Beruflich Dokumente
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Ernst & Sohn Verlag fr Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin Steel Construction 4 (2011), No. 3 171
G. Deierlein/X. Ma/M. Eatherton/J. Hajjar/H. Krawinkler/T. Takeuchi/K. Kasai/M. Midorikawa Earthquake resilient steel braced frames with controlled rocking
(a)
Fig. 1. Rocking frame; (a) schematic free-body diagram, (b) combined system response, (c) steel post-tensioning response,
and (d) energy dissipating fuse response
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Controlled rocking frame configurations; (a) single frame, (b) dual Frames
tween the two frames to maximize 3 Replaceable butterfly fuses cially produced by several companies
their energy dissipation. The fuses are in Japan and the United States. A sec-
designed and detailed as replaceable The authors investigated several al- ond type, which was developed in
elements to facilitate repairs in the ternative fuse types and materials to this project, is a steel-plate butterfly-
event that their energy dissipation ca- provide energy dissipation for the shaped fuse. As shown in Fig. 3, this
pacity is exceeded in a large long-du- rocking frame; and ultimately, two fuse consists of a mild steel plate (e.g.,
ration earthquake. Otherwise, the fuse types were employed. One type, ASTM A572 Gr. 50, Fy = 345 MPa)
structural frames are designed to re- the focus of a companion paper [1], that is cut to create tapered butterfly-
main undamaged, even in very large consists of a conventional buckling- shaped links that distribute yielding
earthquakes. restrained brace, which is commer- and provide large inelastic ductility
and energy dissipation capacity. The Large deformation behaviour also 4 Large-scale quasi-static tests
plates used in this study range in creates tension stiffening in the links
thickness from 8 to 25 mm and are that preserves their peak strength. Half-scale dual and single frame con-
fabricated with standard water-jet cut- The degradation of the fuse at large figurations were tested under quasi-
ting to provide a smooth finish with- deformations tends to improve the static cyclic and hybrid simulation
out introducing a heat affected zone self-centering response of the rock- loadings at the NEES laboratory of
that could adversely affect the mater- ing frames by reducing the force that the University of Illinois (http://
ial ductility. the post-tensioning tendons must nees.uiuc.edu/). Shown in Fig. 4 is
As shown in the hysteretic plot overcome to bring the frame back to one of the nine tests that were con-
of Fig. 3, under initial loading cycles plumb. Thus, an interesting design ducted with varying configurations of
the fuses exhibit stable yielding asso- question for the fuse is the trade-off fuses and relative amounts of fuse
ciated with in-plane flexure of the between strength and energy dissipa- strength versus post-tensioning. The
plate. Depending on the width/thick- tion at low to moderate deforma- hysteresis plots in Fig. 4 were for a
ness (b/t) ratio, at some point the tions versus degradation at large de- frame with thick non-degrading but-
steel links experience out-of-plane formations. For further details on terfly-shaped fuses where the fuse
torsional-flexural deformations that the fuse design, behaviour and test- yield strength and initial post-tension-
result in the pinched behaviour. ing, see [4]. ing force were set equal to each other.
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 4. Quasi-static cyclic testing of dual frame specimens; (a) test specimen, (b) overall hysteretic response, (c) components
of hysteretic response
As shown, this combination of fuse Hybrid simulations that include the tive fuse designs were tested under
strength and post-tensioning provided dynamic response of the entire the JMA-Kobe and Canoga Park-
reliable self-centering behavior to drifts building system provide informa- Northridge ground motions that were
in excess of 0.03, which is beyond the tion on the balance of post-tension- scaled up to and beyond MCE level
drift expected in the so-called maxi- ing and fuse strength to achieve (2 % in 50 year exceedence) ground
mum considered earthquake (MCE) self-centering. motion intensities for a high-seismic
ground motion. The MCE is specified The tests provide data on critical region. Shown in Fig. 6 is the roof
in US design codes to have a very low fracture limit states in the fuses and drift and hysteretic response of the
probability of exceedence, typically post-tensioning. frame subjected to a ground motion
less than a 2 % probability of excee- roughly equivalent to the MCE level
dence in 50 years. Further details of 5 Large-scale shake table tests earthquake intensity. As shown, even
these tests and supporting analyses with peak drift ratios in excess 0.02,
are reported by Eatherton et al. [2], Large-scale shaking table tests of the the frame self-centered fully without
but briefly, some of the key outcomes single frame configuration were con- any damage to the steel braced frame
of the quasi-static tests are as follows: ducted at the E-Defense facility in or the post-tensioning. Further, in-
The tests confirm generally robust Japan (http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/ elastic deformations in the fuse were
and predictable behaviour of the ehyogo/index.html) to provide a proof- well below its capacity, which was
rocking frame, including the post- of-concept and validate design and confirmed by subsequent shaking tests
tensioning, fuse, and column base analysis techniques under dynamic with satisfactory behaviour; and, ac-
details. earthquake shaking. As shown in curacy of nonlinear analysis models
Trade-offs in performance are eval- Fig. 5, the rocking frame was posi- was confirmed. Results of the tests
uated due to the relative overturn- tioned between two testbed units that with a buckling-restrained brace type
ing resistance provided by fuse supported the seismic mass that is fuse are reported by Takeuchi et al.
yielding versus post-tensioning and equivalent to a three-story office [1], and more complete details of all
the amount of fuse degradation. building. Frames with three alterna- tests are provided by Ma et al. [3].
Overall, the shake table tests
confirmed the viability of the rocking
frame concept and the expected be-
haviour of the system. Among the im-
portant specific conclusions from the
tests:
The system performed reliably to
MCE-level drift ratios of 2.3 % to
2.9 % without any damage or loss
in self-centering capability, i.e., with-
out any residual drifts.
The 7-wire post tensioning strands
began to yield at drift ratios on the
order of 3 % and maintained in-
tegrity (without fractures) at to drift
ratios up to 4 %.
The tests provided insights into the
effect of alternative fuse designs
with varying amounts of energy dis-
sipation and degradation.
Fig. 5. E-Defense shaking table test of three-story frame specimen with seismic
The effect of rocking column im-
mass testbed simulator
pact forces was shown to not be a
Fig. 6. Shaking table results: JMA Kobe motion scale to MCE intensity