09 ARC 5.

3 BUILDING SERVICES - III

BUILDING SERVICES FOR VTH SEM

FIRE SERVICES FIRE SAFETY IN BUILDINGS

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 09 ARC 5.3 BUILDING SERVICES - III

Exam marks 100 , Progressive marks 50

Objective : To develop knowledge and skills required for understanding the

Mechanical services in buildings and their integration with architectural design

SYLLABUS

Part A Mechanical / Artificial Ventilation

Air Conditioning

Part B- Elevators & Escalators

Part C Fire Alarm and Fire suppression systems

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CAUSES OF FIRE

The major causes of fire are as follows

Short Circuits in electrical works
Lack of maintenance of electrical lines
Electrical and Gas appliances
Smoking
Children playing with match boxes etc
Rubbish burning
Malicious or intentional
Fuel Storage

Nowadays fire breakout is happening more in residential spaces compared to

public buildings.

Public buildings have better maintenance. Residential spaces have more electrical
gadgets and the electrical consumption is exceeding the maximum demand .

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REASONS FOR LOSS OF LIFE DUE TO FIRE

SMOKE
BURNING
PANIC
VISION OBSCURITY DUE TO SMOKE
INHALING TOXIC GASES & VAPOURS
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER

FIRE LOSSES ARE EVALUATED UNDER THE FOLLOWING 7 HEADS

LOSSES EXPENSES

DIRECT COSTS PREVENTION (BLDG PROTECTION SYSTEM)

INDIRECT COSTS COST OF INSURANCE
HUMAN LOSSES COST OF EMERGENCY SERVICES
COST OF RESEARCH & INFORMATION

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WHAT IS FIRE?

FIRE is a chemical reaction initiated by the presence of heat energy in which a

substance combines with oxygen in the air and the process is accompanied by
emission of energy in the form of heat , light and sound.

Fire i.e combustion is the process of burning.

The fire triangle

All these 3 components contribute to cause

a fire.

Therefore for the principle of extinguishing

of fire if any one of these is removed the
fire will be extinguished.

Combustible matter (Fuel)

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To extinguish a fire therefore

IF
Water is applied through fire hose and sprinklers the source of heat is cooled and
the temperature comes down

IF
Extinguishing elements like CO2 or foam is applied (automatically or manually) it cuts
off the supply of oxygen

IF
Quantity of fuel is removed or its supply reduced

With the advent of dry chemicals & halogen extinguishing agents the fire is
extinguished by inhibiting the chain reaction

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FIRE TETRAHEDRON
A
Face ABD
represents
Face ABC process of
represents chain reaction
Temperature
D
B

Face BCD Face ACD

represents C represents
Oxygen supply matter Fuel

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WHAT IS SMOKE ?

SMOKE is un burnt particles which are too small to be visible normally. During
combustion carbonaceous materials & hydrocarbons produce smoke .
If improperly burnt the particles agglomerate and form complex chains. The density
is high and this impairs vision and causes suffocation.

Burning of artificial and synthetic materials as part of the fabrics & furnishings and
interiors also release a number of Toxic gases CO, organic compounds like HCN
(Hydrogen Cyanide) , Acetone , CO2, SO2 etc.

SO2 is 2.25 times heavier than air and settles on the floor, making it dangerous to
crawl on the floor .

In case of fire if O2 < 16% - breathing trouble & ability to think & judge
if O2 < 10% - collapse & death due to asphyxiation.

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DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE

A fuel can be heated to a temperature below its ignition temperature without the
possibility of combustion taking place. If the temperature increases further an
instantaneous combustion over the whole surface may occur. That is called flash
over.

1) Incipient Stage A region where pre heating is in progress. Aerosols are

generated but they are generated and transported away from the source .

2) Smoldering Stage A region where ignition begins and includes the initial
stage of combustion reaction.

3) Flame Stage A region of fast reaction which covers the period from initial
occurrence of flame to a fully developed fire.
4) Heat Stage At this stage a vast quantity of heat, flame, smoke & toxic gases
are produced. The transition from flame to heat stage is rapid and takes a few
seconds.

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DEFINITIONS

Fire Load Calorific value of the whole contents contained in a space including
the facings of the wall , partitions, floors, ceiling.
Fire Door - A separate resistive door approved for openings in fire separation.
Fire exit - A way out leading to an escape route having panic bar hardware
provided on the door.
Fire Lift A lift to be used by Firemen in case of fire.
Fire Resistance Rating The time that a construction will withstand the exposure
to fire as per the standard tests done for the materials & structures.
Fire Stop - A fire resistance material or construction having a fire resistance rating
of not less than the fire separating elements used to plug openings in walls &
floors to prevent the spread/ propagation of fire & smoke through openings.
Fire Tower An enclosed staircase which is approached from various floors thru
lobbies or landings and separated from the floor areas and the staircase by
fire doors and open to the outer air.
Means of Egress A continuous & unobstructed way of travel from any point in a
building or structure to a place of comparative safety.
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DEFINITIONS

Pressurisation - The establishment of a pressure difference across a barrier to

protect a stairway, lobby , escape route or room of a building from smoke
penetration.
Wet Riser An arrangement of Fire fighting by means of a vertical rising main of
not less than 100mm dia with landing valves on each floor for fire fighting and
charged with water permanently from a pressurized system.
Dry Riser - An arrangement of Fire fighting by means of a vertical rising main of
not less than 100mm dia with landing valves on each floor for fire fighting and
which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by
pumping from fire service appliances.
Down Comer - An arrangement of Fire fighting by means of a down comer pipe
of not less than 100mm dia and connected to the overhead tank thru pumps.

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Extinguisher

Class A Fire Water / Foam Spray/ ABC

powder/ Wet Chemical

Class B Fire Foam Spray/ ABC powder/

Carbon Dioxide

Class C Fire ABC Powder / Inert Gases

like Halon/ FM 200 etc

Class D Fire - ABC powder/ Carbon

Dioxide

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CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON OCCUPANCY NBC

Group A Residential
Group B Educational
Group C Institutional
Group D - Assembly
Group E - Business
Group F Mercantile
Group G Industrial
Group H Storage
Group J Hazardous

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CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS BASED ON TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION

The buildings are classified as various Types based on the Fire resistance of the
various structural components.

Type 1 Fire Resistive - have the maximum fire rating

Type 2 Non Combustible
Type 3 - Ordinary
Type 4 Heavy Timber
Type 5 Wood Frame - The least fire rating
Classifications by materials are referred to as the Type of Construction of the
building. Types I and II construction by definition require all structural (load-
bearing) frame members to be non- combustible materials, i.e., materials that
do not readily burn. Exterior walls in Types III and IV construction are also
required to be non-combustible. Other structural members in Types III and IV
construction and all structural members in Type V construction may be
combustible materials; that is, materials that readily burn.

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Description of combustible & non combustible materials

Non-combustible material A non-combustible material is a substance that will

not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject
to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated.
Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in
Section 8 of ASTM E 136 when the substance is tested in accordance with the
procedure specified in ASTM E 136 is considered to be non-combustible.

Examples of Non combustible materials - Portland cement concrete, gypsum

concrete (normally used in drywall or poured gypsum floor toppings), or
magnesite (magnesium oxide) concrete having aggregates of sand, gravel,
expanded vermiculite, expanded or vesicular slags, diatomaceous silica, perlite,
or pumice. This class of products includes Portland cement stucco, Portland
cement plaster, and gypsum plaster, as well as concrete.

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b. Brick masonry, concrete block masonry, and ceramic tiles.

c. Metals except aluminum (aluminum is classified as limited combustible),

magnesium and magnesium alloys.

d. Sheet glass, block glass, and uncoated glass fibers.

e. Mineral wool and rock wool.

Combustible Material - Combustible materials will ignite, burn, support

combustion, or release flammable vapors. Wood is by far the most common
combustible material used for structural purposes in building construction.

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Architectural design elements for passive fire protection

Fire compartments (zones in the floor plate) to have at least 2hrs fire rating with a
2hr fire rated door.
All shafts which have the service risers rising to the various floors to have 2 hr fire
rated walls with 2 hr fire rated shaft doors.
All AHU rooms to have fire dampers in the ducts at the opening of the AHU rooms.
All electrical connections are switched off in case of fire. All fans should be
stopped.
The interior finishes on walls & partitions should be carefully selected to ensure that
the spread of fire is not very fast . All finishes that have a rapid flame spread can
propagate the spread of fire at a very fast pace. Therefore the specifications should
be carefully prepared. Also the specifications for the surface finishes should ensure
that the fumes generated are not toxic.
All openings in walls and ceiling for passage of services should be plugged with Fire
stop materials to ensure that the spread of fire is arrested.

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Passive fire protection & control

Design of Escape routes Pressurization
Fabric Compartmentation
Structural members of the building Specification of the finishes
(Type of Construction)

DESIGN OF ESCAPE ROUTES

An escape route may be a passage, corridor, staircase or a doorway which
have access to a road or a safe area/ refuge area.
Lifts & escalators are not to be used in case of fire.
Every exit should be free of all obstructions or impediments
No building shall be altered so as to compromise on the number of exits, the
width or protection of the exits.
Exits should be clearly visible.
Adequate signage and emergency lighting is required to light the exit paths
even in case of any emergency when all the other services are switched off.

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The exits shall be clearly marked to guide the occupants of the floor concerned.
The signs are illuminated and wired to an independent electrical circuit with an
alternative source of supply. (Either battery operated/ UPS or inverter connected).
The size and colour of these signage shall be in accordance with good practice . The
colour of the exit signs shall be green.
Exits shall be located so that the travel distance on the floor shall not exceed the
distance as per Table 22 of Part 4 NBC (National Building Code).
The travel distance to an exit from the dead end of a corridor shall not exceed the
distance specified in Table 22.
For a fully sprinklered building the travel distance may be increased by 50% of the
values specified.
The maximum travel distance is also based on the Types of Construction . Type 1 & 2
construction has a larger value of travel distance compared to construction Type 3 & 4.
All buildings which are 15M high or above and classified under the building
classification as per NBC having area more than 500 sqm on each floor shall have a
minimum of 2 staircases.
At least one staircase shall have an external wall and shall open directly to the exterior

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FIRE COMPARTMENTATION

A fire compartment is defined as an area which is totally separated from all adjacent
spaces by segregating it with fire rated continuous construction.

The weak points in this will be the openings in the construction either doors, or
passage of services.

All such openings have to be plugged with fire stop/ fire resistant material.

Doors to have the same fire rating as the enclosing partitions.

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FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

The staircase enclosure should be 2 hr fire rated.

The door to the Fire escape staircase shall be 2 hr fire rated.
The door should preferably have vision panel with wired glass/ fire rated glass.
No exit door shall be less than 1M in width & 2M in height.
Exit doorways shall open outwards away from the space , shall not obstruct travel
along any exit.
Fire doors when opened shall not reduce the landing for exit to less than 900mm.
Exit doors shall not open immediately upon a flight of stairs.
All corridors leading to the Fire escape staircases shall be of the same width as the fire
door. The ht of such corridor shall not be less than 2.4M.
All means of exit including staircase , lift lobbies and corridors shall be adquately
ventilated.
Fire escape shall not be arranged around a lift shaft.
No service lines shall be allowed in the fire escape staircase.
No service shafts shall open into the FE staircase.

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FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE

The FE staircase from the basement shall stop at the Ground level and open outside.
The FE staircase shall not continue up to any other floor. This is to prevent the spread
of fire from the basement to the upper floors.
The stair width shall be minimum of 1M, but varies from 1.5M 2M baed on various
building types as per NBC.
The minimum width of tread w/o nosing shall be 250mm, the riser shall be 150mm,
maximum riser ht shall be 190mm. The number of steps shall be limited to 15 per flight.
Handrails @ a ht of 1M from the center of the tread to the top of the handrail.
Balusters/ railings shall be provided such that the width of the staircase does not
reduce.
The minimum head room below the landing shall be 2.2M.
The entry to the FE staircase shall be thru common spaces instead of thru habitable
spaces.
Unprotected steel staircase will not be accepted as a means of egress. However if the
staircase is enclosed within a 2hr fire rated compartment it will be considered as a
means of escape.
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PRESSURIZATION

In buildings Fire Compartmentation is done to limit the spread of flame to adjacent

spaces.
Fire compartments are accessed through fire doors.
However smoke shall still infiltrate the safe adjacent spaces thru the cracks and door
undercuts , door openings etc.
Pressurization is a method adopted for protected escape routes against ingress of
smoke , specially in high rise buildings.
Fresh air is pumped into the FE staircase so that the staircase , lobbies or corridors
are maintained at a slightly higher temperature and smoke and toxic gases cannot
infiltrate into these spaces.
Pressurization system 2 types
Single stage designed for operation only in case of emergency
Two stage - nominal pressurization is maintained in the protected escape
routes and an increased level of pressurization brought in case of emergency.

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REFUGE AREAS

for buildings exceeding 24M in ht, a refuge area of approx 15sqm or an area
equivalent to 0.3 sqm per person to accommodate the occupants of 2 consecutive
floors, whichever is higher shall be provided.
Refuge area on the periphery of the floor, preferably on a cantilever projection,
open to sky, at least one side protected with suitable railing.
for floors above 24M upto 39M one refuge area immediately on the floor above
24M.
For floors above 39M one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39M and son
on after every 15M.
Refuge area counted in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR.

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ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Active fire security & fighting methods are of 2 types

Fixed
Portable

The active fire security methods are classified under

Portable fire extinguishers

Fire hose cabinets
Fire Hydrant installations like Wet risers & yard hydrants
Fire detection & Alarm system (manual & automatic)
Fixed automatic fire fighting systems
Water sprinkler system
CO2 fire fighting system
Halon fire fighting system

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PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Absolute necessity in homes & offices

In the portable fire extinguishers

-A plastic siphon tube leads from the bottom of the
fire suppressant reservoir to the top of the cylinder. -
- At the top of the cylinder a smaller cylinder with a
compressed gas liquid CO2 (for example) a release
valve keeps the compressed gas from escaping.
- The safety pin is pulled out & the lever pressed.
- The lever pushes on actuating rod which presses
the valve down to open the passage to the nozzle.
- The bottom of then actuating rod has a sharp
point which pierces the gas cylinder release valve.
- The compressed gas escapes, applies pressure to
the fire suppressant material.
- This drives the material up the siphon and out of
the nozzle with force.
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Capacity ranges from 1.5lbs 25 lbs

Range 3 15
Discharge the contents in 5-30 secs.

These are suitable for small fires

The type of fire extinguishers and

their spacing is based on the areas
and the fire load of the area, the
type of fire risk & the nature of
occupancy.

These are recommended by NBC.

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FIRE HOSE CABINET

The Fire hose cabinets are located such that the whole floor is protected and no
part of the floor is more than 6M distant from the hose nozzle when the hose reel
is fully extended.

The fire Hose cabinets are normally located close to the fire escape staircases.

The pipe connecting the hose reels shall be coupled to an adequate constant
supply of water which shall ensure not less than 23L of water per minute from the
hose reel thru a nozzle of not more than 6.5mm size for about half an hour when
3 such hose reels are operating simultaneously.

The hose reels are rubber or rubber lined.

Each hose reel shall carry 20M or 40M length of hose. Connection to the water
supply shall be independent of the domestic water supply connection.

The hose reel shall be wall mounted 180 deg swinging type construction.
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Fire hose

Landing valve

Fire hoses shall be kept in wall boxes painted

fire red .

Hose reel cabinet

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A hydrant system consists of

A reliable water supply source &
storage
A piping network
Fire hydrants with controlling valves
Hose pipes with nozzles for spraying
at high pressure.

The hydrant systems are of the Yard Hydrant.

following types
Dry riser
Wet riser
Dry cum wet riser
Yard hydrants
Automatic fire sprinklers

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DRY RISER SYSTEM

Piping system network

which is empty
Ascends through the
building with outlets at
every floor
Pumping inlet at Gr. Fl for
fire brigade connectivity
As per NBC this is not
recommended.
Dry riser is 100mm dia.
Contained in glass fronted boxes.
Each riser serves a total floor area not
exceeding 10,000 sqft.

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WET RISER SYSTEM

Piping system network

which is charged with water
Ascends through the
building with outlets at
every floor
Connected to the static fire
water tank
Connected to electric
motors 1 Working + 1
Standby
All pumps must be arranged for both automatic & manual starting but
stopping is manual only.

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STATIC WATER STORAGE TANK

A fire water tank either UG or overhead tank based on the capacity has to be
provided in the premises.

The capacity shall be as specified in NBC based on the occupancy and building type.

This tank shall be easily accessible to the fire engines.

Suitable number of manholes shall be provided.

The tank shall have Compartmentation to allow for cleaning of the tank.

To prevent stagnation of the water in the fire sump the domestic water tank shall be
fed by overflow from the fire sump.

The cover slab of the sump shall be able to withstand a load of 45T equally divided
as 4 point load when the slab is part of a pathway/ driveway
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AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM

The automatic fire sprinkler system consists of

Fire sprinkler risers
Network of pipes
Fire sprinklers

The Risers are connected to the static water tank like the wet risers.
The sprinkler bulbs burst when the temp rises and crosses 65 deg C.
Water gushes out of the sprinkler heads and douses the fire.
Buildings using sprinklers
Car parkings basement & multilevel
High rise buildings
All non domestic floors with mixed occupancy
Godowns & warehouses
Hotels & research facilities
False ceiling voids exceeding 800mm.

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Types of sprinklers
Recessed type
Concealed type
Surface type

The design of sprinkler system depends on

Type of occupancy & fire hazard
Type and dimension of compartments
Fire load of occupancy & materials stored in them
Possible types of fire.

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Concealed Type of
sprinkler

Recessed Type of
sprinkler
Surface mounted
Type of sprinkler

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FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM

Fire detection system is the alarm system which will have the following functions
Fire prevention & isolation
Fire detection
Fire alarm (visual & audio)

An automatic Fire detection & alarm system functions through detectors which raise
an alarm where there is a possibility or outbreak of fire.
It assists in evacuation and brings fire fighting facilities into action quickly.

Each detector is provided with a response indicator which keeps flashing in case of an
emergency until the alarm is switched off at the control unit.

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Various types of detectors

Incipient stage (invisible smoke

products of combustion ) Ionisation, combustion product/ Smoke
detector

Visible Smoke Optical Smoke detector

Flame ( visible radiation) Flame detector

Heat (increase in room temp) Heat (Thermal) detectors

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Heat detector

Ionisation smoke detector

Flame detector
Optical Smoke detector

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FIRE DETECTORS
FIRE DETECTORS

FIRE PANELS

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Manual Call Points

A Break Glass Call Point is a device which enables
personnel to raise the alarm by breaking the frangible
element on the fascia. They should be mounted 1.4m
from the floor and sited where they can be easily seen.
Manual Call Points should be sited on the floor landings
of stairways and at exits to open air. It should be noted
that Call Points should be fitted on the floor side of an
access door to a staircase so the floor of origin is
indicated at the Control Panel. Extra points should be
sited, where necessary, so that the greatest travel
distance from any point in the building to the nearest call
point does not exceed 30m. A greater number of Call
Points may be needed in high risk areas or if the
occupants are likely to be slow in movement.
Flameproof call points are available, also handle
operated points for use in areas where broken glass
may cause a hazard.

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STROBE LIGHTS STROBE LIGHT WITH HOOTER HOOTER

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The fire detectors are zoned and 20 detectors are looped in a single alarm group. In
case of fire the detectors detect and raise an alarm in that zone which is reflected
in the fire panel.

Accordingly the fire at that zone can be addressed although the alarm can be raised
in the rest of the spaces for evacuation.

Public Address system shall be used for the same.

All access control systems shall be released, the AHUs and other fans shut down, the
electrical system shut down, the evacuation initiated thru the fire staircases.
Elevators to reach the nearest landing, halting of the escalators.

The Detection & alarm system can be so programmed that the information can be
sent to the nearest fire brigade as well so that immediate action can be taken.

Fire panels are located where there is 24 x 7 monitoring as well as a repeater panel
at the reception/ security.
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AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS

In case of fire the following the alarm system will automatically initiate the following

Automatic return of elevators to the lowest landing/ halting of escalators

Control of AC system to prevent spread of smoke
Activating the pressurisation fans to supply fresh air to the staircases
Closing of fire doors
Starting of fire pumps and D.G
Activation of automatic extinguishing equipment
Public Address system activation
Message to any other control room/ individual and fire brigade.

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FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 15M IN HT AND ABOVE

CONSTRUCTION
TYPE 1 NON COMBUSTIBLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
FLAME SPREAD NOT TO EXCEED CLASS 1
2HR FIRE RATING
VENTED STAIRCASE PRESSURISATION / VENT AREA 0.5SQM ON EACH LANDING.
POSITIVE PRESSURE TO BE MAINTAINED.

LIFTS
LIFT SHAFT WALLS 2HR FIRE RATED
VENT AT THE TOP NOT LESS THAN 0.2SQM.
LMR ABOVE THE LIFT SHAFT. SEPARATED FROM THE LIFT SHAFT BY THE FLOOR OF
THE ROOM.
LANDING DOORS 1 HR FIRE RATING
LIFT BANK OF MAX 8 LIFTS WITH 4/ROW.
2HR FR WALL SEPARATE SHAFTS IN THE LIFT BANK

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LIFTS
COLLAPSIBLE GATES NOT PERMITTED
LIFT LOBBY & LIFT SHAFT TO BE PRESSURISED
LIFT LOBBY EXIT HR FR SELF CLOSING SMOKE STOP DOOR.
IF LIFT TRAVELS TO THE BASEMENT THEN LIFT LOBBY PRESSURISED AND CLOSED
WITH SMOKE STOP DOOR HR FR
GROUNDING SWITCHES FOR LIFTS AT GR.FL TO BE PROVIDED TO ENABLE FIRE
SERVICE TO GROUND THE LIFTS.
TEL / COMMUNICATION FACILITIES TO COMMUNICATE BETWEEN LIFT & CONTROL
ROOM.
SLOPE IN LIFT LOBBY AWAY FROM THE SHAFT.
ADEQUATE SIGNAGE
FIRE ESCAPE ROUTE PLAN TO BE DISPLAYED.
ALT SOURCE OF POWER FOR ELEVATORS.
FIRE LIFT - 1 NO/ 1200 SQM OF FLOOR SPACE.
FIRE LIFT FLOOR AREA NOT LESS THAN 1.4 SQM , LOADING CAPACITY 545 KG
(8PAX) AUTO CLOSING DOORS MINM 0.8M WIDTH
SEPARATE ELEC SUPPLY SOURCE, CABLES WITHIN THE LIFT SHAFT.
CEILING HATCH - SO THAT IT IS OPEANBLE IN CASE OF EMERGENCY.
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LIFTS
SUPERIOR SPEED SO AS TO REACH THE TOP FLOOR FROM THE GROUND FLOOR IN
1MIN.
FIRE LIFT OPERATION- SPECIAL CONDITIONS

BASEMENT
EACH BASEMENT S EPARATELY VENTED
VENT C/S = OR > 2.5% OF FLOOR AREA
FRESH AIR SUPPLY TO BASEMENT MUST
AIR INLETS SAME FOR ALL BASEMENTS & CEILING LEVEL SMOKE OUTLETS WITH
SMOKE OUTLET DUCT SEPARATE FOR EACH BASEMENT
ENCLOSED FE STAIRCASE OPENING TO THE GR. LVL.
MECHANICAL EXTRACTORS FOR SMOKE VENTING OF THE BASEMENT ACTUATED
/TRIGGERED BY SMOKE & HEAT SENSITIVE DETECTORS OR SPRINKLERS. SUPPLY FANS
SHALL STOP AUTOMATICALLY
30 ACPH DURING SMOKE EXTRACTION

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ALL FLOORS

ALL FLOORS COMPARTMENTED 750 SQM BY SEPARATION WITH 2H FIRE RATING.

FOR SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS THIS AREA MAY BE INCREASED BY 50%.
DRAINAGE PIPES FOR DRAINAGE OF THIS WATER ESSENTIAL DRAIN PIPES AT 30M
SPACING

SERVICE SHAFTS
2 HR FIRE RATING SHAFT DOOR 1 HR FR
A VENT OPENING AT THE TOP - AREA OF THE SHAFT

SHAFTS SEALED WITH FIRE STOP MATERIAL

SEPARATE SHAFTS FOR VARIOUS SERVICES.

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 09 ARC 5.3 BUILDING SERVICES - III

REFUGE AREAS

for buildings exceeding 24M in ht, a refuge area of approx 15sqm or an area
equivalent to 0.3 sqm per person to accommodate the occupants of 2 consecutive
floors, whichever is higher shall be provided.
Refuge area on the periphery of the floor, preferably on a cantilever projection,
open to sky, at least one side protected with suitable railing.
for floors above 24M upto 39M one refuge area immediately on the floor above
24M.
For floors above 39M one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39M and son
on after every 15M.
Refuge area counted in excess of the requirements shall be counted towards FAR.

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 09 ARC 5.3 BUILDING SERVICES - III

THANK YOU

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