,600 15,420 8670 5550 3850 2830 2170 1390 960 710 540 428 347 241 R27
R28 44,900 17,470 9,830 6290 4370 3210 2460 1570 1090 800 610 485 393 273 R28
R29 48,800 18,960 10,670 6830 4740 3480 2670 1710 1190 870 670 527 427 296 R29
R30 50,000 19,460 10,950 7010 4870 3570 2740 1750 1220 890 680 541 438 304 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.19

Panel Width, ft
7.20
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 37.0 13.6 7.0 4.3 2.5 1.6 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R1
R2 87.3 31.8 16.4 10.5 7.3 4.7 3.2 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R2
R3 160 59.4 30.6 19.6 13.6 10.0 7.3 3.7 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 R3
R4 240 86.2 44.4 28.4 19.8 14.5 11.1 7.1 4.2 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R4
R5 370 136 70.2 44.9 31.2 22.9 17.5 11.2 6.5 4.1 2.7 1.9 1.4 0.8 R5
R6 490 177 91.2 58.4 40.5 29.8 22.8 14.6 10.1 6.9 4.6 3.2 2.4 1.4 R6
R7 700 250 131 83.8 58.2 42.8 32.8 21.0 14.6 9.6 6.4 4.5 3.3 1.9 R7
R8 940 340 180 112 78.0 57.3 43.9 28.1 19.5 14.3 10.0 7.1 5.1 3.0 R8
R9 1310 480 250 157 109 80.2 61.4 39.3 27.3 20.1 14.6 10.2 7.5 4.3 R9
R10 1610 590 300 190 134 99 75.4 48.3 33.5 24.6 18.9 14.9 12.1 7.2 R10
R11 2420 880 450 290 202 148 114 72.6 50.4 37.0 28.4 22.4 17.9 10.3 R11
R12 3020 1100 570 360 250 185 142 90.6 62.9 46.2 35.4 28.0 22.6 15.7 R12
R13 3630 1320 680 440 300 220 170 109 75.6 55.6 42.5 33.6 27.2 18.4 R13
R14 4100 1510 780 500 350 250 194 124 86.3 63.4 48.5 38.4 31.1 21.6 R14
R15 5600 2040 1050 670 470 340 263 168 117 85.9 65.8 52.0 42.1 26.3 R15
R16 6300 2300 1180 760 530 390 296 189 132 96.6 74.0 58.5 47.3 29.6 R16
R17 7600 2760 1420 910 630 460 360 230 158 116 88.9 70.2 56.9 36.4 R17
R18 9100 3320 1710 1090 760 560 430 270 190 140 107 84.4 68.4 43.0 R18
R19 9,700 3540 1820 1170 810 600 460 290 200 149 114 90.1 73.0 50.7 R19
R20 11,300 4100 2110 1350 940 690 530 340 230 172 132 104 84.5 58.7 R20
R21 13,600 4950 2550 1630 1130 830 640 410 280 210 159 126 102 70.8 R21
R22 15,000 5440 2810 1800 1250 920 700 450 310 230 176 139 112 78.0 R22
R23 17,200 6260 3230 2070 1430 1050 810 520 360 260 202 159 129 89.7 R23
R24 19,700 7170 3700 2370 1640 1210 920 590 410 300 231 183 148 103 R24
R25 25,600 9300 4800 3070 2130 1570 1200 770 530 390 300 237 192 133 R25
R26 30,100 10,930 5640 3610 2510 1840 1410 900 630 460 352 278 226 157 R26
R27 34,700 12,610 6500 4160 2890 2120 1630 1040 720 530 407 321 260 181 R27
R28 39,300 14,290 7370 4720 3280 2410 1840 1180 820 600 461 364 295 205 R28
R29 42,700 15,520 8000 5120 3560 2610 2000 1280 890 650 500 395 320 222 R29
R30 43,800 15,920 8210 5260 3650 2680 2050 1310 910 670 513 406 329 228 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 36.0 12.0 6.0 3.4 2.0 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R1
R2 83.8 27.9 14.0 8.4 5.8 3.8 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R2
R3 160 52.3 26.2 15.7 10.9 8.0 5.8 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 R3
R4 230 75.9 37.9 22.8 15.8 11.6 8.9 5.7 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R4
R5 360 120 59.9 35.9 25.0 18.3 14.0 8.9 5.2 3.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.6 R5
R6 470 156 77.9 46.7 32.4 23.8 18.2 11.7 8.1 5.5 3.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 R6
R7 670 220 112 67.1 46.6 34.2 26.2 16.8 11.6 7.7 5.1 3.6 2.6 1.5 R7
R8 900 300 150 89.8 62.4 45.8 35.1 22.5 15.6 11.5 8.0 5.6 4.1 2.4 R8
R9 1260 420 210 126 87.3 64.2 49.1 31.4 21.8 16.0 11.7 8.2 6.0 3.5 R9
R10 1550 520 260 150 107 78.8 60.4 38.6 26.8 19.7 15.1 11.9 9.7 5.8 R10
R11 2320 770 390 230 161 119 90.8 58.1 40.3 29.6 22.7 17.9 14.3 8.3 R11
R12 2900 970 480 290 200 148 113 72.5 50.3 37.0 28.3 22.4 18.1 12.6 R12
R13 3490 1160 580 350 240 180 136 87.1 60.5 44.5 34.0 26.9 21.8 14.7 R13
R14 4000 1330 660 400 280 200 155 99 69.0 50.7 38.8 30.7 24.9 17.3 R14
R15 5400 1800 900 540 370 270 211 135 93.6 68.7 52.6 41.6 33.7 21.0 R15
R16 6100 2020 1010 610 420 310 237 152 105 77.3 59.2 46.8 37.9 23.6 R16
R17 7300 2430 1210 730 510 370 280 180 126 92.9 71.1 56.2 45.5 29.1 R17
R18 8800 2920 1460 880 610 450 340 220 152 112 85.5 67.6 54.7 34.4 R18
R19 9300 3110 1560 930 650 480 360 230 162 119 91.2 72.1 58.4 40.5 R19
R20 10,800 3610 1800 1080 750 550 420 270 188 138 106 83.5 67.6 46.9 R20
R21 13,100 4350 2180 1310 910 670 510 330 227 167 128 101 81.6 56.7 R21
R22 14,400 4790 2400 1440 1000 730 560 360 250 183 140 111 89.8 62.4 R22
R23 16,500 5510 2750 1650 1150 840 650 410 287 211 161 128 103 71.7 R23
R24 18,900 6310 3150 1890 1310 970 740 470 329 241 185 146 118 82.1 R24
R25 24,600 8180 4090 2460 1710 1250 960 610 430 313 240 190 154 107 R25
R26 28,900 9620 4810 2890 2000 1470 1130 720 500 368 282 223 180 125 R26
R27 33,300 11100 5550 3330 2310 1700 1300 830 580 425 325 257 208 145 R27
R28 37,700 12,580 6290 3770 2620 1920 1470 940 660 481 369 291 236 164 R28
R29 41,000 13,650 6830 4100 2840 2090 1600 1020 710 523 400 316 256 178 R29
R30 42,000 14,010 7010 4200 2920 2140 1640 1050 730 536 411 324 263 183 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.21

Panel Width, ft
7.22
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 37.0 11.1 5.3 3.0 1.7 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 90.0 25.9 12.5 7.4 4.9 3.1 2.1 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 160 48.4 23.3 13.8 9.1 6.7 4.9 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R3
R4 240 70.2 33.9 20.0 13.2 9.7 7.4 4.7 2.8 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 R4
R5 370 111 53.5 31.5 20.8 15.3 11.7 7.5 4.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R5
R6 490 144 69.5 41.0 27.0 19.9 15.2 9.7 6.8 4.6 3.1 2.2 1.6 0.9 R6
R7 700 210 100 58.8 38.8 28.5 21.8 14.0 9.7 6.4 4.3 3.0 2.2 1.3 R7
R8 940 280 130 78.8 52.0 38.2 29.2 18.7 13.0 9.5 6.7 4.7 3.4 2.0 R8
R9 1310 390 190 110 72.8 53.5 40.9 26.2 18.2 13.4 9.7 6.8 5.0 2.9 R9
R10 1610 480 230 140 89.4 65.7 50.3 32.2 22.4 16.4 12.6 9.9 8.0 4.8 R10
R11 2420 720 350 200 135 99 75.6 48.4 33.6 24.7 18.9 14.9 11.9 6.9 R11
R12 3020 890 430 250 170 123 94.4 60.4 41.9 30.8 23.6 18.6 15.1 10.5 R12
R13 3630 1080 520 310 200 150 114 72.6 50.4 37.0 28.4 22.4 18.2 12.3 R13
R14 4100 1230 590 350 230 170 129 82.8 57.5 42.3 32.4 25.6 20.7 14.4 R14
R15 5600 1660 800 470 310 230 176 112 78.0 57.3 43.9 34.7 28.1 17.5 R15
R16 6300 1870 900 530 350 260 197 126 87.7 64.4 49.3 39.0 31.6 19.7 R16
R17 7600 2250 1080 640 420 310 240 150 105 77.4 59.3 46.8 37.9 24.2 R17
R18 9100 2700 1300 770 510 370 290 180 127 93.1 71.3 56.3 45.6 28.7 R18
R19 9,700 2880 1390 820 540 400 300 190 135 99 76.0 60.1 48.7 33.8 R19
R20 11,300 3340 1610 950 630 460 350 230 157 115 88.0 69.5 56.3 39.1 R20
R21 13,600 4030 1940 1150 760 560 420 270 189 139 106 83.9 68.0 47.2 R21
R22 15,000 4440 2140 1260 830 610 470 300 208 153 117 92.4 74.9 52.0 R22
R23 17,200 5100 2460 1450 960 700 540 340 239 176 135 106 86.1 59.8 R23
R24 19,700 5840 2820 1660 1100 800 620 390 274 201 154 122 99 68.4 R24
R25 25,600 7580 3650 2150 1420 1040 800 510 360 261 200 158 128 88.8 R25
R26 30,100 8910 4300 2530 1670 1230 940 600 420 307 235 186 150 104 R26
R27 34,700 10280 4960 2920 1930 1420 1080 690 480 354 271 214 173 120 R27
R28 39,300 11,640 5610 3310 2180 1600 1230 790 550 401 307 243 197 137 R28
R29 42,700 12,640 6100 3590 2370 1740 1330 850 590 435 333 263 213 148 R29
R30 43,800 12,980 6260 3690 2430 1790 1370 880 610 447 342 270 219 152 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 43.0 10.7 4.9 2.7 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 100 25.0 11.5 6.7 4.3 2.7 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 190 46.7 21.6 12.5 8.1 5.7 4.2 2.1 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 R3
R4 270 67.7 31.3 18.1 11.8 8.3 6.3 4.1 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R4
R5 430 107 49.4 28.5 18.6 13.1 10.0 6.4 3.7 2.3 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 R5
R6 560 139 64.2 37.1 24.2 17.0 13.0 8.3 5.8 3.9 2.6 1.8 1.3 0.8 R6
R7 800 200 92.1 53.2 34.7 24.4 18.7 12.0 8.3 5.5 3.7 2.6 1.9 1.1 R7
R8 1070 270 120 71.3 46.5 32.7 25.1 16.0 11.1 8.2 5.7 4.0 2.9 1.7 R8
R9 1500 370 170 100 65.1 45.8 35.1 22.5 15.6 11.5 8.3 5.8 4.3 2.5 R9
R10 1840 460 210 120 80.0 56.3 43.1 27.6 19.2 14.1 10.8 8.5 6.9 4.1 R10
R11 2770 690 320 180 120 84.7 64.8 41.5 28.8 21.2 16.2 12.8 10.2 5.9 R11
R12 3450 860 400 230 150 106 80.9 51.8 35.9 26.4 20.2 16.0 12.9 9.0 R12
R13 4150 1040 480 280 180 130 97 62.2 43.2 31.8 24.3 19.2 15.6 10.5 R13
R14 4700 1180 550 320 210 140 111 71.0 49.3 36.2 27.7 21.9 17.8 12.3 R14
R15 6400 1600 740 430 280 200 150 96.2 66.8 49.1 37.6 29.7 24.1 15.0 R15
R16 7200 1800 830 480 310 220 169 108 75.2 55.2 42.3 33.4 27.1 16.9 R16
R17 8700 2170 1000 580 380 270 200 130 90.3 66.3 50.8 40.1 32.5 20.8 R17
R18 10,400 2610 1200 690 450 320 240 160 109 79.8 61.1 48.3 39.1 24.6 R18
R19 11,100 2780 1280 740 480 340 260 170 116 85.1 65.2 51.5 41.7 29.0 R19
R20 12,900 3220 1490 860 560 390 300 190 134 99 75.4 59.6 48.3 33.5 R20
R21 15,500 3890 1790 1040 680 480 360 230 162 119 91.1 72.0 58.3 40.5 R21
R22 17,100 4280 1970 1140 740 520 400 260 178 131 100 79.2 64.2 44.6 R22
R23 19,700 4920 2270 1310 860 600 460 300 205 151 115 91.1 73.8 51.2 R23
R24 22,500 5630 2600 1500 980 690 530 340 235 172 132 104 84.5 58.7 R24
R25 29,200 7310 3370 1950 1270 890 690 440 300 224 171 135 110 76.1 R25
R26 34,400 8590 3970 2290 1490 1050 810 520 360 263 201 159 129 89.5 R26
R27 39,600 9910 4570 2640 1720 1210 930 590 410 303 232 184 149 103.2 R27
R28 44,900 11,230 5180 2990 1950 1370 1050 670 470 344 263 208 168 117 R28
R29 48,800 12,190 5630 3250 2120 1490 1140 730 510 373 286 226 183 127 R29
R30 50,000 12,510 5770 3340 2180 1530 1170 750 520 383 293 232 188 130 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.23

Panel Width, ft
7.24
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 56 10.7 4.7 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 130 25.0 10.9 6.2 4.0 2.4 1.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 250 46.7 20.4 11.5 7.4 5.2 3.6 1.9 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 360 67.7 29.6 16.7 10.8 7.5 5.6 3.6 2.1 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 R4
R5 560 107 46.8 26.4 17.0 11.9 8.8 5.6 3.2 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R5
R6 730 139 60.8 34.3 22.1 15.4 11.4 7.3 5.1 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 R6
R7 1050 200 87.3 49.3 31.8 22.2 16.4 10.5 7.3 4.8 3.2 2.3 1.6 1.0 R7
R8 1400 270 120 66.1 42.5 29.7 21.9 14.0 9.7 7.2 5.0 3.5 2.6 1.5 R8
R9 1970 370 160 92.5 59.5 41.6 30.7 19.7 13.6 10.0 7.3 5.1 3.7 2.2 R9
R10 2410 460 200 110 73.2 51.1 37.7 24.1 16.8 12.3 9.4 7.5 6.0 3.6 R10
R11 3630 690 300 170 110 76.8 56.7 36.3 25.2 18.5 14.2 11.2 8.9 5.2 R11
R12 4530 860 380 210 140 95.9 70.8 45.3 31.5 23.1 17.7 14.0 11.3 7.9 R12
R13 5450 1040 450 260 170 120 85.1 54.5 37.8 27.8 21.3 16.8 13.6 9.2 R13
R14 6200 1180 520 290 190 130 97.1 62.1 43.1 31.7 24.3 19.2 15.5 10.8 R14
R15 8400 1600 700 400 260 180 132 84.2 58.5 43.0 32.9 26.0 21.1 13.1 R15
R16 9500 1800 790 450 290 200 148 94.7 65.8 48.3 37.0 29.2 23.7 14.8 R16
R17 11,400 2170 950 540 340 240 180 110 79.0 58.1 44.4 35.1 28.4 18.2 R17
R18 13,700 2610 1140 640 410 290 210 140 95.0 69.8 53.4 42.2 34.2 21.5 R18
R19 14,600 2780 1220 690 440 310 230 150 101 74.5 57.0 45.1 36.5 25.3 R19
R20 16,900 3220 1410 800 510 360 260 170 117 86.2 66.0 52.2 42.2 29.3 R20
R21 20,400 3890 1700 960 620 430 320 200 142 104 79.7 63.0 51.0 35.4 R21
R22 22,500 4280 1870 1060 680 480 350 220 156 115 87.7 69.3 56.1 39.0 R22
R23 25,800 4920 2150 1220 780 550 400 260 179 132 101 79.7 64.6 44.8 R23
R24 29,600 5630 2460 1390 900 630 460 300 205 151 116 91.3 73.9 51.3 R24
R25 38,400 7310 3200 1810 1160 810 600 380 270 196 150 118 95.9 66.6 R25
R26 45,100 8590 3760 2120 1370 950 700 450 310 230 176 139 113 78.3 R26
R27 52,000 9910 4340 2450 1580 1100 810 520 360 265 203 161 130 90.3 R27
R28 59,000 11,230 4910 2770 1790 1250 920 590 410 301 230 182 147 102 R28
R29 64,000 12,190 5330 3010 1940 1350 1000 640 440 327 250 198 160 111 R29
R30 65,700 12,510 5470 3090 1990 1390 1030 660 460 335 257 203 164 114 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 100 11.1 4.5 2.4 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 230 25.9 10.6 5.8 3.7 2.3 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 440 48.4 19.8 10.9 6.9 4.8 3.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 630 70.2 28.7 15.8 10.0 6.9 5.1 3.2 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R4
R5 1000 111 45.4 25.0 15.8 11.0 8.0 5.0 2.9 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 R5
R6 1300 144 59.0 32.4 20.6 14.3 10.5 6.5 4.5 3.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 R6
R7 1860 210 84.7 46.6 29.6 20.5 15.0 9.3 6.5 4.3 2.9 2.0 1.5 0.8 R7
R8 2500 280 110 62.4 39.6 27.4 20.1 12.5 8.7 6.4 4.5 3.1 2.3 1.3 R8
R9 3490 390 160 87.3 55.5 38.4 28.2 17.5 12.1 8.9 6.5 4.5 3.3 1.9 R9
R10 4290 480 200 110 68.1 47.2 34.6 21.5 14.9 10.9 8.4 6.6 5.4 3.2 R10
R11 6450 720 290 160 103 70.9 52.1 32.3 22.4 16.5 12.6 10.0 7.9 4.6 R11
R12 8050 890 370 200 130 88.5 64.9 40.3 28.0 20.5 15.7 12.4 10.1 7.0 R12
R13 9680 1080 440 240 150 110 78.1 48.4 33.6 24.7 18.9 14.9 12.1 8.2 R13
R14 11,000 1230 500 280 180 120 89.1 55.2 38.4 28.2 21.6 17.0 13.8 9.6 R14
R15 15,000 1660 680 370 240 160 121 74.9 52.0 38.2 29.2 23.1 18.7 11.7 R15
R16 16,800 1870 770 420 270 190 136 84.2 58.5 42.9 32.9 26.0 21.0 13.1 R16
R17 20,200 2250 920 510 320 220 160 100 70.2 51.6 39.5 31.2 25.3 16.2 R17
R18 24,300 2700 1110 610 390 270 200 120 84.4 62.0 47.5 37.5 30.4 19.1 R18
R19 26,000 2880 1180 650 410 290 210 130 90.1 66.2 50.7 40.0 32.4 22.5 R19
R20 30,000 3340 1370 750 480 330 240 150 104 76.6 58.7 46.4 37.6 26.1 R20
R21 36,300 4030 1650 910 580 400 290 180 126 92.5 70.8 56.0 45.3 31.5 R21
R22 39,900 4440 1810 1000 630 440 320 200 139 102 78.0 61.6 49.9 34.7 R22
R23 45,900 5100 2090 1150 730 500 370 230 159 117 89.7 70.9 57.4 39.9 R23
R24 52,600 5840 2390 1310 830 580 420 260 183 134 103 81.1 65.7 45.6 R24
R25 68,200 7580 3100 1710 1080 750 550 340 240 174 133 105 85.3 59.2 R25
R26 80,200 8910 3640 2000 1270 880 650 400 280 205 157 124 100 69.6 R26
R27 92,500 10280 4200 2310 1470 1020 750 460 320 236 181 143 116 80.3 R27
R28 104,800 11,640 4760 2620 1660 1150 850 520 360 267 205 162 131 91.0 R28
R29 113,800 12,640 5170 2840 1810 1250 920 570 400 290 222 176 142 99 R29
R30 116,800 12,980 5310 2920 1850 1280 940 580 410 298 228 180 146 101 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.25

Panel Width, ft
7.26
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 12.0 4.5 2.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 390 27.9 10.5 5.6 3.5 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 740 52.3 19.6 10.5 6.5 4.5 3.1 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 1070 75.9 28.4 15.2 9.5 6.5 4.7 2.8 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 R4
R5 1680 120 44.9 24.0 15.0 10.3 7.5 4.5 2.6 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 R5
R6 2190 156 58.4 31.1 19.5 13.3 9.7 5.8 4.1 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R6
R7 3140 220 83.8 44.7 27.9 19.2 14.0 8.4 5.8 3.8 2.6 1.8 1.3 0.8 R7
R8 4210 300 112 59.9 37.4 25.7 18.7 11.2 7.8 5.7 4.0 2.8 2.1 1.2 R8
R9 5900 420 157 83.8 52.4 35.9 26.2 15.7 10.9 8.0 5.8 4.1 3.0 1.7 R9
R10 7240 520 193 103 64.4 44.1 32.2 19.3 13.4 9.9 7.5 6.0 4.8 2.9 R10
R11 10,900 770 290 155 96.8 66.4 48.4 29.0 20.2 14.8 11.3 9.0 7.2 4.1 R11
R12 13,600 970 360 190 120 80.0 60.4 36.2 25.2 18.5 14.2 11.2 9.1 6.3 R12
R13 16,300 1160 440 230 150 100 72.6 43.6 30.3 22.2 17.0 13.4 10.9 7.4 R13
R14 18,600 1330 500 270 170 110 82.8 49.7 34.5 25.4 19.4 15.3 12.4 8.6 R14
R15 25,300 1800 670 360 220 150 112 67.4 46.8 34.4 26.3 20.8 16.8 10.5 R15
R16 28,400 2020 760 400 250 170 126 75.8 52.6 38.7 29.6 23.4 18.9 11.8 R16
R17 34,100 2430 910 490 300 210 152 91.0 63.2 46.4 35.6 28.1 22.8 14.5 R17
R18 41,000 2920 1090 580 360 250 182 109 76.0 55.8 42.8 33.8 27.4 17.2 R18
R19 43,800 3110 1170 620 390 270 190 120 81.1 59.6 45.6 36.0 29.2 20.3 R19
R20 50,700 3610 1350 720 450 310 230 140 93.9 69.0 52.8 41.7 33.8 23.5 R20
R21 61,200 4350 1630 870 540 370 270 160 113 83.3 63.7 50.4 40.8 28.3 R21
R22 67,400 4790 1800 960 600 410 300 180 125 91.7 70.2 55.5 44.9 31.2 R22
R23 77,500 5510 2070 1100 690 470 340 210 144 105 80.7 63.8 51.7 35.9 R23
R24 88,700 6310 2370 1260 790 540 390 240 164 121 92.4 73.0 59.1 41.1 R24
R25 115,000 8180 3070 1640 1020 700 510 310 210 157 120 94.7 76.7 53.3 R25
R26 135,000 9620 3610 1920 1200 820 600 360 250 180 141 111 90.2 62.6 R26
R27 156,000 11100 4160 2220 1390 950 690 420 290 210 163 129 104.1 72.3 R27
R28 177,000 12,600 4720 2520 1570 1080 790 470 330 240 184 146 118 81.9 R28
R29 192,000 13,700 5120 2730 1710 1170 850 510 360 260 200 158 128 88.9 R29
R30 197,000 14,000 5260 2800 1750 1200 880 530 360 270 205 162 131 91.2 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 16.6 4.7 2.2 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 390 38.8 10.9 5.4 3.2 1.9 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 740 72.6 20.4 10.1 6.1 4.1 2.8 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 1070 105 29.6 14.6 8.8 5.9 4.2 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R4
R5 1680 166 46.8 23.0 13.9 9.3 6.7 3.9 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 R5
R6 2190 216 60.8 29.9 18.0 12.1 8.7 5.1 3.4 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 R6
R7 3140 310 87.3 43.0 25.9 17.4 12.5 7.4 4.9 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.6 R7
R8 4210 420 117 57.6 34.7 23.2 16.7 9.9 6.5 4.8 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.0 R8
R9 5900 580 164 80.6 48.5 32.5 23.4 13.8 9.1 6.7 4.9 3.4 2.5 1.4 R9
R10 7240 720 201 99 59.6 40.0 28.7 16.9 11.2 8.2 6.3 5.0 4.0 2.4 R10
R11 10,900 1080 300 149 89.6 60.1 43.2 25.5 16.8 12.3 9.5 7.5 6.0 3.4 R11
R12 13,600 1340 380 190 110 80.0 53.9 31.8 21.0 15.4 11.8 9.3 7.5 5.2 R12
R13 16,300 1610 450 220 130 90 64.8 38.2 25.2 18.5 14.2 11.2 9.1 6.1 R13
R14 18,600 1840 520 250 150 100 74.0 43.6 28.8 21.1 16.2 12.8 10.4 7.2 R14
R15 25,300 2500 700 350 210 140 100 59.1 39.0 28.6 21.9 17.3 14.0 8.8 R15
R16 28,400 2810 790 390 230 160 113 66.5 43.8 32.2 24.7 19.5 15.8 9.9 R16
R17 34,100 3370 950 470 280 190 136 79.9 52.7 38.7 29.6 23.4 19.0 12.1 R17
R18 41,000 4050 1140 560 340 230 163 96 63.3 46.5 35.6 28.1 22.8 14.3 R18
R19 43,800 4330 1220 600 360 240 170 100 67.6 49.7 38.0 30.0 24.3 16.9 R19
R20 50,700 5010 1410 690 420 280 200 120 78.2 57.5 44.0 34.8 28.2 19.6 R20
R21 61,200 6040 1700 840 500 340 240 140 94 69.4 53.1 42.0 34.0 23.6 R21
R22 67,400 6650 1870 920 550 370 270 160 104 76.4 58.5 46.2 37.4 26.0 R22
R23 77,500 7650 2150 1060 640 430 310 180 120 88 67.3 53.1 43.0 29.9 R23
R24 88,700 8760 2460 1210 730 490 350 210 137 101 77.0 60.8 49.3 34.2 R24
R25 115,000 11,370 3200 1570 950 640 460 270 180 131 100 78.9 63.9 44.4 R25
R26 135,000 13,360 3760 1850 1110 750 540 320 210 150 118 93 75.2 52.2 R26
R27 156,000 15,400 4340 2130 1280 860 620 370 240 180 136 107 86.7 60.2 R27
R28 177,000 17,500 4910 2420 1460 980 700 410 270 200 154 121 98 68.2 R28
R29 192,000 19,000 5330 2630 1580 1060 760 450 300 220 167 132 107 74.1 R29
R30 197,000 19,500 5470 2690 1620 1090 780 460 300 220 171 135 110 76.0 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.27

Panel Width, ft
7.28
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 49.9 6.0 2.3 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 390 116 14.0 5.6 3.1 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 740 220 26.2 10.5 5.8 3.7 2.5 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 1070 320 37.9 15.2 8.4 5.4 3.8 2.2 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 1680 500 59.9 24.0 13.3 8.6 6.0 3.4 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 R5
R6 2190 650 77.9 31.1 17.3 11.1 7.8 4.4 2.9 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 R6
R7 3140 930 112 44.7 24.8 16.0 11.2 6.4 4.1 2.6 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.5 R7
R8 4210 1250 150 59.9 33.3 21.4 15.0 8.6 5.5 3.9 2.7 1.9 1.4 0.8 R8
R9 5900 1750 210 83.8 46.6 29.9 21.0 12.0 7.8 5.4 3.9 2.7 2.0 1.2 R9
R10 7240 2150 260 103 57.2 36.8 25.8 14.7 9.5 6.7 5.0 4.0 3.2 1.9 R10
R11 10,900 3230 390 155 86.1 55.3 38.7 22.1 14.3 10.1 7.6 6.0 4.8 2.8 R11
R12 13,600 4030 480 190 110 70.0 48.3 27.6 17.9 12.5 9.4 7.5 6.0 4.2 R12
R13 16,300 4840 580 230 130 80.0 58.1 33.2 21.5 15.1 11.3 9.0 7.3 4.9 R13
R14 18,600 5520 660 270 150 90 66.3 37.9 24.5 17.2 12.9 10.2 8.3 5.8 R14
R15 25,300 7490 900 360 200 130 89.8 51.3 33.3 23.3 17.5 13.9 11.2 7.0 R15
R16 28,400 8420 1010 400 220 140 101 57.7 37.4 26.2 19.7 15.6 12.6 7.9 R16
R17 34,100 10,100 1210 490 270 170 121 69.4 45.0 31.5 23.7 18.7 15.2 9.7 R17
R18 41,000 12,200 1460 580 320 210 146 83.4 54.0 37.9 28.5 22.5 18.2 11.5 R18
R19 43,800 13,000 1560 620 350 220 160 90.0 57.7 40.4 30.4 24.0 19.5 13.5 R19
R20 50,700 15,000 1800 720 400 260 180 100 66.8 46.8 35.2 27.8 22.5 15.6 R20
R21 61,200 18,100 2180 870 480 310 220 120 80.6 56.5 42.5 33.6 27.2 18.9 R21
R22 67,400 20,000 2400 960 530 340 240 140 88.7 62.2 46.8 37.0 29.9 20.8 R22
R23 77,500 23,000 2750 1100 610 390 280 160 102 71.6 53.8 42.5 34.4 23.9 R23
R24 88,700 26,300 3150 1260 700 450 320 180 117 81.9 61.6 48.7 39.4 27.4 R24
R25 115,000 34,100 4090 1640 910 580 410 230 150 106 79.9 63.2 51.2 35.5 R25
R26 135,000 40,100 4810 1920 1070 690 480 270 180 120 94.0 74.2 60.1 41.8 R26
R27 156,000 46,200 5550 2220 1230 790 550 320 210 140 108.4 85.6 69.4 48.2 R27
R28 177,000 52,400 6290 2520 1400 900 630 360 230 160 123 97 78.6 54.6 R28
R29 192,000 56,900 6830 2730 1520 980 680 390 250 180 133 105 85.3 59.3 R29
R30 197,000 58,400 7010 2800 1560 1000 700 400 260 180 137 108 87.6 60.8 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 170 49.9 21.1 3.4 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 390 116 49.1 8.4 3.5 1.8 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 740 220 91.9 15.7 6.5 3.7 2.3 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 1070 320 133 22.8 9.5 5.4 3.6 1.9 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 1680 500 210 35.9 15.0 8.6 5.6 3.0 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R5
R6 2190 650 270 46.7 19.5 11.1 7.3 3.9 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R6
R7 3140 930 390 67.1 27.9 16.0 10.5 5.6 3.5 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 R7
R8 4210 1250 530 89.8 37.4 21.4 14.0 7.5 4.7 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.0 0.6 R8
R9 5900 1750 740 126 52.4 29.9 19.7 10.5 6.6 4.5 3.1 2.1 1.5 0.9 R9
R10 7240 2150 910 155 64.4 36.8 24.1 12.9 8.0 5.5 4.0 3.1 2.4 1.4 R10
R11 10,900 3230 1360 230 96.8 55.3 36.3 19.4 12.1 8.3 6.1 4.6 3.6 2.1 R11
R12 13,600 4030 1700 290 120 70.0 45.3 24.2 15.1 10.4 7.5 5.8 4.5 3.1 R12
R13 16,300 4840 2040 350 150 80.0 54.5 29.0 18.2 12.4 9.1 6.9 5.4 3.7 R13
R14 18,600 5520 2330 400 170 90 62.1 33.1 20.7 14.2 10.4 7.9 6.2 4.3 R14
R15 25,300 7490 3160 540 220 130 84.2 44.9 28.1 19.2 14.0 10.7 8.4 5.3 R15
R16 28,400 8420 3550 610 250 140 95 50.5 31.6 21.6 15.8 12.0 9.5 5.9 R16
R17 34,100 10,100 4270 730 300 170 114 60.7 37.9 26.0 19.0 14.4 11.4 7.3 R17
R18 41,000 12,200 5130 880 360 210 137 73.0 45.6 31.3 22.8 17.4 13.7 8.6 R18
R19 43,800 13,000 5470 930 390 220 150 80.0 48.7 33.4 24.3 18.5 14.6 10.1 R19
R20 50,700 15,000 6340 1080 450 260 170 90.0 56.3 38.6 28.2 21.5 16.9 11.7 R20
R21 61,200 18,100 7650 1310 540 310 200 110 68.0 46.6 34.0 25.9 20.4 14.2 R21
R22 67,400 20,000 8420 1440 600 340 220 120 74.9 51.3 37.4 28.5 22.5 15.6 R22
R23 77,500 23,000 9690 1650 690 390 260 140 86.1 59.0 43.0 32.8 25.8 17.9 R23
R24 88,700 26,300 11,100 1890 790 450 300 160 99 67.6 49.3 37.5 29.6 20.5 R24
R25 115,000 34,100 14,400 2460 1020 580 380 200 130 87.7 63.9 48.7 38.4 26.6 R25
R26 135,000 40,100 16,900 2890 1200 690 450 240 150 100 75.2 57.3 45.1 31.3 R26
R27 156,000 46,200 19,500 3330 1390 790 520 280 170 120 86.7 66.1 52.0 36.1 R27
R28 177,000 52,400 22,100 3770 1570 900 590 310 200 130 98 74.9 59.0 40.9 R28
R29 192,000 56,900 24,000 4100 1710 980 640 340 210 150 107 81.3 64.0 44.4 R29
R30 197,000 58,400 24,600 4200 1750 1000 660 350 220 150 110 83.4 65.7 45.6 R30
Deg. F To 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
NOTES:

7.29


Allowable Compressive Load in Pounds
Pipe Dia., in. 1_w 3_r 1 11_r 11_w 2 21_w 3 31_w
Wall Thickness,
0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226
in.
Weight, lb/ft 0.851 1.131 1.679 2.273 2.718 3.653 5.793 7.576 9.109
Fy, lb/in.2 35,000
1.0 4540 6300 9600 13,000 16,000 22,000 35,000 46,000 55,000
1.5 4000 5800 9100 13,000 16,000 21,000 34,000 45,000 55,000
2.0 3370 5200 8500 12,000 15,000 21,000 34,000 44,000 54,000
t, ft
3.0 1920 3810 7000 11,000 14,000 19,000 32,000 43,000 52,000
4.0 1080 2340 5200 9200 12,000 18,000 30,000 41,000 51,000
Height,
5.0 1500 3530 7400 10,000 16,000 28,000 39,000 49,000
mn Heigh
6.0 2450 5500 8300 15,000 26,000 37,000 47,000
olumn
7.0 1800 4020 6400 12,000 24,000 35,000 44,000
dCColu
8.0 3080 4900 10,000 21,000 32,000 42,000
aced
9.0 See Note a. 3870 8300 18,000 30,000 39,000
10.0 3130 6700 15,000 27,000 37,000
Unbrace
Unbr
11.0 5600 13,000 24,000 34,000
12.0 4680 11,000 21,000 31,000
Properties
Area A, in.2 0.250 0.332 0.494 0.668 0.799 1.074 1.703 2.227 2.678
I , in.4 0.017 0.037 0.087 0.194 0.309 0.665 1.527 3.012 4.779
r, in. 0.261 0.334 0.421 0.540 0.623 0.787 0.947 1.164 1.337
Internal Stainless Steel Pipe Support Load Reduction Factors Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
h f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32
h e 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.75
Table 7C Stainless Steel Internal Pipe SupportAllowable Load Table
NOTES:

a. Selections in blank area of the table have a Kl/r > 200 and are not generally recommended for internal duct supports.
c. Apply yield strength reduction factor ( f ) to table values above heavy line, and Modulus reduction factor ( e ) to values below the heavy line.
d. Pipe is assumed to be Standard Sch 40 pipe in ASTM A312 304 or 316 Stainless Steel.
7.31
R1 0.031 0.022 1 1 1_i Angle 0.80 0.031 0.022
1 1 3_qy Angle 1.16 0.044 0.030
1 1 1_r Angle 1.49 0.056 0.037
1 3_i 1_i Channel 0.68 0.048 0.024
1 1_w 1_i Channel 0.82 0.063 0.031
1 1_r Bar 0.85 0.042 0.021
1 5_qy Bar 1.06 0.052 0.026
1 3_i Bar 1.28 0.062 0.031

R2 0.072 0.060 11_w 11_w 1_i Angle 1.23 0.072 0.078
13_r 13_r 1_i Angle 1.44 0.099 0.126

11_w 11_w 3_qy Angle 1.80 0.104 0.110
11_r 1_w 1_i Channel 1.01 0.096 0.060
R3 0.131 0.139 11_w 11_w 1_r Angle 2.34 0.134 0.139
2 2 1_i Angle 1.65 0.131 0.190
2 1_r Bar 1.70 0.167 0.167
R4 0.190 0.272 2 2 3_qy Angle 2.44 0.190 0.272
2 2 1_r Angle 3.19 0.247 0.348
R5 0.300 0.416 2 2 5_qy Angle 3.92 0.300 0.416
2 2 3_i Angle 4.70 0.351 0.479
21_w 21_w 3_qy Angle 3.07 0.303 0.547
3 1_r Bar 2.55 0.375 0.563
R6 0.394 0.703 21_w 21_w 5_qy Angle 5.00 0.482 0.849
21_w 21_w 1_r Angle 4.10 0.394 0.703
3 3 3_qy Angle 3.71 0.441 0.962
3 5_qy Bar 3.19 0.469 0.703
3 3_i Bar 3.83 0.563 0.844
R7 0.566 0.984 21_w 21_w 1_w Angle 7.70 0.724 1.230
21_w 21_w 3_r Angle 5.90 0.566 0.984
3 3 1_r Angle 4.90 0.577 1.240
3 3 5_qy Angle 6.10 0.707 1.510
4 1_r Bar 3.40 0.667 1.330
R8 0.755 1.530 3 2 3_i Angle 5.90 0.781 1.530
3 21_w 3_i Angle 6.60 0.810 1.660
31_w 21_w 1_r Angle 4.90 0.755 1.800
31_w 21_w 5_qy Angle 6.10 0.927 2.190
31_w 3 1_r Angle 5.40 0.776 1.910
31_w 3 5_qy Angle 6.60 0.954 2.330
4 3 1_r Angle 5.80 1.000 2.770
4 31_w 1_r Angle 6.20 1.030 2.910
3 3 3_r Angle 7.20 0.833 1.760
31_w 31_w 1_r Angle 5.80 0.794 2.010
31_w 31_w 5_qy Angle 7.20 0.976 2.450
4 3_i Bar 5.10 1.000 2.000
R9 1.050 2.220 4 4 1_r Angle 6.60 1.050 3.040
3 3 1_w Angle 9.40 1.070 2.220
31_w 21_w 3_i Angle 7.20 1.090 2.560
31_w 3 3_i Angle 7.90 1.130 2.720
31_w 31_w 3_i Angle 8.50 1.150 2.870
4 3 5_qy Angle 7.20 1.230 3.380
4 31_w 5_qy Angle 7.70 1.260 3.560
4 1_w Bar 6.80 1.334 2.667

R10 1.290 3.710 4 4 5_qy Angle 8.20 1.290 3.710
4 3 3_i Angle 8.50 1.460 3.960
4 31_w 3_i Angle 9.10 1.490 4.180
5 3 1_r Angle 6.60 1.530 5.110
4 4 3_i Angle 9.80 1.520 4.360
4 3 1_w Angle 11.10 1.890 5.050

5 3 5_qy Angle 8.20 1.890 6.260
C4 Channel 5.40 1.930 3.850

R11 1.940 5.320 4 31_w 1_w Angle 11.90 1.940 5.320
5 31_w 5_qy Angle 8.70 1.940 6.600
4 4 1_w Angle 12.80 1.970 5.560
5 3 3_i Angle 9.80 2.240 7.370
5 31_w 3_i Angle 10.40 2.290 7.780
5 5 5_qy Angle 10.30 2.040 7.420
C5 Channel 6.70 3.000 7.490
S4 Beam 7.70 3.040 6.080
5 3_r Bar 12.80 3.125 7.813
R12 2.420 8.740 5 5 3_i Angle 12.30 2.420 8.740
6 31_w 5_qy Angle 9.80 2.730 10.900
6 1_w Bar 10.20 2.625 9.000
C5 Channel 9.00 3.560 8.900
R13 2.910 9.450 5 3 1_w Angle 12.80 2.910 9.450
5 31_w 1_w Angle 13.60 2.990 9.990
5 5 1_w Angle 16.20 3.160 11.300
6 31_w 3_i Angle 11.70 3.240 12.900
51 Bar 5.00 4.168 10.420
R14 3.320 13.100 6 4 3_i Angle 12.30 3.320 13.500
6 4 1_w Angle 16.20 4.330 17.400
6 6 3_i Angle 14.90 3.530 15.400
C6 Channel 8.20 4.380 13.100
R15 4.500 13.500 6 6 1_w Angle 19.60 4.610 19.900
6 3_r Bar 15.30 4.500 13.500
M8 Beam 6.50 4.620 18.500
R16 5.060 15.200 61 Bar 20.40 6.000 18.000
C6 Channel 10.50 5.060 15.200
C6 Channel 13.00 5.800 17.400
R17 6.080 18.700 MC6 Channel 12.00 6.240 18.700
C7 Channel 9.80 6.080 21.300
C7 Channel 12.20 6.930 24.200
R18 7.310 22.100 W6 Wide Flange 12.00 7.310 22.100
8 4 1_w Angle 19.60 7.490 38.500
86 Angle 23.00 8.020 44.300
C7 Channel 14.75 7.780 27.200
S6 Beam 12.50 7.370 22.100
R19 7.800 30.800 C8 Channel 11.50 8.140 32.600
S7 Beam 20.00 12.100 42.400
S7 Beam 15.30 10.500 36.700
W8 Wide Flange 10.00 7.800 30.800

R20 9.030 36.100 C8 Channel 13.75 9.030 36.100
C8 Channel 18.75 11.000 44.000
C9 Channel 13.40 10.600 47.900
W8 Wide Flange 13.00 9.900 39.600
R21 10.900 48.100 C9 Channel 15.00 11.300 51.000
W8 Wide Flange 15.00 11.800 48.100
W10 Wide Flange 12.00 10.900 53.800

R22 12.000 57.600 M12 Wide Flange 11.80 12.000 71.900
S8 Beam 18.40 14.400 57.600

R23 13.800 68.900 W10 Wide Flange 15.00 13.800 68.900
W8 Wide Flange 20.00 17.000 69.400
R24 15.800 78.900 C10 Channel 20.00 15.800 78.900
C10 Channel 25.00 18.200 91.200
W8 Wide Flange 24.00 20.800 82.500
W8 Wide Flange 28.00 24.300 97.800
W10 Wide Flange 17.00 16.200 81.900
W10 Wide Flange 19.00 18.800 96.300
R25 20.500 103.00 MC10 Channel 22.00 20.500 103.000
MC10 Channel 25.00 22.000 110.000
MC10 Channel 28.50 25.300 127.000
C10 Channel 30.00 20.700 103.000
C12 Channel 20.70 21.500 129.000
W10 Wide Flange 22.00 23.200 118.000
S10 Beam 25.40 24.700 124.000
R26a 24.100 139.00 C12 Channel 25.00 24.100 144.000
C12 Channel 30.00 27.000 162.000
W10 Wide Flange 26.00 27.900 144.000
W12 Wide Flange 22.00 25.400 156.000
MC10 Channel 33.60 27.800 139.000
S10 Beam 35.00 29.400 147.000
R28 31.500 158.000 MCI0 Channel 41.10 31.500 158.000
MC12 Channel 31.00 33.800 203.000
MC12 Channel 35.00 36.100 216.000
W10 Wide Flange 30.00 32.400 170.000
WI0 Wide Flange 33.00 35.000 170.000
R29 34.200 204.000 W12 Wide Flange 27.00 34.200 204.000
R30 35.100 244.000 W14 Wide Flange 26.00 35.100 244.000
NOTES:
b. Shaded rows indicate reinforcement members that are normally stocked by steel houses, the other members
may be more difficult to find or require ordering a minimum quantity.


Thickness, in. 0.0459 0.0565 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900
Duct Height Support
h, ft Spacing L, ft
10.0 240 300 380 530 600 670 900 1190 1460 1720 2190
12.0 170 210 260 370 420 460 630 830 1010 1190 1520
15.0 110 130 170 230 270 300 400 530 650 760 970
10
1.0 20.0 60 75 90 130 150 170 230 300 370 430 550
25.0 39 48 60 84 100 110 140 190 230 280 350
30.0 27 33 42 58 67 74 100 130 160 190 240
10.0 380 480 600 840 950 1060 1440 1900 2340 2770 3550
12.0 270 330 420 580 660 740 1000 1320 1630 1920 2460
15.0 170 210 270 370 420 470 640 850 1040 1230 1580
15
1.5 20.0 100 120 150 210 240 270 360 480 590 690 890
25.0 61 76 100 130 150 170 230 300 370 440 570
30.0 42 53 66 93 110 120 160 210 260 310 390
10.0 520 650 820 1150 1310 1460 1980 2620 3230 3820 4920
12.0 360 450 570 800 910 1010 1370 1820 2240 2650 3410
15.0 230 290 360 510 580 650 880 1160 1440 1700 2180
20
2.0 20.0 130 160 210 290 330 360 490 650 810 960 1230
25.0 84 100 130 180 210 230 320 420 520 610 790
30.0 58 73 91 130 150 160 220 290 360 420 550
10.0 670 830 1040 1460 1660 1850 2520 3340 4120 4880 6290
12.0 460 580 720 1010 1150 1290 1750 2320 2860 3390 4360
15.0 300 370 460 650 740 820 1120 1480 1830 2170 2790
25
2.5 20.0 170 210 260 360 420 460 630 830 1030 1220 1570
25.0 110 130 170 230 270 300 400 530 660 780 1010
30.0 70 90 120 160 180 210 280 370 460 540 700
10.0 810 1010 1270 1770 2020 2250 3060 4060 5010 5940 7660
12.0 560 700 880 1230 1400 1560 2120 2820 3480 4120 5320
15.0 360 450 560 790 900 1000 1360 1800 2230 2640 3400
30
3.0 20.0 200 250 320 440 510 560 760 1010 1250 1480 1910
25.0 130 160 200 280 320 360 490 650 800 950 1220
30.0 90 110 140 200 220 250 340 450 560 660 850
10.0 950 1190 1490 2080 2380 2650 3600 4780 5900 7000 9030
12.0 660 830 1030 1450 1650 1840 2500 3320 4100 4860 6270
15.0 420 530 660 930 1060 1180 1600 2120 2620 3110 4010
35
3.5 20.0 240 300 370 520 590 660 900 1190 1480 1750 2260
25.0 150 190 240 330 380 420 580 760 940 1120 1440
30.0 110 130 170 230 260 290 400 530 660 780 1000
10.0 1090 1370 1710 2400 2730 3050 4140 5500 6790 8060 10400
12.0 760 950 1190 1660 1900 2110 2880 3820 4720 5590 7220
15.0 480 610 760 1070 1210 1350 1840 2440 3020 3580 4620
40
4.0 20.0 270 340 430 600 680 760 1040 1380 1700 2010 2600
25.0 170 220 270 380 440 490 660 880 1090 1290 1660
30.0 120 150 190 270 300 340 460 610 750 900 1160
10.0 1380 1720 2160 3020 3450 3840 5230 6940 8580 10180 13150
12.0 960 1200 1500 2100 2390 2670 3630 4820 5960 7070 9130
15.0 610 770 960 1340 1530 1710 2320 3090 3810 4520 5850
50
5.0 20.0 340 430 540 760 860 960 1310 1740 2140 2540 3290
25.0 220 280 350 480 550 610 840 1110 1370 1630 2100
30.0 150 190 240 340 380 430 580 770 950 1130 1460
10.0 1660 2080 2610 3650 4160 4640 6310 8390 10,360 12,300 15,900
12.0 1150 1440 1810 2530 2890 3220 4380 5820 7200 8540 11,040
15.0 740 920 1160 1620 1850 2060 2810 3730 4610 5470 7070
60
6.0 20.0 420 520 650 910 1040 1160 1580 2100 2590 3070 3980
25.0 270 330 420 580 670 740 1010 1340 1660 1970 2540
30.0 180 230 290 410 460 520 700 930 1150 1370 1770
Temperature Correction Factors for Stainless Steel
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
f 1.00 0.95 0.88 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.78 0.75 0.52 0.32

NOTES:
b. While the maximum allowable duct loads listed above are intended for systems operating at ambient temperatures they may be adjusted for higher temperatures
by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value of ( f ) up to the maximum recommended operating temperature for the type of stainless planned for duct
construction, see Table 312 for details.
c. The table values above, as well as the temperature correction factor ( f ) are based on Type 304 stainless steel, for other types of stainless use the temperature correc-
tions factors listed in Table 37

Thickness, in. 0.0459 0.0565 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3020 0.3650 0.4900

I 21.7 27.1 33.9 47.4 53.9 60.0 81.2 107.1 131.4 154.8 197.4
1.0 S 3.6 4.5 5.7 7.9 9.0 10.0 13.5 17.8 21.9 25.8 32.9
M 2410 3010 3770 5260 5990 6660 9020 11,900 14,600 17,200 21,930
I 51.5 64.4 80.7 112.8 128.5 143.1 194.1 256.8 316.1 373.5 479.1
1.5 S 5.7 7.2 9.0 12.5 14.3 15.9 21.6 28.5 35.1 41.5 53.2
M 3820 4770 5980 8350 9520 10,600 14,380 19,020 23,410 27,660 35,490
I 94.2 117.8 147.5 206.4 235.3 262.0 355.9 471.4 581.1 687.7 884.6
2.0 S 7.8 9.8 12.3 17.2 19.6 21.8 29.7 39.3 48.4 57.3 73.7
M 5230 6540 8200 11470 13070 14550 19770 26,190 32,290 38,200 49,150
I 149.6 187.2 234.5 328.2 374.2 416.7 566.5 751.1 926.6 1097.4 1414.0
2.5 S 10.0 12.5 15.6 21.9 24.9 27.8 37.8 50.1 61.8 73.2 94.3
M 6650 8320 10420 14590 16630 18,520 25,180 33,380 41,180 48,770 62,850
I 217.9 272.6 341.6 478.2 545.3 607.3 826.0 1095.7 1352.5 1602.7 2067.2
3.0 S 12.1 15.1 19.0 26.6 30.3 33.7 45.9 60.9 75.1 89.0 114.8
M 8070 10100 12650 17710 20200 22490 30590 40,580 50,090 59,360 76,560
I 299.0 374.1 468.8 656.4 748.6 833.8 1134.3 1505.3 1858.8 2203.5 2844.3
3.5 S 14.2 17.8 22.3 31.3 35.6 39.7 54.0 71.7 88.5 104.9 135.4
M 9490 11880 14880 20840 23770 26,470 36,010 47,790 59,010 69,950 90,290
Table 7F Max. Allowable Duct

I 392.9 491.7 616.1 862.7 984.0 1096.1 1491.5 1979.8 2445.5 2899.8 3745.1

4.0 S 16.4 20.5 25.7 35.9 41.0 45.7 62.1 82.5 101.9 120.8 156.0
M 10910 13660 17110 23970 27330 30450 41430 55,000 67,930 80,550 104,030

I 619.1 774.8 971.1 1360.1 1551.4 1728.2 2352.4 3123.9 3860.2 4579.1 5918.4
5.0 S 20.6 25.8 32.4 45.3 51.7 57.6 78.4 104.1 128.7 152.6 197.3
M 13760 17220 21580 30220 34480 38,410 52,280 69,420 85,780 101,760 131,520
I 896.6 1122.2 1406.5 1970.1 2247.5 2503.8 3408.7 4527.8 5596.5 6640.4 8587.0
6.0 S 24.9 31.2 39.1 54.7 62.4 69.5 94.7 125.8 155.5 184.5 238.5
M 16600 20780 26050 36480 41620 46370 63120 83,850 103,640 122,970 159,020

NOTES:
a. Row heading (I) represents the duct section moment of inertia in in.4, (S) represents Duct section modulus in in.3,
and (M) represents the bending moment capacity of the duct section in foot pounds.
b. The bending moment capacity (M) values are based on a yield strength of 35 ksi characteristic of type 304 stainless
steel, for other types of stainless steel if there is a substantial difference in yield strength (see Table 312) the bend-
ing moment capacity (M) may be prorated based on the ratio of the strength values.

18 0.045 1 1 9.0
16 0.057 1 1 7.0 12.0
14 0.071 1 11_r 6.0 10.0
12 0.100 1 11_w 4.0 8.0 12.0
11 0.115 11_r 13_r 4.0 8.0 10.0
10 0.129 13_i 2 4.0 6.0 10.0
3_qy 0.178 2 21_w 3.0 4.0 8.0 10.0
1_r 0.240 3 31_w 3.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
5_qy 0.302 31_w 5 4.0 6.0 8.0
3_i 0.365 4 6 4.0 6.0 8.0
1_w 0.490 5 7 3.0 4.0 6.0
h
f
h h a
f f
a a
TABLES 7G1 & G2

Duct Aspect
Ratio, h/W
h/Wt1_e 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6
1_eth/W v0.40 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.9
0.40th/W v0.50 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.6 2.2
0.50th/W v 2_e 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.9
2_eth/W v0.80 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.5 2.5 4.3
0.80th/W v1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.5 3.4 6.5
Table 7H1.a Load Ratio Alpha (a) vs. Duct Aspect Ratio and Stiffener Spacing
NOTES:
a. To select a value for (a), first compute the aspect ratio (duct height over duct width) for the duct under consid-
(column).
b. Notice that there are no (a) values for an aspect ratio greater than 1.0, the reason is that the value of (a) in-
tions listed above.
c. Exception: Horizontal support members that are an extension of a flanged joint or bottom panel reinforce-
ment and are integrally welded to the side wall stiffeners, forming a complete frame around the entire duct
crosssection are not subject to the localized type of buckling affecting unattached trapeze type supports lo-
cated at intermediate points between side wall stiffeners. Duct systems using this type of support are checked
for global type of buckling instead of localized buckling, see Table 7H2.
Table 7H1.a Load Ratio Alpha vs.

Duct Aspect Ratio


Localized Buckling
Thickness, in. 0.0450 0.5650 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3025 0.3650 0.4900
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 560 1120 2230 6300 9400 13,200 34,600 85,600 171,000 301,000 729,000
1.0 2.0 510 1010 2010 5700 8500 11,900 31,300 77,300 155,000 272,000 658,000
Unstiffened 460 910 1820 5100 7700 10,800 28,400 70,100 140,000 247,000 597,000
1.0 300 580 1170 3280 4930 6900 18,100 44,800 89,800 158,000 382,000
2.0 280 560 1110 3110 4680 6500 17,200 42,500 85,200 150,000 362,000
2.0 3.0 270 530 1050 2960 4450 6200 16,300 40,400 80,900 142,000 344,000
4.0 250 500 1000 2810 4230 5900 15,500 38,400 76,900 135,000 327,000
Unstiffened 230 450 910 2550 3830 5400 14,100 34,800 69,700 123,000 296,000
1.5 200 390 780 2190 3280 4590 12,100 29,900 59,800 105,000 254,000
2.0 190 380 760 2150 3230 4510 11,900 29,300 58,700 103,000 250,000
3.0 190 370 740 2070 3120 4360 11,500 28,300 56,700 99,700 241,000
3.0 4.0 180 360 710 2000 3010 4210 11,100 27,400 54,800 96,300 233,000
5.0 170 350 690 1940 2910 4070 10,700 26,500 53,000 93,100 225,000
6.0 170 330 670 1870 2810 3940 10,300 25,600 51,200 90,000 218,000
Unstiffened 150 300 600 1700 2550 3570 9400 23,200 46,400 81,600 197,000
2.0 150 290 580 1640 2460 3440 9100 22,400 44,800 78,700 190,000
3.0 140 280 570 1600 2400 3350 8800 21,800 43,700 76,700 186,000
4.0 140 280 550 1560 2340 3270 8600 21,200 42,500 74,700 181,000
5.0 140 270 540 1520 2280 3180 8400 20,700 41,400 72,800 176,000
40
4.0 6.0 130 260 520 1480 2220 3100 8200 20,200 40,400 71,000 172,000
7.0 130 260 510 1440 2160 3030 8000 19,700 39,400 69,200 167,000
10.0 120 240 470 1340 2010 2810 7400 18,300 36,500 64,200 155,000
Unstiffened 110 230 450 1270 1910 2680 7000 17,400 34,800 61,200 148,000
2.0 120 240 470 1320 1990 2780 7300 18,100 36,200 63,600 154,000
3.0 120 230 460 1300 1950 2730 7200 17,700 35,500 62,300 151,000
4.0 110 230 450 1270 1910 2670 7000 17,300 34,700 61,000 148,000
5.0 110 220 440 1240 1870 2610 6900 17,000 34,000 59,800 145,000
50
5.0 6.0 110 220 430 1220 1830 2560 6700 16,600 33,300 58,500 142,000
7.0 110 210 420 1190 1790 2510 6600 16,300 32,600 57,300 139,000
10.0 100 200 400 1120 1690 2360 6200 15,300 30,700 54,000 131,000
Unstiffened 90 180 360 1020 1530 2140 5600 13,900 27,800 48,900 118,000
2.0 100 200 390 1110 1670 2340 6100 15,200 30,400 53,400 129,000
3.0 100 190 390 1090 1640 2290 6000 14,900 29,900 52,500 127,000
4.0 100 190 380 1070 1610 2250 5900 14,700 29,300 51,600 125,000
5.0 90 190 370 1050 1580 2220 5800 14,400 28,800 50,700 123,000
60
6.0 6.0 90 180 370 1040 1560 2180 5700 14,200 28,300 49,800 120,000
7.0 90 180 360 1020 1530 2140 5600 13,900 27,900 48,900 118,000
10.0 90 170 340 970 1450 2030 5300 13,200 26,500 46,500 113,000
15.0 80 160 320 890 1340 1870 4920 12,200 24,400 42,800 104,000
3.0 80 170 330 940 1420 1980 5200 12,900 25,800 45,300 110,000
4.0 80 170 330 930 1400 1950 5100 12,700 25,400 44,600 108,000
5.0 80 160 320 920 1380 1920 5100 12,500 25,000 44,000 106,000
6.0 80 160 320 900 1350 1890 4980 12,300 24,700 43,300 105,000
7.0 8.0 80 160 310 880 1320 1840 4840 12,000 23,900 42,100 102,000
10.0 80 150 300 850 1280 1790 4700 11,600 23,200 40,800 98,800
12.0 70 150 290 830 1240 1730 4560 11,300 22,600 39,700 96,000
16.0 70 140 280 780 1170 1640 4310 10,600 21,300 37,500 90,600
20.0 70 130 260 740 1110 1550 4070 10,100 20,200 35,400 85,700
3.0 70 150 290 830 1250 1740 4580 11,300 22,700 39,900 96,500
4.0 70 150 290 820 1230 1720 4520 11,200 22,400 39,300 95,200
5.0 70 140 290 810 1210 1700 4470 11,000 22,100 38,800 94,000
6.0 70 140 280 800 1200 1680 4410 10,900 21,800 38,300 92,700
8.0 8.0 70 140 280 780 1170 1630 4290 10,600 21,300 37,300 90,300
10.0 70 130 270 760 1140 1590 4190 10,300 20,700 36,400 88,000
12.0 70 130 260 740 1110 1550 4080 10,100 20,200 35,500 85,800
16.0 60 130 250 700 1050 1470 3880 9600 19,200 33,700 81,600
20.0 60 120 240 670 1000 1400 3690 9100 18,300 32,100 77,600

Localized Buckling
Thickness, in. 0.0450 0.5650 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3025 0.3650 0.4900
h, ft Spacing l, ft
3.0 70 130 260 740 1110 1560 4090 10,100 20,300 35,600 86,100
4.0 70 130 260 730 1100 1540 4050 10,000 20,000 35,200 85,100
5.0 70 130 260 720 1090 1520 4000 9900 19,800 34,800 84,100
6.0 60 130 250 720 1070 1500 3950 9800 19,600 34,400 83,100
9.0 8.0 60 120 250 700 1050 1470 3860 9500 19,100 33,600 81,200
10.0 60 120 240 680 1030 1440 3770 9300 18,700 32,800 79,400
12.0 60 120 240 670 1000 1400 3690 9100 18,300 32,100 77,600
16.0 60 110 230 640 960 1340 3520 8700 17,400 30,600 74,200
20.0 50 110 220 610 920 1280 3370 8300 16,700 29,300 70,900
3.0 60 120 240 670 1010 1410 3700 9100 18,300 32,100 77,800
4.0 60 120 240 660 990 1390 3660 9000 18,100 31,800 77,000
5.0 60 120 230 660 980 1380 3620 8900 17,900 31,500 76,200
6.0 60 120 230 650 970 1360 3580 8900 17,700 31,100 75,400
10.0 8.0 60 110 230 630 950 1330 3510 8700 17,400 30,500 73,800
10.0 60 110 220 620 930 1310 3440 8500 17,000 29,900 72,300
12.0 50 110 220 610 920 1280 3370 8300 16,700 29,300 70,800
16.0 50 100 210 580 880 1230 3230 8000 16,000 28,100 68,000
20.0 50 100 200 560 840 1180 3100 7700 15,400 27,000 65,300
3.0 50 110 220 610 920 1280 3370 8300 16,700 29,300 70,900
4.0 50 110 210 600 910 1270 3340 8300 16,500 29,000 70,200
5.0 50 110 210 600 900 1260 3310 8200 16,400 28,800 69,600
6.0 50 110 210 590 890 1250 3280 8100 16,200 28,500 68,900
11.0 8.0 50 100 210 580 870 1220 3210 7900 15,900 27,900 67,600
10.0 50 100 200 570 860 1200 3150 7800 15,600 27,400 66,300
12.0 50 100 200 560 840 1180 3090 7600 15,300 26,900 65,100
16.0 50 100 190 540 810 1130 2980 7400 14,800 25,900 62,700
20.0 50 90 180 520 780 1090 2870 7100 14,200 25,000 60,400
3.0 50 100 200 560 840 1180 3100 7700 15,300 26,900 65,200
4.0 50 100 200 560 830 1170 3070 7600 15,200 26,700 64,600
5.0 50 100 200 550 830 1160 3040 7500 15,100 26,500 64,000
6.0 50 100 190 550 820 1150 3020 7500 14,900 26,200 63,500
12.0 8.0 50 100 190 540 810 1130 2960 7300 14,700 25,800 62,400
10.0 50 90 190 530 790 1110 2910 7200 14,400 25,300 61,300
12.0 50 90 180 520 780 1090 2860 7100 14,200 24,900 60,200
16.0 50 90 180 500 750 1050 2770 6800 13,700 24,100 58,200
20.0 40 90 170 480 730 1020 2670 6600 13,200 23,200 56,200
Modulus Reduction Factor for Stainless Steel Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
e 1.0 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.8 0.78 0.75

a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side, as a function of duct gage, height and stiff-
ener spacing.
atures they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value
of (h e) up to the maximum recommended operating temperature for the type of stainless planned for duct
construction, see Tables 38 and 312 for more details.
c. The table values above, as well as the reduction factor (h e) are based on Type 304 stainless steel, but for prac-
tical purposes they may also be used for most common types of stainless including Types 310, 316, 321 and
347, see Tables 38 and 312 for more details.

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 0.18 3_qy 5_qy 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0450 0.0565 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3025 0.3650 0.4900
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 1,880 3,730 7,400 20,900 31,400 44,000 116,000 286,000 572,000 1,010,000 2,430,000
1.0 2.0 1,180 2,340 4,670 13,100 19,800 27,600 72,600 180,000 360,000 632,000 1,530,000
Unstiffened 1,130 2,240 4,470 12,600 18,900 26,400 69,500 172,000 344,000 604,000 1,460,000
1.0 2,830 5,600 11,100 31,400 47,200 66,000 173,000 429,000 858,000 1,510,000 3,650,000
2.0 940 1,860 3,720 10,500 15,700 22,000 57,800 143,000 286,000 503,000 1,220,000
2.0 3.0 660 1,300 2,600 7,300 11,000 15,400 40,400 99,900 200,000 352,000 851,000
4.0 590 1,170 2,330 6,600 9,900 13,800 36,300 89,800 180,000 316,000 764,000
Unstiffened 570 1,120 2,230 6,300 9,400 13,200 34,700 85,900 172,000 302,000 731,000
1.5 1,880 3,730 7,400 20,900 31,400 44,000 116,000 286,000 572,000 1,010,000 2,430,000
2.0 1,090 2,150 4,290 12,100 18,100 25,400 66,700 165,000 330,000 580,000 1,400,000
3.0 630 1,240 2,480 7,000 10,500 14,700 38,500 95,300 191,000 335,000 811,000
3.0 4.0 500 990 1,980 5,600 8,400 11,700 30,800 76,200 153,000 268,000 648,000
5.0 400 790 1,580 4,450 6,700 9,300 24,600 60,700 122,000 214,000 517,000
Global Buckling
6.0 390 780 1,560 4,380 6,600 9,200 24,200 59,900 120,000 211,000 509,000
Unstiffened 380 750 1,490 4,190 6,300 8,800 23,200 57,300 115,000 201,000 487,000
2.0 1,410 2,800 5,600 15,700 23,600 33,000 86,700 214,000 429,000 754,000 1,820,000
3.0 730 1,440 2,880 8,100 12,200 17,000 44,700 111,000 221,000 389,000 941,000
4.0 470 930 1,860 5,200 7,900 11,000 28,900 71,500 143,000 251,000 608,000
5.0 400 790 1,580 4,440 6,700 9,300 24,600 60,700 122,000 214,000 517,000
40
4.0 6.0 330 650 1,300 3,660 5,500 7,700 20,200 50,000 100,000 176,000 425,000
8.0 300 590 1,170 3,290 4,940 6,900 18,200 44,900 89,900 158,000 382,000
10.0 290 570 1,140 3,210 4,830 6,800 17,800 43,900 87,900 154,000 374,000
Unstiffened 280 560 1,120 3,140 4,720 6,600 17,400 42,900 86,000 151,000 365,000
2.0 1,550 3,080 6,100 17,300 25,900 36,300 95,400 236,000 472,000 829,000 2,010,000
3.0 710 1,400 2,790 7,900 11,800 16,500 43,400 107,000 215,000 377,000 913,000
4.0 540 1,070 2,140 6,000 9,000 12,600 33,300 82,200 165,000 289,000 700,000
5.0 380 750 1,490 4,180 6,300 8,800 23,100 57,200 114,000 201,000 486,000
50
5.0 6.0 330 660 1,310 3,680 5,500 7,700 20,300 50,300 101,000 177,000 428,000
8.0 240 480 950 2,670 4,020 5,600 14,800 36,500 73,200 129,000 311,000
10.0 240 470 930 2,630 3,950 5,500 14,500 35,900 71,900 126,000 306,000
Unstiffened 230 450 890 2,510 3,780 5,300 13,900 34,400 68,800 121,000 292,000
2.0 1,290 2,560 5,100 14,400 21,600 30,200 79,500 196,000 393,000 691,000 1,670,000
3.0 940 1,860 3,720 10,500 15,700 22,000 57,800 143,000 286,000 503,000 1,220,000
4.0 540 1,080 2,140 6,000 9,100 12,700 33,300 82,400 165,000 290,000 701,000
5.0 430 850 1,690 4,760 7,200 10,000 26,300 65,000 130,000 229,000 553,000
60
6.0 6.0 310 620 1,240 3,490 5,200 7,300 19,300 47,600 95,400 168,000 405,000
8.0 250 500 990 2,790 4,190 5,900 15,400 38,100 76,300 134,000 324,000
10.0 200 400 790 2,220 3,340 4,670 12,300 30,400 60,800 107,000 258,000
15.0 190 380 760 2,140 3,220 4,500 11,800 29,300 58,600 103,000 249,000
3.0 1,020 2,030 4,040 11,400 17,100 23,900 62,800 155,000 311,000 546,000 1,320,000
4.0 590 1,170 2,330 6,600 9,900 13,800 36,300 89,700 180,000 316,000 764,000
5.0 440 870 1,730 4,860 7,300 10,200 26,900 66,400 133,000 234,000 565,000
6.0 350 700 1,390 3,920 5,900 8,200 21,700 53,600 107,000 189,000 456,000
7.0 8.0 250 490 970 2,730 4,110 5,700 15,100 37,300 74,700 131,000 318,000
10.0 200 400 790 2,220 3,330 4,660 12,300 30,300 60,700 107,000 258,000
12.0 170 340 680 1,900 2,860 4,000 10,500 26,000 52,000 91,400 221,000
16.0 170 330 660 1,850 2,790 3,900 10,200 25,300 50,700 89,100 216,000
20.0 160 320 640 1,810 2,720 3,800 10,000 24,700 49,400 86,900 210,000
3.0 970 1,920 3,830 10,800 16,200 22,700 59,600 147,000 295,000 518,000 1,250,000
4.0 710 1,400 2,790 7,800 11,800 16,500 43,400 107,000 215,000 377,000 912,000
5.0 430 850 1,690 4,760 7,200 10,000 26,300 65,100 130,000 229,000 554,000
6.0 360 720 1,440 4,050 6,100 8,500 22,400 55,300 111,000 195,000 471,000
8.0 8.0 240 470 930 2,620 3,930 5,500 14,500 35,700 71,500 126,000 304,000
10.0 200 400 790 2,220 3,340 4,670 12,300 30,400 60,800 107,000 258,000
12.0 160 330 650 1,830 2,750 3,840 10,100 25,000 50,000 87,900 213,000
16.0 150 290 580 1,640 2,470 3,450 9,100 22,400 44,900 79,000 191,000
20.0 140 290 570 1,610 2,420 3,380 8,900 22,000 44,000 77,200 187,000

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 0.18 3_qy 5_qy 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0450 0.0565 0.0711 0.1004 0.1150 0.1286 0.1775 0.2400 0.3025 0.3650 0.4900
h, ft Spacing l, ft
3.0 860 1,710 3,400 9,600 14,400 20,100 53,000 131,000 262,000 461,000 1,110,000
4.0 760 1,500 2,990 8,400 12,700 17,700 46,600 115,000 230,000 405,000 980,000
5.0 500 980 1,960 5,500 8,300 11,600 30,500 75,400 151,000 265,000 642,000
6.0 360 720 1,430 4,020 6,000 8,500 22,200 54,900 110,000 193,000 468,000
9.0.0 8.0 260 520 1,030 2,890 4,340 6,100 16,000 39,500 79,100 139,000 336,000

10.0 200 390 770 2,170 3,260 4,560 12,000 29,600 59,300 104,000 252,000

12.0 170 330 660 1,860 2,790 3,910 10,300 25,400 50,800 89,300 216,000
16.0 130 260 520 1,470 2,220 3,100 8,100 20,100 40,300 70,900 171,000
20.0 130 260 510 1,450 2,170 3,040 8,000 19,800 39,600 69,500 168,000
3.0 780 1,540 3,060 8,600 13,000 18,100 47,700 118,000 236,000 415,000 1,000,000
4.0 780 1,540 3,060 8,600 13,000 18,100 47,700 118,000 236,000 415,000 1,000,000
5.0 570 1,120 2,230 6,300 9,400 13,200 34,700 85,700 172,000 302,000 730,000
6.0 350 700 1,390 3,930 5,900 8,300 21,700 53,600 107,000 189,000 456,000
Global Buckling
10.0 8.0 270 540 1,070 3,010 4,520 6,300 16,600 41,100 82,300 145,000 350,000
10.0 190 370 740 2,090 3,140 4,400 11,600 28,600 57,200 101,000 243,000
12.0 170 330 650 1,840 2,770 3,870 10,200 25,100 50,300 88,400 214,000
16.0 120 240 480 1,340 2,010 2,810 7,400 18,300 36,600 64,300 155,000
20.0 120 230 470 1,310 1,980 2,760 7,300 18,000 36,000 63,200 153,000
3.0 710 1,400 2,790 7,800 11,800 16,500 43,300 107,000 215,000 377,000 912,000
4.0 710 1,400 2,790 7,800 11,800 16,500 43,300 107,000 215,000 377,000 912,000
5.0 600 1,190 2,370 6,700 10,000 14,000 36,900 91,200 183,000 321,000 776,000
6.0 430 840 1,680 4,740 7,100 10,000 26,200 64,700 130,000 228,000 550,000
11.0 8.0 270 540 1,080 3,040 4,570 6,400 16,800 41,500 83,100 146,000 353,000
10.0 210 410 810 2,280 3,430 4,790 12,600 31,200 62,400 110,000 265,000
12.0 160 320 640 1,800 2,700 3,780 9,900 24,600 49,200 86,400 209,000
16.0 120 250 490 1,380 2,080 2,900 7,600 18,900 37,800 66,400 161,000
20.0 110 210 430 1,200 1,810 2,530 6,700 16,500 32,900 57,900 140,000
3.0 650 1,280 2,550 7,200 10,800 15,100 39,700 98,200 197,000 345,000 836,000
4.0 650 1,280 2,550 7,200 10,800 15,100 39,700 98,200 197,000 345,000 836,000
5.0 620 1,220 2,440 6,900 10,300 14,400 37,900 93,800 188,000 330,000 798,000
6.0 470 930 1,860 5,200 7,900 11,000 28,900 71,500 143,000 251,000 608,000
12.0 8.0 270 540 1,070 3,020 4,530 6,300 16,700 41,200 82,500 145,000 351,000
10.0 210 420 850 2,380 3,580 5,000 13,200 32,500 65,100 114,000 277,000
12.0 160 310 620 1,740 2,620 3,660 9,600 23,800 47,700 83,800 203,000
16.0 130 250 500 1,390 2,100 2,930 7,700 19,000 38,100 67,000 162,000
20.0 100 200 390 1,110 1,670 2,340 6,100 15,200 30,400 53,400 129,000
Modulus Reduction Factor for Stainless Steel Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
he 1.0 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.91 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.80 0.78 0.75

NOTES:
a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side, as a function of duct gage, height and stiff-
ener spacing.
of (h e) up to the maximum recommended operating temperature for the type of stainless planned for duct
construction, see Tables 38 and 312 for more details.
c. The table values above, as well as the reduction factor (h e) are based on Type 304 stainless steel, but for prac-
tical purposes they may also be used for most common types of stainless including Types 310, 316, 321 and
347, see Tables 38 and 312 for more details.


CHAPTER 8
DUCT SELECTION TABLES

ALUMINUM
CHAPTER 8 DUCT SELECTION TABLES ALUMINUM
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.3 MINIMUM MATERIAL

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
This chapter contains the basic selection tables for rec- As indicated in the Introduction, the materials in-
tangular industrial ducts, fabricated using flat sheet or tended for the fabrication of industrial duct in accor-
plate from aluminum as described in Chapter 3. dance with the requirements of this chapter are de-
scribed in detail in Chapter 3. The tables in section 8.4
This document, Rectangular Industrial Duct are valid for commercial quality aluminum sheet and
Construction Standards, provides tables for selecting plate of alloy 3003H14, alloy 5052H32 and alloy
materials, material thickness, stiffeners, stiffener 6061T6 per ASTM B209 with mechanical properties
spacing, and support spacing for rectangular industrial as listed in section 3.5 Aluminum Data.
duct construction.
8.4 USE OF THE TABLES
8.2 SCOPE To use these tables, the designer first determines the
critical combination of loads acting on each panel of
S The scope of this chapter includes rectangu- the rectangular duct. That critical load is compared to
lar industrial ducts as described above and the maximum load capacities provided in the tables.
subject to the following design limits: Then, a combination of sheet thickness and stiffener
spacing that will provide a load capacity equal to or ex-
ceeding the critical load is selected.
S Design pressure not to exceed 150 in. wg,
positive or negative. The pressure capacities shown in Tables 8A are based
on a maximum stress of 12,730 psi on the duct materi-
S Supports at spacing intervals from 10 ft to 30 al, or a panel deflection not greater than (/145). The
ft. stiffener capacities shown in Tables 8B are based on
a maximum stress of 14,000 psi, or a maximum stiffen-
er deflection not greater than 1/360th of the stiffener
S Design temperature not to exceed 400F for length.
aluminum.
The pressure capacity tables are intended for Class 1
S Tables are provided in Chapter 8 for industri- industrial duct applications, and are based on three
al duct Class 1, as described in Chapter 2. temperature ranges, ambient up to 120F, 250F and
400F. Panel thickness selection is based on the as-
sumption that the aluminum panels will not lose sig-
S Pressure capacity information is provided for nificant thickness, through corrosion, during their ser-
duct panels in widths from one foot to 12 feet vice life. The corrosion resistance of aluminum largely
and for significant stiffener spacings for each relies on oxide development on the surface of the ma-
width. terial.
S The tables provide load capacity and deflec- 8.4.1 Loads on the Duct
tion information for material gages 18, 16,
As in most structures there are two types of loads ap-
14, 12, 11, 10, 8, 4 and 2 plus 3_i, and 1_w"
plied on rectangular ducts:
plate.
a. Dead loads: loads that act on the duct perma-
S Stiffeners are based on common commercial- nently.
ly available structural shapes. The critical
b. Live loads: loads that act intermittently or pe-
load calculations described in section 8.5
riodically.
cover both, indoor applications with few ex-
ternal loads, as well as more complex outdoor The usual dead loads acting on rectangular ducts are:
applications where weather conditions are
such that wind, ice, and snow result in signifi- a. Their own weight
cant additional loads that must be included.
Other loads such as: maintenance, insulation b. The weight of any stiffeners, flanges, coating
and lagging loads must also be included, or insulation and lagging material perma-
when present. nently attached to the duct.

Common live loads acting on rectangular ducts are: d. Particulate weight (wp ) is given in pounds per
cubic foot (lb/ft3). Its direction is gravitation-
a. The internal pressure acting on the panels of al for the bottom panel of the duct. This load
a rectangular duct (this pressure is considered also causes a lateral outward pressure on the
positive when it is greater in the inside of the vertical sides of the duct. The intensity and
duct than on the outside, and negative when distribution of both the gravitational and the
it is less inside than outside). lateral components of this load can be calcu-
lated, based on the given particulate weight
per cubic foot (or density) and depth of accu-
b. The weight of particulate accumulation in the
mulation.
duct.
c. The weight of ice, snow, workmen or imple- e. Superimposed live loads (wsl ) result from the
ments resting from time to time on the duct. weight of ice, snow, workmen or implements
resting on the duct. They are given either as
d. The pressure due to winds. a single concentrated load in pounds, or as a
uniformly distributed load in pounds per
square foot (lb/ft2), or as an equivalent dis-
In addition to the loads already mentioned, other tributed load in pounds per linear foot of duct
forces such as those related to vibration, and earth- (lb/ft of duct) acting on the top panel of the
quake loads may, under certain circumstances, affect duct. Their direction is gravitational.
the integrity of rectangular duct systems. Vibration is
sometimes caused by flow pressure harmonics, or it
may be transmitted from operating equipment external f. Wind forces (pw ) are sometimes given in
to the duct system, causing the duct panels to pulse or pounds per square foot (lb/ft2) of area ex-
vibrate. It is difficult to accurately predict these condi- posed to the wind. The intensity of the force
tions and they are usually best remedied after system is often prescribed by local code or is part of
startup. Options for preventing or resolving such the performance specification of a project.
forces include internal duct reinforcing, additional ex- Other times the wind force is given in terms
ternal duct stiffeners, increased material thickness, of maximum expected wind velocity. In such
and changes to the operating conditions of the equip- cases, Table B1 (see Appendix B) can be
ment influencing the system. While this document used to convert wind velocity to equivalent
does not address earthquake loads or vibration analy- pressure in lb/ft2 (or in. wg). The direction of
sis, it is suggested that when such issues are a concern, the force is always perpendicular to the sur-
the duct system design should be reviewed by a spe- face on which it is acting. In all examples and
cialized professional. in the critical load diagrams (Figure 81),
wind load is assumed to be acting only on the
side panels. If there are situations where the
8.4.2 Units and Direction of Loads top or bottom panels of the duct may be ex-
posed to wind, the designer must adapt the
Traditionally, duct loads are expressed in measure- procedures in the examples to include these
ment units as follows: loads in the calculations. Wind pressure re-
sults in an inward force of full intensity, act-
a. Panel weight (wd ) values are tabulated in ing on the duct side exposed to the wind. Si-
Chapter 3 for each metal type and gage. They multaneously, on the opposite side of the
are listed in both, lb/ft2 and their equivalent duct, there is an outward force with a magni-
in in. wg. tude of 40% of that calculated for the duct
panel directly exposed to the wind.
b. Superimposed dead loads (wsd ) are generally
given in pounds per square foot (lb/ft2) of the 8.4.3 Conversion of Load Units
surface over which they are acting. Their di-
rection is always gravitational.
The efficient use of this manual requires the frequent
c. System pressures (pn or pp ) are given in inch- conversion of loads (such as particulate accumulation,
es of water gage (in. wg). The direction is nor- ice and insulating materials) expressed in lb/ft2 or lb/
mal to the surface of the duct (outward if posi- ft3, to inches of water gage (in. wg). This is accom-
tive and inward if negative). plished as follows:

a. For loads expressed in lb/ft2 multiply by c. Particulate loads acting on the sides of the
0.192 in. wg/(lb/ft2); (i.e., 1 lb/ft2 = 0.192 in. duct always act in an outward direction and
wg). their intensity is 1/10th of the total particulate
load.
Example: a dead load of 3 lb/ft2 acting perpendicular
Example: From above, if 5 inches of particulate accu-
to a surface exerts 3 lb/ft2 0.192 in. wg/(lb/ft2) =
mulation is equivalent to 4 in. wg acting on the bottom
0.576 in. wg pressure.
panel, then 1/10th 4 in. wg = 0.4 in. wg is the load act-
ing outward on each side panel.
b. For particulate accumulation, multiply the
particulate density expressed in lb/ft3 by 8.4.4 Consider Each Panel of the Duct
0.016 in. wg/in./(lb/ft3), times the depth of Independently
accumulation in inches.
Usually, the four panels of a rectangular duct are built
of material with the same thickness. Occasionally,
Example: 5 inches of particulate weighing 50 lb/ft3
when ducts are very large or have the potential for
generates a pressure of: 50 lb/ft3 5 inch 0.016 in.
heavy particulate accumulation, they may be built
wg/in./(lb/ft 3) = 4.0 in. wg.
with the bottom panels thicker than the other three
panels.
NOTE: This procedure is also applicable to the con-
version of ice accumulations, where the density of ice During the design process each panel of the duct is de-
is 57.6 lb/ft 3 and the accumulation is given in inches. signed independently of the other three panels. For
Likewise, this procedure is also applicable to insulat- each panel (top, sides, and bottom) it is necessary to
ing materials. Their density in (lb/ft 3) is either given by identify the most critical combination of operating and
the designer or can be obtained from Table B2 (not to atrest loads (see Figure 81) and design accordingly.
be confused with Table B1 mentioned above). And the It is the combination of critical load, panel width and
thickness of the insulation, usually in inches, is also stiffener spacing that determines the minimum panel
provided by the designer. thickness.

CRITICAL LOAD DIAGRAMS
wd = panel weight (dead load)

wsd = superimposed dead load
pn or pp = system pressure in duct (live load)
wp = particulate weight (live load)
wsl = superimposed live load (wice + wsnow) or (wm (maintenance))
Pw = wind load (live load)
POSITIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM NEGATIVE PRESSURE SYSTEM
TOP A B C
PANEL
Shutdown: Operating: Operating:
wd + wsd + wsl pp wd wsd pn + wd + wsd + wsl
CRITICAL LOAD =
THE LARGER OF A OR B
D E F
BOTTOM
PANEL
Operating: Shutdown: Operating:
pp + wd + wsd + wp wd + wsd + wp pn wd wsd
CRITICAL LOAD =
THE LARGER OF E OR F
G H I J
SIDE Shutdown: Operating: Shutdown: Operating:

PANEL Pw pp + 0.1 wp + 0.4 Pw 0.1 wp + 0.4 Pw pn + Pw
CRITICAL LOAD = CRITICAL LOAD =

THE LARGER OF G OR H THE LARGER OF I OR J
FIGURE 81 CRITICAL LOAD DIAGRAMS FOR WORST CASE CONDITIONS

8.5 DESIGN PROCESS b. For negative system pressure (the greater of
These are the steps to be followed when using the
tables in this manual to select each panel of the rectan- i. Panel weight, plus superimposed dead
gular duct: load, plus particulate weight (Figure
81E)
STEP #1: DETERMINE CRITICAL LOADS
ii. Negative Pressure, less panel weight,
less superimposed dead load (Figure
For each panel (top, both sides, and bottom), deter- 81F)
mine the most critical loading condition. This is done
with the help of Figure 81. The design situations illus- 3. For the side panels the critical load is:
trated in these figures take into account the worst com-
bination of loads acting on the duct when the system a. For positive system pressure (the greater of
is operating or shut down. All systems must be evaluat- the following conditions):
ed for either the positive or negative operating pres-
sure conditions and the shutdown conditions when ap- i. Wind load (Figure 81G)
plicable. For purposes of combining panel loads,
rather than specifying a sign convention which can be ii. Positive pressure, plus 10% of particu-
confusing, the concept used is that considering each late load, plus 40% of wind load, (Figure
panel as reference, loads acting in the same direction 81H)
are added arithmetically, and subtracted when acting
in opposite directions. b. For negative system pressure (the greater of
1. For the top panel, the critical load is:
i. 10% of particulate load, plus 40% of
a. For positive system pressure (the greater of wind load (Figure 81I)
the following two conditions):
ii. Negative pressure, plus wind load (Fig-
i. Panel weight plus superimposed dead ure 81J)
load plus superimposed live load (Figure
81A) The weight of the duct panel is not known until after
the panel gauge is determined. Since the panel weight
ii. Positive pressure, less panel weight, less is relatively small, varying between 0.40 in. wg (for 18
superimposed dead load (Figure 81B). gage) and 4.2 in. wg (for 1_w in. plate), it can be ignored
until a panel thickness is selected; at which time the ef-
fect of this additional panel weight must be consid-
b. For negative system pressure:
ered. The weight of the panels only affects the critical
load on the top and bottom panels; it does not affect the
i. Negative pressure, plus panel weight, critical load on the side panels of the duct because it
plus superimposed dead load, plus super- is acting in a plane parallel to the side panels.
imposed live load (Figure 81C).
STEP #2: DETERMINE PANEL THICKNESS
2. For the bottom panel the critical load is: FOR STIFFENER SPACING OPTIONS
a. For positive system pressure: For the critical load combination computed in Step #1,
use Tables 8A to determine panel thickness options
i. Positive pressure, plus panel weight, based on the reinforcing stiffener spacing () and the
plus superimposed dead load, plus par- width (W) of the panel. See Figure 82 for guidance in
ticulate weight. (Figure 81D) choosing stiffener spacing options.

APPROXIMATE
MINIMUM
CAPACITY LIMIT
MAX. PRACTICAL
CAPACITY LIMIT
w W3
+W
v 3W
FIGURE 82 STIFFENING GUIDELINES FOR FLAT PANELS
NOTES: On the other hand, unfixed stiffeners may be freeen-

a. A panel of a given thickness and width (W), ded as is the case when the stiffener spacing is differ-
if stiffened at intervals + W will have a ent on intersecting panels (that is top and sides, or bot-
pressure capacity (both negative and posi- tom and sides). Stiffeners that are joined by
tive) significantly higher (1.5 to 100 times or singlebolted corners are also termed unfixed, since
more) than that of an identical unstiffened the bolted corner acts as a hinge which can not trans-
duct. mit significant moments.
b. The capacity of that same panel will continue
STEP #4: DESIGN OPTIONS
to increase for progressively smaller stiffener
intervals ( t W) until a practical limit is For each stiffener spacing, both the minimum panel
reached at approximately + W3. thicknesses and the minimum stiffener sizes must be
c. Conversely, the panel capacity will decrease identified. In this process, it may be convenient for the
for progressively larger stiffener intervals contractor to list in a table similar to Figure 84 the de-
( u W) until the panel capacity ap- sign options under consideration. Additional options
proaches that of an unstiffened panel for stiff- based on the use of greater than the minimum required
ener intervals + 3W. thickness of sheet and plate and larger than required
STEP #3: DETERMINE STIFFENER SIZE FOR stiffener sizes, can also be listed when they may result
CRITICAL LOAD in fabrication and inventory economies.
For the critical load combination computed in Step #1, Example: Select the bottom panel for a a negative
use Tables 8B to select the minimum stiffener size pressure duct system, for Class 1 construction, using
needed for each stiffener spacing to panel width com- 3003H14 aluminum sheet or plate at 200F. The bot-
bination. In the case of unfixed stiffeners, where the tom panel has a width (W) of 4 feet and a critical load
bending moment is not transferred to an adjacent stiff- of 10 in. wg less the duct panel weight. If () is the
ener through a welded corner, only 80% of the Table stiffener spacing, then from Table 8A.2 where W = 4
8B stiffener capacity is used. feet, and = 2 feet, the 11 gage panel has a capacity
NOTE: Fixed stiffeners are defined as being joined of 11.8 in. wg, and a weight of 0.24 in. wg (see circled
all around the periphery of the duct by welded corners. values in Figure 83).

Material Gage 14 12 11 10 8 4
Thickness, in. 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830
Weight, in.wg 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51
Panel Width Stiffener Pr., in. Def., Pr., in. Def., Pr., in. Def., Pr., in. Def., Pr., in. Def., Pr., in. Def.,
W, ft Spacing l, ft wg in. wg in. wg in. wg in. wg in. wg in.
1.0 17.8 0.08 28.8 0.08 37.5 0.08 46.4 0.08 73.3 0.07 173.7 0.05
1.0 2.0 7.1 0.17 10.4 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.2 0.17 40.5 0.17 101.7 0.12
Unstiffened 7.1 0.38 10.4 0.38 15.0 0.38 20.2 0.34 40.5 0.27 96.9 0.18
1.0 17.8 0.08 28.8 0.08 37.5 0.08 46.4 0.08 67.2 0.07 144.7 0.05
2.0 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16
2.0 3.0 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.7 0.25
4.0 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 17.7 0.34
Unstiffened NA NA 2.2 0.63 3.0 0.63 6.1 0.63 17.7 0.63
1.5 11.1 0.13 16.1 0.13 19.8 0.13 23.6 0.13 36.2 0.13 68.6 0.10
2.0 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16
3.0 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25
3.0 4.0 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34
5.0 2.4 0.42 3.1 0.42 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42
6.0 NA 2.5 0.50 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA 5.0 0.75
2.0 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16
3.0 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25
4.0 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34
5.0 2.4 0.42 3.1 0.42 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42
40
4.0 6.0 NA 2.5 0.50 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50
8.0 NA NA 2.1 0.67 2.4 0.67 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA
2.0 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16
5.0 3.0 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25
4.0 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34
FIGURE 83 SAMPLE PANEL CAPACITY OPTIONS FROM TABLE 8A.2
Since the system is operating under negative pressure, under the critical load of 9.8 in. wg can be approxi-
the critical load (From Figure 81F) is: (wcr2 = pn wd mated as the ratio (9.8 11.8) times the 0.17 in. table
wsd ) or (10 in. wg 0.24 in. wg) = 9.8 in. wg. deflection.
Therefore the estimated deflection = 0.17 in. (9.8

NOTE: For the sake of simplicity in the determina- 11.8) = 0.14 in. (rounded).
tion of the critical load above, we did not compare the
values of (wcr1 and wcr2 ) as recommended in Figure
81 for a bottom panel under negative pressure, be- (See table cutout Fig. 83 to identify the numbers
cause, clearly the value of (wcr1 = wd + wsd + wp ) is quoted in this example).
less than (wcr2 = pn wd wsd ) for this and other simi-
larly loaded cases. In Figure 84, the panel thickness and critical load are
also circled for stiffener spacings of 3 ft and 4 ft to per-
mit a comparison of several design alternatives in
The number 0.17 (to the right of the 11.8 in. wg capac- addition to the 2 foot stiffener scheme described
ity) is the expected deflection in inches with the panel above. All three alternatives are tabulated in Figure
loaded to its full capacity of 11.8 in. wg. The deflection 84 below.
Capacity, Critical Load,

Table W, ft l , ft Gage in. wg in. wg Deflection, in.
8A.2 4 2 11 11.8 (10 0.24) = 9.8 0.17(9.8B11.8)[0.14
8A.2 4 3 8 10.1 (10 0.34) = 9.7 0.25(9.7B10.1)[0.24
8A.2 4 4 4 12.9 (10 0.51) = 9.5 0.34(9.5B12.9)[0.25
FIGURE 84 PANEL THICKNESS & DEFLECTION PER STIFFENER SPACING

For each stiffener spacing and plate thickness com- vides for combinations of stiffener size (left column)
bination listed in Figure 84, a stiffener size can be se- and duct panel width (W) (top row of numbers). The
lected from Tables 8B. Assuming fixed stiffeners, the values in the table represent the capacity of the stiffen-
capacity values in Tables 8B can be used directly to er in inches of water gage (in. wg).
make the selections. As indicated in Table 8B.2 for
elevated temperature applications the values in the
For the = 2 ft and W = 5 ft case, refer to Table 8B.2.
table must be reduced based the reduction in yield
In column W = 4 ft, find the listed capacity that is great-
strength of the metal. From Table 8B.2 for aluminum
er than, but closest to the critical load of 9.8 in. wg. In
at 200F the reduction factor is 1.0 (i.e., there is no ap-
this case, assuming an R4 stiffener the result is 10.1
preciable reduction at that temperature).
in. wg. The results for stiffener spacings () of 3 ft and
4 ft are also listed in Figure 85.
For the three panel design options listed in Figure 84
above, determine the required stiffener size for each
(i.e., for stiffener spacing of = 2 ft, 3 ft, and 4 ft). To select actual structural shapes that meet the re-
quired reinforcement R" designations for the
NOTE: Tables 8B are organized in terms of one construction options listed in Figure 85, see Table
table for each stiffener spacing (). Each table pro- 8D.
Capacity, Critical Load

Table W, ft l , ft Stiffener Size in. wg in. wg
8B.2 4 2 R4 10.1 9.8
8B.2 4 3 R5 10.3 9.7
8B.2 4 4 R6 13.0 9.5
FIGURE 85 STIFFENER SIZE PER STIFFENER SPACING

8.6 DUCT SELECTION TABLES The tables in this section apply to commercial quality
aluminum sheet and plate, of Alloy 3003H14, ASTM
This section contains pressure capacity tables for the B209, Alloy 5052H32, ASTM B209 and Alloy
selection of flat sheet and plate from for the fabrication 6061T6, ASTM B209 designations with mechanical
of typical rectangular industrial duct. characteristics as listed in section 3.5 Aluminum Data.
Tables Page
8A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 Systems Operating at Up to 120F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.11

ALUMINUMN20 ksi
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
8.10
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
1.0 8.5 0.08 12.3 0.08 18.8 0.08 30.4 0.08 39.6 0.08 46.9 0.08 76.9 0.07 177.3 0.05 312.6 0.03 716.9 0.02 1286.6 0.02
1.0 2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.9 0.17 15.8 0.17 21.3 0.17 42.7 0.17 103.7 0.12 182.9 0.09 419.5 0.06 753.0 0.04
Unstiffened NA 3.7 0.38 7.5 0.38 10.9 0.38 15.8 0.37 21.3 0.33 42.7 0.26 98.9 0.17 174.3 0.13 399.7 0.09 717.4 0.06
1.0 8.5 0.08 12.3 0.08 18.8 0.08 30.4 0.08 39.6 0.08 46.9 0.08 68.2 0.07 147.5 0.05 258.4 0.04 594.7 0.03 1070.5 0.02
2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.4 0.17 12.5 0.17 14.6 0.17 21.6 0.17 44.0 0.16 73.6 0.13 179.2 0.09 321.7 0.07
2.0 3.0 2.6 0.25 3.3 0.25 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.9 0.25 51.2 0.25 119.1 0.17 213.7 0.12
4.0 2.0 0.34 2.6 0.34 3.4 0.34 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 18.7 0.34 43.8 0.34 104.9 0.23 188.2 0.17
1.5 6.2 0.13 8.4 0.13 11.7 0.13 17.0 0.13 20.9 0.13 24.9 0.13 36.6 0.13 69.7 0.10 116.6 0.08 263.4 0.06 473.7 0.04
2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.4 0.17 12.5 0.17 14.6 0.17 21.6 0.17 44.0 0.16 69.2 0.13 149.0 0.10 265.9 0.07
3.0 2.6 0.25 3.3 0.25 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 77.7 0.20 143.0 0.15
3.0 4.0 2.0 0.34 2.6 0.34 3.4 0.34 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 51.9 0.32 99.8 0.26
5.0 NA NA 2.6 0.42 3.3 0.42 3.8 0.42 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 46.9 0.42 88.8 0.33
6.0 NA NA 2.1 0.50 2.7 0.50 3.0 0.50 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 12.7 0.50 44.2 0.50 83.7 0.39
2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.4 0.17 12.5 0.17 14.6 0.17 21.6 0.17 44.0 0.16 69.2 0.13 149.0 0.10 265.9 0.07
3.0 2.6 0.25 3.3 0.25 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 2.0 0.34 2.6 0.34 3.4 0.34 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 79.8 0.27
5.0 NA NA 2.6 0.42 3.3 0.42 3.8 0.42 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 55.6 0.38
40
4.0 6.0 NA NA NA 2.7 0.50 3.0 0.50 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 22.2 0.50 53.4 0.50
8.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.67 2.5 0.67 3.2 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.3 0.67 18.7 0.67 45.1 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.7 0.84 18.7 0.84 45.1 0.81
2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.4 0.17 12.5 0.17 14.6 0.17 21.6 0.17 44.0 0.16 69.2 0.13 149.0 0.10 265.9 0.07
3.0 2.6 0.25 3.3 0.25 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 NA 2.6 0.34 3.4 0.34 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 70.9 0.27
5.0 5.0 NA NA 2.6 0.42 3.3 0.42 3.8 0.42 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 49.3 0.38
6.0 NA NA NA 2.7 0.50 3.0 0.50 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 21.4 0.50 37.7 0.50
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.6 0.84 9.6 0.84 23.1 0.84
Unstiffened NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.6 0.75 13.4 0.75
2.0 4.2 0.17 5.6 0.17 7.5 0.17 10.4 0.17 12.5 0.17 14.6 0.17 21.6 0.17 44.0 0.16 69.2 0.13 149.0 0.10 265.9 0.07
3.0 NA 3.3 0.25 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 NA NA 3.4 0.34 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 70.9 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA 3.8 0.42 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 49.3 0.38
60
6.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA 3.0 0.50 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 21.4 0.50 37.7 0.50
8.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.67 2.5 0.67 3.2 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.3 0.67 13.2 0.67 21.8 0.67

10.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 0.84 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.6 0.84 9.6 0.84 14.9 0.84
Table 8A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 Systems Operating at Up to 1205F
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
Pr.,
Panel Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def.,
in.
Width W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. in. wg in. in. wg in.
wg
3.0 NA NA 4.4 0.25 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 NA NA NA 4.4 0.34 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 70.9 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA 3.8 0.42 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 49.3 0.38
7.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 21.4 0.50 37.7 0.50
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 0.67 3.2 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.3 0.67 13.2 0.67 21.8 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.6 0.84 9.6 0.84 14.9 0.84
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 1.68 4.1 1.68 9.0 1.68
3.0 NA NA NA 5.8 0.25 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 NA NA NA NA 5.0 0.34 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 70.9 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA NA 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 49.3 0.38
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 3.4 0.50 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 21.4 0.50 37.7 0.50
8.0 8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.3 0.67 13.2 0.67 21.8 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.6 0.84 9.6 0.84 14.9 0.84
12.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.01 3.3 1.01 4.5 1.01 7.5 1.01 11.3 1.01
16.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 1.34 3.3 1.34 5.2 1.34 7.5 1.34
3.0 NA NA NA NA 6.8 0.25 7.7 0.25 10.6 0.25 21.1 0.25 37.0 0.25 70.3 0.20 119.8 0.16
4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 5.7 0.34 7.5 0.34 13.6 0.34 21.9 0.34 44.4 0.32 70.9 0.27
Larger 5.0 NA NA NA NA NA 4.2 0.42 5.5 0.42 9.5 0.42 14.6 0.42 30.8 0.42 49.3 0.38
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.4 0.50 7.3 0.50 10.8 0.50 21.4 0.50 37.7 0.50
Than 8.0
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.67 5.2 0.67 7.3 0.67 13.2 0.67 21.8 0.67
Up
Up To
T 10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 0.84 4.0 0.84 5.6 0.84 9.6 0.84 14.9 0.84
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 1.01 3.3 1.01 4.5 1.01 7.5 1.01 11.3 1.01
16.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 1.34 3.3 1.34 5.2 1.34 7.5 1.34
Table 8A.1 Panel Pressure Capacities for Class 1 Systems Operating at Up to 1205F (continued)
NOTES:

of 20,000 psi characteristic ASTM B209, Type 3003H14 aluminum. The table values are also valid for other types of aluminum sheet having a minimum
yield strength of 20,000 psi or higher.
c. Empty cells marked NA indicate that either the capacity values are too low to be practical for industrial applications, or the gage is not recommended for that
panel geometry.
8.11
ALUMINUMN20 ksi
ALUMINUMN20 ksi
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
8.12
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
Pr.,
Panel Stiffener Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def., Def., Pr., Def., Pr., Def.,
in.
Width W, ft Spacing l, ft in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. wg in. in. in. wg in. in. wg in.
wg
1.0 8.1 0.08 11.6 0.08 17.8 0.08 28.8 0.08 37.5 0.08 46.4 0.08 73.3 0.07 173.7 0.05 306.3 0.04 702.5 0.02 1260.9 0.02
1.0 2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 10.4 0.17 15.0 0.17 20.2 0.17 40.5 0.17 101.7 0.12 179.3 0.09 411.1 0.06 737.9 0.05
Unstiffened NA 3.5 0.38 7.1 0.38 10.4 0.38 15.0 0.38 20.2 0.34 40.5 0.27 96.9 0.18 170.8 0.13 391.7 0.09 703.1 0.07
1.0 8.1 0.08 11.6 0.08 17.8 0.08 28.8 0.08 37.5 0.08 46.4 0.08 67.2 0.07 144.7 0.05 253.2 0.04 582.7 0.03 1048.9 0.02
2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16 75.2 0.14 175.6 0.09 315.2 0.07
2.0 3.0 2.4 0.25 3.1 0.25 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.7 0.25 48.5 0.25 116.7 0.17 209.4 0.13
4.0 NA 2.4 0.34 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 17.7 0.34 41.5 0.34 102.8 0.24 184.5 0.18
1.5 5.9 0.13 7.9 0.13 11.1 0.13 16.1 0.13 19.8 0.13 23.6 0.13 36.2 0.13 68.6 0.10 114.5 0.08 258.1 0.06 464.2 0.04
2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16 68.1 0.14 146.2 0.10 260.6 0.08
3.0 2.4 0.25 3.1 0.25 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 77.3 0.21 140.1 0.16
3.0 4.0 NA 2.4 0.34 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 49.2 0.32 97.8 0.26
5.0 NA NA 2.4 0.42 3.1 0.42 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 44.5 0.42 87.0 0.34
6.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.50 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 12.1 0.50 41.9 0.50 82.0 0.41
2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16 68.1 0.14 146.2 0.10 260.6 0.08
3.0 2.4 0.25 3.1 0.25 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA 2.4 0.34 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 75.6 0.27
5.0 NA NA 2.4 0.42 3.1 0.42 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 29.2 0.42 54.1 0.39
40
4.0 6.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.50 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 21.1 0.50 50.7 0.50
8.0 NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.67 2.4 0.67 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67 6.9 0.67 17.8 0.67 42.7 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.4 0.84 17.8 0.84 42.7 0.84
2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16 68.1 0.14 146.2 0.10 260.6 0.08
3.0 2.4 0.25 3.1 0.25 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA 2.4 0.34 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 69.8 0.27
5.0 5.0 NA NA 2.4 0.42 3.1 0.42 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 29.2 0.42 48.7 0.39
6.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.50 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 20.2 0.50 36.1 0.50
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.3 0.84 9.1 0.84 21.9 0.84
2.0 4.0 0.17 5.3 0.17 7.1 0.17 9.9 0.17 11.8 0.17 13.8 0.17 20.4 0.17 43.5 0.16 68.1 0.14 146.2 0.10 260.6 0.08
3.0 NA 3.1 0.25 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA NA 3.2 0.34 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 69.8 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 29.2 0.42 48.7 0.39
60
6.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA 2.9 0.50 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 20.2 0.50 36.1 0.50

8.0 NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.67 2.4 0.67 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67 6.9 0.67 12.5 0.67 20.6 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.3 0.84 9.1 0.84 14.1 0.84
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
3.0 NA NA 4.1 0.25 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA NA NA 4.2 0.34 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 69.8 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA 3.6 0.42 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 29.2 0.42 48.7 0.39
7.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 20.2 0.50 36.1 0.50
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.67 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67 6.9 0.67 12.5 0.67 20.6 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.3 0.84 9.1 0.84 14.1 0.84
3.0 NA NA NA 5.5 0.25 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA NA NA NA 4.8 0.34 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 69.8 0.27
5.0 NA NA NA NA NA 4.0 0.42 5.2 0.42 9.0 0.42 13.8 0.42 29.2 0.42 48.7 0.39
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.50 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 20.2 0.50 36.1 0.50
8.0 8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67 6.9 0.67 12.5 0.67 20.6 0.67
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.3 0.84 9.1 0.84 14.1 0.84
12.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 1.01 3.1 1.01 4.3 1.01 7.1 1.01 10.7 1.01
16.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.1 1.34 4.9 1.34 7.1 1.34
3.0 NA NA NA NA 6.4 0.25 7.3 0.25 10.1 0.25 20.0 0.25 35.1 0.25 69.3 0.21 117.6 0.17
4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 0.34 7.2 0.34 12.9 0.34 20.8 0.34 43.9 0.32 69.8 0.27
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.1 0.50 6.9 0.50 10.2 0.50 20.2 0.50 36.1 0.50
Than 8.0
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.67 4.9 0.67 6.9 0.67 12.5 0.67 20.6 0.67
Up
Up To
T 10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.84 3.8 0.84 5.3 0.84 9.1 0.84 14.1 0.84
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.0 1.01 3.1 1.01 4.3 1.01 7.1 1.01 10.7 1.01
16.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.3 1.34 3.1 1.34 4.9 1.34 7.1 1.34
NOTES:

panel geometry.
8.13
ALUMINUMN20 ksi
ALUMINUMN20 ksi
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
8.14
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
1.0 5.3 0.07 7.1 0.07 9.7 0.06 13.9 0.05 17.9 0.05 23.2 0.05 36.9 0.04 85.1 0.03 150.0 0.02 286.3 0.01 617.6 0.01
1.0 2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 7.9 0.14 11.1 0.14 13.6 0.12 21.6 0.10 49.8 0.06 87.8 0.05 201.4 0.03 361.4 0.02
Unstiffened NA 3.1 0.37 4.1 0.29 7.9 0.23 10.6 0.20 12.9 0.18 20.6 0.14 47.4 0.09 83.7 0.07 191.9 0.05 344.4 0.04
1.0 5.3 0.07 7.1 0.07 9.7 0.06 13.9 0.05 17.0 0.05 20.2 0.05 31.0 0.04 70.3 0.03 124.3 0.02 286.3 0.01 515.0 0.01
2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 5.5 0.14 6.4 0.14 7.2 0.13 9.8 0.12 21.2 0.10 37.5 0.08 86.0 0.05 154.4 0.04
2.0 3.0 NA 2.0 0.22 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 13.8 0.18 24.9 0.14 57.2 0.09 102.6 0.07
4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 12.5 0.26 22.0 0.19 50.3 0.13 90.4 0.10
1.5 3.3 0.11 4.4 0.11 5.8 0.10 7.8 0.10 9.2 0.09 10.6 0.09 15.1 0.08 31.7 0.06 55.2 0.05 126.7 0.03 228.1 0.02
2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 5.5 0.14 6.4 0.14 7.2 0.13 9.8 0.12 18.7 0.10 31.4 0.08 71.1 0.05 127.9 0.04
3.0 NA 2.0 0.22 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.7 0.16 38.2 0.11 68.6 0.08
3.0 4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 10.2 0.25 26.7 0.19 47.9 0.14
5.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.37 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 9.3 0.33 23.8 0.24 42.6 0.18
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 9.2 0.41 22.4 0.29 40.2 0.22
2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 5.5 0.14 6.4 0.14 7.2 0.13 9.8 0.12 18.7 0.10 31.4 0.08 71.1 0.05 127.9 0.04
3.0 NA 2.0 0.22 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 21.5 0.20 38.6 0.15
5.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.37 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 7.4 0.33 14.9 0.28 28.7 0.22
40
4.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 14.3 0.37 25.6 0.27
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.58 4.2 0.57 12.6 0.51 22.6 0.38
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 4.2 0.73 12.3 0.60 22.1 0.45
2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 5.5 0.14 6.4 0.14 7.2 0.13 9.8 0.12 18.7 0.10 31.4 0.08 71.1 0.05 127.9 0.04
3.0 NA 2.0 0.22 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 18.9 0.20 32.3 0.16
5.0 5.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.37 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 7.4 0.33 13.1 0.28 24.4 0.23
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 10.0 0.37 19.8 0.31
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 3.3 0.73 7.0 0.70 14.5 0.60
2.0 2.4 0.15 3.2 0.15 4.1 0.14 5.5 0.14 6.4 0.14 7.2 0.13 9.8 0.12 18.7 0.10 31.4 0.08 71.1 0.05 127.9 0.04
3.0 NA 2.0 0.22 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 18.9 0.20 32.3 0.16
5.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.37 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 7.4 0.33 13.1 0.28 21.4 0.23
60
6.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 10.0 0.37 16.4 0.32
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.58 4.2 0.57 6.9 0.54 10.5 0.49

10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 3.3 0.73 5.3 0.70 9.7 0.66
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
Weight, in.wg 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.34 0.51 0.67 1.01 1.34
3.0 NA NA 2.6 0.22 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA 2.5 0.29 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 18.9 0.20 32.3 0.16
5.0 NA NA NA NA 2.3 0.37 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 7.4 0.33 13.1 0.28 21.4 0.23
7.0 6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 10.0 0.37 15.6 0.32
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.58 4.2 0.57 6.9 0.54 10.1 0.49
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 3.3 0.73 5.3 0.70 7.5 0.66
20.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.9 1.47 6.8 1.45
3.0 NA NA NA 3.5 0.22 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA NA 2.9 0.29 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 18.9 0.20 32.3 0.16
5.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.5 0.37 3.2 0.36 5.2 0.35 7.4 0.33 13.1 0.28 21.4 0.23
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA 2.1 0.44 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 10.0 0.37 15.6 0.32
8.0 8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.58 4.2 0.57 6.9 0.54 10.1 0.49
10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 3.3 0.73 5.3 0.70 7.5 0.66
3.0 NA NA NA NA 4.0 0.22 4.4 0.21 5.8 0.21 10.0 0.18 15.3 0.16 32.0 0.12 56.8 0.09
4.0 NA NA NA NA NA 3.2 0.29 4.2 0.29 6.8 0.27 9.9 0.25 18.9 0.20 32.3 0.16
6.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.6 0.44 4.2 0.43 5.9 0.41 10.0 0.37 15.6 0.32
Than 8.0
8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 0.58 4.2 0.57 6.9 0.54 10.1 0.49
Up
Up To
T 10.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.4 0.73 3.3 0.73 5.3 0.70 7.5 0.66
12.0 12.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2.7 0.88 4.3 0.86 6.0 0.82
NOTES:

panel geometry.
8.15
ALUMINUMN20 ksi

8.7 AUXILIARY TABLES tion of support spacing, checking for global and local-
ized buckling of duct sidewalls, and selecting flange
This section contains the necessary tables for selecting and bolt sizes for duct connections. The tables in this
stiffeners, establishing maximum duct loads as a func- section apply equally to all aluminum ducts.
Tables Page
8B.2 Pressure Capacity for Aluminum Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.18
8B.7 Pressure Capacity for Aluminum Reinforcements Spaced at 7 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.23
8B.10 Pressure Capacity for Aluminum Reinforcements Spaced at 10 ft Intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.26
8C Aluminum Internal Pipe SupportAllowable Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.31
8D Stiffener Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.32
8E Maximum Allowable Duct Load as a Function of Support Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.36
8F Section Properties and Bending Moment Capacity of Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.37
8G1 Min. Flange Height and Maximum Bolt Spacing for Bolted Flanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.38
8H1.a Load Ratio Alpha vs. Duct Aspect Ratio and Stiffener Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.39
8H1 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Localized Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . . 8.41
8H2 Maximum Allowable Shear Load Based on Global Buckling Mode for One Side . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.43

ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.18
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 34.0 14.1 5.9 3.0 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 76 33.9 17.8 9.1 5.3 3.3 2.2 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 150 65 36.5 20.5 11.9 7.5 5.0 2.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R3
R4 210 95 53.3 34.1 23.7 15.1 10.1 5.2 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.4 R4
R5 340 150 84 53.9 36.6 23.0 15.4 7.9 4.6 2.9 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.6 R5
R6 440 190 109 70 48.6 35.7 26.0 13.3 7.7 4.8 3.2 2.3 1.7 1.0 R6
R7 610 270 150 97 67 49.5 36.5 18.7 10.8 6.8 4.6 3.2 2.3 1.4 R7
R8 850 380 210 140 94 69 52.9 29.1 16.8 10.6 7.1 5.0 3.6 2.1 R8
R9 1180 520 290 190 130 96 74 42.2 24.4 15.4 10.3 7.2 5.3 3.1 R9
R10 1450 640 360 230 160 120 91 57.9 40.2 25.7 17.2 12.1 8.8 5.1 R10
R11 2170 960 540 350 240 180 140 87 59 36.8 24.7 17.3 12.6 7.3 R11
R12 2580 1150 650 410 290 210 160 103 72 52.7 38.8 27.3 19.9 11.5 R12
R13 3270 1450 820 520 360 270 200 130 91 65 43.8 30.8 22.4 13.0 R13
R14 3700 1660 930 600 410 300 230 150 104 76 58.2 42.7 31.1 18.0 R14
R15 5000 2220 1250 800 560 410 310 200 140 94 63 44 32.1 18.6 R15
R16 5700 2520 1420 910 630 460 350 230 160 105 71 50 36.1 20.9 R16
R17 6800 3000 1690 1080 750 550 420 270 188 130 87 61 44 25.7 R17
R18 8200 3650 2050 1310 910 670 510 330 230 150 100 72 53 30.4 R18
R19 8800 3890 2190 1400 970 710 550 350 240 180 140 100 73 42 R19
R20 10,100 4500 2530 1620 1130 830 630 410 280 207 158 118 86 50 R20
R21 12,200 5440 3060 1960 1360 1000 760 490 340 250 190 151 114 66 R21
R22 13,500 5980 3370 2150 1500 1100 840 540 370 270 210 166 135 79 R22
R23 15,500 6,880 3870 2480 1720 1260 970 620 430 320 240 191 155 95 R23
R24 17,700 7880 4430 2840 1970 1450 1110 710 490 360 280 219 177 108 R24
R25 23,000 10,220 5750 3680 2560 1880 1440 920 640 470 360 284 230 142 R25
R26 27,000 12,020 6760 4330 3000 2210 1690 1080 750 550 420 334 270 188 R26
R27 31,200 13,860 7800 4990 3470 2550 1950 1250 870 640 490 385 312 191 R27
R28 35,000 15,560 8,750 5600 3890 2860 2190 1400 970 710 550 432 350 214 R28
R29 38,400 17,060 9,590 6140 4260 3130 2400 1540 1070 780 600 474 384 267 R29
R30 39,400 17,500 9,850 6300 4380 3220 2460 1580 1090 800 620 486 394 274 R30
Temperature Correction Factors for Aluminum Structural Shapes
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
Table 8B.2 Pressure Capacity Table for Aluminum Reinforcements Spaced at 2 ft Intervals
NOTES:
a. The Stiffener Types refer to a classification system which groups various structural shapes having approximately equivalent physical characteristics, See Table 8D for a complete
listing of the available structural shapes and the physical characteristics assigned to each reinforcement class.

allowable stress of ( f Fy /1.5 = 24,000 psi) and a deflection of not more than (W/360).
c. The pressure capacity values listed in this table can be taken as positive or negative as required by the intended application. The table values and temperature correction factor ( f )
are based on the characteristics of ASTM B308, Type 6061T6 aluminum extruded shapes, which are the most common in construction.
d. For unfixed stiffeners the pressure capacity of table values must be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.80. While the pressure capacities listed are intended for systems operating
at ambient temperature, they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value of ( f ) above.
e. The maximum temperature listed of 400F represents the maximum recommended operating temperature for aluminum products and should not be exceeded. For temperatures other
than those listed,the correction factor ( f ) may be interpolated.
Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 26.0 9.4 4.0 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 58 22.6 11.9 6.1 3.5 2.2 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R2
R3 110 43.2 24.3 13.7 7.9 5.0 3.3 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 160 63 35.5 22.7 15.8 10.0 6.7 3.4 2.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R4
R5 260 100 56.1 35.9 24.4 15.4 10.3 5.3 3.0 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 R5
R6 330 130 73 46.7 32.4 23.8 17.3 8.9 5.1 3.2 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.6 R6
R7 460 180 101 65 44.9 33.0 24.3 12.5 7.2 4.5 3.0 2.1 1.6 0.9 R7
R8 650 250 140 90 63 46.1 35.3 19.4 11.2 7.1 4.7 3.3 2.4 1.4 R8
R9 900 350 200 126 87 64 49.1 28.1 16.3 10.2 6.9 4.8 3.5 2.0 R9
R10 1100 430 240 150 107 79 60 38.6 26.8 17.1 11.5 8.1 5.9 3.4 R10
R11 1650 640 360 230 160 118 90 57.8 39.0 24.6 16.5 11.6 8.4 4.9 R11
R12 1970 760 430 280 190 141 108 69 47.8 35.1 25.9 18.2 13.3 7.7 R12
R13 2490 970 540 350 240 180 136 87 61 43.6 29.2 20.5 15.0 8.7 R13
R14 2800 1100 620 400 280 200 155 99 69 50.7 38.8 28.5 20.7 12.0 R14
R15 3800 1480 830 530 370 270 209 134 93 62 41.7 29.3 21.4 12.4 R15
R16 4300 1680 950 610 420 310 237 151 105 70 47 33.0 24.1 13.9 R16
R17 5100 2000 1130 720 500 370 280 180 125 86 58 40.6 29.6 17.1 R17
R18 6200 2430 1370 870 610 450 340 220 152 102 68 48 35.0 20.2 R18
R19 6700 2590 1460 930 650 480 360 230 160 119 91 67 49 28.2 R19
R20 7700 3000 1690 1080 750 550 420 270 190 138 106 78 57 33.1 R20
R21 9300 3620 2040 1300 910 670 510 330 230 170 130 101 76 44.1 R21
R22 10,300 3990 2240 1440 1000 730 560 360 250 180 140 111 90 53 R22
R23 11,800 4590 2580 1650 1150 840 650 410 290 210 160 127 103 63 R23
R24 13,500 5250 2950 1890 1310 960 740 470 330 240 180 146 118 72 R24
R25 17,500 6,820 3830 2450 1700 1250 960 610 430 310 240 189 153 94 R25
R26 20,600 8,010 4510 2880 2000 1470 1130 720 500 370 280 223 180 125 R26
R27 23,800 9,240 5200 3330 2310 1700 1300 830 580 420 320 257 208 127 R27
R28 26,700 10,370 5,830 3730 2590 1910 1460 930 650 480 360 288 233 143 R28
R29 29,200 11,370 6,400 4090 2840 2090 1600 1020 710 520 400 316 256 178 R29
R30 30,000 11,670 6,560 4200 2920 2140 1640 1050 730 540 410 324 263 182 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.19
ALUMINUM40 ksi
ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.20
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 22.0 7.7 3.0 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 50.9 18.5 8.9 4.6 2.6 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 100 35.4 18.2 10.3 5.9 3.7 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R3
R4 140 51.7 26.7 17.1 11.8 7.5 5.0 2.6 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R4
R5 220 82 42.1 26.9 18.3 11.5 7.7 4.0 2.3 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R5
R6 290 106 54.7 35.0 24.3 17.9 13.0 6.6 3.8 2.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 R6
R7 400 150 76 48.5 33.7 24.7 18.3 9.3 5.4 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 R7
R8 560 210 110 68 47.1 34.6 26.5 14.5 8.4 5.3 3.5 2.5 1.8 1.1 R8
R9 790 290 150 94 66 48.1 36.8 21.1 12.2 7.7 5.1 3.6 2.6 1.5 R9
R10 970 350 180 120 80 59 45.2 29.0 20.1 12.8 8.6 6.0 4.4 2.5 R10
R11 1440 530 270 170 120 88 68 43.3 29.2 18.4 12.3 8.7 6.3 3.7 R11
R12 1720 630 320 210 140 105 81 51.6 35.8 26.3 19.4 13.6 9.9 5.8 R12
R13 2180 790 410 260 180 130 102 65 45.4 32.7 21.9 15.4 11.2 6.5 R13
R14 2500 900 470 300 210 150 116 75 51.7 38.0 29.1 21.3 15.6 9.0 R14
R15 3300 1210 630 400 280 200 156 100 70 46.7 31.3 22.0 16.0 9.3 R15
R16 3800 1380 710 450 320 230 177 114 79 52.6 35.3 24.8 18.0 10.4 R16
R17 4500 1640 840 540 380 280 210 140 94 65 43.4 30.5 22.2 12.8 R17
R18 5500 1990 1030 660 460 330 260 160 114 77 51 36.0 26.2 15.2 R18
R19 5800 2120 1090 700 490 360 270 180 120 89 68 50.2 36.6 21.2 R19
R20 6800 2460 1270 810 560 410 320 200 140 103 79 59 42.9 24.8 R20
R21 8200 2970 1530 980 680 500 380 240 170 120 96 76 57 33.1 R21
R22 9000 3260 1680 1080 750 550 420 270 190 140 105 83 67 39.6 R22
R23 10,300 3750 1940 1240 860 630 480 310 220 160 121 96 77 47.3 R23
R24 11,800 4300 2220 1420 980 720 550 350 250 180 139 109 89 54 R24
R25 15,300 5580 2880 1840 1280 940 720 460 320 230 180 142 115 71 R25
R26 18,000 6,560 3380 2160 1500 1100 850 540 380 280 211 167 135 94 R26
R27 20,800 7560 3900 2500 1730 1270 970 620 430 320 244 193 156 96 R27
R28 23,300 8,490 4380 2800 1940 1430 1090 700 490 360 274 216 175 107 R28
R29 25,600 9,300 4800 3070 2130 1570 1200 770 530 390 300 237 192 133 R29
R30 26,300 9,550 4920 3150 2190 1610 1230 790 550 400 308 243 197 137 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 22.0 6.8 2.5 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 48.8 16.3 7.6 3.6 2.1 1.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R2
R3 90 31.1 15.6 8.2 4.7 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 140 45.5 22.7 13.6 9.5 6.0 4.0 2.1 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 R4
R5 220 72 35.9 21.5 14.6 9.2 6.2 3.2 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 R5
R6 280 93 46.7 28.0 19.4 14.3 10.4 5.3 3.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 R6
R7 390 130 65 38.8 26.9 19.8 14.6 7.5 4.3 2.7 1.8 1.3 0.9 0.5 R7
R8 540 180 90 54.2 37.7 27.7 21.2 11.6 6.7 4.2 2.8 2.0 1.5 0.8 R8
R9 750 250 130 75 52.4 38.5 29.5 16.9 9.8 6.1 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.2 R9
R10 930 310 150 90 64 47.3 36.2 23.2 16.1 10.3 6.9 4.8 3.5 2.0 R10
R11 1390 460 230 140 96 71 54.1 34.7 23.4 14.7 9.9 6.9 5.1 2.9 R11
R12 1650 550 280 170 110 84 65 41.3 28.7 21.1 15.5 10.9 8.0 4.6 R12
R13 2090 700 350 210 150 110 82 52.2 36.3 26.2 17.5 12.3 9.0 5.2 R13
R14 2400 790 400 240 170 120 93 60 41.4 30.4 23.3 17.1 12.4 7.2 R14
R15 3200 1070 530 320 220 160 125 80 55.6 37.4 25.0 17.6 12.8 7.4 R15
R16 3600 1210 610 360 250 190 142 91 63 42.1 28.2 19.8 14.4 8.4 R16
R17 4300 1440 720 430 300 220 170 110 75 51.8 34.7 24.4 17.8 10.3 R17
R18 5200 1750 870 520 360 270 210 130 91 61 41.0 28.8 21.0 12.1 R18
R19 5600 1870 930 560 390 290 220 140 97 71 54.7 40.1 29.3 16.9 R19
R20 6500 2160 1080 650 450 330 250 160 113 83 63 47.0 34.3 19.8 R20
R21 7800 2610 1300 780 540 400 310 200 136 100 76 60 45.7 26.4 R21
R22 8600 2870 1440 860 600 440 340 220 150 110 84 67 53.9 31.7 R22
R23 9900 3300 1650 990 690 510 390 250 172 126 97 77 62 37.9 R23
R24 11,300 3780 1890 1130 790 580 440 280 197 145 111 88 71 43.4 R24
R25 14,700 4910 2450 1470 1020 750 580 370 260 188 144 114 92 57 R25
R26 17,300 5770 2880 1730 1200 880 680 430 300 221 169 134 108 75 R26
R27 20,000 6650 3330 2000 1390 1020 780 500 350 255 195 154 125 76 R27
R28 22,400 7,470 3730 2240 1560 1140 880 560 390 286 219 173 140 86 R28
R29 24,600 8,190 4090 2460 1710 1250 960 610 430 313 240 190 154 107 R29
R30 25,200 8,400 4200 2520 1750 1290 980 630 440 322 246 195 158 109 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.21
ALUMINUM40 ksi
ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.22
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 22.0 6.3 2.3 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 50.0 15.1 6.8 3.2 1.8 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 100 28.8 13.9 7.2 4.0 2.5 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 140 42.1 20.3 12.0 7.9 5.0 3.4 1.7 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 220 67 32.1 18.9 12.2 7.7 5.1 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 R5
R6 290 86 41.7 24.6 16.2 11.9 8.7 4.4 2.6 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 R6
R7 400 120 58 34.0 22.4 16.5 12.2 6.2 3.6 2.3 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.5 R7
R8 560 170 80 47.6 31.4 23.1 17.6 9.7 5.6 3.5 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.7 R8
R9 790 230 110 66 43.6 32.1 24.5 14.1 8.1 5.1 3.4 2.4 1.8 1.0 R9
R10 970 290 140 80 53.6 39.4 30.2 19.3 13.4 8.6 5.7 4.0 2.9 1.7 R10
R11 1440 430 210 120 80 59 45.1 28.9 19.5 12.3 8.2 5.8 4.2 2.4 R11
R12 1720 510 250 140 100 70 53.8 34.4 23.9 17.6 12.9 9.1 6.6 3.8 R12
R13 2180 650 310 180 120 90 68 43.5 30.2 21.8 14.6 10.3 7.5 4.3 R13
R14 2500 740 350 210 140 100 78 49.7 34.5 25.3 19.4 14.2 10.4 6.0 R14
R15 3300 990 480 280 190 140 104 67 46.3 31.2 20.9 14.7 10.7 6.2 R15
R16 3800 1120 540 320 210 150 118 76 52.6 35.1 23.5 16.5 12.0 7.0 R16
R17 4500 1330 640 380 250 180 140 90 63 43.2 28.9 20.3 14.8 8.6 R17
R18 5500 1620 780 460 300 220 170 110 76 51.0 34.2 24.0 17.5 10.1 R18
R19 5800 1730 830 490 320 240 180 120 81 60 45.6 33.4 24.4 14.1 R19
R20 6800 2000 970 570 380 280 210 140 94 69 52.8 39.2 28.6 16.5 R20
R21 8200 2420 1160 690 450 330 250 160 113 83 64 50.3 38.1 22.0 R21
R22 9000 2660 1280 760 500 370 280 180 125 92 70 55.4 44.9 26.4 R22
R23 10,300 3060 1470 870 570 420 320 210 143 105 81 64 51.6 31.6 R23
R24 11,800 3500 1690 1000 660 480 370 240 164 121 92 73 59 36.1 R24
R25 15,300 4540 2190 1290 850 630 480 310 210 157 120 95 77 47.2 R25
R26 18,000 5340 2580 1520 1000 740 560 360 250 184 141 111 90 63 R26
R27 20,800 6160 2970 1750 1160 850 650 420 290 212 163 128 104 63.7 R27
R28 23,300 6920 3330 1970 1300 950 730 470 320 238 182 144 117 72 R28
R29 25,600 7580 3650 2150 1420 1040 800 510 360 261 200 158 128 89 R29
R30 26,300 7780 3750 2210 1460 1070 820 530 360 268 205 162 131 91 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 26.0 6.0 2.1 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 60 14.5 6.3 2.9 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 110 27.8 12.8 6.5 3.5 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R3
R4 160 40.6 18.7 10.8 7.1 4.3 2.9 1.5 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 260 64 29.6 17.1 10.9 6.6 4.4 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R5
R6 330 83 38.5 22.2 14.5 10.2 7.4 3.8 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 R6
R7 460 120 53.3 30.8 20.1 14.1 10.4 5.3 3.1 1.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 R7
R8 650 160 70 43.0 28.1 19.8 15.1 8.3 4.8 3.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 R8
R9 900 220 100 60 39.0 27.5 21.0 12.1 7.0 4.4 2.9 2.1 1.5 0.9 R9
R10 1100 280 130 70 48.0 33.8 25.8 16.5 11.5 7.3 4.9 3.5 2.5 1.5 R10
R11 1650 410 190 110 72 50.5 38.7 24.8 16.7 10.5 7.1 5.0 3.6 2.1 R11
R12 1970 490 230 130 90 60 46.1 29.5 20.5 15.0 11.1 7.8 5.7 3.3 R12
R13 2490 620 290 170 110 80 58 37.3 25.9 18.7 12.5 8.8 6.4 3.7 R13
R14 2800 710 330 190 120 90 67 42.6 29.6 21.7 16.6 12.2 8.9 5.1 R14
R15 3800 950 440 250 170 120 89 57.2 39.7 26.7 17.9 12.6 9.2 5.3 R15
R16 4300 1080 500 290 190 130 101 65 45.1 30.1 20.1 14.1 10.3 6.0 R16
R17 5100 1290 590 340 220 160 120 80 53.6 37.0 24.8 17.4 12.7 7.3 R17
R18 6200 1560 720 420 270 190 150 90 65 43.7 29.3 20.6 15.0 8.7 R18
R19 6700 1670 770 440 290 200 160 100 70 51.0 39.1 28.7 20.9 12.1 R19
R20 7700 1930 890 510 340 240 180 120 80 59 45.2 33.6 24.5 14.2 R20
R21 9300 2330 1080 620 410 290 220 140 97 71 54.6 43.1 32.6 18.9 R21
R22 10,300 2560 1180 680 450 310 240 150 107 79 60 47.5 38.5 22.6 R22
R23 11,800 2950 1360 790 510 360 280 180 123 90 69 54.6 44.2 27.1 R23
R24 13,500 3380 1560 900 590 410 320 200 141 103 79 63 50.7 31.0 R24
R25 17,500 4380 2020 1170 760 540 410 260 180 134 103 81 66 40.4 R25
R26 20,600 5150 2380 1370 900 630 480 310 210 158 121 95 77 53.7 R26
R27 23,800 5940 2740 1580 1030 730 560 360 250 182 139 110 89 54.6 R27
R28 26,700 6670 3080 1780 1160 820 630 400 280 204 156 124 100 61 R28
R29 29,200 7310 3370 1950 1270 900 690 440 300 224 171 135 110 76 R29
R30 30,000 7500 3460 2000 1300 920 700 450 310 230 176 139 113 78 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.23
ALUMINUM40 ksi
ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.24
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 34 6.0 2.0 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 80 14.5 5.9 2.7 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 150 27.8 12.2 6.0 3.2 1.9 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 R3
R4 210 40.6 17.8 10.0 6.5 3.9 2.5 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R4
R5 340 64 28.1 15.8 10.0 6.0 3.9 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 R5
R6 440 83 36.5 20.6 13.3 9.3 6.5 3.3 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 R6
R7 610 120 50.5 28.5 18.4 12.8 9.1 4.7 2.7 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 R7
R8 850 160 70 39.9 25.7 17.9 13.2 7.3 4.2 2.6 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.5 R8
R9 1180 220 100 55.4 35.7 24.9 18.4 10.5 6.1 3.8 2.6 1.8 1.3 0.8 R9
R10 1450 280 120 70 43.9 30.6 22.6 14.5 10.1 6.4 4.3 3.0 2.2 1.3 R10
R11 2170 410 180 100 66 45.8 33.8 21.7 14.6 9.2 6.2 4.3 3.2 1.8 R11
R12 2580 490 220 120 80 54.6 40.3 25.8 17.9 13.2 9.7 6.8 5.0 2.9 R12
R13 3270 620 270 150 100 70 51.0 32.7 22.7 16.4 11.0 7.7 5.6 3.2 R13
R14 3700 710 310 180 110 80 58.2 37.3 25.9 19.0 14.6 10.7 7.8 4.5 R14
R15 5000 950 420 240 150 110 78 50.0 34.8 23.4 15.7 11.0 8.0 4.6 R15
R16 5700 1080 470 270 170 120 89 56.8 39.4 26.3 17.6 12.4 9.0 5.2 R16
R17 6800 1290 560 320 200 140 110 70 46.9 32.4 21.7 15.2 11.1 6.4 R17
R18 8200 1560 680 390 250 170 130 80 57.0 38.3 25.6 18.0 13.1 7.6 R18
R19 8800 1670 730 410 270 190 140 90 61 44.7 34.2 25.1 18.3 10.6 R19
R20 10,100 1930 840 480 310 210 160 100 70 51.7 39.6 29.4 21.4 12.4 R20
R21 12,200 2330 1020 580 370 260 190 120 85 62 47.8 37.7 28.6 16.5 R21
R22 13,500 2560 1120 630 410 280 210 130 94 69 52.6 41.6 33.7 19.8 R22
R23 15,500 2950 1290 730 470 330 240 150 108 79 61 47.8 38.7 23.7 R23
R24 17,700 3380 1480 830 540 380 280 180 123 91 69 54.7 44.3 27.1 R24
R25 23,000 4380 1920 1080 700 490 360 230 160 117 90 71 57.5 35.4 R25
R26 27,000 5150 2250 1270 820 570 420 270 190 138 106 84 68 46.9 R26
R27 31,200 5940 2600 1470 950 660 490 310 220 159 122 96 78.0 47.8 R27
R28 35,000 6670 2920 1650 1060 740 550 350 240 179 137 108 88 54 R28
R29 38,400 7310 3200 1810 1160 810 600 380 270 196 150 118 96 67 R29
R30 39,400 7500 3280 1850 1190 830 620 390 270 201 154 122 99 68 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 60 6.3 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 140 15.1 5.8 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 260 28.8 11.8 5.7 3.0 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R3
R4 380 42.1 17.2 9.5 6.0 3.6 2.3 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R4
R5 600 67 27.2 15.0 9.3 5.5 3.5 1.8 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R5
R6 780 86 35.4 19.4 12.3 8.5 6.0 3.0 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.2 R6
R7 1080 120 49.0 26.9 17.1 11.8 8.4 4.2 2.4 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 R7
R8 1510 170 70 37.7 23.9 16.6 12.1 6.5 3.7 2.4 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.5 R8
R9 2090 230 100 52.4 33.2 23.0 16.9 9.4 5.4 3.4 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 R9
R10 2570 290 120 60 40.8 28.3 20.8 12.9 8.9 5.7 3.8 2.7 2.0 1.1 R10
R11 3850 430 180 100 61 42.3 31.0 19.3 13.0 8.2 5.5 3.9 2.8 1.6 R11
R12 4590 510 210 110 70 50.4 37.0 22.9 15.9 11.7 8.6 6.1 4.4 2.6 R12
R13 5810 650 260 150 90 60 46.8 29.0 20.2 14.5 9.7 6.8 5.0 2.9 R13
R14 6600 740 300 170 110 70 53.4 33.1 23.0 16.9 12.9 9.5 6.9 4.0 R14
R15 8900 990 400 220 140 100 72 44.5 30.9 20.8 13.9 9.8 7.1 4.1 R15
R16 10,100 1120 460 250 160 110 81 50.5 35.0 23.4 15.7 11.0 8.0 4.6 R16
R17 12,000 1330 550 300 190 130 100 60 41.7 28.8 19.3 13.5 9.9 5.7 R17
R18 14,600 1620 660 360 230 160 120 70 50.6 34.0 22.8 16.0 11.7 6.7 R18
R19 15,600 1730 710 390 250 170 130 80 54.0 39.7 30.4 22.3 16.3 9.4 R19
R20 18,000 2000 820 450 290 200 150 90 63 46.0 35.2 26.1 19.1 11.0 R20
R21 21,700 2420 990 540 350 240 180 110 76 55.5 42.5 33.6 25.4 14.7 R21
R22 23,900 2660 1090 600 380 260 190 120 83 61 46.8 36.9 29.9 17.6 R22
R23 27,500 3060 1250 690 440 300 220 140 96 70 53.8 42.5 34.4 21.0 R23
R24 31,500 3500 1430 790 500 350 250 160 109 80 62 48.6 39.4 24.1 R24
R25 40,900 4540 1860 1020 650 450 330 200 140 104 80 63 51.1 31.5 R25
R26 48,100 5340 2190 1200 760 530 390 240 170 123 94 74 60 41.7 R26
R27 55,500 6160 2520 1390 880 610 450 280 190 142 108 86 69.3 42.5 R27
R28 62,200 6920 2830 1560 990 680 500 310 220 159 122 96 78 47.6 R28
R29 68,200 7580 3100 1710 1080 750 550 340 240 174 133 105 85 59 R29
R30 70,000 7780 3180 1750 1110 770 560 350 240 179 137 108 88 61 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.25
ALUMINUM40 ksi
ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.26
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 100 6.8 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 230 16.3 5.7 2.4 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 440 31.1 11.7 5.5 2.8 1.7 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R3
R4 640 45.5 17.1 9.1 5.7 3.4 2.2 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R4
R5 1010 72 26.9 14.4 8.8 5.2 3.3 1.6 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R5
R6 1310 93 35.0 18.7 11.7 8.0 5.5 2.7 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 R6
R7 1820 130 48.5 25.9 16.2 11.1 7.8 3.7 2.2 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 R7
R8 2540 180 68 36.1 22.6 15.5 11.3 5.8 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R8
R9 3530 250 94 50.3 31.4 21.5 15.7 8.4 4.9 3.1 2.1 1.4 1.1 0.6 R9
R10 4340 310 116 62 38.6 26.5 19.3 11.6 8.0 5.1 3.4 2.4 1.8 1.0 R10
R11 6500 460 170 92 57.8 39.6 28.9 17.3 11.7 7.4 4.9 3.5 2.5 1.5 R11
R12 7700 550 210 110 70 50.0 34.4 20.6 14.3 10.5 7.8 5.5 4.0 2.3 R12
R13 9800 700 260 140 90 60 43.5 26.1 18.1 13.1 8.8 6.2 4.5 2.6 R13
R14 11,200 790 300 160 100 70 49.7 29.8 20.7 15.2 11.6 8.5 6.2 3.6 R14
R15 15,000 1070 400 210 130 90 67 40.0 27.8 18.7 12.5 8.8 6.4 3.7 R15
R16 17,000 1210 450 240 150 100 76 45.4 31.5 21.0 14.1 9.9 7.2 4.2 R16
R17 20,300 1440 540 290 180 120 90 54.0 37.5 25.9 17.3 12.2 8.9 5.1 R17
R18 24,600 1750 660 350 220 150 109 66 45.6 30.6 20.5 14.4 10.5 6.1 R18
R19 26,300 1870 700 370 230 160 120 70 48.6 35.7 27.4 20.1 14.6 8.5 R19
R20 30,400 2160 810 430 270 190 140 80 56.3 41.4 31.7 23.5 17.1 9.9 R20
R21 36,700 2610 980 520 330 220 160 100 68 49.9 38.2 30.2 22.8 13.2 R21
R22 40,400 2870 1080 570 360 250 180 110 75 55.0 42.1 33.2 26.9 15.8 R22
R23 46,500 3300 1240 660 410 280 210 120 86 63 48.4 38.2 31.0 18.9 R23
R24 53,200 3780 1420 760 470 320 240 140 99 72 55.4 43.8 35.5 21.7 R24
R25 69,000 4910 1840 980 610 420 310 180 130 94 72 56.8 46.0 28.3 R25
R26 81,000 5770 2160 1150 720 490 360 220 150 110 85 67 54.1 37.6 R26
R27 94,000 6700 2500 1330 830 570 420 250 170 130 98 77.0 62.4 38.2 R27
R28 105,000 7500 2800 1490 930 640 470 280 190 140 109 86 70 42.9 R28
R29 115,000 8200 3070 1640 1020 700 510 310 210 160 120 95 77 53.3 R29
R30 118,000 8400 3150 1680 1050 720 530 320 220 160 123 97 79 54.7 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:
a. The Stiffener Types refer to a classification system which groups various structural shapes having approximately equivalent physical characteristics, see Table 8D for a complete

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 100 9.4 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 230 22.6 5.9 2.3 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 440 43.2 12.2 5.3 2.6 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R3
R4 640 63 17.8 8.7 5.3 3.1 1.9 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R4
R5 1010 100 28.1 13.8 8.1 4.7 2.9 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R5
R6 1310 130 36.5 18.0 10.8 7.2 4.9 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 R6
R7 1820 180 50.5 24.9 15.0 10.0 7.0 3.3 1.8 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 R7
R8 2540 250 71 34.8 20.9 14.0 10.1 5.1 2.8 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.4 R8
R9 3530 350 98 48.3 29.1 19.5 14.0 7.4 4.1 2.6 1.7 1.2 0.9 0.5 R9
R10 4340 430 121 59 35.7 24.0 17.2 10.2 6.7 4.3 2.9 2.0 1.5 0.8 R10
R11 6500 640 180 89 53.5 35.9 25.8 15.2 9.7 6.1 4.1 2.9 2.1 1.2 R11
R12 7700 760 220 110 60 40.0 30.7 18.1 11.9 8.8 6.5 4.5 3.3 1.9 R12
R13 9800 970 270 130 80 50 38.9 22.9 15.1 10.9 7.3 5.1 3.7 2.2 R13
R14 11,200 1100 310 150 90 60 44.3 26.1 17.2 12.7 9.7 7.1 5.2 3.0 R14
R15 15,000 1480 420 210 120 80 60 35.1 23.2 15.6 10.4 7.3 5.3 3.1 R15
R16 17,000 1680 470 230 140 90 68 39.8 26.3 17.5 11.8 8.3 6.0 3.5 R16
R17 20,300 2000 560 280 170 110 80 47.4 31.3 21.6 14.5 10.2 7.4 4.3 R17
R18 24,600 2430 680 340 200 140 98 58 38.0 25.5 17.1 12.0 8.7 5.1 R18
R19 26,300 2590 730 360 220 140 100 60 40.5 29.8 22.8 16.7 12.2 7.1 R19
R20 30,400 3000 840 420 250 170 120 70 46.9 34.5 26.4 19.6 14.3 8.3 R20
R21 36,700 3620 1020 500 300 200 150 90 57 41.6 31.9 25.2 19.0 11.0 R21
R22 40,400 3990 1120 550 330 220 160 90 62 45.8 35.1 27.7 22.4 13.2 R22
R23 46,500 4590 1290 640 380 260 180 110 72 53 40.3 31.9 25.8 15.8 R23
R24 53,200 5250 1480 730 440 290 210 120 82 60 46.2 36.5 29.5 18.1 R24
R25 69,000 6820 1920 940 570 380 270 160 110 78 60 47.3 38.3 23.6 R25
R26 81,000 8010 2250 1110 670 450 320 190 130 90 70 56 45.1 31.3 R26
R27 94,000 9200 2600 1280 770 520 370 220 140 110 81 64.2 52.0 31.8 R27
R28 105,000 10,400 2920 1440 860 580 420 250 160 120 91 72 58 35.7 R28
R29 115,000 11,400 3200 1570 950 640 460 270 180 130 100 79 64 44.4 R29
R30 118,000 11,700 3280 1620 970 650 470 280 180 130 103 81 66 45.6 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.27
ALUMINUM40 ksi
ALUMINUM40 ksi
Panel Width, ft
8.28
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 100 28.1 2.5 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 230 68 7.6 2.4 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 440 130 15.6 5.5 2.5 1.4 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 R3
R4 640 190 22.7 9.1 5.1 2.8 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 R4
R5 1010 300 35.9 14.4 7.8 4.3 2.6 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 R5
R6 1310 390 46.7 18.7 10.4 6.7 4.4 2.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 R6
R7 1820 540 65 25.9 14.4 9.2 6.2 2.8 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 R7
R8 2540 750 90 36.1 20.1 12.9 9.0 4.4 2.4 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 R8
R9 3530 1050 126 50.3 27.9 18.0 12.6 6.4 3.5 2.1 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.4 R9
R10 4340 1290 150 62 34.3 22.1 15.4 8.8 5.7 3.5 2.3 1.6 1.2 0.7 R10
R11 6500 1930 230 92 51.3 33.0 23.1 13.2 8.3 5.0 3.3 2.3 1.7 1.0 R11
R12 7700 2290 280 110 60 40.0 27.5 15.7 10.2 7.2 5.2 3.6 2.7 1.5 R12
R13 9800 2900 350 140 80 50.0 34.8 19.9 12.9 8.9 5.8 4.1 3.0 1.7 R13
R14 11,200 3310 400 160 90 60 39.7 22.7 14.7 10.3 7.8 5.7 4.1 2.4 R14
R15 15,000 4450 530 210 120 80 53.4 30.5 19.8 12.7 8.3 5.9 4.3 2.5 R15
R16 17,000 5050 610 240 130 90 61 34.6 22.4 14.3 9.4 6.6 4.8 2.8 R16
R17 20,300 6000 720 290 160 100 72 41.2 26.7 17.6 11.6 8.1 5.9 3.4 R17
R18 24,600 7300 870 350 190 120 88 50.0 32.4 20.8 13.7 9.6 7.0 4.0 R18
R19 26,300 7800 930 370 210 130 90 50.0 34.6 24.2 18.2 13.4 9.8 5.6 R19
R20 30,400 9000 1080 430 240 150 110 60 40.0 28.1 21.1 15.7 11.4 6.6 R20
R21 36,700 10,900 1300 520 290 190 130 70 48.3 33.9 25.5 20.1 15.2 8.8 R21
R22 40,400 12,000 1440 570 320 210 140 80 53.2 37.3 28.1 22.2 18.0 10.6 R22
R23 46,500 13,800 1650 660 370 240 170 90 61 42.9 32.3 25.5 20.6 12.6 R23
R24 53,200 15,800 1890 760 420 270 190 110 70 49.1 36.9 29.2 23.6 14.5 R24
R25 69,000 20,450 2450 980 550 350 250 140 90 64 47.9 37.9 30.7 18.9 R25
R26 81,000 24,000 2880 1150 640 410 290 160 110 70 56.3 44.5 36.1 25.0 R26
R27 94,000 27,700 3330 1330 740 480 330 190 120 90 65.0 51.3 41.6 25.5 R27
R28 105,000 31,100 3730 1490 830 530 370 210 140 100 73 58 46.7 28.6 R28
R29 115,000 34,100 4090 1640 910 580 410 230 150 110 80 63 51.2 35.5 R29
R30 118,000 35,000 4200 1680 930 600 420 240 160 110 82 65 52.5 36.5 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

Panel Width, ft
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0
R1 100 28.1 8.9 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R1
R2 230 68 26.7 3.6 1.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 R2
R3 440 130 54.7 8.2 2.8 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 R3
R4 640 190 80 13.6 5.7 2.8 1.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 R4
R5 1010 300 130 21.5 8.8 4.3 2.5 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 R5
R6 1310 390 160 28.0 11.7 6.7 4.2 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 R6
R7 1820 540 230 38.8 16.2 9.2 5.8 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 R7
R8 2540 750 320 54.2 22.6 12.9 8.5 3.9 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.2 R8
R9 3530 1050 440 75 31.4 18.0 11.8 5.6 2.9 1.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 R9
R10 4340 1290 540 93 38.6 22.1 14.5 7.7 4.8 2.9 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.5 R10
R11 6500 1930 810 140 57.8 33.0 21.7 11.6 7.0 4.1 2.6 1.8 1.3 0.7 R11
R12 7700 2290 970 170 70 40.0 25.8 13.8 8.6 5.9 4.1 2.8 2.0 1.2 R12
R13 9800 2900 1220 210 90 50.0 32.7 17.4 10.9 7.3 4.7 3.2 2.2 1.3 R13
R14 11,200 3310 1400 240 100 60 37.3 19.9 12.4 8.5 6.2 4.4 3.1 1.8 R14
R15 15,000 4450 1880 320 130 80 50.0 26.7 16.7 10.5 6.7 4.5 3.2 1.9 R15
R16 17,000 5050 2130 360 150 90 57 30.3 18.9 11.8 7.5 5.1 3.6 2.1 R16
R17 20,300 6000 2530 430 180 100 68 36.0 22.5 14.5 9.3 6.3 4.4 2.6 R17
R18 24,600 7300 3080 520 220 120 82 43.7 27.3 17.1 10.9 7.4 5.2 3.0 R18
R19 26,300 7800 3280 560 230 130 90 50.0 29.2 20.0 14.6 10.3 7.3 4.2 R19
R20 30,400 9000 3800 650 270 150 100 50.0 33.8 23.2 16.9 12.1 8.6 5.0 R20
R21 36,700 10,900 4590 780 330 190 120 70 40.8 28.0 20.4 15.5 11.4 6.6 R21
R22 40,400 12,000 5050 860 360 210 130 70 44.9 30.8 22.4 17.1 13.5 7.9 R22
R23 46,500 13,800 5810 990 410 240 150 80 51.6 35.4 25.8 19.7 15.5 9.5 R23
R24 53,200 15,800 6,600 1130 470 270 180 90 59 40.5 29.5 22.5 17.7 10.8 R24
R25 69,000 20,450 8,600 1470 610 350 230 120 80 52.6 38.3 29.2 23.0 14.2 R25
R26 81,000 24,000 10,100 1730 720 410 270 140 90 60 45.1 34.3 27.0 18.8 R26
R27 94,000 27,700 11,700 2000 830 480 310 170 100 70.0 52.0 39.6 31.2 19.1 R27
R28 105,000 31,100 13,100 2240 930 530 350 190 120 80 58 44.5 35.0 21.4 R28
R29 115,000 34,100 14,400 2460 1020 580 380 200 130 90 64 48.7 38.4 26.7 R29
R30 118,000 35,000 14,800 2520 1050 600 390 210 130 90 66 50.0 39.4 27.4 R30
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
NOTES:

8.29
ALUMINUM40 ksi

Allowable Compressive Load in Pounds
Pipe Dia., in. 1_w 3_r 1 11_r 11_w 2 21_w 3 31_w
Wall Thickness,
0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.226
in.
Weight, lb/ft 0.851 1.131 1.679 2.273 2.718 3.653 5.793 7.576 9.109
Fy, lb/in.2 35,000
1.0 3400 5000 8100 11,000 14,000 20,000 32,000 43,000 53,000
1.5 2440 4080 6900 10,000 13,000 18,000 30,000 41,000 51,000
2.0 1510 3080 5800 9200 11,000 17,000 29,000 39,000 49,000
t, fftt
3.0 670 1460 3440 6700 9200 14,000 25,000 35,000 44,000
ight,
4.0 370 820 1930 4310 6700 11,000 21,000 32,000 40,000
Heigh
5.0 520 1230 2760 4390 9100 18,000 28,000 36,000
mn He
6.0 860 1910 3050 6500 14,000 24,000 32,000
olumn
7.0 630 1400 2240 4820 11,000 20,000 28,000
dCColu
8.0 1070 1710 3690 8400 16,000 24,000
aced
9.0 See Note a. 1350 2910 6700 13,000 20,000
10.0 1090 2360 5400 10,000 16,000
Unbrace
Unbr
11.0 1950 4480 8800 14,000
12.0 1640 3760 7400 11,000
Properties
Area A, in.2 0.250 0.332 0.494 0.668 0.799 1.074 1.703 2.227 2.678
I , in.4 0.017 0.037 0.087 0.194 0.309 0.665 1.527 3.012 4.779
r, in. 0.261 0.334 0.421 0.540 0.623 0.787 0.947 1.164 1.337
Internal Pipe Support Load Reduction Factors Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
h f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43
h e 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.87
Table 8C Aluminum Internal Pipe SupportAllowable Load Table
NOTES:

a. Selections in blank area of the table have a Kl/r > 200 and are not generally recommended for internal duct supports.
c. Apply yield strength reduction factor (h f ) to table values above heavy line, and Modulus reduction factor (h e ) to values below the heavy line.
d. Pipe is assumed to be Standard Sch 40 pipe in ASTM B209 Alloy 6061-T6.
8.31
R1 0.031 0.021 1 1 1_i Angle 0.28 0.031 0.022
1 1 3_qy Angle 0.40 0.044 0.030
1 1 1_r Angle 0.51 0.056 0.037
1 1_r Bar 0.29 0.042 0.021
1 5_qy Bar 0.37 0.052 0.026
1 3_i Bar 0.44 0.063 0.031
R2 0.072 0.060 11_w 11_w 1_i Angle 0.43 0.068 0.074
13_r 13_r 1_i Angle 0.58 0.094 0.121
11_w 11_w 1_r
R3 0.130 0.135 Angle 0.81 0.130 0.135

13_r 13_r 1_r Angle 0.96 0.181 0.223
ALUMINUM 40 ksi
2 2 1_i Angle 0.57 0.130 0.180

2 1_r Bar 0.59 0.167 0.167
R4 0.190 0.272 2 2 1_r Angle 1.11 0.240 0.340
21_w 21_w 1_i Angle 0.72 0.200 0.370
CS 2 Channel 0.58 0.288 0.288
R5 0.300 0.416 21_w 21_w 1_r Angle 1.40 0.390 0.690
CS 2 Channel 1.07 0.546 0.546
W2 Wide Flange 0.78 0.481 0.481
3 1_r Bar 0.88 0.375 0.563
R6 0.394 0.703 21_w 21_w 3_i Angle 2.05 0.560 0.980
3 3 3_qy Angle 1.28 0.441 0.962
3 3_i Bar 1.33 0.563 0.844
R7 0.540 0.984 21_w 21_w 1_w Angle 2.65 0.720 1.220
3 3 1_r Angle 1.68 0.540 1.180
CS 3 Channel 1.14 0.940 1.410
W 2.5 Wide Flange 1.80 1.162 1.450
4 1_r Bar 1.18 0.667 1.333
R8 0.755 1.530 3 3 3_i Angle 2.47 0.800 1.700
3 3 1_w Angle 3.23 1.040 2.160
31_w 31_w 1_r Angle 1.99 0.760 1.930
CS 3 Channel 1.42 1.100 1.660
CS 3 Channel 1.48 1.130 1.690
4 3_i Bar 1.77 1.000 2.000
R9 1.050 2.220 3 3 5_i Angle 3.94 1.260 2.570
31_w 31_w 3_i Angle 2.93 1.110 2.790
31_w 31_w 7_qy Angle 3.38 1.280 3.180
4 4 5_qy Angle 2.83 1.240 3.610
I3 Beam 1.64 1.490 2.240
I3 Beam 2.03 1.810 2.710
4 1_w Bar 2.36 1.333 2.667
R10 1.290 3.710 31_w 31_w 9_qy Angle 4.26 1.610 3.920
31_w 31_w 5_i Angle 4.68 1.770 4.260
4 4 3_i Angle 3.38 1.480 4.260
4 4 7_qy Angle 3.90 1.710 4.870
C4 Channel 1.85 1.920 3.830
C4 Channel 2.16 2.100 4.190
CS 4 Channel 1.74 1.950 3.910
5 3_i Bar 2.21 1.563 3.906
5 1_w Bar 2.95 2.083 5.208

Stiffener S I Stiffener Stiffener Weight
Type (Min) (Min) Size Description , lb/ft S, in.3 I, in.4
R11 1.930 5.320 4 4 1_w Angle 4.41 1.930 5.460
4 4 3_i Angle 4.92 2.150 6.020
4 4 3_i Angle 5.42 2.360 6.560
5 5 3_i Angle 4.28 2.300 8.370
C5 Channel 2.32 3.000 7.490
CS 5 Channel 2.21 3.150 7.880
I4 Beam 2.31 2.810 5.620

5 3_r Bar 4.42 3.125 7.813
R12 2.300 8.370 5 5 3_i Angle 4.28 2.300 8.370
ALUMINUM 40 ksi
5 5 7_qy Angle 4.91 2.670 9.650
C5 Channel 3.11 3.560 8.900
6 1_w Bar 3.53 3.000 9.000
R13 2.910 9.450 5 5 1_w Angle 5.58 3.030 10.900
5 5 9_qy Angle 6.23 3.390 12.100
C5 Channel 3.97 4.170 10.400
CS 5 Channel 3.09 4.450 11.100
51 Bar 5.89 4.167 10.417
R14 3.320 13.100 5 5 5_i Angle 6.88 3.730 13.200
5 5 11_qy Angle 7.51 4.070 14.300
6 6 3_i Angle 5.12 3.380 14.900
C6 Channel 2.83 4.370 13.100
6 3_r Bar 5.30 4.500 13.500
R15 4.500 13.500 6 6 1_w Angle 6.75 4.460 19.400
C6 Channel 3.63 5.060 15.200
6 3_r Bar 5.30 4.500 13.500
R16 5.060 15.200 C6 Channel 3.63 5.060 15.200
C6 Channel 4.48 5.800 17.400
61 Bar 7.07 6.000 18.000
R17 6.020 18.700 6 6 11_qy Angle 9.14 6.020 25.700
6 6 3_r Angle 9.91 6.520 27.600
CS 6 Channel 4.03 7.010 21.800
C7 Channel 3.38 6.080 21.300
C7 Channel 3.54 6.240 21.800
R18 7.310 22.100 C7 Channel 5.10 7.780 27.200
C7 Channel 5.96 8.640 30.300
W5 Wide Flange 6.49 9.580 23.900
W6 Wide Flange 5.40 10.100 30.200
R19 7.800 30.800 8 8 1_w Angle 9.14 8.160 47.700
C8 Channel 4.25 8.460 33.900
CS 7 Channel 4.72 9.650 33.800
R20 9.030 36.100 C8 Channel 4.75 9.030 36.100
C8 Channel 5.62 10.000 40.000
W6 Wide Flange 7.85 14.800 44.300
W6 Wide Flange 8.30 15.100 45.400
R21 10.900 48.100 C9 Channel 5.19 11.300 51.000
CS 8 Channel 5.79 13.170 52.700
CS 9 Channel 4.98 12.090 54.400
W8 Wide Flange 5.90 14.200 56.700

Stiffener S I Stiffener Stiffener Weight
Type (Min) (Min) Size Description , lb/ft S, in.3 I, in.4
R22 12.000 57.600 8 8 3_r Angle 13.5 12.000 68.900
C9 Channel 6.91 13.500 60.900
C 10 Channel 5.28 13.500 67.400
I8 Beam 6.18 14.900 59.700
R23 13.800 68.900 881 Angle 17.7 15.600 88.100
C9 Channel 8.65 15.800 70.900
CS 9 Channel 6.97 17.400 78.300
R24 15.800 78.900 C 10 Channel 6.91 15.800 79.000
C 10 Channel 8.64 18.200 91.200

CS 10 Channel 6.14 16.640 83.200
ALUMINUM 40 ksi
W8 Wide Flange 8.32 21.000 84.200

I9 Beam 8.36 22.700 102.000
R25 20.500 103.00 C 10 Channel 10.40 20.700 104.000
C 12 Channel 7.41 22.000 132.000
CS 10 Channel 8.36 23.200 116.000
W8 Wide Flange 10.72 27.400 110.000
I 10 Beam 8.65 26.400 132.000
R26a 24.100 139.00 C 12 Channel 8.64 24.100 144.000
C 12 Channel 10.40 27.000 162.000
C 12 Channel 12.10 29.900 180.000
CS 12 Channel 8.27 26.600 160.000
R28 31.500 158.000 I 10 Beam 10.30 31.200 156.000
R29 34.200 204.000 CS 12 Channel 11.80 39.900 240.000
R30 35.100 244.000 CS 15 Channel 11.70 42.000 315.000
CS 15 Channel 17.33 53.800 404.000
I 12 Beam 11.70 42.600 256.000
I 12 Beam 14.30 52.900 317.000
NOTES:


Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.037 0.047 0.06 0.0765 0.0955 0.1205 0.183 0.243 0.368 0.493
Duct Height Support
h, ft Spacing L, ft
10.0 110 140 180 230 260 280 350 520 680 970 1240
12.0 80 100 130 160 180 200 240 360 470 680 860
15.0 50 60 80 100 110 130 160 230 300 430 550
10
1.0 20.0 28 35 50 60 60 70 90 130 170 240 310
25.0 18 23 29 36 40 50 60 80 110 160 200
30.0 12 16 20 25 28 31 40 60 80 110 140
10.0 180 220 290 360 410 450 560 830 1080 1570 2010
12.0 120 160 200 250 280 310 390 580 750 1090 1390
15.0 80 100 130 160 180 200 250 370 480 700 890
20
2.0 20.0 40 60 70 90 100 110 140 210 270 390 500
25.0 28 36 50 60 70 70 90 130 170 250 320
30.0 20 25 32 40 50 50 60 90 120 170 220
10.0 240 310 390 500 560 610 770 1150 1490 2160 2780
12.0 170 210 270 340 390 430 530 800 1030 1500 1930
15.0 110 140 170 220 250 270 340 510 660 960 1240
25
2.5 20.0 60 80 100 120 140 150 190 290 370 540 690
25.0 39 50 60 80 90 100 120 180 240 350 440
30.0 27 34 43 60 60 70 90 130 170 240 310
10.0 310 390 500 630 710 780 980 1460 1900 2760 3550
12.0 210 270 340 440 490 540 680 1010 1320 1920 2470
15.0 140 170 220 280 320 350 440 650 840 1230 1580
30
3.0 20.0 80 100 120 160 180 200 240 360 470 690 890
25.0 50 60 80 100 110 130 160 230 300 440 570
30.0 30 40 60 70 80 90 110 160 210 310 390
10.0 370 470 600 770 860 950 1190 1770 2310 3360 4330
12.0 260 330 420 530 600 660 830 1230 1600 2340 3010
15.0 170 210 270 340 380 420 530 790 1030 1490 1920
35
3.5
ALUMINUM 20 ksi
20.0 90 120 150 190 220 240 300 440 580 840 1080
25.0 60 80 100 120 140 150 190 280 370 540 690
30.0 40 50 70 90 100 110 130 200 260 370 480
10.0 440 560 710 900 1010 1120 1400 2090 2720 3960 5110
12.0 310 390 490 620 700 780 970 1450 1890 2750 3550
15.0 200 250 320 400 450 500 620 930 1210 1760 2270
40
4.0 20.0 110 140 180 220 250 280 350 520 680 990 1280
25.0 70 90 110 140 160 180 220 330 440 630 820
30.0 50 60 80 100 110 120 160 230 300 440 570
10.0 510 640 820 1030 1170 1280 1610 2400 3130 4560 5880
12.0 350 450 570 720 810 890 1120 1670 2170 3170 4080
15.0 220 280 360 460 520 570 720 1070 1390 2030 2610
45
4.5 20.0 130 160 200 260 290 320 400 600 780 1140 1470
25.0 80 100 130 170 190 210 260 380 500 730 940
30.0 60 70 90 110 130 140 180 270 350 510 650
10.0 640 810 1030 1300 1470 1620 2030 3030 3950 5770 7440
12.0 440 560 710 910 1020 1120 1410 2100 2740 4000 5160
15.0 280 360 460 580 650 720 900 1350 1760 2560 3300
50
5.0 20.0 160 200 260 330 370 400 510 760 990 1440 1860
25.0 100 130 160 210 240 260 320 480 630 920 1190
30.0 70 90 110 140 160 180 230 340 440 640 830
10.0 770 980 1240 1570 1780 1960 2450 3660 4770 6970 8990
12.0 530 680 860 1090 1230 1360 1700 2540 3310 4840 6240
15.0 340 430 550 0 790 870 1090 1620 2120 3100 4000
60
6.0 20.0 190 240 310 0 440 490 610 910 1190 1740 2250
25.0 120 160 200 0 280 310 390 580 760 1110 1440
30.0 90 110 140 0 200 220 270 410 530 770 1000
Strength Reduction Factor for Aluminum
Deg. F To 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
f 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.80 0.60 0.43

NOTES:
b. While the maximum allowable duct loads listed above are intended for systems operating at ambient temperatures they may be adjusted for higher temperatures by multiplying
the table values by the appropriate value of ( f ) up to 400 Deg. F, the maximum recommended operating temperature for aluminum, see Table 312 for details.
c. The table values above, as well as the strength reduction factor ( f ) are based on Type 3003H14 aluminum, for other types of aluminum use the strength reduction
factors listed in Table 310.

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.037 0.047 0.06 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.183 0.243 0.368 0.493
I 17.9 22.6 28.8 36.4 41.0 45.1 56.4 83.5 108.3 155.9 198.3
1.0 S 3.0 3.8 4.8 6.1 6.8 7.5 9.4 13.9 18.0 26.0 33.1
M 1120 1410 1800 2280 2560 2820 3520 5,220 6,770 9,740 12,400
I 42.5 53.8 68.3 86.6 97.6 107.5 134.4 199.7 259.7 376.1 481.5
1.5 S 4.7 6.0 7.6 9.6 10.8 11.9 14.9 22.2 28.9 41.8 53.5
M 1770 2240 2850 3610 4070 4,480 5,600 8,320 10,820 15,670 20,060
I 77.6 98.3 125.0 158.5 178.6 196.6 246.1 366.3 476.8 692.6 889.1
2.0 S 6.5 8.2 10.4 13.2 14.9 16.4 20.5 30.5 39.7 57.7 74.1
M 2430 3070 3900 4950 5580 6140 7690 11,450 14,900 21,640 27,790
I 123.3 156.2 198.6 251.9 284.0 312.7 391.5 583.1 759.7 1105.4 1421.3
2.5 S 8.2 10.4 13.2 16.8 18.9 20.8 26.1 38.9 50.6 73.7 94.8
M 3080 3900 4960 6300 7100 7,820 9,790 14,580 18,990 27,630 35,530
I 179.6 227.4 289.2 367.0 413.7 455.5 570.5 850.2 1108.4 1614.3 2077.9
3.0 S 10.0 12.6 16.1 20.4 23.0 25.3 31.7 47.2 61.6 89.7 115.4
M 3740 4740 6030 7650 8620 9490 11880 17,710 23,090 33,630 43,290
I 246.4 312.1 396.9 503.6 567.8 625.2 783.1 1167.5 1522.7 2219.5 2859.0
3.5 S 11.7 14.9 18.9 24.0 27.0 29.8 37.3 55.6 72.5 105.7 136.1
Table 8FSelection Properties &

Bending Moment Capacity of Duct
M 4400 5570 7090 8990 10140 11,160 13,980 20,850 27,190 39,630 51,050
I 323.8 410.1 521.6 661.9 746.3 821.8 1029.5 1535.2 2002.8 2921.0 3764.5
4.0 S 13.5 17.1 21.7 27.6 31.1 34.2 42.9 64.0 83.4 121.7 156.9
M 5060 6410 8150 10340 11660 12840 16090 23,990 31,290 45,640 58,820
ALUMINUM 20 ksi
I 510.2 646.3 822.0 1043.3 1176.4 1295.5 1623.1 2421.5 3160.2 4612.5 5949.1
5.0 S 17.0 21.5 27.4 34.8 39.2 43.2 54.1 80.7 105.3 153.8 198.3
M 6380 8080 10280 13040 14700 16,190 20,290 30,270 39,500 57,660 74,360
I 738.8 935.9 1190.6 1511.1 1703.9 1876.5 2351.4 3508.9 4580.5 6689.1 8631.7
6.0 S 20.5 26.0 33.1 42.0 47.3 52.1 65.3 97.5 127.2 185.8 239.8
M 7700 9750 12400 15740 17750 19550 24490 36,550 47,710 69,680 89,910

NOTES:
a. Row heading (I) represents the duct section moment of inertia in in.4, (S) represents Duct section modulus in in.3,
and (M) represents the bending moment capacity of the duct section in foot pounds.
b. The bending moment capacity (M) values are based on a yield strength of 20 ksi characteristic of type 3003H14
aluminum, for other types of aluminum if there is a substantial difference in yield strength (see Table 312) the
bending moment capacity (M) may be prorated based on the ratio of the strength values.

18 0.037 1 1 12.0
16 0.047 1 1 9.0
14 0.060 1 1 7.0 12.0
12 0.077 1 11_w 6.0 10.0
11 0.865 1 11_w 5.0 10.0
10 0.096 1 11_w 5.0 8.0 12.0
8 0.125 11_r 2 5.0 6.0 10.0
4 0.183 2 21_w 4.0 4.0 8.0 10.0
2 0.243 3 31_w 3.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0
3_i 0.368 4 6 4.0 6.0 8.0
1_w 0.493 5 7 3.0 4.0 6.0
h
f
h h a
f f
a a
TABLES 8G1 & G2

Duct Aspect
Ratio, h/W
h/Wt1_e 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.6
1_eth/W v0.40 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.9
0.40th/W v0.50 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.6 2.2
0.50th/W v 2_e 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.9
2_eth/W v0.80 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.1 1.5 2.5 4.3
0.80th/W v1.0 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.5 1.5 3.4 6.5
Table 8H1.a Load Ratio Alpha (a) vs. Duct Aspect Ratio and Stiffener Spacing
NOTES:
a. To select a value for (a), first compute the aspect ratio (duct height over duct width) for the duct under consid-
(column).
b. Notice that there are no (a) values for an aspect ratio greater than 1.0, the reason is that the value of (a) in-
tions listed above.
c. Exception: horizontal support members that are an extension of a flanged joint or bottom panel reinforcement
and are integrally welded to the side wall stiffeners, forming a complete frame around the entire duct cross
section are not subject to the localized type of buckling affecting unattached trapeze type supports located
at intermediate points between side wall stiffeners. Duct systems using this type of support are checked for
global type of buckling instead of localized buckling, see Table 8H2.
Table 8H1.a Load Ratio Alpha

ALUMINUM 20 ksi
vs. Duct Aspect Ratio

ALUMINUM 20 ksi
3_i 1_w
Localized Buckling
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 110 230 470 980 1420 1910 3830 13,400 31,400 109,000 262,000
1.0 2.0 100 210 430 880 1280 1720 3460 12,100 28,400 98,500 237,000
Unstiffened 90 190 390 800 1160 1560 3140 11,000 25,700 89,300 215,000
1.0 60 120 250 510 740 1000 2000 7000 16,400 57,100 137,000
2.0 60 110 230 490 700 950 1900 6700 15,600 54,200 130,000
2.0 3.0 50 110 220 460 670 900 1810 6300 14,800 51,500 124,000
4.0 50 100 210 440 640 860 1720 6000 14,100 48,900 118,000
Unstiffened 50 90 190 400 580 780 1560 5500 12,800 44,400 107,000
1.5 40 80 160 340 490 660 1340 4680 10,900 38,000 91,400
2.0 40 80 160 340 490 650 1310 4600 10,800 37,400 89,800
3.0 40 80 160 320 470 630 1270 4440 10,400 36,100 86,800
3.0 4.0 40 70 150 310 450 610 1220 4290 10,000 34,900 83,800
5.0 30 70 150 300 440 590 1180 4140 9700 33,700 81,000
6.0 30 70 140 290 420 570 1140 4010 9400 32,600 78,400
Unstiffened 30 60 130 270 380 520 1040 3630 8500 29,500 71,000
2.0 30 60 120 260 370 500 1000 3510 8200 28,500 68,500
3.0 30 60 120 250 360 490 980 3420 8000 27,800 66,800
4.0 30 60 120 240 350 470 950 3330 7800 27,100 65,100
5.0 30 50 110 240 340 460 930 3240 7600 26,400 63,400
40
4.0 6.0 30 50 110 230 330 450 900 3160 7400 25,700 61,800
8.0 30 50 110 230 330 440 880 3080 7200 25,100 60,200
10.0 20 50 100 210 300 410 820 2860 6700 23,300 55,900
Unstiffened 20 50 100 200 290 390 780 2720 6400 22,100 53,300
2.0 20 50 100 210 300 400 810 2830 6600 23,000 55,400
3.0 20 50 100 200 290 390 790 2770 6500 22,600 54,300
4.0 20 50 100 200 290 390 780 2720 6400 22,100 53,100
5.0 20 50 90 190 280 380 760 2660 6200 21,600 52,000
50
5.0 6.0 20 40 90 190 280 370 740 2610 6100 21,200 51,000
8.0 20 40 90 190 270 360 730 2550 6000 20,800 49,900
10.0 20 40 80 180 250 340 690 2400 5600 19,500 47,000
Unstiffened 20 40 80 160 230 310 620 2180 5100 17,700 42,600
2.0 20 40 80 170 250 340 680 2380 5600 19,300 46,500
3.0 20 40 80 170 250 330 670 2340 5500 19,000 45,700
4.0 20 40 80 170 240 330 660 2300 5400 18,700 44,900
5.0 20 40 80 160 240 320 640 2260 5300 18,300 44,100
60
6.0 6.0 20 40 80 160 230 320 630 2220 5200 18,000 43,400
8.0 20 40 80 160 230 310 620 2180 5100 17,700 42,600
10.0 20 40 70 150 220 290 590 2070 4850 16,800 40,500
15.0 20 30 70 140 200 270 540 1910 4460 15,500 37,300
3.0 20 30 70 150 210 290 580 2020 4720 16,400 39,500
4.0 20 30 70 150 210 280 570 1990 4650 16,200 38,900
5.0 20 30 70 140 210 280 560 1960 4580 15,900 38,300
6.0 20 30 70 140 200 270 550 1930 4520 15,700 37,700
7.0 8.0 20 30 70 140 200 270 530 1870 4380 15,200 36,600
10.0 20 30 60 130 190 260 520 1820 4260 14,800 35,600
12.0 10 30 60 130 190 250 500 1770 4140 14,400 34,500
16.0 10 30 60 120 180 240 480 1670 3910 13,600 32,600
20.0 10 30 60 120 170 220 450 1580 3690 12,800 30,800
3.0 10 30 60 130 190 250 510 1780 4160 14,400 34,700
4.0 10 30 60 130 190 250 500 1750 4100 14,200 34,300
5.0 10 30 60 130 180 250 490 1730 4050 14,100 33,800
6.0 10 30 60 120 180 240 490 1710 4000 13,900 33,400
8.0 8.0 10 30 60 120 180 240 470 1660 3890 13,500 32,500
10.0 10 30 60 120 170 230 460 1620 3790 13,200 31,700
12.0 10 30 60 120 170 220 450 1580 3700 12,800 30,900
16.0 10 30 50 110 160 210 430 1500 3520 12,200 29,400
20.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 410 1430 3350 11,600 27,900

ALUMINUM 20 ksi
3_i 1_w
Localized Buckling
Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
h, ft Spacing l, ft
3.0 10 30 60 120 170 230 450 1590 3710 12,900 31,000
4.0 10 30 60 110 170 220 450 1570 3670 12,700 30,600
5.0 10 30 50 110 160 220 440 1550 3630 12,600 30,300
6.0 10 30 50 110 160 220 440 1530 3580 12,400 29,900
9 8.0 10 30 50 110 160 210 430 1500 3500 12,200 29,200
10.0 10 20 50 110 150 210 420 1460 3420 11,900 28,600
12.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 410 1430 3340 11,600 27,900
16.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 390 1360 3200 11,100 26,700
20.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 370 1310 3060 10,600 25,500
3.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 410 1430 3350 11,600 28,000
4.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 400 1420 3320 11,500 27,700
5.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 400 1400 3280 11,400 27,400
6.0 10 20 50 100 150 200 400 1390 3250 11,300 27,100
10.0 8.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 390 1360 3180 11,000 26,600
10.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 380 1330 3110 10,800 26,000
12.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 370 1300 3050 10,600 25,500
16.0 10 20 40 90 130 180 360 1250 2930 10,200 24,500
20.0 10 20 40 90 130 170 340 1200 2810 9800 23,500
3.0 10 20 50 100 140 190 370 1310 3060 10,600 25,500
4.0 10 20 50 90 140 180 370 1290 3030 10,500 25,300
5.0 10 20 50 90 140 180 370 1280 3000 10,400 25,000
6.0 10 20 40 90 130 180 360 1270 2970 10,300 24,800
11.0 8.0 10 20 40 90 130 180 360 1240 2910 10,100 24,300
10.0 10 20 40 90 130 170 350 1220 2860 9900 23,900
12.0 10 20 40 90 130 170 340 1200 2810 9700 23,400
16.0 10 20 40 80 120 160 330 1150 2700 9400 22,600
20.0 10 20 40 80 120 160 320 1110 2600 9000 21,700
3.0 10 20 40 90 130 170 340 1200 2810 9800 23,400
4.0 10 20 40 90 130 170 340 1190 2780 9700 23,200
5.0 10 20 40 90 120 170 340 1180 2760 9600 23,000
6.0 10 20 40 90 120 170 330 1170 2730 9500 22,800
12.0 8.0 10 20 40 80 120 160 330 1150 2690 9300 22,400
10.0 10 20 40 80 120 160 320 1130 2640 9200 22,100
12.0 10 20 40 80 120 160 320 1110 2600 9000 21,700
16.0 10 20 40 80 110 150 310 1070 2510 8700 20,900
20.0 10 20 40 80 110 150 300 1040 2420 8400 20,200
Modulus Reduction Factor for Aluminum Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
e 1.0 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.87

a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side as a function of duct gage, height, and stiff-
ener spacing.
of (h e) up to 400 Deg. F, the maximum recommended operating temperature for aluminum.
c. The table data, including the reduction factor (h e) are based on aluminum Type 3003H14, but may be used
for other common types of aluminum because the Modulus of Elasticity and its reduction with temperature
are approximately the same for all, see Tables 311 and 312 for more details.

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
h, ft Spacing l, ft
1.0 370 760 1580 3270 4730 6400 12,800 44,800 105,000 364,000 875,000
1.0 2.0 230 480 990 2050 2970 4000 8000 28,100 65,900 229,000 550,000
Unstiffened 220 460 950 1970 2840 3820 7700 26,900 63,000 219,000 526,000
1.0 560 1140 2370 4910 7100 9500 19,200 67,200 157,000 546,000 1,310,000
2.0 190 380 790 1640 2360 3180 6400 22,400 52,400 182,000 438,000
2.0 3.0 130 270 550 1140 1650 2220 4470 15,700 36,700 127,000 306,000
4.0 120 240 500 1030 1490 2000 4020 14,100 32,900 114,000 275,000
Unstiffened 110 230 470 980 1420 1910 3840 13,500 31,500 109,000 263,000
1.5 370 760 1580 3270 4730 6400 12,800 44,800 105,000 364,000 875,000
2.0 210 440 910 1890 2730 3670 7400 25,800 60,500 210,000 505,000
ALUMINUM 20 ksi
3.0 120 250 530 1090 1580 2120 4260 14,900 34,900 121,000 292,000
3.0 4.0 100 200 420 870 1260 1700 3410 11,900 27,900 97,000 233,000
Global Buckling
5.0 80 160 340 690 1000 1350 2720 9500 22,300 77,400 186,000
6.0 80 160 330 680 990 1330 2680 9400 22,000 76,200 183,000
Unstiffened 70 150 320 660 950 1270 2560 9000 21,000 72,900 175,000
2.0 280 570 1180 2450 3550 4770 9600 33,600 78,600 273,000 657,000
3.0 140 290 610 1270 1830 2460 4950 17,300 40,600 141,000 339,000
4.0 90 190 390 820 1180 1590 3200 11,200 26,200 91,000 219,000
5.0 80 160 340 690 1000 1350 2720 9500 22,300 77,300 186,000
40
4.0
6.0 60 130 280 570 830 1110 2230 7800 18,300 63,700 153,000
8.0 60 120 250 510 740 1000 2010 7000 16,500 57,200 137,000
10.0 60 120 240 500 730 980 1960 6900 16,100 55,900 135,000
Unstiffened 60 110 240 490 710 960 1920 6700 15,700 54,700 132,000
2.0 310 630 1300 2700 3900 5200 10,500 36,900 86,500 300,000 722,000
3.0 140 280 590 1230 1770 2390 4800 16,800 39,300 137,000 329,000
4.0 110 220 450 940 1360 1830 3680 12,900 30,200 105,000 252,000
5.0 70 150 320 650 950 1270 2560 9000 21,000 72,800 175,000
50
5.0
6.0 70 130 280 580 830 1120 2250 7900 18,400 64,100 154,000
8.0 50 100 200 420 600 810 1630 5700 13,400 46,500 112,000
10.0 50 100 200 410 590 800 1610 5600 13,200 45,700 110,000
Unstiffened 40 90 190 390 570 760 1540 5400 12,600 43,800 105,000
2.0 250 520 1080 2250 3250 4370 8800 30,800 72,000 250,000 602,000
3.0 190 380 790 1640 2360 3180 6400 22,400 52,400 182,000 438,000
4.0 110 220 460 940 1360 1830 3690 12,900 30,200 105,000 252,000
5.0 80 170 360 740 1080 1450 2910 10,200 23,900 82,800 199,000
60
6.0
6.0 60 130 260 550 790 1060 2130 7500 17,500 60,700 146,000
8.0 50 100 210 440 630 850 1700 6000 14,000 48,500 117,000
10.0 40 80 170 350 500 680 1360 4760 11,100 38,700 93,000
15.0 40 80 160 340 480 650 1310 4590 10,700 37,300 89,700
3.0 200 410 860 1780 2570 3460 6900 24,300 56,900 198,000 476,000
4.0 120 240 500 1030 1480 2000 4010 14,100 32,900 114,000 275,000
5.0 90 180 370 760 1100 1480 2970 10,400 24,300 84,600 203,000
6.0 70 140 300 610 890 1190 2400 8400 19,700 68,300 164,000
7.0 8.0 50 100 210 430 620 830 1670 5800 13,700 47,500 114,000
10.0 40 80 170 350 500 670 1360 4750 11,100 38,600 92,800
12.0 30 70 140 300 430 580 1160 4070 9500 33,100 79,500
16.0 30 70 140 290 420 560 1130 3970 9300 32,300 77,600
20.0 30 70 140 280 410 550 1100 3870 9100 31,500 75,600
3.0 190 390 810 1690 2440 3280 6600 23,100 54,000 188,000 451,000
4.0 140 280 590 1230 1770 2390 4790 16,800 39,300 137,000 328,000
5.0 80 170 360 740 1080 1450 2910 10,200 23,900 82,900 199,000
6.0 70 150 310 630 910 1230 2470 8700 20,300 70,400 169,000
8.0 8.0 50 90 200 410 590 800 1600 5600 13,100 45,500 109,000
10.0 40 80 170 350 500 680 1360 4760 11,100 38,700 93,000
12.0 30 70 140 290 410 560 1120 3910 9200 31,800 76,500
16.0 30 60 120 260 370 500 1000 3520 8200 28,600 68,700
20.0 30 60 120 250 360 490 980 3440 8100 28,000 67,300

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 8 4 2 3_i 1_w
Thickness, in. 0.0370 0.0470 0.0600 0.0765 0.0865 0.0955 0.1205 0.1830 0.2430 0.3680 0.4930
h, ft Spacing l, ft
3.0 170 350 720 1500 2170 2920 5900 20,500 48,000 167,000 401,000
4.0 150 310 640 1320 1900 2560 5100 18,000 42,200 147,000 353,000
5.0 100 200 420 860 1,250 1680 3370 11,800 27,700 96,100 231,000
6.0 70 150 300 630 910 1220 2460 8600 20,200 70,000 168,000
9.0 8.0 50 100 220 450 650 880 1770 6200 14,500 50,300 121,000

10.0 40 80 160 340 490 660 1330 4640 10,900 37,800 90,800
12.0 30 70 140 290 420 570 1140 3980 9300 32,300 77,800
16.0 30 50 110 230 330 450 900 3160 7400 25,700 61,700
20.0 30 50 110 230 330 440 880 3100 7200 25,200 60,500
ALUMINUM 20 ksi
3.0 150 310 650 1350 1950 2620 5300 18,500 43,200 150,000 361,000
4.0 150 310 650 1350 1950 2620 5300 18,500 43,200 150,000 361,000
5.0 110 230 470 980 1420 1910 3830 13,400 31,400 109,000 263,000
Global Buckling
6.0 70 140 300 610 890 1190 2400 8400 19,700 68,300 164,000
10.0 8.0 50 110 230 470 680 920 1840 6400 15,100 52,400 126,000
10.0 40 80 160 330 470 640 1280 4480 10,500 36,400 87,500
12.0 30 70 140 290 420 560 1120 3940 9200 32,000 77,000
16.0 20 50 100 210 300 410 820 2860 6700 23,300 56,000
20.0 20 50 100 210 300 400 800 2810 6600 22,900 55,000
3.0 140 280 590 1230 1770 2390 4790 16,800 39,300 136,000 328,000
4.0 140 280 590 1230 1770 2390 4790 16,800 39,300 136,000 328,000
5.0 120 240 500 1040 1510 2030 4080 14,300 33,500 116,000 279,000
6.0 80 170 360 740 1070 1440 2890 10,100 23,700 82,400 198,000
11.0 8.0 50 110 230 470 690 920 1860 6500 15,200 52,900 127,000
10.0 40 80 170 360 520 690 1390 4880 11,400 39,700 95,400
12.0 30 70 140 280 410 550 1100 3850 9000 31,300 75,200
16.0 20 50 100 220 310 420 840 2960 6900 24,100 57,800
20.0 20 40 90 190 270 370 740 2580 6000 21,000 50,400
3.0 130 260 540 1120 1620 2190 4390 15,400 36,000 125,000 301,000
4.0 130 260 540 1120 1620 2190 4390 15,400 36,000 125,000 301,000
5.0 120 250 520 1070 1550 2090 4190 14,700 34,400 119,000 287,000
6.0 90 190 390 820 1180 1590 3200 11,200 26,200 91,000 219,000
12.0 8.0 50 110 230 470 680 920 1840 6500 15,100 52,500 126,000
10.0 40 90 180 370 540 720 1450 5100 11,900 41,400 99,600
12.0 30 60 130 270 390 530 1070 3730 8700 30,300 73,000
16.0 20 50 110 220 320 420 850 2980 7000 24,300 58,300
20.0 20 40 80 170 250 340 680 2380 5600 19,300 46,500
Modulus Reduction Factor for Aluminum Based on Temperature
Deg. F to 120 150 200 250 300 350 400
e 1.0 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90 0.87

NOTES:
a. Table lists maximum allowable shear load in pounds for one side as a function of duct gage, height, and stiff-
ener spacing. Double the tables values for two sides.
atures, they may be reduced for higher temperatures by multiplying the table values by the appropriate value
of (h e) up to 400 Deg. F, the maximum recommended operating temperature for aluminum.
c. The table data, including the reduction factor (h e), are based on aluminum Type 3004H14, but may be used
for other common types of aluminum because the Modulus of Elasticity and its reduction with temperature
are approximately the same for all, see Tables 311 and 312 for more details.


CHAPTER 9
HANGERS, SUPPORTS, FASTENERS,

GASKETS, CAULKING, AND
JOINT SEALANTS
CHAPTER 9 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
9.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE The selection of a hanging system should not be taken
lightly not only because it involves a significant por-
This chapter contains guidelines, examples and tables tion of the erection labor, but also because an inade-
to assist the user in choosing an appropriate type of quate hanging system can be disastrous. In any multi-
hanger and support for horizontal runs of rectangular ple hanger system, the failure of one hanger transfers
industrial ductwork. Commonly used gasketing and its load to adjacent hangers. If one of these fails, an
sealant materials are also listed. even greater load is transferred to the next. The result
can be a cascading failure in which an entire run of
9.1.1 Chapter Organization duct might fall.
There are many hanger alternatives, especially in the

The material in this chapter is organized in the follow-
selection of upper attachments. Besides structural ade-
ing sequence:
quacy, the contractors choice of hanging system must
also take into account the particulars of the building
a. Methods for attaching rectangular industrial structure, the skills of the workmen, the availability of
duct hangers to overhead structures. tooling, and the recommendations of the fastener
manufacturer. Because of these variables, it is sug-
b. Load tables for channels and angles used as gested that the hanging system be the contractors
trapeze type duct supports. choice, subject to the approval of the Owner or his
Agent. When using and installing manufactured de-
c. Load tables for pipe column supports. vices and materials, the manufacturers load ratings
and application data should be strictly followed.
d. Load tables for rod, bar, and angle hangers.
Figures in this manual show typical hanger schemes.
e. Load tables for knee brace attachments to When special conditions require high safety factors or
vertical surfaces. the ability to withstand severe vibration, individual
concrete or steel attachments can be specified to sup-
port test loads equal to the minimum ratings estab-
f. Stress areas and grade markings for bolts.
lished when tested in accordance with methods de-
scribed by Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. for Pipe
g. Information on gasketing materials, caulking Hanger Equipment, Bulletin UL 203, latest edition.
and sealants.
9.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES
9.2 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS COM-
MENTARY Duct supports should be designed to carry all loads as
described in sections 4.4 and 4.13, such that no load is
Support systems for industrial duct systems demand placed on connecting equipment.
the same careful consideration given to the selection
and design of the ducts themselves. In contrast to com- Systems designed for applications within Classes 2, 3,
mercial buildings, it is not unusual to experience con- and 4 may be subject to the accumulation of particulate
siderable vibration throughout the building structure matter, requiring that the duct support system include
of industrial plants. And while, in most instances, the an allowance for supporting the duct 50% full of the
industrial building structure is designed to adequately particulate material being conveyed.
support the duct system itself, the duct designer is cau-
tioned that a careful check of the structures capacity Different methods of supporting ducts offer different
to carry such additional loads as those attributed to the degrees of protection against deformation of the duct
action of wind, and the accumulation of ice and snow at the point of support. In choosing the most practical
may be required. This is particularly true in the case of support method for an application, be sure to consider
large and heavy duct installations or where duct sys- the shear capacity of the duct side walls as discussed
tems are routed across roofs. There are also instances in section 4.11.
where the industrial ventilation contractor is required
to provide a duct support system which is totally inde- Duct support systems for high temperature applica-
pendent of the building structure, in such cases the tions must be designed to not only support the duct sys-
considerations mentioned above have a design impact tem, but also to allow the free movement of the duct
on the duct support system and its supporting structure as it expands and contracts with changes in operating
only. temperature.

Depending on the geographical area where the system Expanding concrete anchors should be made of steel.
is to be installed, the duct designer may be required to Nonferrous anchors tend to creep with vibration.
consider seismic bracing requirements. While this top- Holes for expanding fasteners are drilled either by a
ic is beyond the scope of this standard, the designer carbide bit or by teeth on the fastener itself. The expan-
should investigate local building codes, and may also sion shield is set" by driving it into the hole and ex-
find guidance in SMACNAs Seismic Restraint Manu- panding it with the conical plug. The expansion nail is
al: Guidelines for Mechanical Systems, 2nd edition, a lighter duty fastener. Powderactuated fasteners are
1998 (although the published design details may only popular for smaller ducts.
be applicable to the lightest of industrial systems).
9.4.1.3 Structural Steel Fasteners
9.4 METHODS FOR HANGING AND
SUPPORTING DUCT Several types of beam clamps are available. Some
should be used with a retaining clip. Powderactuated
fasteners may also be used on steel. Welded studs may
9.4.1 Upper Attachment
be installed using special welding equipment. Certain
manufactured devices that are driven onto the flange
Upper attachment methods should be selected with will support either a rod, or a band type hanger.
care. A safety factor of 4 or 5 (based on ultimate fail-
ure) is practical unless it can be shown that few unpre- 9.4.2 Hangers
dictable variables exist and that quality control is dis-
ciplined. Hangers are usually straps of carbon or galvanized
steel, ATR (All Thread Rod), or round steel rods
9.4.1.1 Concrete Inserts threaded at both ends. Where corrosion is a problem,
hanger rods should be electrogalvanized, hotdipped
Concrete inserts must be installed before the concrete galvanized or allthread rods with their threads painted
is poured. They are used primarily where the duct lay- after installation.
out is simple and there is enough lead time to deter-
mine accurate placement. The simplest insert is a 9.4.3 Lower Attachment
piece of bent flat bar. Manufactured inserts are avail-
able individually or in long lengths; the latter are gen- The lower attachment is the connection between the
erally used where many hangers will be installed in a hanger and the duct section.
small area, or where individual inserts cannot be pre-
cisely spotted at the time of placing the concrete. 9.4.4 Riser Supports
Risers may be supported from their reinforcement if so

9.4.1.2 Concrete Fasteners
provided, or from angles or channels specifically
welded to the duct wall for this purpose. Riser support
Concrete fasteners are installed after the concrete has intervals may be at 10 feet to 20 feet, depending on the
been poured and the forms have been removed. Their resulting loading. The support load can be transferred
application allows greater flexibility than concrete in- to the riser support or to the building structure by
serts because their exact location can be determined angles, channels or by rods.
after all interferences between the various trades
work have been coordinated. 9.5 DUCT HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
There are several variations of powderactuated fas- This section contains a number of figures which illus-
teners, which are placed by an explosive charge. These trate common methods for hanging and supporting
fasteners should not be used in certain lightweight ag- rectangular industrial ducts and provides design de-
gregate concrete, or in slabs less than 4 inches thick. tails based on accepted industrial practice.

HANGING DUCT
ALPHABET LETTER ONLY INDICATES AN ALTERNATIVE LOCATION OR SITUATION
METHODS FOR
THAT MAY BE PERMITTED OR RESTRICTED BY DESIGN DOCUMENTS. ILLUSTRATIONS
OF CONCRETE AND STEEL DO NOT PRECLUDE ATTACHMENTS TO WOOD.
STRUCTURES
FILL A
B JOINT GH J K
C D E
F I A
BEAM
A R R
CONCRETE SLAB PRECAST JOIST WAFFLE (PAN)
R IS A BRIDGE MEMBER
FILL
O
L M N
R
METAL DECK METAL DECK SECTION AA
(CELLULAR)
V
Q S
R R
P
STEEL BEAMS W
U
ALTERNATE LOCATION
IS ON TOP OF JOIST CHORD
OPEN WEB JOIST
CONVENTIONAL HANGER METHODS AND DEVICES
CONCRETE INSERTS, SINGLE DRILLED HOLE AND BOLT

CONCRETE INSERTS, SLOTTED STANCHION
POWDER ACTUATED FASTENERS SELF TAPPING SCREWS PLUS STRAPS
C CLAMPS DROP IN EXPANSION ANCHORS
WELDED STUDS KNEE BRACKET FROM WALL
FRICTION CLAMPS LAG SCREW EXPANSION ANCHOR
STRAP NAILED PIN FASTENERS
ROD, THREADED, UNTHREADED RIVETS
BRIDGE SWAY BRACING
BEAM CLAMP, HALF FLANGE FISH PLATE OR WASHER AND ROD
BEAM CLAMP, FULL FLANGE HOOK OR LOOP
EYE BOLT (OR ROD) VIBRATION ISOLATOR
TOGGLE BOLTS
NOTES:
1. SELECT HANGERS FOR TYPE OF STRUCTURE AND SUSPENSION.
2. DO NOT EXCEED ALLOWABLE OR SPECIFIED LOAD LIMITS.
3. ALLOWABLE LOAD ON UPPER ATTACHMENT IS 1/4 OF FAILURE LOAD.
FIGURE 91 HANGER ATTACHMENTS TO STRUCTURES

HANGING DUCT
METHODS FOR
UNLESS OTHERWISE APPROVED ALLOWABLE LOAD ON UPPER ATTACHMENT IS 1/4 OF FAILURE LOAD.
UPPER ATTACHMENTS MAY BE TO WOOD STRUCTURES ALSO.
1 2
FLAT BAR CONCRETE INSERT 3
MANUFACTURED
CONCRETE INSERTS
WASHER
* *
4 5 6
EXPANSION SHIELDS EXPANSION NAIL

CONCRETE ANCHORS
WASHER MAY BE OMITTED WITH

100 LB (45 kg) MAX LOAD ON
22 ga (0.85 mm) STRAP WHEN
FOLDED
HANGER
STRAP
HANGER
RETAINING CLIP ROD
HANGER ROD
*
8 9
7a CCLAMP W/ RETAINING CLIP OR POWER ACTUATED
STUDS INTO STEEL
7b CCLAMP W/ LOCK NUT (OPTIONAL)
(STRUCTURE OR DECK)
A HANGER STRAP MAY ALSO BE C
CLAMPED TO THE STRUCTURAL FLANGE WELD OR
DOUBLE
NUT
ALTERNATE
NUT &
COUPLING BOLT
NUT
HANGER ROD
HANGER STRAP 12 BEARING PLATE
* 13
10 11
WELDED STUDS FRICTION CLAMPS
* IMPORTANT! PREVENT BENDING OF THE NUMBERS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ART ARE
STRAP AT 90 BEND UNDER LOAD. ONLY FOR CONVENIENT REFERENCE.
FIGURE 92 UPPER ATTACHMENT DEVICES TYPICAL

L a W a
60" 36"
Ws
L L
2 2
L L s
EXAMPLE 91. TRAPEZE HANGER
This example illustrates a load calculation method for the selection of the horizontal member for trapeze
type hangers.
1. Based on the above figure, assume that the hangers are equally spaced at a distance (L = 20 ft);
therefore as illustrated in the figure each hanger will see a load equal to the vertical support load
of a duct section of length L, in this case 20 ft.
2. Assume that the support load (Ws) for each 20 ft section of duct is 3,068 lb as calculated in Exam-
ple 53.
3. Assume that this load is a uniformly distributed load, centered on a trapeze and with a clearance
of (a = 6 in.) on each side, between the duct side wall and the hanger rods of the trapeze.
NOTE: In the case of insulated and lagged duct the clearance (a) for purposes of calculating the maxi-
mum bending moment for the selection of the horizontal support member must be measured between the
duct side walls and the hanger rods exclusive of any insulation and lagging.
4. The calculation of the maximum bending moment to which a horizontal beam is subjected when
loaded as indicated above, is found in any structural engineering handbook and using the nomen-
clature from the above illustration, it may be stated as follows:
M max +
Ws W
2 4
)a
5. Inserting the values from Example 53:

M max + 3068lb 60in. ) 6in.
2 4

M max + (1534lb 21in.)
M max + 32, 214in.lb
6. With a maximum bending moment of 32,214 in.lb we enter either Table 91 for channels or Table
92 for angles and select a suitable shape that has a moment capacity in excess of 32,214 in.lb.
For example a 5 3 3_, in. angle has a moment capacity of 33,600 in.lb, certainly an acceptable
choice.

s
P
SUPPORT CAPACITY
Horizontal Members
s STEEL
CCLAMP
FIGURE A FIGURE B AND ROD
P
TABLES
Channel as Shown in Fig. A Channel as Shown in Fig. B

Channel Size, P s Max. Moment Capacity P s Max. Moment Capacity
in. y lb/ft in.lb in.lb in.lb in.lb
4 5.4 17,400. 4,350 114,000 28,500
4 7.3 21,000 5,250 138,000 34,500
6 8.2 29,500 7,375 263,000 65,750
6 10.5 33,800 8,450 304,000 76,000
6 13.0 38,500 9,625 348,000 87,000
8 11.5 46,900 11,725 488,000 122,000
8 13.8 51,200 12,800 542,000 135,500
8 18.8 60,600 15,150 660,000 165,000
9 13.4 57,700 14,425 636,000 159,000
9 15.0 60,600 15,150 678,000 169,500
9 20.0 70,200 17,550 810,000 202,500
10 15.3 69,600 17,400 810,000 202,500
10 20.0 79,200 19,800 948,000 237,000
10 25.0 88,800 22,200 1,092,000 273,000
10 30.0 99,000 24,750 1,242,000 310,500
Table 91 Support Capacity of Horizontal Channel
NOTES:
a. Assuming that the support load acts as a single concentrated load centered on the trapeze, a simple way to
find the allowable load (P) is to divide the value of (P s ) listed in the table, by the distance between hang-
er rods ( s, in inches). The resulting selection is very conservative and sometimes a slightly more sophisti-
cated approach may yield a significant savings, see procedure illustrated in Example 91.
b. All ratings are based on a maximum allowable flexural stress of 15 ksi.

P
SUPPORT CAPACITY
Horizontal Members
s
FIGURE C
TABLES
Angle as Shown Above
Angle Size, P s Max. Moment Capacity
in. in.lb in.lb
2 2 1_r 14,800 3,700
21_w 21_w 1_r 23,600 5,900
3 2 1_r 32,500 8,125
3 3 1_r 34,600 8,650
31_w 31_w 1_r 47,600 11,900
4 3 1_r 60,000 15,000
4 4 1_r 63,000 15,750
4 4 3_i 91,200 22,800
5 3 3_i 134,400 33,600
5 5 1_w 189,600 47,400
6 4 3_i 199,200 49,800
6 4 1_w 259,800 64,950
6 6 3_i 211,800 52,950
6 6 1_w 276,600 69,150
Table 92 Support Capacity of Horizontal Angle
NOTES:
a. Assuming that the support load acts as a single concentrated load centered on the trapeze, a simple way to
find the allowable load (P) is to divide the value of (P s ) listed in the table, by the distance between hang-
er rods ( s, in inches). The resulting selection is very conservative and sometimes a slightly more sophisti-
cated approach may yield a significant savings, see procedure illustrated in Example 91.
b. All ratings are based on a maximum allowable flexural stress of 15 ksi.

SUPPORT CAPACITY
TABLES
Standard Steel Pipe Column
Allowable Concentric Loads in Kips
9.8
Pipe Dia., in. 11_w 2 3 31_w 4 5 6 8 10
Wall
0.145 0.154 0.216 0.226 0.237 0.258 0.28 0.322 0.365
Thickness, in.
Weight, lb/ft 2.7 3.6 7.58 9.11 10.79 14.62 18.97 28.55 40.48
Fy, ksi 36 ksi
0 16 22 48 58 68 93 121 181 257
6 9 15 38 48 59 83 110 171 246
8 5 11 34 44 54 78 106 166 241
10 3 7 28 38 49 73 101 161 235
ight,, ft
12 5 22 32 43 68 95 155 229
Height
14 16 25 36 61 89 149 223
mn He
16 12 19 29 55 82 142 216
olumn
18 10 15 23 47 75 135 209
dCColum
20 12 19 39 67 127 201
aced
22 10 15 32 59 119 193
24 Note a 13 27 51 111 185
Unbraced
Unbra
26 23 43 102 176
28 20 37 93 167
30 17 32 83 158
Properties
Area A, in.2 0.80 1.07 2.23 2.68 3.17 4.3 5.58 8.4 11.9
I , in.4 0.31 0.67 3.02 4.79 7.23 15.2 28.1 72.6 161
r, in. 0.62 0.79 1.16 1.34 1.51 1.88 2.25 2.94 3.67
Table 93 Standard Steel Pipe Column Load Tables
NOTES:
a. Selections in blank area of the table have a K l/r > 200 and are not generally recommended for industrial duct supports.

Rod Rod Gross Root Area of Max Allowable
Diameter, in. Area, in.2 Thread, in.2 Load, Kips
3_i 0.110 0.068 0.61
1_w 0.196 0.126 1.13
5_i 0.307 0.202 1.81
3_r 0.442 0.302 2.71
7_i 0.601 0.419 3.77
1 0.785 0.552 4.96
11_r 0.601 0.889 8.00
11_w 0.785 1.293 1.63
Table 94 Hanger Rod Capacity

NOTES:
a. All threaded rod (ATR) and rod threaded at both ends have the same ratings.
b. Above ratings are in conformance with SP58 of the Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS).
c. Capacity ratings are based on an allowable tensile stress of 9000 psi for operation up to 650F.
BOLT HOLE 11_w y 1_i 2 y 3_qy 2 y 1_r 21_w y 1_r 2 y 3_i 3 y 3_i 2 y 1_w 3 y 1_w
SIZE DIA. SS DS SS DS SS DS SS DS SS DS SS DS SS DS SS DS
3_i 7_qy 1.1 2.0 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2
1_w 9_qy 1.8 1.8 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9 2.0 3.9
5_i 11_qy 1.5 1.5 3.1 3.7 3.1 4.9 3.1 6.1 3.1 6.1 3.1 6.1 3.1 6.1 3.1 6.1
3_r 7_i 1.2 1.2 3.2 3.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 6.1 4.4 6.3 4.4 8.8 4.4 8.4 4.4 8.8
7_i 1 0.9 0.9 2.8 2.8 3.8 3.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.0 11.3 6.0 7.5 6.0 12.0
1 11_i 0.7 0.7 2.5 2.5 3.3 3.3 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.9 7.9 10.5 6.6 6.6 7.9 14.1
Bar Capacity Welded 2.8 5.6 7.5 9.4 11.3 16.9 15.0 22.5
Table 95 Hanger Bar Capacity

NOTES:
a. All dimensions are in inches.
b. Ratings are based on an allowable tensile stress of 15 Ksi for member and 10 Ksi for bolt shear.
c. Capacity ratings are in Kips (1 Kip = 1000 lb).
d. SS = Single Shear DS = Double Shear
HANGER CAPACITY
Rods, Bars and Angles

BOLT HOLE
2 y 2 y 1_r 21_w y 21_w y 1_r 3 y 3 y 1_r 31_w y 31_w y 1_r 4 y 4 y 3_i 5 y 5 y 1_w 6 y 6 y 1_w
SIZE DIA.
3_i 7_qy 1.1
1_w 9_qy 2.0 TABLES
5_i 11_qy 3.2
3_r 7_i 4.4
7_i 1 6.0
1 11_i 7.9
Angle Capacity
(No Holes) Welded 14.1 17.9 21.6 25.4 42.9 71.3 85.3
Connection
Table 96 Hanger Angle Capacity
NOTES:
b. Ratings are based on an allowable tensile stress of 15 Ksi for member and 10 Ksi for bolt shear.

l, in.
b, in. c, in.
a, in.
l, in.
a, in.
Pmax
kips
BOLTS WELDING
P. MAX
ANGLE SIZE, in. l, in. Diameter,
Kips Number a, in. b, in. c, in.
in.
2 2 1_r 8 1.3 3 1_w 2.5 1 2
2 2 1_r 12 1.5 3 1_w 4.0 1 2
2 2 1_r 18 1.7 4 1_w 4.5 1 2
2 2 1_r 24 1.7 4 1_w 6.5 1 2
3 3 1_r 12 2.0 3 5_i 4.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 18 2.0 3 5_i 7.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 24 2.0 3 5_i 9.5 1 2
3 3 1_r 30 2.0 4 5_i 8.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 36 2.0 4 5_i 11.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 42 2.0 5 5_i 9.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 12 4.0 3 7_i 4.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 18 4.0 4 7_i 3.5 1 2
4 4 3_i 24 4.0 4 7_i 6.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 30 4.0 4 7_i 8.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 36 4.0 4 7_i 10.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 42 4.0 5 7_i 9.0 1 2
4 4 3_i 48 4.0 5 7_i 10.0 1 2
5 5 1_w 12 7.0 4 1 2.5 1 3
5 5 1_w 18 7.0 4 1 4.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 24 7.0 4 1 6.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 30 7.0 4 1 8.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 36 7.0 5 1 7.5 1 3
5 5 1_w 42 7.0 5 1 9.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 48 7.0 5 1 10.5 1 3
5 5 1_w 54 7.0 5 1 12.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 60 7.0 6 1 11.0 1 3
Table 97 Knee Brace Hanger Capacity
SUPPORT CAPACITY
Knee Brace Hanger
NOTES:
b. Ratings are based on an allowable tensile stress of 15 Ksi for member and 10 Ksi for bolts in shear.
TABLES

Pmax
kips
b, in. c, in.
a, in.
l, in.
a, in.
l, in.
BOLTS WELDING
P. MAX
ANGLE SIZE, in. l, in. Diameter,
kips Number a, in. b, in. c, in.
in.
2 2 1_r 8 1.9 3 1_w 2.5 1 2
2 2 1_r 12 1.3 3 3_i 4.5 1 2
2 2 1_r 18 0.9 3 3_i 7.0 1 2
21_w 21_r 1_r 12 2.0 3 1_w 4.5 1 2
21_w 21_w 1_r 14 1.3 3 1_w 7.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 18 1.9 3 1_w 7.0 1 2
3 3 1_r 24 1.5 3 1_w 10.0 1 2
31_w 31_w 1_r 18 2.6 4 1_w 4.5 1 2
31_w 31_w 1_r 24 2.0 4 1_w 6.5 1 2
4 4 3_i 18 5.0 4 5_i 4.5 1 2
4 4 3_i 24 3.8 4 5_i 6.5 1 2
4 4 3_i 30 3.0 4 1_w 8.5 1 2
4 4 3_i 36 2.5 4 1_w 10.5 1 2
5 5 1_w 24 8.0 5 3_r 5.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 30 6.4 5 3_r 6.5 1 3
5 5 1_w 36 5.3 5 5_i 8.0 1 3
5 5 1_w 42 4.6 5 5_i 9.5 1 3
6 6 1_w 30 9.2 6 3_r 5.0 1 3
6 6 1_w 36 7.7 6 3_r 6.0 1 3
6 6 1_w 42 6.7 6 5_i 7.5 1 3
6 6 1_w 48 5.8 6 5_i 8.5 1 3
6 6 1_w 54 5.1 6 5_i 9.5 1 3
6 6 1_w 60 4.6 6 5_i 11.0 1 3
Table 98 Knee Brace Support Capacity
SUPPORT CAPACITY
NOTES:
Knee Brace Support
b. Ratings are based on an allowable tensile stress of 15 Ksi for member and 10 Ksi for bolts in shear.

TABLES

Nominal Bolt aThreads per Body Diameter Stress Area
Size, in. inch in. in.2
1_r 20 0.25 0.0318
Stress Area
5_qy 18 0.31 0.0524

BOLTS
3_i 16 0.38 0.0775

7_qy 14 0.44 0.1063
1_w 13 0.50 0.1419

9_qy 12 0.56 0.182
5_i 11 0.63 0.226
3_r 10 0.75 0.334
7_i 9 0.88 0.462

1 8 1.00 0.606
11_i 7 1.13 0.763
11_r 7 1.25 0.969
13_i 6 1.38 1.155

11_w 6 1.50 1.405
Table 99 Bolt Stress Area
NOTES:
a. The number of threads per inch is based on the (UNRC) National Coarse Thread Standard.
b. The stress area used for calculations is based on the following relationship

2
a b + 0.7854 db * 0.9743m
Where:
a b = Bolts Stress Area, in.2
d b = Nominal Bolt Diameter, in.
m = Number of threads per inch.

Grade Markings (IP Only)
Physical Properties
Tensile
Proof
Grade Marking Specification Material Bolt Size Strength
Load
in. Min.
psi
psi
BOLTS
SAE Grade 0 Steel All Sizes
SAE Grade 1
Low Carbon Steel All Sizes 55,000
ASTM A307
Up to 1_w" 55,000 69,000
SAE Grade2 Low Carbon Steel Over 1_w" to 3_r" 52,000 64,000
Over 3_r" to 11_w" 28,000 55,000
Medium Carbon Steel, Up to 1_w" 85,000 110,000

SAE Grade 3
Cold Worked Over 1_w" to 5_i" 80,000 100,000
Up to 3_r" 85,000 120,000

Over 3_r" to 1" Over 78,000 115,000
SAE Grade 5 1" to 11_w" 74,000 105,000
Medium Carbon Steel,
Quenched and Tempered Up to 3_r" 85,000 120,000
ASTM A449 Over 3_r" to 1" Over 78,000 115,000
1" to 11_w" Over 11_w" 74,000 105,000
to 3" 55,000 90,000
1_w"to 3_r" 85,000 120,000
Medium Carbon Steel,
ASTM A325 Over 3_r" to 1" Over 78,000 115,000
Quenched and Tempered
1" to 11_w" 74,000 105,000
Low or Medium Carbon
Steel, Quenched and Tem-
SAE Grade 5.1 Up to 3_i" incl. 85,000 120,000
pered screw with as-
sembled washer (SEMS)
ASTM A354 Low Alloy Steel, Up to 21_w" 80,000 105,000

Grade BB Quenched and Tempered Over 21_w" to 4" 75,000 100,000
ASTM A354 Low Alloy Steel, Up to 21_w" 105,000 125,000

Grade BC Quenched and Tempered Over 21_w" to 4" 95,000 115,000
Medium Carbon Steel, Up to 5_i" 110,000 140,000

SAE Grade 6
Quenched and Tempered Over 5_i" to 3_r" 105,000 133,000
Medium Carbon Alloy

Steel, Quenched and Tem-
SAE Grade 7 Up to 11_w" 105,000 133,000
pered, Roll Threaded after
heat treatment
SAE Grade 8
Medium Carbon Alloy
Steel, Quenched and Tem- Up to 11_w" 120,000 150,000
ASTM A354 pered
Grade BD
Table 910 Grade Markings for Steel Bolts

9.6 GASKETS, CAULKING, AND that the selection of these type of materials be done in
JOINT SEALANTS consultation with the manufacturers representative,
and based on a careful review of the application, the
For a general guide in selecting suitable gasket and nature of the product to be contained, the operating
sealant materials, see Table 911. In the absence of a temperature and any other limitations characteristic of
gasket and sealant specification, it is most important the process or the plant operation.
Oper. Temp.
General Type Common Name Properties
Range
Caulking & Joint Sealants
Good weathering resistance

Flame retarding
Neoprene Moderate resistance to 20 to +250F
petroleumbased fluids
Selection Guide
GASKETING
Good physical properties

Excellent resistance to petroleum
BunaN, Nitrile, based fluids
20 to +250F
NBR Good physical properties
Poor weather resistance
Ethylene propylene material
Excellent ozone, chemical, and aging
Gaskets Cut/Sheet Type resistance
Normally 1_i in. thick
EPR, EPT, EPDM Good resistance to ketones and 40 to +225F
Durometer 60 5
alcohols
Poor resistance to petroleumbased
fluids and solvents
FDA" approved for food & drug
White FDA Sheet 30 to +225_F
applications
Composed of high strength aramid
fibers with high chemical stability and
Fiber, heat resistance
20 to +750F
NonAsbestos Nitrile rubber bonded
Also available in fiberglass
composites
Table 911 Gaskets, Caulking, and Joint Sealants
NOTES:
a. Consultation with your local gasketing distributor to review application, product availability, and alternatives
is highly recommended.
b. Knowledge of air stream you are sealing is important. (Example: Temperature; ozonechemical makeup;
petroleumbased fluids; FDA quality required)

Oper. Temp.
General Type Common Name Properties
Range
Long lasting
Unaffected by sunlight, ozone, water,
Butyl
heat & cold
(Also known as
Resistant to most solvents
butyl gutter & lap
USDA authorized
sealant)
Caulking Tube Typec Comes in white or aluminum gray CONTACT
(Gun Grade) colors DISTRIBUTOR
Polyurethane,
Caulking & Joint Sealants

Latex, Acrylic
Latex with Also available
Silicone, Silicone
(MultiPurpose)
Selection Guide

GASKETING
100% polytetrafluoroethylene
fibrillated material
Very strong and tough
White opaque fluid
With or without integral pressure
sensitive adhesive strip
Joint Sealants Cord/Roll PTFEe Excellent ozone, chemical & aging 450 to +600_F
Typed (Normally 1_r in. resistance
Thick) Unaffected by and noncontaminant
to flow products in contact
Flanges part freely, no scraping
required
FDA approved
Also available to
CFRe Ceramic fiber rope material
+2000_F
Table 911 Gaskets, Caulking, and Joint Sealants (continued)
NOTES:
a. Consultation with your local gasketing distributor to review application, product availability, and alternatives
is highly recommended.
b. Knowledge of air stream you are sealing is important. (Example: Temperature; ozonechemical makeup;
petroleumbased fluids; FDA quality required)
c. Contact distributor for MSDS sheets and temperature range.
d. Cord mounts between flange I.D. and inside bolt hole circle. Complete sealed circle by crossing ends strad-
dling a bolt hole.
e. Referenced joint sealants have extreme operating temperature limits, well beyond those of the metals covered
in these standards.


CHAPTER 10
WELDING
CHAPTER 10 WELDING
10.1 INTRODUCTION welding procedure which can be used to cer-

tify welders to produce complete penetration
The information contained in this chapter is designed welds while welding from one side, with
to inform the users of this publication about the weld- minimal or no edge preparation.
ing assumptions on which the structural design of
b. For materials beyond the range covered by
SMACNA rectangular industrial ducts is based. Addi-
AWS D9.1, select a full penetration joint de-
tionally, there is useful commentary on accepted in-
sign from those listed in Tables 102, 103, or
dustry practice concerning welding, guidelines for the
104.
application of partial and full (or complete) joint pene-
tration designs, tables describing partial and full pene- SMACNA recognizes the specifiers and owners pre-
tration joint designs, data useful in developing weld- rogative to specify a welded joint design other than the
ing procedures, and a description and commentary on industry norm. In this regard, specifiers should be very
the use of AWS welding symbols. clear about the welded joint design and welding stan-
dard they require (if other than AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal
10.2 WELDED JOINT ACCEPTED Welding Code).
INDUSTRY PRACTICE
CAUTION: Contractors should be cautious about de-
Although partial penetration joint designs have been sign specification wording such as: Joint must devel-
the norm of the industry for many years, there exist op the full strength of the base metal" or similar, which
several practical problems that often confuse specifi- generally represents a requirement for complete joint
ers as well as contractors, preventing some from ap- penetration welded joints. In such cases a clear under-
plying this norm consistently and economically. standing of both the requirements and the alternatives
should be sought with the specifier.
The American Welding Society (AWS) D9.1 Sheet
10.3 WELDED JOINT
Metal Welding Code has been a big help to the industry
CONSIDERATIONS
in many ways. Among the various advantages and
benefits derived from this specialized standard for
A number of assumptions are made to simplify the ap-
sheet metal welding are: welder certification, written
plication of welded joints to the fabrication of rectan-
welding procedures, and the acceptance of visual in-
gular industrial duct. These assumptions are basic to
spection techniques. While AWS D9.1 Procedure
the calculation process used in determining the
Qualification Tests are based on achieving complete
construction details covered in other sections of this
penetration welds (see AWS D9.1 section 3.4.1, In-
publication, as follows:
spection of Procedure Qualification Test Welds,
Groove Welds), acceptance of production work is S The specifier selects and specifies the duct
based on verification that the specified degree of joint material, the type of weld, the welding pro-
penetration is present. (See AWS D9.1 section 6, In- cess, and the degree of penetration required.
spection of Arc Welding Work.) In the case of systems To help the specifier with these decisions,
constructed per the requirements of these Rectangular there are numerous publications including
Industrial Duct Construction Standards, a joint pene- SMACNAs Managers Guide to Welding
tration of 75% is required. Unfamiliarity with AWS and the AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding
D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding Code and industrial duct Code that can serve as references for this task.
construction, can lead the specifier to unnecessarily
demand full penetration welded joints, resulting in a S The materials covered by this manual include
substantial increase in labor costs due to additional sheet, which can be welded under the guide-
joint preparation; and in some cases, even doubling the lines of AWS D9.1, and plate, which (unless
labor cost by forcing the contractor to weld from both required by the specifier to be welded using
sides of the work. another standard) is also welded under the
general guidelines of D9.1 using one of the
When circumstances require complete penetration joint designs shown in Tables 102, 103, or
welds, there are several possible design alternatives 104. (While AWS D9.1 generally applies to
depending on the material type and thickness: sheet metal up to a thickness of 0.239 in., for
the purposes of industrial duct fabrication per
a. For all materials and gages covered under these standards, its requirements and guid-
AWS D9.1, there are combinations of joint ance are applied to plates up to 1_w in. in thick-
design (see Tables 102, 103, and 104) and ness.)

S The standard welded joints consistent with other recognized sources of welding data, or
the strength requirements of this publication welding standards.
are those partial penetration joints listed in
Tables 102, 103, or 104. Traditionally, Fillet welds (both continuous and intermittent or stitch
these joint designs have resulted in a mini- welds) for the attachment of reinforcement members
mum effective throat of not less than 3_v times and connecting flanges are based on the following:
the thickness of the thinnest material being
joined, and therefore meet the minimum joint S The allowable stress on the weld material is
penetration of 75% required by this publica- estimated at 0.3 times the minimum yield
tion. strength of the filler metal. Allowable weld
stress values for the metals covered by these
standards are listed in Table 101.
S Otherwise, when required by the specifier,
full penetration welds can be achieved for the S The effective throat of fillet welds is esti-
full range of materials covered by this manual mated at 0.707 times the maximum leg size
22 gage sheet to 1_w inch platethrough the (t o) of the fillet weld, which is limited to the
selection of complete penetration joint de- thickness of the reinforcement or the duct
signs from Tables 102, 103, or 104, or from wall, whichever is less.

REINFORCEMENTS
Physical Properties
Allowable Weld Stress
Duct Material ASTM Spec. Material Type
(Fw ), psi
WELDING OF
Carbon Steel (HRS), Sheet and Plate A1011, A283 Commercial
Carbon Steel (CRS) Sheet A1008 Commercial
All 18,000
Carbon Steel Structural Plate A36 Structural
Carbon Steel Rolled Shapes A36 Structural
Galvanized Sheet A924 Commercial
All 18,000
Aluminized Sheet A463 Commercial
304 22,500
304L 21,000
310 22,500
316 22,500
Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate A240 316L 21,000
321 22,500
347 22,500
410 18,000
430 19,500
3003H14 6600
5052H32 9300
Aluminum Sheet and Plate B209
6061T4 9000
6061T6 12,600
Table 101 Allowable Stress For Stitch Welds
NOTE:
Most of the Carbon Steel ASTM Specifications listed above are available in high-strength grades. When welding high-
strength steels the maximum allowable weld stress (Fw ) is limited to 0.3 times the minimum yield strength of either
the base metal or the filler, whichever is lower.

BP1a Partial penetrating square groove weld, weld one side:
1. Effective throat thickness shall be taken as threefourths the thick-

T ness of the thinner part joined.
2. Shall not be used when the root of weld is subject to tension.
3. Suitable for all types of loading except fatigue loading and high
1_qy in. Max. transverse loads.
T Max. = 1_i in.
Partial penetrating square groove weld, weld both sides:
BP1b
ness of the thinner part joined.
T 2. Root opening not more than 1_qy in.
3. Gouging or chipping out the backside of the root pass is not re-
1_qy in. Max. quired.
4. Suitable for all types of loading except fatigue loading and high
T Max. = 1_r in.
transverse loads.
BP1c Partial penetrating square groove weld, weld one side:

2. Root opening not less than one half the thickness of the thinner part
joined.
T/2 Min. 3. Suitable for all types of loading except fatigue loading and high
T Max. = 1_r in. transverse loads.
BL1a Open square groove weld, weld one side on backing strip:
1. Effective throat thickness 100% thinner part joined.

T 2. 16 gage material is approximate minimum value of T.
3. Backing strip should be in form of a stiffener whenever possible.
R0
T Max. = 1_r in.
BL1b Open square groove weld, weld both sides:
1. Effective throat thickness shall be taken as 100% of the thinner part

T joined.
2. Gouging or chipping out the backside of the root pass is not neces-
sary.
T/2
T Max. = 1_r in.
BP2a Partial penetrating single vee groove weld, welded from one side:
60 min.
1. The effective throat thickness shall be taken as threefourths the
T thickness of the thinner part joined.
2. Shall not be used when root of weld is subject to tension bending.
1/32 in. Min. 3. Shall not be used when subject to fatigue, impact loading or service
1_i in. Max. at low temperature.
T Max. = 1_w in. 4. Preparation and welding relatively inexpensive.
BL2 60min. Single vee groove weld, welded from both sides:
1. Effective throat thickness shall be taken as the thickness of the

T thinner part joined.
2. Economical for thickness (T) between 1_r and 3_r inch from a stand-
point of welding required.
1_i in. Min.
T Max. = 3_r in.
BP4 45 Min. Partial penetrating single bevel groove weld, welded from one side:

1_i in. Max. 3. Shall not be used when subject to impact and/or fatigue loads.
3_ew in. Min. 4. Should be used only where design of the structure will resist angular
T Max. = 1_w in. distortion of the joint or where angular distortion is not detrimental.
Table 102 Welded Joint Designs Butt Joints (B)

CP S Partial penetrating outside single fillet welded corner joint:
1. 70% effective throat thickness when S = T.

RO 2. Shall not be used when root of weld is subjected to tension bend-
T ing.
in. or less
3. Should not be used when subjected to impact and/or fatigue if di-
T Min. = 12 gage rection of loading is transverse to axis of the weld.
RO = 0 in. for T = 1_r in. or less 4. Design for zero root opening except for 1_i" gap in which case 1_qy"
RO = 1_qy in. for T = 1_w in. or less shall be allowed for each plate.
RO = 1_i in. for T = 5_i in. or less
Partial penetrating square groove corner joint, inside fillet weld:

CP1
1. Efficiency determined by weld size.
T 2. Use intermittent welds whenever possible.
3. Shall not be used whenever root of weld is subject to tension bend-
T Min. = 16 gage ing.
T Max. = 1_rin. 4. Should be used whenever good appearance of the outside corner
must be maintained.
CP1a Partial penetrating square groove weld, welded from one side:
1. Shall be used only when the inside of the joint in inaccessible for weld-
T ing or when the appearance of the outside corner is not critical.
T Max. = 16 gage 2. Should not be used when root of weld is subject to tension bending.
Partial penetrating open square groove weld, welded from one side:
CP1b
T 1. The effective throat thickness shall be taken as 3_r T.
3. Should only be used when surface across joint is required to be rel-
1_i in. atively flush.
Partial penetrating outside single fillet welded corner joint:

CP1c
1. Effective throat thickness determined by weld size.
3. Should not be used when subjected to impact and/or fatigue if di-
1_i in. (3.2mm)
rection of loading is transverse to axis of the weld.
4. Overlap facilities setup and allows for variation in plate size.
T Min. = 16 gage
5. Strength may be increased by adding continuous or intermittent fillets
T Max. = 3_r in.
on the far side of the joint if accessible when T is 1_r" or greater.
BP2a Partial penetrating single vee groove weld, welded from one side:
60 Min.
1. The effective throat thickness shall be taken as three fourths the
T thickness of the thinner part joined.
01_ew in. Min. 3. Shall not be used when subject to fatigue, impact loading or service
01_, in. Max.
at low temperature.
T Max. = 1_w in. 4. Preparation and welding relatively inexpensive.
BL2 Single vee groove weld, welded from both sides:

60Min.
1. Effective throat thickness shall be taken as the thickness of the
T thinner part joined.
2. Economical for thickness (T) between 1_v and 3_v inch from a stand-
1_i in. Min.
T Max. = 3_r in.
Partial penetrating, single bevel groove weld, welded from one side:
BP4
45 01_i in. Max. 1. May be used for horizontal joints.
min. 2. Effective throat thickness shall be taken as three fourths the thick-
ness of the thinner part joined.
03_ew in. Min. 3. Shall not be used when root of weld is subject to tension bending.
Lower edge for
T 4. Shall not be used when subject to impact and/or fatigue loads.
Horizontal Position 5. Should be used only where design of the structure will resist angu-
T Max. = 1_w in. lar distortion of the joint or where angular distortion is not detri-
mental.
Table 103 Welded Joint Designs Corner and Butt Joints (C and B)

TCL1
Square groove weld, welded both sides:
T 1. Suitable for all types of loading except fatigue loading.

2. Economical in preparation and welding.
1_i in.
3. The root of the first weld should be back gouged to sound metal
before depositing the second weld.
T Max. = 1_r in.
Single bevel groove weld, welded both sides, with skewed angle not
TCL4b less than 45:
1. Good for most types loading.

2. Economical for thicknesses between 1_v and 3_v inch from the stand-
T 3. Shall not be used when tension due to bending is concentrated at
45 Min. the root of the weld.
4590 4. Should not be used when subject to fatigue, impact loading or ser-
vice at low temperatures.
5. To obtain maximum strength, root of first weld should be gouged
1_i in. to sound metal before depositing second weld.
6. Difficult to obtain sound weld due to perpendicular groove face.
TCP5b Double fillet welded tee joint
1. Efficiency determined by weld size.

2. When greater strength is required a beveled joint should be used.
S 3. Shall not be used when subject to impact and/or fatigue loads when
the direction of loading is other than parallel to the axis of the weld.
4. Single fillet weld may be used when root of weld will not be subject
S = 5_i in. Max. to tension building.
Table 104 Welded Joint Designs Corner and Tee Joints (C and T)

TYPES OF JOINTS
BUTT
LAP
CORNER
TEE
EDGE
TYPES OF WELDS
FILLET GROOVE
BEAD PLUG
VARIATIONS OF GROOVES
SINGLE BEVEL
SQUARE SINGLE J
SINGLE VEE DOUBLE BEVEL SINGLE U
FIGURE 101 JOINTS, WELDS, AND GROOVES

10.4 TYPES OF JOINTS AND EDGE S Base Metal Thickness Thickness of material.
PREPARATION
S Backing If backing is to be used, the base
There are five basic types of joints used for welding; metal grouping as well as the designator.
these five basic joints are shown in Figure 101.
S Filler Metal Filler metal type and AWS
Each of these five joints can be welded using several D9.1 F" number.
different types of welds, thus giving the designer a
wide range of combinations from which to chose. S Welding Process The weld process, e.g., gas
metal arc welding.
Edge preparation such as beveling is usually required
S Welding Current Type of weld current to
only when welding metals thicker than 10 gage. The
be used in making the weld (ac or dc) polar-
need for edge preparation is based on the need to pro-
ity (straight or reverse), and mode of metal
vide access to the weld area so that adequate weld
transfer.
preparation can be achieved. In some instances, a root
opening with a backing strip can be used instead of a
S Shielding Gas If applicable for the process
mechanically prepared joint. This should be given se-
selected, including type, mixture, and flow
rious consideration by the designer because of the la-
rate.
bor costs involved in edge preparation.
S Position The position in which the weld is
Examples of weld joint designs for various metal to be made, e.g., flat, horizontal, or overhead.
thicknesses with edge preparation indicated when re-
quired, are shown in Tables 102, 103, and 104. Once the essential variables of the welding procedure
have been established, the nonessential variables need
10.5 WELDING PROCEDURES to be defined, e.g., joint preparation, filler metal size,
amperage, voltage range, and speed of travel. Tables
Welding procedures, in addition to meeting the re- 105 through 1015 reference welding procedure
quirements of established codes or welding specifica- schedules for the gas metal arc welding process to de-
tions as referenced by the designer are an excellent termine nonessential variables.
tool for improving production welding and quality
control. Written welding procedures provide a record When the essential and nonessential variables are
of how welds are to be performed and are essential to known, they must be recorded and backed by a proof
the tasks of the engineer, the quality control techni- test. SMACNAs Managers Guide to Welding and the
cian, and the welder. AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding Code, can serve as
references for this task.
While this manual references many materials, joint
designs, and weld procedure schedules, the designer 10.5.1 Welding Procedure Schedules
may encounter a combination of essential variables
not represented by the tables in this manual. In such Table 105
cases, a welding procedure may be written to cover the Gas Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel
specific application. Specifications should be suffi-
ciently tight to permit necessary control, yet broad Table 106
enough to be obtainable by the average welder. Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel
Table 107
In order to develop a welding procedure in accordance
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Carbon Steel
with AWS D9.1, the following essential variables must
be known prior to writing the procedure: Table 108
Gas Metal Arc Welding of Galvanized Steel
S Base Metal Carbon steel, stainless steel, or
aluminum, as well as the material designa- Table 109
tion, e.g., ASTM. Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Galvanized Steel
S Coating Type of coating on the material to Table 1010

be welded, e.g., galvanized. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Galvanized Steel

Table 1011 Table 1013
Gas Metal Arc Welding of Stainless Steel. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Austenitic Stainless
Steel
Table 1012
Table 1014
Shielded Metal Arc Welding of Austenitic Stain-
Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum
less Steel
Table 1015
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Aluminum

Electrode Welding Current, Shielding Travel
Nominal Material Thickness ARC
Diameter, Amperes DCEP Gas Flow, Speed,
Voltage
Gage in. in. Groove Fillet CFH IPM
22 0.0299 0.030 40 60 45 65 15 17 20 40 15 22
20 0.0359 0.035 55 85 60 90 15 18 20 40 15 22
18 0.0478 0.035 60 85 70 90 15 17 20 40 12 20
16 0.0598 0.035 70 99 81 96 15 17 20 40 12 20
14 0.0747 0.035 80 112 92 104 16 19 20 40 12 18
12 0.1046 0.035 90 177 103 117 18 20 20 40 12 16
11 0.1196 0.035 95 132 109 116 18 20 20 40 10 14
11 0.1196 0.045 120 160 130 180 20 24 25 45 15 20
10 0.1345 0.035 100 140 115 120 18 20 20 40 10 12
3_qy 0.1875 0.035 130 150 140 160 19 22 20 40 6 10
3_qy 0.1875 0.045 170 200 180 205 20 24 25 45 12 16
1_r 0.2500 0.035 130 150 140 160 19 22 20 40 48
1_r 0.2500 0.045 175 220 190 225 20 25 25 45 8 12
Table 105 Gas Metal Arc Welding of Carbon Steel
NOTES:
a. Data is for flat positions, single pass. Reduce current 10 to 15% for vertical and overhead
b. For groove and fillet welds. Material thickness also indicates fillet weld size
c. Use root opening for square butt joints 1_w thickness.
d. Gas used is CO2 (welding grade) or 75% Argon and 25% CO2.
e. Electrode class ER70S6.
f. Data for materials thicker than 1_r in. is best obtained from welding equipment manufacturers.

NOMINAL
MATERIAL ELECTRODE CURRENT TRAVEL SPEED AMPERES
THICKNESS
Diameter,
Gage Class Type/Polarity IPM Groove Fillet
in.
18 E6013 3_ew DCEP 10 18 55 65 55 60
16 E6013 3_ew DCEP 10 18 58 68 59 74
14 E6013 3_ew DCEP 8 15 60 70 63 88
12 E6010 3_ew DCEP 8 14 63 73 67 102
11 E6010 3_ew DCEP 6 10 64 74 69 109
10 E6010 3_ew DCEP 6 10 65 75 70 115
Table 106 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) of Carbon Steel
NOMINAL
TUNGSTEN
MATERIAL FILLER METAL AMPERES CURRENT
ELECTRODE
THICKNESS
Diameter, Diameter* Type/
Gage Class Type Groove Fillet
in. in. Polarity
18 ER70SX 1_qy EWTh2 1_i 45 65 50 55 DCEN
14 ER70SX 3_ew EWTh2 1_i 57 81 86 91 DCEN
Table 107 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Carbon Steel
GAS:
Composition: Argon (welding grade)
Flow Rate: 15 to 25 ft3/hr
* max.

NOMINAL
TRAVEL
MATERIAL FILLER METAL CURRENT AMPERES
SPEED
THICKNESS VOLTS
Diameter, Type/
Gage Class IPM Groove Fillet
in. Polarity
18 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 12 18 55 100 90 110 15 17
16 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 12 18 66 110 96 112 15 17
14 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 12 16 77 120 102 115 16 19
12 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 10 15 88 130 108 117 18 20
11 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 10 14 94 135 112 118 18 20
10 ER70S6 0.035 DCEP 8 12 100 140 115 120 18 20
Table 108 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) of Galvanized Steel
GAS:
Composition: 75% Argon, 25% Carbon Dioxide
NOMINAL
THICKNESS
Diameter
in.
18 E6013 3_ew DCEP 12 18 50 60 55 60
16 E6013 3_ew DCEP 12 18 54 68 66 69
14 E6013 3_ew DCEP 12 16 58 76 77 78
12 E6010 3_ew DCEP 10 15 62 84 88 87
11 E6010 3_ew DCEP 8 14 64 88 94 91
10 E6010 3_ew DCEP 6 10 65 90 55 95
Table 109 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) of Galvanized Steel
NOMINAL
TUNGSTEN
ELECTRODE
THICKNESS
Diameter, Diameter,*
Gage Class Type Groove Fillet Type/Polarity
in. in.
Table 1010 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Galvanized Steel
GAS:
*max.

Electrode Welding Current Shielding Travel
Nominal Material Thickness ARC
Diameter, Amperes DCEP Gas Flow, Speed,
Voltage
Gage in. in. Groove Fillet CFH IPM
22 0.0313 0.030 45 60 50 65 16 19 20 40 20 30
20 0.0375 0.030 60 85 65 90 16 19 20 40 20 28
18 0.0500 0.035 65 85 70 90 16 19 20 40 15 25
16 0.0625 0.035 76 100 82 99 16 19 20 40 15 23
14 0.0781 0.035 87 115 94 108 16 19 20 40 15 20
12 0.1094 0.035 98 130 106 117 17 20 20 40 12 16
11 0.1250 0.035 104 138 113 121 17 20 20 40 12 15
10 0.1406 0.035 110 145 120 125 17 20 20 40 12 15
3_qy 0.1875 0.045 135 150 145 160 18 22 20 40 12 16
1_r 0.2500 0.045 135 155 145 165 16 22 20 40 10 15
Table 1011 Gas Metal Arc Welding of Stainless Steel
NOTES:
a. Shielding gas composition

Helium 90%, Argon 7.5%, Carbon Dioxide 2.5%.
b. Electrode class ER3XX.
c. Data for materials thicker than 1_r in. is best obtained from welding equipment manufacturers.

NOMINAL
THICKNESS
Diameter,
in.
18 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 12 20 50 60 55 60
16 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 12 20 55 66 55 70
14 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 10 16 60 72 55 80
12 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 10 16 65 78 55 90
11 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 8 14 67 81 55 95
10 E3XX 3_ew DCEP 6 12 70 85 55 100
Table 1012 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) of Austenitic Stainless Steel
NOMINAL
TUNGSTEN
ELECTRODE
THICKNESS
Diameter, Diameter,*
Gage Class Type Groove Fillet Type/Polarity
in. in.
18 ER3XX 1_qy EWTh2 1_i 35 60 50 55 DCEN
16 ER3XX 1_qy EWTh2 1_i 43 68 68 73 DCEN
14 ER3XX 3_ew EWTh2 1_i 51 76 86 91 DCEN
Table 1013 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Austenitic Stainless Steel
GAS:
* max.

Nominal Material Thickness Electrode Welding Wire Shielding Travel
ARC
Diameter, Current, Feed, Gas Flow, Speed,
Gage in. Voltage
in. Amps DCEP IMP CFH IPM
22 0.025 0.030 50 55 13 14 250 275 15 12 20
20 0.032 0.030 50 55 13 14 275 290 15 12 24
18 0.040 0.030 50 55 13 14 275 290 15 12 24
16 0.050 0.030 55 600 13 14 295 320 15 14 24
14 0.064 0.030 90 100 16 18 330 370 30 24 36
12 0.080 0.030 110 125 20 22 410 460 30 30 33
10 0.100 0.045 110 125 19 21 175 190 35 20 25
3_qy 0.187 0.045 150 190 19 21 215 225 35 20 25
1_r 0.250 0.063 170 225 21 26 150 195 35 20 24
Table 1014 Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum
NOTES:
a. For groove and fillet welds material thickness also indicated fillet weld size. Use vee groove for 3_qy in. and
thicker.
b. Use Argon for thin and medium material; use 50% Helium for thick material. Increase gas flow rate 10% for
overhead position.
c. Data for materials thicker than 1_r in. is best obtained from welding equipment manufacturers.
Nominal Tungsten Filler Welding

Material Shielding Number Travel
Type of Electrode Rod Nozzle Current,
Thickness Gas, of Speed,
Weld Diameter, Dia., Size ID Amps AC
CFH Passes IPM
Gage in. in. in. HF
18 0.040 Sq. groove 1_qy 1_qy 1_r 19 40 60 1 16
14 0.064 Sq. groove 3_ew 3_ew 5_qy 19 70 90 1 11
14 0.064 Fillet 3_ew 3_ew 5_qy 15 70 90 1 9
10 0.100 Sq. groove 3_ew 3_ew 5_qy 19 90 110 1 11
10 0.100 Fillet 3_ew 3_ew 5_qy 16 95 115 1 9
3_qy 0.187 Fillet 5_ew 5_ew 7_qy 25 180 200 1 10
3_qy 0.187 Vee groove 5_ew 5_ew 7_qy 25 160 180 2 11
1_r 0.250 Fillet 3_qy 3_qy 1_w 30 230 250 1 10
1_r 0.250 Vee groove 5_ew 5_ew 7_qy 30 200 220 2 9
Table 1015 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) of Aluminum
NOTES:
a. GAS:
* max.
b. Data for materials thicker than 1_r in. is best obtained from welding equipment manufacturers.

10.6 WELDING SYMBOLS dance with the usual drafting conventions, is
the OTHER (far) SIDE of the joint.
Welding symbols must be used to clearly communi-
cate weld joint design requirements among the design, 10.6.2 Supplementary Symbols
process, production, and quality assurance functions. (Figure 103)
Proper weld symbols on the engineering drawing pro-
vide a common, efficient basis for communication and S Weld All Around Symbol Used when the
a tool for controlling productivity and quality. The en- weld extends completely around the joint.
gineering drawing (with proper weld symbols) is the The symbol is placed at the intersection of the
critical control document for communication of weld arrow and the reference line.
size and type among the four functions. The weld sym-
bol looks like the crosssection of the joint. Always S Field Weld Symbol Indicates welds not to
place the perpendicular leg of fillet, bevelgroove and be completed in a shop or at the place of ini-
Jgroove, flare bevel groove, and cornerflange sym- tial construction. The symbol is placed at the
bols on the left. intersection of the arrow and the reference
line. The flag points away from the arrow.
Welding symbols describe the following:
S Contour Symbols Placed above the weld
S Type of weld symbol when specific weld or root face con-
tour is required.
S Location of weld
10.6.3 Numbers and Dimensions
S Weld dimensions (Figure 102)
S Joint preparation (if required) Dimensions are located on the same side of the refer-
ence line as the weld symbol. When both sides of a
S Surface finishing (if required) welding symbol have the same dimensions, both sides
are dimensioned.
S Reference to a welding process or procedure.
10.6.3.1 Left Side
S Shop or field weld.
S Numbers on the left side of a weld symbol
A welding symbol will not describe the type of joint or specify weld size or effective throat.
the detailed procedure used to make the weld. Joint
type is defined by the orientation of weld joint mem- S Fillet Welds Leg Size; orientation of un-
bers on the design drawings. equal legs is shown on the drawing.
10.6.1 Basic Parts of a Welding Symbol S Groove Welds Groove depth or effective
(Figure 102) throat.
S Reference Line Welds on the ARROW S Seam Welds Diameter, width, or strength.
SIDE of the joint are shown by a weld symbol
on the side of the reference line nearest the S Flange Welds Weld thickness, flange ra-
reader. Welds on the OTHER SIDE of the dius, and flange height.
joint are shown by a weld symbol on the side
of the reference line farthest from the reader. 10.6.3.2 Right Side
Welds on both sides of the joint are shown by
weld symbols on both sides of the reference S Numbers on the right side of a weld symbol
line. specify lengths of welds.
S Arrow Connects reference line to one side S Fillet, Groove, Seam, Flange, and Surfacing
of joint or fillet, groove, and flange welds. Welds (1) When a continuous weld extends
The side of the joint that the arrow touches is for the full distance between abrupt changes
the ARROW (near) SIDE of the joint. The in the direction of welding, no length dimen-
side of the joint opposite the arrow, in accor- sion is required; (2) Specific lengths of welds

are shown with welding symbols in conjunc- General Notes General notes can be used as an alter-
tion with dimension lines. native to dimensioning numerous identical welds.
Notes describe standard weld dimensions unless they
S Intermittent Welds Length of increments are otherwise indicated on the drawing.
and centertocenter distance (pitch) between
increments. Break in Arrow The arrow breaks toward the joint
member to be prepared for bevel groove and Jgroove
10.6.3.3 Center welds. Not necessary in T or lap joints.
S Groove Welds Root opening or groove Combined Welds When more than one weld is made
on one side of a joint, symbols are placed above (be-
angle.
low) each other. Combined welds are typically used
for fillet welds over groove welds in Tjoints.
S Finish Symbols Specify only the method of
finishing to a specified contour.
Special Welds When a weld cannot be correctly rep-
resented by a standard welding symbol, a weld cross
10.6.4 Tail and References section or detailed drawing is used.
S When a reference is necessary, the tail is Complete Penetration The letters CP" in the tail of
placed on the end of the reference line oppo- the arrow specify a complete penetration weld, regard-
site the arrow. less of the type of weld.
S A reference is made to a process, procedure, Sequence of Operations When a sequence of welding

specification, or drawing notes. A reference is specified on the drawing, multiple reference lines
is not required when a general drawing note are used. The first operation is shown on the reference
is used or when the welding procedure is pre- line nearest the arrow. Subsequent operations are
scribed on a shop instruction or process sheet. shown sequentially on other reference lines.

GROOVE ANGLE; INCLUDED ANGLE
OF COUNTERSINK FOR PLUG WELDS
FINISH SYMBOL ROOT OPENING; DEPTH OF FILLING

FOR PLUG AND SPOT WELDS
CONTOUR SYMBOL
LENGTH OF WELD
F PITCH (CENTERTOCENTER
SPACING) OF WELDS
GROOVE WELD SIZE A

R FIELD WELD
SYMBOL
DEPTH OF BEVEL; SIZE
OR STRENGTH FOR
CERTAIN WELDS
SPECIFICATION, WELDALLAROUND
PROCESS, OR SYMBOL
OTHER REFERENCE
OTHER
{
SIDES
SIDE
S (E) LP
T
{
ARROW
{
BOTH
SIDE
REFERENCE
TAIL (MAY BE OMITTED
WHEN REFERENCE
IS NOT USED)
(N) LINE
NUMBER OF SPOT, SEAM,

STUD, PLUG, SLOT, OR
WELD SYMBOL PROTECTION WELDS
ELEMENTS IN THIS AREA

ARROW CONNECTING
REMAIN AS SHOWN WHEN TAIL
REFERENCE LINE
AND ARROW ARE REVERSED
TO ARROW SIDE
MEMBER OF JOINT
OR ARROW SIDE
WELD SYMBOLS SHALL BE CONTAINED WITHIN OF JOINT
THE LENGTH OF THE REFERENCE LINE
FIGURE 102 STANDARD LOCATION OF ELEMENTS OF A WELDING SYMBOL
CONTOUR
WELD ALL MELT CONSUMABLE BACKING
FIELD WELD INSERT OR SPACER FLUSH
AROUND THROUGH CONVEX CONCAVE
(SQUARE) (RECTANGLE) OR FLAT
SPACER
NOTE: FIGURES 102 AND 103 ARE REPRINTED FROM AWS A2.498 WITH PERMISSION.
FIGURE 103 SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
NOTE: Figures 102 and 103 are reprinted from AWS A2.498 with permission.

Other Arrow Both
Side Side Sides
Fillet Weld
Square Groove
Single Bevel
Single Vee
Flare Bevel
Flare Vee
Edge Flange
Corner Flange
Backup Weld
Melt Thru
Plug
Resistance Spot
Resistance
Seam Weld
FIGURE 104 TYPICAL WELD SYMBOLS USED FOR

SHEET METAL AND LIGHT PLATE

USE OF BEAD WELD Groove Weld Made Before
SYMBOL TO INDICATE Welding Other Side
SINGLEPASS BACK WELD
Back Weld
Desired Weld Symbol
SIZE OF SURFACE Size

3_cx"
BUILT UP (Height of Deposit)
BY WELDING
3_cx"
Desired Weld Symbol
UNEQUAL DOUBLE FILLET Size

WELDING SYMBOL (Length of Leg)
1_v" 1_v"
1_x"
1_x"
Desired Weld Symbol
CHAIN Length of Increments

Locate Welds at
INTERMITTENT Ends of Joint 25
Pitch (Distance
FILLET WELDING SYMBOL 2 2 2 Between Centers)
of Increments
5 5
C
L of weld
Desired Weld Symbol
STAGGERED Locate Welds at Length of Increments

INTERMITTENT Ends of Joint 3
310 Pitch (Distance
FILLET WELDING SYMBOL 3 3 3
Between Centers)
10 5 of Increments
C
L of weld
Desired Weld Symbol
SINGLE VGROOVE
45
WELDING SYMBOL 45
1_,"
Groove Angle
Root Opening
1_," Root Opening
Desired Weld Symbol
SINGLE VGROOVE Size

Depth of
WELDING SYMBOL 90 1_v"
1_v" + 1_," 90 Chamfering
INDICATING ROOT Plus Root
Groove Angle
PENETRATION Penetration
1_," Root Penetration

Desired Weld Symbol
DOUBLEBEVEL
45 Groove Angle 45
GROOVE Omission of
1_," size dimension
WELDING SYMBOL
Root indicates a total
1_," depth of chamfering
Opening
equal to thickness
Desired Weld Symbol of members
PLUG
1_x" Depth of
WELDING A
Size (Dia. of 1_x" Filling in
SYMBOL Hole at Roof)
Inches
45 Included Angle
A
of Countersink
Desired Weld Symbol
FIGURE 105 PLATE WELDING SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 11
ACCEPTED INDUSTRIAL
CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
CHAPTER 11 ACCEPTED INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
11.1 INTRODUCTION All welding shall be done as per the requirements of

Chapter 10 and ANSI/AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding
This chapter contains those features of rectangular Code where applicable.
duct fabrication for which there exist common practic-
es which have been long accepted as having a proven 11.2.2 Transverse Seams or Joint Types
track record of satisfactory service.
There are about as many transverse seam types as there
Users should assume that in the fabrication and instal- are longitudinal seams. Their correct application is
lation of the industrial duct systems covered by this based on their individual operating characteristics, as
standard, construction techniques not listed, or de- well as those of the available joining methods and fas-
scribed here, should be approved by the Owner or his tener types.
agent, prior to actual fabrication. Conversely, any
techniques herein described can be considered satis-
For more detailed information on the most common
factory under these standards and used directly.
types of transverse seams and joints, see Figure 113.
11.2 COMMON SEAMS AND JOINTS
All welding shall be done as per the requirements of
11.2.1 Longitudinal Seam Types Chapter 10 and ANSI/AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding
Code where applicable.
There are three main types of longitudinal seams cov-
ered by this standard: the welded seam, various lock 11.3 FABRICATION TOLERANCES
seam types, and the standing seam. Only the welded
seam is approved for use throughout all five classes of Welded seams (longitudinal and transverse) shall not
industrial duct. The other lock seam techniques, and exhibit joint misalignment in excess of 50% of the
the standing seam, are limited to applications within thickness of the material being joined for materials
industrial Classes 1 and 2, only. Most common longi- having a nominal thickness less than 0.120 in., or 25%
tudinal seam types are illustrated in Figure 111 and of the thickness of the material being joined for materi-
112. als 0.120 in. and heavier.

28
A) B)
28
C) D)
E) F)
NOTES:
1. SEE TABLES 102, 103 AND 104 FOR OTHER WELDED JOINT DESIGNS.
2. INTERNAL SEAMS MAY BE STITCH WELDED UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE.
FIGURE 111 LONGITUDINAL SEAMS

28
G) H)
28 28
I) J)
GROOVED SEAM PIPE LOCK
J)
PITTSBURGH LOCK STANDING SEAM
K) L)
NOTES:
1. SEE TABLES 102, 103 AND 104 FOR OTHER WELDED JOINT DESIGNS.
2. INTERNAL SEAMS MAY BE STITCH WELDED UNLESS SPECIFIED OTHERWISE.
FIGURE 112 LONGITUDINAL SEAMS (CONTINUED)

A) B)
C) D)
1P
VAN STONE
E) F)
NOTE:
IN JOINT E) THE EXTERIOR WELDS ARE 1" LONG AND THE PITCH (P) IS
APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THE BOLT SPACING.
FIGURE 113 TRANSVERSE SEAMS OR JOINTS

D
C
SLOPE
NOTES:
A. WHILE CROSS BRAKING OF LIGHT GAGE DUCT IS NOT REQUIRED BY THESE

DUCT CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS, IT HAS BEEN USED TO PROVIDE
INCREASED PANEL STIFFNESS AS AN ADDED MEASURE OF CONTROL OVER
NOISE, PANEL DEFLECTION, AND OIL CANNING IN DUCT SYSTEMS EXPECTED
TO CYCLE ON/OFF FREQUENTLY.
B. TYPICALLY, CROSS BRAKING IS APPLIED TO LIGHT GAGE DUCT (16 GAGE AND
LIGHTER) ONLY, AND ON PANELS 36" IN WIDTH AND WIDER.
C. THE RECOMMENDED CREASE HEIGHT IS 1_qy" PER FOOT OF WIDTH; i.e. THE
MAXIMUM CREASE HEIGHT FOR A 48" WIDE DUCT IS 1_r".
D. CROSS BREAKING IS APPLIED BETWEEN FLANGES, JOINTS OR STIFFENERS.
E. BREAKOUT ONLY, FOR POSITIVE PRESSURE SYSTEMS.
F. WHILE CROSS BRAKING APPEARS TO INCREASE PANEL STIFFNESS, NO

REDUCTION IN GAGE IS PERMITTED OR ENVISIONED AS A RESULT.
FIGURE 114 CROSSBRAKING LIGHT GAGE PANELS

28
28 WELD TWO
PARALLEL
EDGES
DUCT PANEL
WELDS MUST OCCUR

ON BOTH SIDES OF
EACH END OF STIFFENER
FIXED STIFFENER
(BACK TO BACKHEEL DOWN)
28
28
WELDS MUST OCCUR

ON BOTH SIDES OF
EACH END OF STIFFENER
FIXED STIFFENERS
(FRAMEDHEEL DOWN)
NOTE:
ONLY WELDED CORNERS ARE CONSIDERED FIXED; BOLTED CORNERS
ARE CONSIDERED UNFIXED.
FIGURE 115 TYPES OF STIFFENERS

WELD
TWO
PARALLEL
28
28 EDGES
DUCT PANEL
WELDS MUST
OCCUR ON
BOTH SIDES
OF EACH END
OF STIFFENER
FIXED STIFFENERS
(BACK TO BACKTOE DOWN)
28 WELDS MUST
28 OCCUR ON
DUCT PANEL
BOTH SIDES
OF EACH END
OF STIFFENER
28
28
UNFIXED STIFFENERS
(HEEL DOWN)
NOTE:
ONLY WELDED CORNERS ARE CONSIDERED FIXED; BOLTED CORNERS ARE
CONSIDERED UNFIXED.
FIGURE 116 TYPES OF STIFFENERS (CONTINUED)

DETAIL A
ONE INTERNAL SUPPORT
DETAIL A
TWO INTERNAL SUPPORTS
d + 1" MIN. WELD LENGTH

DUCT FLANGE
28 28
DUCT
PANEL
d d
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
DRILL THROUGH PANEL AND WELD INTERNAL PIPE STIFFENER TO DUCT
FLANGE, THEN WELD PIPE PANEL AND ENSURE PANEL IS WELDED TO
DIRECTLY TO FLANGE OR ANGLE STIFFENER OR FLANGE WITH FILLET
ANGLE STIFFENER. WELD (d + 1 in.) LONG AS SHOWN.
DETAIL A
FIGURE 117 INTERNAL PIPE SUPPORTS

GASKET OR SEALANT
28 28
MATCHED ANGLE FLANGES
GASKET OR SEALANT
28 28
MATCHED CHANNEL FLANGES
SEALANT
28 28
VAN STONE FLANGES
FIGURE 118 TYPES OF FLANGED CONNECTIONS

FLEXIBLE
MATERIAL
AIR FLOW
EXPANSION JOINTTYPE 1
3 10 3 10
EXPANSION JOINTTYPE 2
NOTE:
THESE JOINTS ARE DESIGNED TO COMPENSATE FOR DUCT

EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION ON HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICA-
TIONS. DESIGN DATA FOR THESE DEVICES IS NOT PROVIDED IN THIS
MANUAL. CONSULT COMMERCIAL SOURCES.
FIGURE 119 EXPANSION JOINTS

FLEXIBLE
11_w" 1_i" MATERIAL
STEEL
RETAINING
BAR
2" TO 4" MAX.

TACK
WELD
BOLT
NOTES:
1. FLEXIBLE MATERIAL MUST BE SELECTED BASED ON TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS AND ANY SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AIR STREAM.
2. CAUTION: DO NOT ALLOW THE FLEXIBLE MATERIAL TO BE DRAWN
INTO THE AIRSTREAM UNDER NEGATIVE PRESSURE.
FIGURE 1110 FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS

1_w" ROD GRAB HANDLE(S)
4" MIN.
TYP.
2"
GASKET
OR
DUCT SEALANT
BOLTON ACCESS DOOR
FLAT BAR HINGES

FASTENER
WITH LOCKNUT
OR COTTER PIN
GRAB
HANDLE
WING NUTS
OR THUMB
SCREWS
DUCT
HINGED ACCESS DOOR
NOTE:
DOOR THICKNESS TO BE AT LEAST THE SAME AS THE DUCT WALL. ACCESS

DOOR MAY NEED TO BE THICKER OR REINFORCED TO PREVENT LEAKAGE
BETWEEN FASTENERS.
FIGURE 1111 ACCESS DOORS

THIS TYPE OF DOOR
MUST BE INSTALLED
ON TOP OF DUCT
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
(EXHAUST DUCTONLY)
COMBINATION OF GRAVITY
AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE
IN DUCT HOLDS DOOR IN PLACE
DURING NORMAL OPERATION
CHAIN WELDED TO DOOR AND

DUCT. CHAIN MUST BE OF
SUFFICIENT LENGTH TO
ALLOW DOOR TO OPEN FULLY
FIGURE 1112 EXPLOSION DOOR

REINFORCE
AS REQUIRED
SQUARE HEEL & THROAT 90 ELBOW
REINFORCE
AS REQUIRED
RADIUSED HEEL & THROAT 90 ELBOW
REINFORCE
AS REQUIRED
TRANSITIONS
NOTE:
FLAT PANEL AREAS OF FABRICATED FITTINGS MAY NEED TO BE REINFORCED IN A
MANNER SIMILAR TO OTHER PARTS OF THE DUCT. SEE APPLICABLE
REINFORCEMENT AND PRESSURE CAPACITY TABLES.
FIGURE 1113 VARIOUS FITTINGS

CHAPTER 12
GUIDE SPECIFICATION
CHAPTER 12 GUIDE SPECIFICATION
12.1 INTRODUCTION the guide specification. The drawings should include

elevations of duct, slope, service equipment, and loca-
This chapter provides a guide for specifying rectangu- tion of terminations or connections to other equipment
lar industrial duct for industrial ventilation systems. where applicable. They should indicate where duct is
The guide specification is not intended as a reference to be concealed or exposed and any other details perti-
document, but rather is a guide for the development of nent to the contractor and not indicated in the job spec-
specifications for a particular project. The guide specification.
ification must be edited to fit the conditions of use and
work assignments. Particular attention should be giv- 12.3 SEISMIC RESTRAINT
en to the deletion of inapplicable provisions and inclu- PROVISIONS
sion of necessary items related to a specific project.
Appropriate requirements should be included where This manual does not include the special support pro-
blank spaces have been provided. visions that may be required for seismic restraint. The
system designer should prescribe them as necessary.
12.2 DRAWINGS
12.4 GUIDE SPECIFICATION
The duct system should be described by drawings de-
veloped in association with the system specification. Beginning on page 12.2, a guide specification is pre-
The drawings should present, at a minimum, a system sented for use in developing specifications for a partic-
layout plus the supplementary information required in ular project.

1.0 GENERAL PROVISIONS NOTES TO SPECIFIERS
The general and supplementary conditions of the This section corresponds with CSI Division 15, Sec-
specification are hereby made a part of this branch tion 15010, and it relates to CSI Division 1, General
of work. The industrial ventilation contractor will be Requirements.
governed by all of the requirements thereof, insofar
as they apply to the contractors work.
The division and section numbering referenced in
this Guide Specification are based on the 1995 edi-
tion of CSI MasterFormat TM, which, as of this print-
ing, is under review and expected to change in the
near future.
Where the term General Contractor is used, the sub-

ject work may be done by the Owner or other con-
tractor at the Owners discretion.
1.01 Work Included
This division includes all labor, materials, equip- Specifier should select only those items actually re-
ment, and accessories necessary to complete the in- quired on the particular project. This list may be
dustrial ventilation systems specified herein. used as a checklist to ascertain that all component
parts of the system are actually covered. The listed
work should be coordinated with the applicable sec-
Access doors tions in CSI MasterFormat TM. In some cases the ap-
Air filters plicable section may be found in Division 15, Heat-
Airhandling units ing, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, in others re-
Air washers or scrubbers fer to Division 11, Equipment.
Balancing and adjusting
Belt guards
Casing, housings, and plenums
Dampers, volume (manual and motorized)
Duct drainage fittings
Duct insulation
Ductwork
Dust collectors
Eliminators
Equipment foundation drawings
Fans
Flexible connections and expansion joints
Hangers and supports
Hoods (intake, exhaust, and relief)
Hoods, fume
Louvers and screens (intake and exhaust)
Odor absorbers
Pans (condensate, etc.)
Roof ventilators (gravity or power)
Spray booths

1.02 Work Excluded
Concrete foundations Specifier should verify that allied construction work
Cutting and patching is covered under appropriate divisions or sections of
Drain Piping from Duct Drainage Fittings the specification.
Electrical work
Metal access panels which are part of the building
construction If the contract for a duct system is in the nature of a
Openings in floors, walls, and roofs prime contract, these items may be incorporated as
Painting (except as specified) applicable.
Pipe insulation
Plumbing and pipe work
Reinforcement of building structure
Temporary heat
Utilities
Weatherproofing of floor under equipment.
1.03 Coordination of Work

a. Coordination with Other Contractors: The in- Air flow characteristics are normally more critical
dustrial ventilation contractor will work with than hydraulic flow characteristics, and additional
other trades to avoid interference with the changes in direction can seriously affect proper bal-
installation of work covered by the contract. ancing of a system and create excessive wear points.
The routing of ductwork will have precedence
over electrical, plumbing, piping, and sprinkler
work. Should differences of opinion develop,
the architects or engineers decision will be fi-
nal. Work will be installed so as not to delay
progress of construction and will be correlated
with other trades.
b. Electrical Work: All control wiring (unless Starters and disconnects would normally be in-
otherwise specified), power wiring, and setting cluded in the electrical portion of the work. Fan and
of loose motors will be by others. Starters and equipment schedules should be crossreferenced in
disconnects will be furnished and installed by electrical section for proper takeoff.
others.
c. Equipment Foundations: Concrete foundations If a concrete inertia base with vibration isolators un-
for all equipment will be furnished by others under the base is to be used, the isolators should be spe-
der the supervision of the industrial ventilation cified with the equipment to be mounted thereon so
contractor. Drawings, anchor bolts, and tem- that they are matched to the particular equipment.
plates will be provided by the industrial ventila-
tion contractor.
d. Piping: Steam, hot and cold water, sprinkler, and drain lines
should be specified in the appropriate sections of the
specification, to be routed and connected to the air
1. Plumbing handling equipment where shown on the drawings.
2. Sprinkler work
3. Steam fitting

e. Cutting and Patching: The general contractor Specifier shall verify that this section is referenced
will do all cutting and patching in floors, walls, in the proper division of the specification to cover
and roofs for the installation of equipment and the cutting and patching required.
air ducts. The industrial ventilation contractor
will cooperate in the location of openings in new
construction. The industrial ventilation contrac-
tor will be responsible for the cutting of all duct
openings through nonloadbearing walls in
existing structures.
f. Openings in Floors, Walls, and Roofs: The gen-

eral contractor will be responsible for providing
openings of specified dimensions in floors,
walls, and roofs complete with curbs and bucks
as required for all equipment and air ducts.
g. Scaffolding: The Industrial Ventilation Con- The economy of multiple usage of scaffolding may
tractor will provide all scaffolding for the instal- not always be possible. When using this specifica-
lation of this branch of the work in areas where tion, verify that it is also covered under the General
the General Contractor has no requirements for Contractors portion of the work.
this equipment. Where scaffolding is provided
by the General Contractor for the erection of his
work, this equipment will be left in place for the
use of the Industrial Ventilation Contractor at no
charge. The Industrial Ventilation Contractor
will have free use of hoist and elevators for the
transportation of his workers, materials, and
equipment. All scaffolding will meet the re-
quirements of local and state codes.
h. Permits and Licenses: The Industrial Ventila- This paragraph should be in agreement with the gen-
tion Contractor or the owner shall secure all per- eral conditions for the entire project and could make
mits and licenses required for the installation of reference to them as well as indicate any deviations
this branch of the work and shall pay all fees in- or additions.
cident thereto. However, all required state and
federal operating permits and licenses must be
secured by the owner.
i. Taxes: The Owner shall pay all federal, state, Many states will require pollution control operating
and local taxes applicable to this branch of the permits for the installed system. The owner will be
work. required to make this application. Some states main-
tain tax exempt status on pollution control installa-
tions.
j. Utilities: All temporary sanitary and storm Verify coverage of these facilities services and their
drainage facilities and all utilities, including usage under other portions of the specification.
water and electrical services shall be provided
by others. Electrical services by others shall in-
clude adequate temporary lighting.
k. Access: The General Contractor shall provide

and maintain vehicular and pedestrian access
routes to all work areas for the purposes of mate-
rial delivery and workmen entrance and exit.

1.04 Submittals
a. Equipment Drawings: The Industrial Ventila- Sufficient copies should be included to enable draw-
tion Contractor shall submit for approval ings to be supplied to other contractors that are pro-
copies of outline drawings and pertinent details viding openings or curbs for ducts and equipment to
for major equipment as specified for this branch be supplied under this section of the specification.
of the work.
b. Operating and Maintenance Instructions: The
Industrial Ventilation Contractor shall furnish
copies of written operating and maintenance
instructions for all equipment furnished by him
under this section.
1.05 Equipment Identification
The Industrial Ventilation Contractor shall place ap- The contractor providing starters and control sta-
propriate permanent identification labels or stencils tions which are not integrated with the controlled
on all fans and airhandling units. equipment should also provide appropriate perma-
nent identification of these items.
1.06 Referenced Documents
The following documents of the particular edition Refer to CSI Manual of Practice MP3C The Use
listed form a part of this specification to the extent of Reference Standards." While changes in stan-
specified herein. dards are often minor in nature, care should be exer-
cised to indicate the exact edition of the documents
to be used in the design of the system being specified.
The editions of the documents referenced in Appen-
dix D of this manual are those current at the time of
preparation of this document.
a. Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Stan- This guide specification is based on the use of, and
dards, 2nd Edition, 2004 as published by the reference to, the mandatory provisions of this manu-
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors al, which constitute Chapters 2 through 4, 6 through
National Association, 4201 Lafayette Center 11, and the documents referenced in Appendix D of
Drive, Chantilly, VA 20151. Hereafter referred this manual. Reference to the documents listed in
to as RCDC. Appendix D need not be duplicated in the project
specification. Only when special requirements de-
mand references to documents not already listed,
b. Other documents, as required. should they be added to paragraph 1.06.
2.0 INDUSTRIAL VENTILATION Depending on the particular project, the specifier

DUCTWORK may find that the use of an alternate broad scope
heading, such as Industrial Exhaust System," is
more suitable.
All ductwork, fittings and accessories shall be When referencing the construction requirements of
constructed and installed in accordance with this standard, the design pressure must be specified
SMACNAs RCDC Chapters 2 through 4, and 6 as well as the assumed abrasion characteristics.
through 11. (See section 2.3 Duct System Classification.)

Material thickness and reinforcements shall be as The specifier should note all special operating con-
specified in SMACNAs RCDC for the design pres- ditions such as special maintenance provisions, tem-
sure and the industrial duct class indicated on the perature and pressure fluctuations or extremes, and
project drawings. the specific means the specifier envisions for han-
dling them.
To provide for more economical construction, the

system may be separated into portions having differ-
ent design pressure ratings. Where only a single
pressure rating is used, it should be the maximum
conditions anticipated in the duct.
a. Welding: Provide (partial/complete) penetra- Partial penetration welds are generally adequate
tion welds at all seams and joints. All welds will for most industrial duct applications. See Chapter
conform to the following standards: (1) SMAC- 14 Welding and AWS D9.1 Sheet Metal Welding
NAs Managers Guide to Welding, Second Edi- Code.
tion, 1993 and (2) AWS D9.1. Stiffeners and
connecting flanges will be attached as specified
in Chapter 11. In special circumstances the specifier may require
gas tight" or liquid or water tight" welded seams
and joints. See Glossary for the definition of these
terms, as they are traditionally used in industrial
duct construction.
b. Elbows: Elbow construction shall be as indi-
cated in the project drawings.:
c. Gasketing: All flanged connections will be Specifiers will determine the appropriate product
(caulked/gasketed) at installation to prevent air for the application. Consideration will be give to the
leakage. Approved products include: effects of abrasion, temperature, and corrosion.
(1) and (2) .
d. Flanges/Stiffeners: Flanges will be provided at
the following locations: (1) all flanged connec-
tions to equipment (i.e., fans, collectors, con-
veyors, hoods, etc.) and (2) in the duct system as
required to facilitate removal for cleaning and
inspection.
Stiffeners and reinforcements will be provided as re- The requirement for reinforcements and stiffeners
quired by the duct design. will vary with the thickness of the duct wall. It is
sometimes more economical to construct a heavier
gage duct system without the use of stiffeners.
All flanges and stiffeners will be of compatible ma-
terial to that of the ductwork to which they are at-
tached.
2.01 Materials
All materials shall be as specified in SMACNAs The physical properties of all the metals covered by
RCDC except as otherwise stated in this specifica- this SMACNA standard are clearly stated through-
tion. out.
Should the specifier desire to use an alternate mate-

rial, the effect (if any) of the difference in properties
on the construction requirements must be carefully
evaluated.

2.02 Duct System
Duct sizes shall be in accordance with the project
drawings, which form a part of this specification.
The configuration of offsets, transitions, turns, etc.,
shall be as specified on the project drawings.
2.03 Location of Access Doors
Access doors shall be located where indicated in the The location and size of all access openings should
project drawings. Access doors will be constructed be indicated on the project drawings. Access open-
in accordance with the project drawings. ings are usually provided at all locations requiring
routine maintenance and replacement of parts or in-
spection of items concealed in the ductwork. Open-
ings should also be provided as necessary for perfor-
mance of periodic cleaning.
NOTES:
1. Cleanout (access) doors are required in horizon-

tal runs of duct in duct systems carrying particu-
late laden air. They are to be installed adjacent
to elbows, junctions with vertical ducts, vertical
duct runs, and at devices requiring periodic in-
spection and maintenance.
2. Cleanout and access doors shall be sized to sat-

isfy their intended use. The height of the open-
ing shall not exceed 0.5 times the width of the
duct panel on which it is installed, or 24 in.,
whichever is less.
EXCEPTION: The size of the opening may exceed

the stated limits when the duct opening is satisfacto-
rily reinforced.
3. Cleanout and access doors must be located on

the top or sides of the duct, but never on the bot-
tom.
4. Cleanout and access doors may be spaced as re-

quired by Note 1 above, but the distance be-
tween doors must not exceed 12 ft or the maxi-
mum distance allowed by local codes, whichev-
er is less.
5. On duct systems provided with flanged joints

for cleaning purposes, inspection openings not
smaller than 6 x 6 in. square may be installed in
lieu of cleanouts. See Chapter 11 for additional
details.

2.04 Location of Regulating Dampers
Regulating dampers shall be furnished and The location of all regulating dampers should be in-
installed where indicated on the project drawings. dicated on the project drawings. Regulating damp-
Dampers shall be constructed in accordance with ers should normally be provided at all fume hoods,
details shown on the project drawings. Tconnections, and any other location necessary for
balancing and adjustment of the system.
2.05 Hangers and Supports
(When or if) equipment may be supported from the
building steel, provide a complete system of sup-
ports for all equipment and ductwork installed under
this contract and submit to the owner the designed
load points and weights for review and verification.
(Otherwise) provide a complete and independent
system of supports for all equipment and ductwork
installed under this contract.
2.06 Location of Flexible Connections
Flexible connections will be located where indicated The location of all flexible connections should be in-
on the project drawings. They will be constructed in dicated on the project drawings. At a minimum, they
accordance with the details shown on the project should be indicated between ductwork and the inlet
drawings. and outlet of fans and other moving equipment, for
the purpose of vibration isolation. These devices
may be omitted if located in a contaminated air-
stream.
2.07 Location of Expansion Joints
Expansion joints will be located where shown on the The design of any installation subject to significant
project drawings. They will be constructed in accor- temperature differentials must include thoughtful
dance with the details shown on the project draw- consideration of the effects of thermal expansion and
ings. contraction, so that dimensional changes may be
properly accommodated. Criteria for dealing with
the effects of thermal expansion are discussed in sec-
tion 414. Coefficients of thermal expansion for
common metals are listed in the Nomenclature, sec-
tion 4.3. The need for expansion joints depends on
conditions, and in many cases the configuration of
the ductwork is such that its thermal movement can
be accommodated without the use of such joints.
When considering the thermal movement of ducts,
the effect on minor branches, thermocouple points,
etc., should be considered. These branches should
be freely supported to ensure that the movement of
the main duct is not opposed. Where this is not pos-
sible, flexible connections must be arranged be-
tween the branches and the main duct. Design draw-
ings should indicate the location and construction
of expansion joints when required.
Expansion joints may be in the form of modified

sleeve joints or bellows. Where possible, bellows
should include flow liners to prevent material build-
up.

2.08 Locations of Drains
Drains will be furnished and installed at the locations Location of drainage points should be indicated on
specified on the drawings. Provide adequate trap the drawings. They should be provided at low points
depth to compensate for the designed static pressure. of the system and where accumulation of moisture is
anticipated.
3.0 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES CSI Reference 15800
3.01 Fans
Furnish and install, where shown on the drawings, The fan schedule included in this guide specification
fans of the model, size, type, and capacity or equiva- can be used to indicate the desired equipment.
lent indicated by the fan schedule" which forms a
part of this specification.
Fieldfabricated curbs for power roof ventilators
should be detailed and specified under the roofing"
section of specifications. Prefabricated metal curbs
may be obtained from the fan manufacturer or
manufactured by a sheet metal contractor. Verify
type and specification section.
Performance of all units will be based on tests con- Give specific AMCA test code number.
ducted in accordance with AMCA 210 , Meth-
ods of Testing Fans for Rating." Fan rotors will be
statically and dynamically balanced by the fan
manufacturer.
The motor and fan assembly will be isolated from the (rubber) (other)
base with vibration insulators.
3.02 Air or Fume Scrubbers
Furnish and install, where shown on the drawings, Fill in selected manufacturers name and pertinent
air scrubber(s) manufactured by , model no. data. Equipment should be constructed of a materi-
al suitable for the environment.
, or approved equal, rated at cfm, at
in. wg static pressure, complete with all appurte-
nances and accessories as required to complete the
installation in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.
3.03 Dust Collectors
Furnish and install, where shown on the drawings, Fill in selected manufacturers name and pertinent
dust collector(s) manufactured by , model no. data. There are many different types of dust collec-
tors available. Specifier should elaborate on perfor-
, or approved equal, rated at cfm, at mance requirements consistent with the type of col-
in. wg static pressure complete with all appurte- lector selected.
nances and accessories as required to complete the
installation in accordance with the manufacturers
recommendations.

3.04 Filters
Furnish and install filters manufactured by , or Fill in selected manufacturers name, model num-
approved equal, of the model and size in accordance ber, and size or provide appropriate schedule.
with the Air Filters Schedule."
3.05 Hoods, Dust, and Fume
Furnish and install dust and fume hoods as shown See Chapters 3 and 10 in the Industrial Ventilation
and detailed on the drawings. Manual for design criteria. Should coordinate work
with CSI Division 11.
Hoods will be constructed such that the fumes and

airborne solids will fall, be projected, or be drawn
into the hood in the direction of air flow; all hoods
will be constructed to provide maximum possible
enclosure of contaminated atmosphere consistent
with the requirements of this work. All construction
will be free of sharp edges, burrs, etc. Side sheets of
hoods will be not less than 16 gage (ASTM A425)
steel, painted, and adequately reinforced with struc-
tural steel to prevent vibration.
3.06 Louvers and Intake Hoods
Furnish and install louvers and intake hoods where
shown on the drawings. The louvers will be fabri-
cated of the appropriate materials and in accordance
with SMACNAs HVAC Duct Construction Stan-
dards, 2nd edition, 1995.
3.07 Motors and Bases Provide type, enclosure, frame, etc., as well as rat-
ing in appropriate schedules.
Furnish all motors and bases of the size and charac-
teristics shown on the appropriate schedules for op-
eration of all airhandling equipment called for by
this specification.
3.08 Balancing and Adjusting
Air performance in all industrial ventilation systems Fill in total number of copies required for owner, en-
will be tested, balanced, and adjusted. This work gineer, etc.
will be performed with calibrated instruments in ac-
cordance with the SMACNAs HVAC Systems Test-
ing, Adjusting & Balancing Manual, 2nd edition,
1993. All instruments used for measurement will be
accurate, and calibration histories for each instru-
ment will be available for examination. Accuracy of
measurement will be in accordance with the SMAC-
NA standards. copies of final test reports will
be submitted on appropriate SMACNA reporting
forms.

3.09 Warranty
The products furnished hereunder are warranted by
the industrial ventilation contractor against any de-
fect in material or workmanship for a period of one
(1) year from the date of shipment, when owned by
original Purchaser of first User, and maintained and
operated under normal conditions, provided, howev-
er, any products furnished hereunder not manufac-
tured by the industrial ventilation contractor are war-
ranted only to the extent of the original manufactur-
ers warranty. Parts found to be defective in material
or workmanship shall be repaired or replaced with-
out charge, F.O.B. original point of shipment, pro-
vided prompt notice of defect is given and com-
pliance with the terms of the warranty is established.
Decomposition by chemical action and wear caused
by abrasion shall not constitute defects for purposes
hereof. This warranty shall be void if repairs or alter-
ations are made without the industrial ventilation
contractors prior written consent.


APPENDIX A
COMMENTARY ON FORMULA
DERIVATIONS AND UNITS
APPENDIX A COMMENTARY ON FORMULA DERIVATIONS AND UNITS
The majority of manuals in the United States present If this is done, then the formula stands on its own and
formulas in terms of parameters that must be entered does not need to be accompanied by any explanation
in dimensions defined simultaneously with the equa- of the units that must be used with each parameter. Fur-
tion. For example, the equation for the extreme stress ther, the formula can be readily used with any system
of a steel beam subjected to a bending moment would of parameters and will always render correct and con-
be given as: sistent results. For example, in such a presentation, the
equation for extreme stress would be
12, 000M
s+
S
s+M
S
where s is the stress in pounds per square inch, M is the
bending moment in Kipft, and S is the modulus of re- Now if M = 120 Kipin. and S = 100 in.3
sistance in inches cubed.
120 Kipin. 120 (1000 lb)(in.)
s+ +
This formula must always be accompanied by an ex- 100 in. 3 100 in. 3
planation of the units used for each parameter; other- + 1200 lb/in. 2
wise it may be used erroneously. To illustrate, if the
same formula is used by one person for a bending mo- If M = 10 Kipft and S = 100 in.3
ment of M = 120 Kipin. and a modulus of S = 100 in.3,
10 Kip ft 10 (1000 lb)(12 in.)
the results would be: s+ +
100 in. 3 100 in. 3
12, 000
s+ 120 + 14, 400 + 1200 lb/in. 2
100
while if another person enters the equation with M = If M = 13.56 kNm (equivalent of 10 Kipft) and S =
10 Kipft (which is equal to 120 Kipin.) and the same 1.639 103 m3 (equivalent of 100 in3.)
modulus S = 100 in.3, the result would be:
13.56 kNm
12, 000 s+ + 8273.3 kN/m2
s+ 10 + 1200 1.639 10*3 m 3
100
and since
In more scientific presentations, each parameter in a
formula must be entered with its dimensions unless it 1 kN/m 2 + 1 kPa + 1.45 10 *4 lb/in. 2
represents a dimensionless quantity. This is because a
dimensioned parameter (such as a bending moment) is s + 8273.3 1.45 10 *4 lb/in. 2
neither 120 nor 10 but 120 times a standard unit of
forcedesignated by Kip and defined by the Bureau + 1200 lb/in. 2
of Standardstimes a standard unit of length, desig-
nated by inch. For the above reasons, and in order to make all formu-
las in this text applicable in both IP (Inchpound, En-
Since 1 inch = 1 foot divided by 12: glish or customary) as well as SI (International System
ft of Units, or Metric) units, all formulations have been
120 Kip in. + 120 Kip + 10 Kipft derived and presented in this format.
12
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition A.1

A.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

APPENDIX B
SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN DATA

APPENDIX B SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN DATA
B.1 INTRODUCTION formation contained herein.
NOTE: To better view the weather data maps (Fig-

This appendix contains tables, charts, and maps of de- ures B1 through B4) refer to the electronic version.
sign data to be used in conjunction with various design Using Acrobat ReaderR, zoom in for closer inspec-
sections throughout this publication. Notes within the tion, as needed. Although, Figures B1 through B4
examples and the design chapters will call to the users are generally readable, obtaining weather data from
attention when they need to refer to, or access, the in- the hardcopy can, in some instances, be difficult.
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition B.1

FIGURE B1 BASIC WIND SPEED (MPH)
Reprinted with permission of ASCE
B.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Wind Velocity, MPH Wind Pressure, lb/ft2 Wind Pressure, in. wg
150 58 11.1
125 40 7.7
120 37 7.1
110 31 6.0
100 26 5.0
90 21 4.0
80 16 3.1
70 13 2.5
Table B1 Conversion of Wind Loads

FIGURE B2 SNOW GROUND LOAD WESTERN U.S. (LB/SQ FT)

FIGURE B3 SNOW GROUND LOAD EASTERN U.S. (LB/SQ FT)

B.6
NO ICING 0.4 in. 1.0 in. 1.6 in. 2.2 in.

FIGURE B4 GLAZE ICE ACCRETION ZONE
TEMPERATURE
DENSITY THKS AVAILABLE
MATERIAL RANGE
lb/ft3 in. 5F
1.0 50
0.75
Fiberglass Blanket to
1.5 2.0 165
1.0
3.0 2.0 50
Fiberglass Board 4.0 to
6.0 3.0 350
4.0
1.5
2.0
6.0 3.0 300
Mineral Wool Board 8.0 to
12.0 4.0 1,000
5.0
6.0
1.0
2.0
3.0 300
Calcium Silicate 12.0 to
4.0 1,500
5.0
6.0
0.5 40
Rubber (Armaflex) 3.0 1.0 to
1.5 180
2.5 300
Firetemp Board 12.0 to
3.0 1,500
Table B2 Insulation Physical Data

Cladding Thickness Weight/Unit Area
Material
in. lb/ft2
Fabric & 7.2 oz/ft2
40 Mil 0.45
Mastic Wet
1.4 oz/ft2 10 Mil 0.088
1.9 15 Mil 0.119
PVC
2.4 20 Mil 0.150
3.4 30 Mil 0.213
0.010 0.143
0.016 0.228
0.020 0.285
Aluminum 0.025 0.356
0.032 0.456
0.040 0.570
0.050 0.713
0.010 0.420
0.015 0.630
0.018 0.750
Stainless Steel
0.020 0.840
0.024 1.010
0.030 1.260
Table B3 Lagging Physical Data

Carbon Steel Austenitic
5 Cr Mo 12 Cr Monel
Temperature CarbonMoly Stainless 25 Cr
thru 17 Cr 67 Ni
5F LowChrome Steels 20 Ni
9 Cr Mo 18 27 Cr 30 Cr
(thru 3 Cr Mo) Cr 8 Ni
300 2.24 2.10 3.63 1.92 2.83 2.50
275 2.11 1.98 3.41 1.80 2.66 2.38
250 1.98 1.86 3.19 1.68 2.49 2.26
225 1.85 1.74 2.96 1.57 2.32 2.14
200 1.71 1.62 2.73 1.46 2.15 2.02
175 1.58 1.50 2.50 1.35 1.98 1.90
150 1.45 1.37 2.27 1.24 1.81 1.79
125 1.30 1.23 2.01 1.11 1.60 1.59
100 1.15 1.08 1.75 0.98 1.39 1.38
75 1.00 0.94 1.50 0.85 1.18 1.18
50 0.84 0.79 1.24 0.72 0.98 0.98
25 0.68 0.63 0.98 0.57 0.78 0.77
0 0.49 0.46 0.72 0.42 0.57 0.57
25 0.32 0.30 0.46 0.27 0.37 0.37
50 0.14 0.13 0.21 0.12 0.16 0.20
70 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0.23 0.22 0.34 0.20 0.28 0.28
150 0.61 0.58 0.90 0.53 0.74 0.75
200 0.99 0.94 1.46 0.86 1.21 1.22
250 1.40 1.33 2.03 1.21 1.70 1.71
300 1.82 1.71 2.61 1.56 2.18 2.21
350 2.26 2.10 3.20 1.93 2.69 2.68
400 2.70 2.50 3.80 2.30 3.20 3.25
450 3.16 2.93 4.41 2.69 3.72 3.79
500 3.62 3.35 5.01 3.08 4.24 4.33
550 4.11 3.80 5.62 3.49 4.79 4.90
600 4.60 4.24 6.24 3.90 5.33 5.46
650 5.11 4.69 6.87 4.31 5.88 6.05
700 5.63 5.14 7.50 4.73 6.44 6.64
750 6.16 5.62 8.15 5.16 7.02 7.25
800 6.70 6.10 8.80 5.60 7.60 7.85
850 7.25 6.59 9.46 6.05 8.19 8.48
900 7.81 7.07 10.12 6.49 8.78 9.12
950 8.35 7.56 10.80 6.94 9.37 9.77
1000 8.89 8.06 11.48 7.40 9.95 10.42
1050 9.46 8.55 12.16 7.95 10.54 11.09
1100 10.04 9.05 12.84 8.31 11.12 11.77
1150 10.57 9.52 13.52 8.76 11.71 12.47
1200 11.10 10.00 14.20 9.20 12.31 13.15
1250 11.66 10.53 14.88 9.65 12.88 13.86
1300 12.22 11.06 15.56 10.11 13.46 14.58
1350 12.78 11.55 16.24 10.56 14.05 15.30
1400 13.34 12.05 16.92 11.01 14.65 16.02
Table B4 Thermal Expansion Chart
NOTES:
a. Linear thermal expansion (in inches/100 ft of duct) for the temperature difference between the listed tempera-
ture and 705F.
b. Since aluminum is limited to temperatures at or below 4005F a constant rate of expansion a = 130 107/5F
and the expression Dl + a l r Dt provide adequate accuracy in most instances.
c. Chart reprinted courtesy of Pathway Industries.


APPENDIX C
COMMENTARY ON SURFACE
PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
APPENDIX C COMMENTARY ON SURFACE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES
C.1 INTRODUCTION S Class G: Paint thoroughly weathered,

blistered, or stained; up to 10.0% of surface
Proper surface preparation is essential for good main- covered with rust, rust blisters, hard scale, or
tenance painting. Its purpose is to remove any contam- loose paint film; very little pitting visible to
inants or other loose materials from the surface to be the naked eye.
painted, so that they dont interfere with the applica-
tion and adherence of the paint. Contaminants include S Class H: Large portion of surface is cov-
rust, mill scale, dirt, dust, oil, chemicals, old paint ered with rust, pits, rust nodules, and nonad-
coatings, weld flux, and weld spatter. herent paint. Pitting is visible to the naked
eye.
Consult the Steel Structures Paint Council Publica-
tions for additional useful information. These last four classifications of surface conditions are
listed in Table C1, which details current surface prep-
C.2 METAL SURFACE PREPARATION aration practices for maintenance painting.
On fabricated metal an almost infinite number of sur- Some of the most common methods of cleaning metal
face conditions exist; but for convenience, they have surfaces are described below, a more complete list is
been grouped under eight headings. included in Table C2.
IN NEW CONSTRUCTION: SP 1: Solvent cleaning methods include solvent

wiping, immersion in solvent, solvent spray, vapor de-
S Class A: Steel surface covered complete- greasing, steam cleaning, emulsion cleaning, chemi-
ly with adherent mill scale with little, if any, cal paint stripping, and alkaline cleaning. These tech-
rust. niques will remove oil, grease, dirt, and similar
contaminants, but will not remove scale and rust.
S Class B: Steel surface which has begun to
rust and from which the mill scale has begun SP 2: Hand tool cleaning, generally specified when
to flake. blasting facilities are not available, is acceptable for
normal exposures usually found in interior mainte-
S Class C: Steel surface from which most of nance painting. It is both expensive and limited in re-
the mill scale has rusted away or from which sults.
it can be scraped, but with little pitting visible
to the naked eye. SP 5: White metal bast cleaning is the best method
and the most expensive. It produces a completely
S Class D: Steel surface where the mill clean and uniform surface for the application of pro-
scale has rusted away and where pitting is vis- tective coatings.
ible to the naked eye.
SP 6: Commercial blast is probably the most wide-
FOR MAINTENANCE PAINTING: ly used method, its adequate for most coating sys-
tems.
S Class E: Paint almost intact; some primer
may show; rust covers less than 0.1% of the SP 7: Brushoff blast cleaning is a relatively low
surface. cost method, designed to brush off loose rust, mill
scale, and old coatings. Intended as a quick pass over
S Class F: Finish coat somewhat weath- the surface, this method should not be used in severely
ered; primer may show; slight staining or corrosive surroundings. Because the cleaned surface
blistering; after stains are wiped off, less than will not be entirely free of mill scale, paint, or rust, the
1.0% of area shows rust, blistering, loose mill coatings applied should be chosen for their ability to
scale, or loose paint film wet" the surface and bind to it.
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition C.1

Degree of Rusting, Blistering, or Film % Rust or
Class Cleaning and Painting Recommended
Embrittlement Blistering
Solvent clean and spot clean if necessary.
Paint almost intact; some primer may
Apply one or two coats of finish paint if re-
show; rust covers less than 1_qp of 1% of sur- E 0 to 0.1
quired to maintain film thickness and con-
face
tinuity.
Finish coat somewhat weathered; primer
Spot clean and spot prime. Apply one or
may show; slight staining or blistering; af-
two overall coats of finish paint as neces-
ter stains are wiped off, less than 1% of F 0.1 to 1
sary. It is almost always economical to re-
area shows rust, blistering, loose mill
paint well before stage G or H is reached.
scale, or loose paint film
Spot clean back to adherent paint film;
Paint thoroughly weathered, blistered, or
feather edges, spot prime (two coats), and
stained; up to 10% of surface is covered
apply one or two overall coats of finish
with rust, rust blisters, hard scale, or loose G 1 to 10
paint as necessary. Remove all loose paint;
paint film; very little pitting visible to the
avoid removing good paint and avoid
naked eye
building up overly thick paint film.
Spot clean and spot prime. Apply one
overall coat of priming paint and one or
25 to 50
two coats of finish paint as necessary. Ob-
Large portion of surface is covered with serve precautions listed under G.
rust pits,
rust, pits rust nodules,
nodules and nonadherent
non adherent H
paint. Pitting is visible to the naked eye Remove as much rust and old paint as
practical (preferably all). Apply two prim-
50 to 100
ing coats and one finish coat or one prim-
ing coat and two finish coats as necessary.
Table C1 Surface Conditions and Recommended Treatment
SSPC
Prep Method Purpose
Designation
Removal of oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminants by cleaning with
Solvent SP 1
solvent, vapor, alkali, emulsion, or steam
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint by hand chipping,
Hand Tool SP 2
scraping, sanding, and wire brushing.
Removal of loose rust, loose mill scale, and loose paint by power tool chip-
Power Tool SP 3
ping, descaling, sanding, wire brushing, and grinding.
Flame Cleaning of Dehydrating and removal of rust, loose mill scale, and some tight mill scale
SP 4
New Steel by use of flame, followed by wire brushing
Removal of all visible rust, mill scale, paint, and foreign matter by blast
White Metal Blast cleaning by wheel or nozzle (dry or wet) using sand, grit, or shot. For very SP 5
corrosive atmosphere where high cost of cleaning is warranted.
Blast cleaning, nearly to white metal cleanliness, until at least 95% of each
NearWhite Blast element of surface area is free of all visible residues. (For high humidity, SP 10
chemical atmosphere, marine, or other corrosive environment.)
Blast cleaning until at least twothirds of each element of surface area is free
Commercial Blast SP 6
of all visible residues. (For rather severe conditions of exposure.)
Blast cleaning of all except tightly adhering residues of mill scale, rust, and
BrushOff Blast SP 7
coatings, exposing numerous evenly distributed flecks of underlying metal.
Complete removal of rust and mill scale by acid, duplex, or electrolytic pick-
Pickling SP 8
ling. May passify surface.
Weathering, Weathering to remove all or part of mill scale, followed by blast cleaning
As Required
Followed by Blast to one of the above standards as required.
Table C2 Surface Preparation Methods
C.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

APPENDIX D
REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
APPENDIX D REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
D.1 ASTM STANDARDS S ASTM Standard A44904, Standard Specifi-

cation for Quenched and Tempered Steel
The following ASTM documents are available from: Bolts and Studs. ibid. 2004.
S ASTM Standard A480/A480M03c, Stan-

ASTM dard Specification for General Requirements
100 Barr Harbor Drive for FlatRolled Stainless and HeatResisting
West Conshohocken, PA 194282959 Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip. ibid. 2003.
Phone: 6108329585
Fax: 6108329555 S ASTM Standard A568/568M03, Standard
Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and
S ASTM Standard A36/A36M03a, Standard HighStrength, LowAlloy, HotRolled and
Specification for Carbon Structural Steel. ColdRolled, General Requirements for. ibid.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 2003.
West Conshohocken, PA. 2003.
S ASTM Standard A572/A572M04, Standard
Specification for HighStrength LowAlloy
S ASTM Standard A90/A90M01, Standard ColumbiumVanadium Structural Steel.ibid.
Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on 2004.
Iron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc
Alloy Coatings. ibid. 2001. S ASTM Standard A653/A653M03, Standard
Specification for Steel Sheet, ZincCoated
S ASTM Standard A30402, Standard Specifi- (Galvanized) or ZincIron AlloyCoated
cation for Carbon and Alloy Steel Bars Sub- (Galvannealed) by the HotDip Process. ibid.
ject to EndQuench Hardenability Require- 2003.
ments. ibid. 2002.
S ASTM Standard A659/A659M97 (2001),
Standard Specification for Commercial Steel
S ASTM Standard A153/A153M03, Standard (CS), Sheet and Strip, Carbon (0.16 Maxi-
Specification for Zinc Coating (HotDip) on mum to 0.25 Maximum Percent), HotRolled.
Iron and Steel Hardware. ibid. 2003. ibid. 2001
S A240/A240M97a, HeatResisting Chro- S ASTM Standard A924/A924M99, Standard

mium and ChromiumNickel Stainless Steel Specification for General Requirements for
Plate, Sheet and Strip for Pressure Vessels. Steel Sheet, MetallicCoated by the HotDip
ibid. 1997 Process. ibid. 1999.
S ASTM Standard A1008/A1008M03, Stan-

S ASTM Standard A283/A283M03, Standard dard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold
Specification for Low and Intermediate Ten- Rolled, Carbon, Structural, HighStrength
sile Strength Carbon Steel Plates. ibid. 2003 LowAlloy and HighStrength LowAlloy
with Improved Formability. ibid. 2003.
S ASTM Standard A30703, Standard Specifi-
cation for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 S ASTM Standard A1011/A1011M03a, Stan-
000 PSI Tensile Strength. ibid. 2003. dard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,
HotRolled, Carbon, Structural, High
Strength LowAlloy and HighStrength Low
S ASTM Standard A32504, Standard Specifi-
Alloy with Improved Formability. ibid. 2003.
cation for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile
S ASTM Standard B20904a, Standard Speci-
Strength. ibid. 2004.
fication for Aluminum and AluminumAlloy
Sheet and Plate. ibid. 2004.
S ASTM Standard A35403a, Standard Speci-
fication for Quenched and Tempered Alloy S ASTM Standard B308/B308M02, Standard
Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Specification for AluminumAlloy 6061T6
Threaded Fasteners. ibid. 2003. Standard Structural Profiles. ibid. 2002.
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition D.1

S ASTM Standard B69500, Standard Specifi- ASME
cation for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De- Order Department
posited on Iron and Steel. ibid. 2000. 22 Law Drive
P.O. Box 2900
S ASTM Standard A463/A463M02a, Stan- Fairfield, NJ 070072900
dard Specification for Steel Sheet, Alumi- Phone: 8008432763
numCoated, by the HotDip Process. ibid. Fax: 9738825155
2002.
S 2001 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
D.2 ANSI STANDARDS Code, Section II Materials, Part D Proper-
ties. ibid. 2001.
The following ANSI documents are available from:
D.5 SMACNA STANDARDS
American National Standards Institute
11 West 42nd Street
The following SMACNA documents are available
New York, New York 10036
from:
Phone: 2126424900
Fax: 2123980023
SMACNA
S ANSI/ASME B18.2.3.1M, Metric Hex Cap Publications Department
Screws, American National Standards Insti- 4201 Lafayette Center Drive
tute, New York, NY. 1999. Chantilly, VA 201511209
Phone: 7038032989
S ANSI Standard H35.2, Dimensional Toler- Fax: 7038033732
ances for Aluminum Mill Products. American
National Standards Institute, New York, NY. S SMACNA. Managers Guide to Welding,
2003. Second Edition, ibid. 1993
S ANSI/AIHA Standard Z9.2, Fundamentals S SMACNA. Seismic Restraint Manual

Governing the Design and Operation of Lo- Guidelines for Mechanical Systems, Second
cal Exhaust Ventilation Systems. ibid. 2001 Edition. ibid. 1998.
S ANSI/CEMA Standard 5502003, Classifi- S SMACNA Thermoplastic Duct (PVC)

cations and Definitions of Bulk Materials, Construction Manual, Second Edition. ibid.
Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Associ- 1995.
ation, Naples, Florida. 2003.
S SMACNA Thermoset FRP Duct Construc-
D.3 NFPA STANDARDS tion Manual, First Edition, ibid. 1997.
The following NFPA document is available from:

D.6 OTHER STANDARDS
National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch Park The following American Conference of Governmental
Quincy, MA 021697471 Industrial Hygienists document is available from:
Phone: 8003443555
Fax: 800593NFPA American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
S ANSI/NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Sys- 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive
tems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Cincinnati, OH 45240
Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate So- Phone: 5137422020
lids. National Fire Protection Association, Fax: 5137423355
Quincy, MA. 1999.
S Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recom-
D.4 ASME STANDARDS mended Practice, 25th Edition. American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hy-
The following ASME documents are available from: gienists, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. 2004.
D.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

The following AMCA documents are available from: American Society of Civil Engineers
1801 Alexander Bell Drive
Air Movement and Control Association Inc. Reston, VA 201914400
30 W. University Drive Phone: 18005482723
Arlington Heights, IL 60004 Fax: 7032956222
Phone: 8473940150
Fax: 8472530088 S ASCE 702, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures. American
S AMCA Publication 99. Standards Hand- Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
book. Air Movement and Control Associa- 2003.
tion Inc., Arlington, Heights, IL. 2003.
S ASCE 802, Specification for the Design of
S ANSI/AMCA Standard 21099. Laboratory ColdFormed Stainless Structural Members.
Methods of Testing Fans for Aerodynamic ibid. 2003.
Performance Rating, ibid. 1999.
The following Aluminum Association document is
The following American Institute of Steel Construc- available from:
tion document is available from:
Aluminum Association
American Institute of Steel Construction 900 19th Street, N.W.
One East Wacker Drive, Suite 3100 Washington, DC 20006
Chicago, IL 606012001 Phone: 2028625100
Phone: 3126702400 Fax: 2028625164
Fax: 3126705403
S Aluminum Association. Aluminum Design
S AISC Specification for Structural Steel Manual. Aluminum Association, Washing-
Buildings Allowable Stress Design, and Plas- ton, DC. 2000.
tic Design. American Institute of Steel
Construction, Chicago, IL. 1989. The following American Welding Society documents
are available from:
The following American Iron and Steel Institute docu-
ment is available from: American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road
American Iron and Steel Institute P.O. Box 351040
1140 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 705 Miami, FL 33126
Washington, DC 20036 Phone: 8004439353
Phone: 2024527100 Fax: 3054437559
Fax: 2024636573
S ANSI/AWS D1.2/D1.2M03, Structural
S AISI Specification and Commentary for the Welding Code, Aluminum. American Weld-
Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural ing Society, Miami, FL. 2003.
Members. American Iron and Steel Institute,
Washington, DC. 1996. S ANSI/AWS D9.1M/D9.100, Sheet Metal
Welding Code. ibid. 2000.
S AISI Carbon Sheet Steel Product Manual.
ibid. S ANSI/AWS A2.498, Standard Symbols for
Welding, Brazing and NonDestructive Ex-
S AISI Design Guidelines for the Selection and amination. ibid. 1998.
Use of Stainless Steels. ibid.
The following Manufacturers Standardization Society
The following American Society of Civil Engineers of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc. documents are
documents are available from: available from:
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition D.3

Manufacturers Standardization Society of the D.7 OTHER RESOURCES
Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
127 Park Street, N.E. S Khan, M. Z., and Walker, A. C.. Buckling of
Vienna, VA 221804602 Plates Subjected to Localized Edge Loading"
Phone: 7032816613 The Structural Engineer, Vol. 50, No. 6, pp
Fax: 7032816671 225231. June, 1972.
S Timoshenko, S. and WoinowskyKrieger, S.,

Theory of Plates and Shells, McGrawHill
S SP582002, Pipe Hangers and Supports Book Company, New York, NY, 2nd Edition,
Materials, Design and Manufacture. 1959.
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc., Vienna, VA. S Corrosion Resistant Materials Handbook,
2002. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ,
1985.
S Handbook of Corrosion Data, Second Edi-

S SP692002, Pipe Hangers and Supports tion, ASM International, Materials Park, OH,
Selection and Application. ibid., 2002. 1995.
D.4 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
A BOD Symbol used in drawings to indicate bottom of

duct.
Abrasive Material that, when conveyed, tends to
cause surface erosion of base metal, particularly at Bolt gage The centerline distance of a bolt circle
turns or points of converging air streams. from the heel of an angle or other structural member
fabricated into the the shape of a flange.
Abrasion allowance Added metal thickness beyond
Bracing (Stiffener) A structural reinforcement
the structural requirements of the duct wall to compen-
member attached to a duct wall to provide additional
sate for future metal loss due to the abrasive action of
strength and rigidity.
the particulate flowing in the duct system. This allow-
ance varies from 0.006 to 0.024 in. depending on the
Brazing Brazing joins materials by heating them in
industrial duct class assigned to the application.
the presence of a filler metal having a liquidus above
840F but below the solidus of the base metals. Heat-
NOTE: The allowances listed in this manual are a ing may be provided by a variety of processes. The fill-
recommendation of the Task Force for typical applica- er distributes itself between the closely fitted surfaces
tions within the individual industrial duct classes. of the joint by capillary action. Brazing differs from
However, the designer should review those values in soldering in that soldering filler metals have a liquidus
light of individual plant experience and life cycle cost- below 840F.
ing to establish an economical basis for a specific proj-
ect. Butt joint A joint between two members lying in the
same plane.
Aerosol A suspension of ultramicroscopic particles
in air or gas. C
Allowable stress The maximum design force per Capture velocity Minimum hoodinduced air veloc-
unit of area to which a member may be subjected in ity necessary to capture and convey contaminant into
service. a hood. The velocity is a result of hood air flow rate and
hood configuration.
ANSI American National Standards Institute.
Centerline radius (CLR) The turning radius of an
elbow measured from the radius point to the center of
Arc welding A welding process that fuses a material
the duct.
by heating it with an electric arc.
Centrifugal fan A device for moving gas or air. The
Arrow side A weld symbol indicating the surface to gas or air enters the inlet or eye, passes through the ro-
be welded. (See Figure 102 for a listing and descrip- tor (changing direction 90), and is directed by a
tion of AWS welding symbols.) scrolltype housing to the fan outlet.
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials. Centroidal moment of inertia Moment of inertia
referenced to the center of gravity of the shape in ques-
AWS American Welding Society. tion. In beam flexure it relates an entire crosssectional
area to its neutral axis. Its symbol is I. Its units are usu-
B ally in.4.
Cladding Archaic terminology whose current syn-

Bend A change in direction of a metal surface or duct
onym is lagging. A protective covering applied to the
system.
surface of insulation to prevent erosion and shed mois-
ture.
Bending moment Sum of the moments of external
forces acting on either side of a crosssection of a struc- Coefficient of expansion The change in length per
tural member. unit lengthor the change in volume per unit vol-
umeper degree change in temperature.
Blast gate A sliding plate installed in a supply or ex-
haust duct at right angles to the duct for the purpose of Collar As it relates to industrial duct, a collar is a
regulating air flow. straight segment of material attached to the ends of re-
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition G.1

ducers or tapers. It can also be a ring of metal welded Duct class An arbitrary classification of industrial
around the duct to attach additional supports or han- duct that relates to abrasion and the type and con-
gers. centration of materials being conveyed. (See Chapter
2.)
Complete (Full) penetration See Full (joint) pene-
tration." (The term complete" reflects current AWS Duct saddles A duct support fabricated to the config-
terminology, while the traditional term full" is being uration of the duct.
phased out.)
Duct span The length of a duct segment between ad-
Concentrated loads Generally, a gravity load jacent supports.
(weight) or other concentrated force (from supports or
hangers) acting at a specific point, not distributed over Duct thickness The decimal or gage thickness of a
an area. duct wall.
Dust Small particles of matter formed from solid in-

Concentration The amount of particulate or dust
organic materials by crushing, grinding, high tempera-
present in the conveyed air stream. Usually expressed
ture, etc. Particulate size ranges from microscopic to
as the weight of particulate per unit volume of air being
submicroscopic. Particles thus formed are not usually
conveyed.
called dust unless they are smaller than about 100 mi-
crons.
Connection The means of joining two fabricated
duct sections together. (See Joint, duct). Dye Penetrant Test A means of detecting flaws or
cracks in a weld joint through the application of a spe-
Conveying velocity The speed at which air must cial dye. (Also referred to as Penetrant Testing (PT).)
travel through a duct to transport dust and particulate.
E
Corrosion Metal deterioration (loss of metal) due to
chemical action. Edge preparation Edge treatment of a metal surface
for welding, generally falls under the class of beveling.
Critical load Term used to describe the maximum
combination of dead and live loads acting concurrent- Effective throat The distance from the root of a fillet
ly on each individual panel of a reactangular duct, and weld to its face. On a butt welded joint, it varies de-
serving as the basis for selecting a panel thickness ca- pending on the joint design.
pable of absorbing that maximum load without ex-
ceeding the specified stress and deflection limits . Expansion joint A transverse duct joint used to ab-
sorb linear growth, and rotational, or lateral move-
D ments caused by changes in duct temperature or other
factors.
Dead load A load that acts on the duct permanently.
(See section 4.4.) F
Fastener A mechanical means of attaching or join-

Deformation A forced change in the shape of a metal
ing two pieces together.
surface.
Flange A perpendicular surface at the ends of the
Density A materials mass per unit of volume. duct used for the purpose of joining segments together.
Flange may also have a duct reinforcement function,
Design A noun or verb denoting responsibilities re- when so designed.
lating to creations of persons other than a fabricator or
installer, except in the case of a designandbuild con- Full (joint) penetration The state in which the weld
tractor. metal completely fills the groove and is fused to the
base metal throughout its total thickness. The term
Design criteria The principles and parameters on complete" reflects current AWS terminology, while
which the calculations are based. the traditional term full" is being phased out.
Duct Fabricated pipe, tube, or channel that conveys Fume A term applied to the result of fine, solid par-
air between two points. ticles dispersed in air or gases and formed by con-
G.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

densation, sublimation, or chemical reaction such as Insulation (thermal) A blanket or covering applied
the oxidation of metals. to a duct surface to reduce heat transmission.
G Internal Supports A system of structural members

designed to provide the necessary stiffening or support
G60 coatings A hotdipped coating of zinc applied of the indvidual panels of a rectangular duct, and
to a base metal to develop a twosided thickness equal installed within the interior of the duct. They may act
to 0.60 ounce per square foot as defined in ASTM alone or in combination with other reinforcement
A653. installed external to the duct. When used in combina-
tion with external reinforcement it is usually done to
reduce the size of the external reinforcement on very
G90 coatings A hotdipped coating of zinc applied
wide panels.
to a base metal to develop a twosided thickness equal
to 0.90 ounce per square foot as defined in ASTM
J
A653.
Joint, duct Location and means by which duct com-
Gage A graduated numerical series representing the ponents are held together to form a section of duct.
thickness of sheet metal. Each number in the series
having a defined range of decimal equivalents with Joint, weld The junction where two or more mem-
minimum, nominal and maximum values. bers are to be joined or have been joined by a welding
process.
Gasket A preformed ring or strip of material having
elastic and compressive properties that contribute to Joint design The proper selection of a method to join
the formation of an effective seal or closure. two or more members together.
Global buckling Term used in reference to a type of Joint efficiency Ratio of joint strength to base metal
instability failure of duct side walls under shear loads, strength.
where the failure is characterized by plastic deforma-
tion bands appearing diagonally across a large area of Joint penetration The minimum depth to which a
the panel. (See Localized buckling.) groove or fillet weld extends from its face into a joint,
excluding reinforcement. (See Full (joint) penetration
and Partial (joint) penetration.)
Gravity load A load whose magnitude is the weight
of individual or multiple components, and its direction
Joint root That portion of a joint, a line, or an area
is always vertically downward. (See Dead load.)
where members approach closest to each other.
H K
Hanger A device used to suspend a duct or pipe seg- Kip One thousand pounds.
ment from an overhead structure.
Ksi One kip per square inch, 1,000 psi.
I
L
Ice load The equivalent weight of ice accumulated
Lagging a protective covering applied to the exterior
on the surfaces of an exterior installation. The accu-
surface of insulation to prevent erosion and shed mois-
mulation thickness is based on historical data, col-
ture. (See also cladding)
lected and published as regional and national maps by
the United States Weather Service. (See Figure B4.)
Lap joint Joint between two overlapping members.
Inches of water (in. wg) A unit of pressure equal to Lateral bracing bracing attached to a building or
the pressure exerted by a column of liquid water, 1 inch other structure, that prevents the duct or piping from
high. A force of 5.2 pounds per square foot or 0.0361 moving perpendicularly or laterally to the dierection
psi. of its run.
Inertia, moment of See Centroidal moment of iner- Lateral load A force applied perpendicular to the
tia. wall of the duct (such as a wind load).

Live load A load that acts intermittently or periodi- Modulus of elasticity The quotient obtained by di-
cally. (See section 4.4.) viding the stress per square inch on a material by the
elongation in one inch caused by this stress. It is nor-
Load ratio factor (a) The ratio of top panel loading mally designated by the symbol E.
to bottom panel loading that initiates localized side
wall buckling for a given panel geometry. Moment The product of force and the perpendicular
distance from the point at which the moment is calcu-
lated to the line of action of the force.
Localized buckling Term used in reference to a type
of instability failure of duct side walls under shear
N
loads, where the failure is characterized by plastic de-
formation bands appearing on one or both side panels,
Negative pressure Internal forces, usually created
perpendicular to, and in the immediate area over a hor-
by a fans suction or drawing of air, applied evenly to
izontal support member (i.e. trapeze support). (See
duct walls. Also, static pressure within a duct or equip-
Global Buckling.)
ment that is lower than the pressure of the surrounding
environment.
Longitudinal bracing Bracing that prevents a duct
or pipe from moving in the direction of its run. Neutral axis In structural members subject to a bend-
ing moment, the neutral axis is an imaginary line that
M divides the structural members crossection into two
parts, one in tension and the other in compression.
Magnetic Particle Test A method used for detecting
flaws in weld seams. NFPA National Fire Prevention Association.
Nominal thickness A decimal thickness that repre-

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) Weld examination
sents the midrange of upper and lower tolerances for
procedure based on the characteristic behavior of fer-
metal thickness. The midpoint usually represents a
romagnetic particles in the presence of magnetic field
gage equivalent.
disturbances related to surface and near surface de-
fects in the test specimen.
O
Maintenance load External forces applied to the ex- OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
terior of a duct during maintenance activity, such as the tion. A U.S. government agency established for the
weight of a workman, tools, etc. purpose of enforcing the Occupational Health and
Safety Act which promotes safety in the work place.
Material class A method by which conveyed partic-
ulates are rated based on size, flowability, and abra- P
siveness" to determine the class of duct construction
to be used. Partial (joint) penetration Where the depth to
which the weld metal fills the groove and is fused to
Micron A measure of the size of dust particles equal the base metal is less than the joints total thickness.
to one thousandth of a millimeter (103 mm), or about Partial joint penetration is also an arbitrary classifica-
3.9 105 inches. tion assigned to certain welded joint designs which are
known to result in less than complete joint penetration.
MIG welding (metal inert gas) A process that welds
Particulate A term used as a general reference to
by heating with an electric arc between a continuous
solid material being conveyed or captured by a duct
consumable electrode wire and the work. Shielding is
system.
by gas, a gas mixture, or a mixture of a gas and flux.
It is also referred to as Gas metal arc weld (GMAW).
Penetration Depth of weld melting, measured from
the original surface of the base metal.
Misalignment The offset encountered when joining
two metal surfaces. Penetrant Testing (PT) See Dye Penetrant test.
Mist Small droplets of materials that are ordinarily Pitch The distance between centers of intermittent
liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. welds.

Poissons ratio A material constant (u) expressing trating radiation through a test object as represented by
the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain. The ra- the recording of an image on film or other recording
tio varies for different materials, usually ranging from media.
0.25 to 0.35.
Reactions Forces exerted by supports to offset load
Porosity Gas pockets or voids in metals. being supported.
Positive pressure Internal forces, usually created by Reduction factor (temperature) Factor represent-
a fans discharge or blowing of air, applied evenly to ing the reduced strength of metals when subjected to
the duct walls. Also, static pressure within a duct or high operating temperatures.
equipment that is higher than the pressure of the sur-
rounding environment. Root opening The distance between the members to
be joined at the root of the weld.
Pounds per square inch (psi) A measure of the nor-
mal force (in pounds) exerted by a liquid or gas on ev- S
ery square inch of the duct wall.
Safety factor A constant representing the ratio of the
Pressure The normal force exerted by a liquid or gas, yield stress of a material to the intended design stress.
per unit of area, on the wall of its container. In other engineering publications safety factors are
sometimes quoted on the basis of ultimate strength,
Pressure, absolute The sum of gage pressure and at- instead of yield strength. For safety factors used in the
mospheric pressure. preparation of this standard see list of () values in
Section 4.3.
Pressure, atmospheric The pressure indicated by a
Sealant A material with the necessary cohesive and
barometer. Standard atmosphere is the pressure equiv-
adhesive properties to form a seal for the intended ser-
alent to 14.696 psi or 29.921 inches of mercury at 32F.
vice.
Pressure, drop Pressure loss along the airflow path
Seam The joining of two metal surfaces in a longitu-
of a duct, due to friction, dynamic losses, and changes
dinal direction.
in velocity pressure.
Seismic Bracing a combination of longitudinal and
Pressure, static The force per unit area acting in a
lateral bracing to prevent duct movement in the event
direction perpendicular to the direction of flow.
of earthquake or seismic activity.
Pressure, total In the theory of the flow of fluids, the Shear Straining action wherein applied forces pro-
sum of the static pressure and the velocity pressure at duce a sliding or skewing type of deformation. A
the point of measurement. shearing force acts parallel to a plane, as distinguished
from tensile or compressive forces, which act normal
Pressure, velocity The kinetic pressure in the direc- to a plane.
tion of flow necessary to cause flow at the observed ve-
locity. Size of weld Groove weld depth of bevel plus the
root penetration. Fillet weldfor equal leg fillet
Pressure class The upper limit of positive or nega- welds, the leg length of the largest isosceles triangle
tive static pressure that is expected within a given duct. that can be inscribed within the fillet weld cross sec-
tion. For unequal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the
Procedure qualification Use of a weld procedure largest right triangle that can be inscribed in the weld
proven to meet a given standard. crosssection.
R Slide plate A minimum friction duct support device

used in lieu of rollers to accommodate thermal expan-
Radiographic Test Procedure using an X rays to de- sion.
tect flaws in welded seams.
Smoke The airborne solid and liquid particulates and
Radiographic Testing (RT) Weld examination pro- gases that evolve when a material undergoes pyrolysis
cedure based on the differentials in absorption of pene- or combustion.

Snow load The accumulation or buildup of snowfall Toe of weld The junction between the face of a weld
on the top of a duct surface, which adds to its bending and the base metal.
load. Historical data of snow accumulations is col-
lected and published by the U.S. Weather Bureau in re- U
gional and national maps. (See Figures B2 and B3.)
Ultrasonic Testing (UT) Weld examination proce-
Span Distance between duct hangers or supports. dure using high frequency sound waves (> 20,000 Hz)
to differentiate material properties, inspect materials
soundness, estimate defect size, and measure thick-
Staggered welds Weld beads applied at regular in-
ness or distance to defects.
tervals on opposite sides of a reinforcement.
V
Stiffener See Bracing.
V groove weld A weld deposited in a beveledged
Stiffener spacing The intervals between reinforce- butt joint.
ments attached to a duct.
Van Stone joint Bending the duct wall over the heel
Stitch welds See Weld, intermittent. of a flange to create a seal. This type of joint is typical-
ly only used on ducts 16 gage or thinner.
Superimposed (dead or live) loads A term used to
Velocity A vector quantity that denotes at once the
describe certain loads which can be theoretically dis-
time rate and the direction of linear motion.
tributed over a panels surface (on an area basis) and
summed for computational convenience. Visual Testing (VT) Weld examination procedures
using the naked eye, magnifying devices, rigid and
Support A device or means of holding a duct system flexible boroscopes, dye penetrant systems, and cam-
in place. eras or other remote optical sensors.
T W
Tack weld A short weld made to hold parts of a weld- Water gage (wg) Frequently used to express pres-
ment in proper alignment until the final welds are sure in inches water gage, where each unit of pressure
made. equals the pressure exerted by a column of liquid water
1 inch high at a temperature of 39.2F.
Temperature Measure of the relative activity of Weight per cubic foot A measure of the density of
atoms, and observed as hot or cold. a given substance expressed in pounds per cubic foot.
Temperature, ambient Generally, the air tempera-

ture surrounding an object. NOTE: The pressure exerted by an accumulated sub-
stance on a horizontal duct surface (in pounds per
Temperature, elevated An increase in the tempera- square foot) can be calculated by multiplying the
ture of an air stream, above ambient, resulting from the weight per cubic foot (density) of the substance by the
process being exhausted. height of the accumulation (in feet).
Test ports A capped opening in a duct wall for the Weight per linear foot The given weight of com-
purpose of inserting an instrument or recording device. mon structural steel members measured per foot of
length.
Thermal expansion A relationship of growth or
Weight per square foot The given weight of one
elongation in metal surfaces from an ambient (cold)
square foot of common steel sheet and plate measured
position to an elevated operating temperature (hot).
by their thickness.
TOD Symbol used in drawings to indicate top of Weld, airtight A general welding term used to de-
duct. scribe welding quality. This terminology allows an oc-
casional pin hole or vacuum leak. This level of quality
Toe of angle The outside edges of an angle. does not generally require weld testing for defects.

Weld, fillet A weld of approximately triangular Weld reinforcement Weld metal on the weld face in
crosssection joining two surfaces at about right angles excess of the metal necessary for the specified weld
to each other in a lap tee or corner joint. size.
Weld throat The shortest distance from the root of

Weld, gastight A general welding term used to de-
a fillet weld to its face. On a butt welded joint, the
scribe welding quality. This terminology does not al-
throat is equal to the thickness of the thinnest of the
low an occasional pin hole or vacuum leak. This level
parts joined.
of quality does not generally require weld testing for
defects.
Welder qualification Demonstration of a welders
ability to produce welds that meet prescribed stan-
Weld, groove A weld made in the groove between dards.
two (butt jointed) metal surfaces. (See V groove weld.)
Welding, arc A welding process that fuses material
Weld, intermittent (stitch) Short weld made be- by heating it with an electric arc.
tween two surfaces to securely attach bracing or stiff-
eners. Wind load The external forces applied to a duct wall
by the wind blowing against it. Historical data of wind
speed is collected and published by the United States
Weld, length The specified length of stitch or inter- Weather Bureau in regional and national maps. (See
mittent weld required to provide designed strength. Figure B1.)
Weld, watertight A general welding term used to Wind speed The velocity at which wind applies ex-
describe welding quality. This terminology does not ternal forces to a duct wall.
allow an occasional pin hole or vacuum leak. This lev-
el of quality commonly requires dye penetrant or other Working pressure The normal pressure acting on a
types of weld testing for verification of quality. system during operation.
Y
Weld axis A line through the length of a weld per-
pendicular to its crosssection.
Yield strength The stress accompanying a specified
permanent plastic strain, and which represents the
Weld metal The portion of a weld that has melted practical elastic strength for materials having a gradu-
during welding. al knee in the stressstrain curve.


INDEX
INDEX
A G
Abrasion,2.3 Galvanized Steel, 1.1, 3.1, 6.256.43, 6.1106.120
Access Doors, 11.12 Gaskets, 1.3, 9.14, 9.15
Allowable Shear Stress, 4.1 Grade Markings for Steel Bolts, 9.13
Allowable Tensile Stress, 4.1 Grooved Lockseam, 1.1
Aluminized Steel, 1.1, 3.1, 6.256.43, 6.1106.120, Guide Specification, 1.3
8.108.15, 8.188.29, 8.318.44
Aluminum, 1.1, 3.2 H
B Hanger Angle, 9.9
Hanger Bar, 9.9
Bending Moment, 4.3 Hanger Rod, 9.9
Bolt Stress Area, 9.12 Hangers, 1.3, 9.2
Bolts, 4.13, 9.109.13
I
C Ice Load, B.6
Carbon Steel, 1.1, 3.1, 6.256.43, 6.446.67, Industrial Duct, 1.1
6.1096.120 Industrial Duct Classes, 1.2
Caulking, 1.3 Insulation, B.7
Caulks, 9.14, 9.15
Class 1, 2.1
Class 2, 2.2
J
Class 3, 2.2 Joint Sealants, 1.3, 9.14, 9.15
Class 4, 2.2
Class 5, 2.2
Coated Steels, 6.1 K
Commercial Grade Carbon, 6.9
Complete Penetration Welds, 10.1 Knee Brace Hanger, 9.10
Concentration, 2.2 Knee Brace Support, 9.11
Concrete Fasteners, 9.2
Concrete Inserts, 9.2 L
Corrosion, 3.15
Critical Load, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5 Lagging, B.8
Critical Load Diagrams, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4 Limits and Tolerances, 4.7
CrossSectional Area, 4.2 Live Loads, 4.5
Longitudinal Seam, 11.1
Lower Attachment, 9.2
D
Dead Loads, 4.5
Design Pressure, 1.1, 4.5, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
M
Design Temperature, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1 Maintenance Loads, 4.6
Duct Class, 1.2 Material (Particulate), 9.13
Duct Selection Tables, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1 Material Properties, 3.14
Minimum Conveying Velocities, 2.3
E Misalignment, 4.7
Modulus of Elasticity, 4.3
Earthquake Loads, 4.6 Modulus of Elasticity Reduction, 3.7
Expansion Joints, 11.10 Moment of Inertia, 4.3
Explosion Door, 11.13
P
F Partial Penetration Joint, 10.2
Fasteners, 1.3 Particulate Load, 4.6
Fillet Welds, 10.2 Physical Properties, 3.4, 9.14
Flange Height, 4.2 Pittsburgh Lock, 1.1
Flange Thickness, 4.2 Plastic Materials, 3.3
Flanged Connections, 4.13, 11.9 Pressure Capacity, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
Flanges, 9.15
Flexible Connections, 11.11
Formula Derivations, A.1
R
Full Penetration Welds, 10.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct, 1.1
Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition I.1

Riser Supports, 9.2
T
S Temperature Limits, 3.14, 9.15
Thermal Expansion, 4.2, B.9
Safety Factor, 4.1 Transverse Seams, 11.1
Seismic Restraint, 12.1 Trapeze Hanger, 9.5
Shear Capacity, 4.16 Types of Joints, 10.8
Sidewall Buckling, 4.15
Snow Load (Ground), B.4, B.5
Stainless Steel, 1.1, 3.2, 7.107.15, 7.187.29,
U
7.317.44 Upper Attachment, 9.2
Standing Seam, 1.1, 11.1
Steel Pipe, 9.8 W
Stiffener Size, 4.11 Welded Joint, 10.1
Stiffeners (Reinforcements), 1.1 Welded Seam, 1.1
Structural Steel Fasteners, 9.2 Welding Procedures, 10.8, 10.16, 10.17
Support Capacity, 9.6
Support Spacing, 4.12 Welding Symbols, 10.16, 10.17, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20
Support Span, 4.3 Wind Loads, 4.6
Supports, 1.3
Surface Preparation, C.2 Y
Surface Preparation Techniques, 1.3 Yield Strength, 4.3
System Pressure, 4.2 Yield Strength Reduction Factor, 3.7
I.2 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, INC.

1922

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FOREWORD

S Six different types of carbon galvanized and aluminized steels

SHEET METAL AND AIR CONDITIONING CONTRACTORS

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards IP Second Edition iii

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

COMMERCIAL GR. CS32 ksi

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

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COMMERCIAL GR. CS32 ksi

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

18 GAGE IS NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

COMMERCIAL GR. CS32 ksi

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

COMMERCIAL GR. CS32 ksi

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

18 GAGE IS NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

6.42 Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition 6.43

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 3 SYSTEMS

18 GAGE IS NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

Material Gage 18 16 14 12 11 10 3_qy 1_r 5_qy 3_i 1_w

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO

Rectangular Industrial Duct Construction Standards I-P Second Edition

BE USED IN CLASS 4 SYSTEMS

16 AND 18 GAGES ARE NOT PERMITTED TO