FaultKin Manual

FaultKin 7.5
For Mac OS X, Windows, and Linux

Richard W. Allmendinger 2016

1
FaultKin 6 Manual R. W. Allmendinger 2016

Table of Contents

Disclaimer........................................................................................................................5

Referencing this Program ..............................................................................................6

Credits .............................................................................................................................6

Introduction .....................................................................................................................6

Differences with Previous Versions of FaultKin (and FaultKinWin) ..........................6

Data Input and Output ....................................................................................................8

Entering data .............................................................................................................8

Editing Already Entered data ...................................................................................9

Saving Data to a disk file ........................................................................................10

Opening files on disk ..............................................................................................10

Choosing which data to plot or analyze .....................................................................11

Toggle on and Off and Sort by Column .................................................................12

Using the Select Tab ...............................................................................................13

Max Compatible Faults ...........................................................................................13

Calculations and Data Analysis ...................................................................................13

Plotting your results .....................................................................................................15

The Plot Menu ..........................................................................................................15

Customizing your Plot with the Inspector ............................................................17

Analyzing Earthquake Data .........................................................................................18

The Map View ................................................................................................................19

Copying, saving and printing your plot ................................................................19

Interactive Features ......................................................................................................20

Version History .............................................................................................................20

2
Version 7.5.0 2016.12.05 .....................................................................................20

Version 7.4.3 2016.05.02 .....................................................................................21

Version 7.4.2 2016.02.21 .....................................................................................21

Version 7.4.1 2015.01.31 .....................................................................................21

Version 7.4.0 2015.01.07 .....................................................................................21

Version 7.3.0 2014.09.24 .....................................................................................22

Version 7.2.9 2014.05.11 .....................................................................................22

Version 7.2.7 2014.04.15 .....................................................................................22

Version 7.2.5 2014.04.06 .....................................................................................22

Version 7.0.0 2014.01.24 .....................................................................................23

Version 6.8.0 2013.11.25 .....................................................................................24

Version 6.7.0 2013.11.13 .....................................................................................24

Version 6.6.4 2013.10.25 .........................................................................................25

Version 6.6.3 2013.09.16 .........................................................................................25

Version 6.6.2 2013.09.06 ........................................................................................ 25

Version 6.6.0 2013.09.02 .........................................................................................26

Version 6.5.2, 6.5.3 2013.08.28 ...........................................................................26

Version 6.5.0 2013.06.01 .....................................................................................26

Version 6.1.0 2013.03.12 .....................................................................................27

Version 6.0.1 2013.02.07 .....................................................................................27

Version 6.0.0 2012.12.01 .....................................................................................28

Version 5.6.3 2012.09.18 .....................................................................................28

Version 5.6.1 2012.08.06 .....................................................................................28

Version 5.5.0 2012.05.03 .....................................................................................29

Version 5.2.7 ............................................................................................................29

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 Version 5.2.6 2011.10.25 .....................................................................................29

Version 5.2.4 2011.09.06 .....................................................................................29

Version 5.2.3 2011.07.03 .....................................................................................30

Version 5.1.1 ............................................................................................................30

Version 5.1 ...............................................................................................................31

Version 5.0 ...............................................................................................................31

References ....................................................................................................................31

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 Main Window Data pane/list

(shows the plot

or data details
depending on Disclosure triangle
the tabs at the
top)

Inspector

Analysis pane

Data pane

Plot/Data de-
tails pane

Inspector

Analysis pane

Figure 1. The FaultKin 7 interface in the Mac OS X (top) and Windows (bottom).

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Disclaimer
FaultKin is distributed on an "as is" basis without any warranty, explicit or im-
plicit. The author will not be liable for direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential
damages resulting from any defect in this software or this user's manual, even if he has
been previously been made aware of the defect. Furthermore, I make no systematic ef-
fort to inform all users of either bug fixes or upgrades. This program may not be sold or
offered as an inducement to buy any other product.

Referencing this Program

The science behind the algorithms in FaultKin can be found in the following ref-
erences:
Marrett, R. A., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1990, Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 973-986.
Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D., 2012, Structural geology algorithms:
Vectors and tensors in structural geology: Cambridge University Press (book to
be published in early 2012).
Please refer to these publications in any study or presentation that result from the use of
this program.

Credits
FaultKin 7 was written by Richard W. Allmendinger. The algorithm for calculat-
ing P and T axes has been completely rewritten from one originally written by Randy
Marrett. The PDF classes included in this program are from pdfFile by Toby W. Rush
Copyright 2004. I am particularly grateful to comments and advice from Nstor Car-
dozo during the development of this program and for sharing many other program-
ming adventures.

Introduction
FaultKin 7 is a complete rewrite of my venerable, but aging, fault slip analysis
programs for Mac and Windows. The program has a revamped, and vastly improved,
user interface, includes most of the scientific functionality of the older versions, and will
work just fine on modern operating systems. The functionality of the program on the
two platforms is identical (Fig. 1). Note that the Data Pane/List can be hidden using the
disclosure triangle or the appropriate command in the Windows Menu.

Differences with Previous Versions of FaultKin (and FaultKinWin)

There are several significant changes in how FaultKin 6 works relative to how
older versions worked.

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 When FaultKin was first written more than 20 years ago, personal com-
puters were so slow that you could literally watch them drawing individ-
ual great circles! So older versions of FaultKin drew the layers of graphical
elements in the order that the user specified and went to great pains to
avoid redrawing previous elements. With modern systems, the graphics
can be delivered all at once. So, FaultKin now always layers different ele-
ments in the same order, regardless of what order the user specified. It is
now possible to turn on or off different graphical elements without re-
drawing everything else. So, you wont see the dreaded new plot or old
plot dialog box any more. Want to turn off the faults and striae that you
plotted six steps ago? Just uncheck them in the Plot menu and they will
disappear while everything else that you drew afterwards remain intact.
All plots that you save from FaultKin are now either PDF or SVG format-
ted files. Some programs that claim to be able to read pdfs might claim
that the file is damaged or otherwise be unable to read the file. If that hap-
pens, just open the file in Preview (Mac OS X) or in Acrobat Reader (either
platform) and then save it. SVG (scalable vector graphics) is actually the
best format in which to save plots and they can be opened by any modern
vector graphics program.
Interaction with your data has been much improved in this version of
FaultKin. You can click on a fault and have the corresponding row in the
data table highlighted or vice versa. By using the tab at the top of the main
window, you can either have it show the plot or show more detail about
an individual fault slip datum which you can edit directly.
Sorting of your data into subsets is now accomplished by clicking on the
heading of the column in the data table that corresponds to the parameter
you want to sort by. The data table supports multiple selections, and you
can then toggle on or off the faults (i.e., check or uncheck them) based on
whether or not they are selected in the data table.
You now set all plot elements in the Inspector Window. In general, you
have much greater control over the appearance of your plot than previ-
ously (see Fig. 2)
FaultKin can read in FaultKin 4 database files, but it writes to disk new
or modified data sets as tab-delimited spreadsheet style text files that
can be opened in Excel or other spreadsheets. Of course, FaultKin can also
read in files in the new FaultKin spreadsheet format. However, it cannot
read in files in FaultKin 4 spreadsheet format.

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 In FaultKin, numerical analyses are
written to the Analyses drawer/pane.
This is an editable text field. Not only
can you copy and paste to that field,
but you can write your own notes
and annotations there. Just click
where you want to start writing. This
field is not saved with the plot so, to
capture its contents when you close
the program, be sure to copy them to
the system clipboard and then paste
them wherever you want.

Figure 2. Example of plotting capabilities of

FaultKin.

Data Input and Output

Entering data
You begin to enter a new data set into the program by selecting New from the
file menu This will open the Data tab of the main window (Fig. 3) and set N=1 at the
bottom of the menu. Only the entires in the Orientations group box are necessary to
calculate P & T axes. Everything else is there for your record keeping or for assessing
magnitude of strain from faulting. I highly recommend that you record your striae as
rakes on the fault plane; it is actually remarkably difficult to record a trend and plunge
that is guaranteed to fall on the fault plane as it should. If you do record trend and
plunge instead of rake, FaultKin will check to see whether the line is on the plane with
four possible outcomes: (1) the measurement is correct(!) and no change is necessary, (2)
the measurement is impossible in which case FaultKin will not allow you to record the
datum, (3) if the dip of the plane is 45 or less, FaultIn will assume that the striae plunge
is in error and will correct it, or (4) if the plane dips more than 45*, the program will as-
sume that the trend is in error and correct it. You probably dont want to leave these de-
cisions in the hands of a computer program which is why I recommend that you use the
rake instead.
Speaking of rake, in addition to specifying the sense of slip using N (normal), T
(thrust), R (right-lateral), or L (left lateral), you can also use the Aki Richards format
popular in seismology. In this format, the rake is measured counterclockwise from the
right-hand rule strike so that faults with a thrust component have a positive rake (slip

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 Figure 3. The data entry tab in FaultKin where you can both enter and edit your data.

vector pointing up into the air) and those with a normal component have a negative
rake (slip vector pointing downward).
The fault slip datum is not calculated until you click the button Calculate &
Save; only then will the datum appear in the Data Table drawer/pane to the right. You
can only see the P&T axes after clicking Calculate & Save because they are calculated
values. There will be no change in the Data tab after clicking the button you can con-
tinue to edit the datum, correcting errors or adding additional information. To record
more info permanently, you must click Calculate & Save again. To enter the next fault,
you must click the Add New button or press N. That new fault is not recorded
until Calculate and Save is pressed. At any time during the process, you can go to the
plot view and plot features of interest; just select them in the Plot menu. You can run
analyses on the faults already entered and plot and save the results. At any time, you
can return to the Data tab and click Add New to continue adding info to the data set.

Editing Already Entered data

To edit data that have already been entered, either from a disk file or that you
have entered within the program, select the row of data in the Data pane and then click
on the Data Tab in the main window. The complete information will be displayed for
you to examine (Fig. 3) and, if you want, edit. Make whatever changes you want and

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then click Calculate & Save. Your changes will be reflected immediately in any plots
that you have constructed.

Saving Data to a disk file

FaultKin reads and writes plain text files that can be opened and modified out-
side of the program. The current native output is as a tab-delimited text file that can be
most easily viewed in any modern spreadsheet program. The first line of the text file is a
series of headers which FaultKin uses on input to make sure the file is in the correct
format. To save your data, choose Save Data (S) from the File Menu.
You can even construct your data file in a spreadsheet program and then read it
in to FaultKin. If you choose to do this, the first line headers much match exactly those
that FaultKin writes. When you save the file, chose Tab-delimited text.

Opening files on disk

FaultKin can read plain text files in two different formats. It can, of course, read
the tab-delimited text files that have been saved from within FaultKin, but it can also
read in FaultKin 4 data files that were saved in the so-called database format. The first
few lines of the FaultKin 4 format look something like:
FaultKin_4.0
Cladouhos
6 7 90
447
Cerrillos (th)
0 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000
Oa 335 46 W
Tm 167 64 E
TL X
7 57 137 50 227 68 114 9
999 99
You can see the first line of the file contains the characters: FaultKin_4.0 followed by
the Geologists name, etc. A complete fault slip datum in this format consists of 10 lines
with individual numbers or words separated by spaces. The first line (FaultKin_4.0)
occurs only in the first line of the file. The easiest way of getting your older data ready
for use in FaultKin is to open a database format file in FaultKin 4 and then save the file
as a database format
Currently, data files of either format are opened with Open under the File
Menu, or Import Text File also under File. If you already have a data set entered and
try to open a second data set, you will be asked whether or not you want to append the
second data set to the first or replace the first. Note that this does not happen until after

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you have selected the second data set. However, if you choose Cancel the second data
set will not be read in and the first will remain unscathed.
FaultKin can also open directly text files in the .ndk or quakeML XML files. These
formats are common for the CMT and USGS earthquake seismology data.
FaultKin can also attempt to parse any column oriented text file. If you open a
file that it doesnt recognize, FaultKin will display the file in the above Parse Text File
dialog box where it has separated columns identified by tabs, commas, or spaces and
allows you to use pull down menus to identify the type of information in each column.
As shown in the example, it can recognize four different formats of data, including Aki
Richards format and P & T axes format data that are particularly convenient for seis-
mology data. Note that if you enter P & T data, FaultKin will simply pick one of the two
possible nodal planes as the fault plane. In the tabbed group box, you can specify any of
about 26 different parameters that your data file might contain. Only the information in
the Orientation tab is required. This same Parse Text dialog appears if you have unrec-
ognized text on the Clipboard.

Figure 4. The parse text dialog box. FaultKin will try to recognize columns of data in your text file.

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Figure 5 (top). Selection halo and selected row in the Table of the Data drawer/pane. Note that contextual
popup menu that allows you to make selections from the Data menu. (bottom) Single fault isolated by
toggling off all faults that were not selected in the table.

Choosing which data to plot or analyze

FaultKin will only plot or analyze faults that are checked in the Data pane to the
right of the plot. The program makes it easy to link faults in the plot to the table in the
data drawer by highlighting selected points and planes in yellow, an effect I call the
selection halo (Fig. 5 top). If you click on a point in the plot, the row will be selected
in the table, and clicking on a row provides a selection halo in the Plot Window. You can
multiple, non-contiguous selections in the table of the Data Panel by command clicking
the rows of interest. From the Data Menu, or equivalent popup menu in the Data Panel,
you can toggle on or off faults. By making the choice shown in Figure 5 top, you will get
the plot showing in Figure 5 bottom.

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Toggle on and Off and Sort by Column
The Toggle On and Off commands in the Data Menu can be very powerful when
combined the ability to sort rows by clicking on a column in the table of the data draw-
er. The first time you click a column heading all the rows will sort ascending, the next
click will sort descending. To return to the original sorting, click the No. heading of
the column farthest to the left. Once sorted by whatever criteria you want, you can then
select the range of rows that fits your criteria and Toggle Off the rest of the data set.

Using the Select Tab

The Select Tab al-
lows you to make more
complicated selections
(Fig. 6). Check the box
next to the parameters by
which you wish to sort
your data set and enter an
upper and lower bounds
(for numeric sorts) and/
or strings that you wish to
search for. Text searches
are not case sensitive.
Once you have defined
your search, click the Se-
lect or the Select Opposite
button. All of the data that
match your criteria will be
checked in the data list Figure 6. Defining a search in the Select Tab of the main window.
and the remaining non-
matching measurements
will be unchecked (Fig. 6).

Max Compatible Faults

By selecting Data>max Compatible Faults, you can have the program select the
maximum number of faults in a data set that are kinematically compatible. The program
uses P&T dihedra to calculate that maximum number of faults that are kinematically
compatible and turns off those that aren't. There may be more than one equally good
solution to this problem and FaultKin will just give you the first one that it finds. This
routine only works on the subset of faults that are checked in the data list. Note that the
program only uses P-dihedra in this calculation. It is possible that the best T-dihedra
would give a different solution. This routine works best on simple data sets!

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Calculations and Data Analysis
You can carry out a suite of operations
on your data from the Calculations Menu.
With Rotate Data you can rotate all of the
data (including unchecked data) about a sin-
gle rotation axis, specified in the Rotate Data
dialog box (Fig. 7). If you have entered bed-
ding at the site of the observation in the Data
Entry tab, then you can also Unfold data
by rotating your observations back to hori-
Figure 7. The Rotate Data dialog box.
zontal. This last operation is a counterclock-
wise rotation about a right-hand rule strike by
a magnitude equivalent to the dip. Fault observations lacking bedding data are unaf-
fected by Unfold Data. After choosing Unfold data, the menu item name automatically
changes to Refold Data allowing you to return your data to their entered values. Un-
fold/Refold data allows you to carry out a fold test on your fault slip data.
The Kinematic Tensors submenu
will allow you to perform either a linked
Bingham or a Moment tensor analysis and
have the results automatically recorded in
the Analysis Pane. This option does not plot
the axes to the Plot Window. The parameters
for the Moment Tensor calculation are en-
tered in the Moment Tensor Parameters
window (Fig. 8) which will appear automati-
cally the first time you perform or plot a
moment tensor. Subsequently, if you need to
change the moment tensor parameters, you
can select Calculations>Set Moment Tensor
Params. In general, if you are analyzing
earthquake data, you will probably weight
by seismic moment which accompanies
many earthquake catalogs, including the
CMT and the USGS QuakeML catalogs. For
faults, you will probably want to choose one
Figure 8. The Moment Tensor Parameters dia-
of the weighting parameters on the right log box.
hand side, or Any. If you have not weight-
ing information, choose Uniform weight.

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 Stress on Plane is a forward model
calculation where you enter the principal
stress orientations, as well as the orientation
of the plane you are interested in, in a dialog
box (Fig. 9) and FaultKin will calculate the
traction, normal, and shear stresses on that
plane. The calculate button just runs the
analysis, which you can repeat as often as
you like. When you click done, the dialog
box disappears and the results of the last
analysis are recorded in the Analysis Draw-
er/pane. If you have selected to plot the
stress on plane analyses (in the Plot Menu),
the analysis showing when you click Done
will be plotted.
Finally, Angle between Lines allows
you to click with the mouse on any two lines Figure 9. The Stress on Plane dialog box.
in the plot window and determine the an-
gle between them. The user is given the op-
tion of pasting the results into the Analysis
drawer (Fig. 10).
Note that the Analysis pane is ed-
itable: you can record notes and annota-
Figure 10. The Angle between Lines dialog box.
tions there as well as erasing the informa-
tion that you are not interested in. You edit
it just like a normal text edit window. The contents of the Analysis Pane are not saved
when you exit the program! If you want to capture this information for further use, you
must copy it to the clipboard for pasting into another application.

Plotting your results

The Plot Menu
The features that appear in the Plot Tab of the main window are determined by
what menu items are checked in the Plot Menu. Figure 11 is a plot of everything (except
contours) for our sample data set of 58 faults, which is probably more than you want!
Which of these options you choose to display at any one time will depend on the pur-
pose of your analysis, quality of data, etc.
The items under Faults allow you to plot the fault planes, striae, and arrows
that show the movement of the hanging wall. Movement Planes are the planes that

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 23
contain the slip vector and the 12 22 22 26 27 27 25 25 24
pole to the plane and are thus 8 13 17 24 27 31 35 35 34 32 21 23 19

perpendicular to the fault plane; 10 11 13 22 24 32 37 39 42 41 38 26 21 17 13

they are essentially the plane of 7 12 15 16 27 31 38 43 44 42 42 41 31 26 19 13 12

plane strain for an individual 9 15 15 23 33 39 44 45 46 44 45 42 34 29 23 16 12

7 10 15 19 25 38 43 47 48 46 49 46 42 37 32 23 20 11 8
fault. Tangent Lineations are ar-
7 13 18 22 29 41 46 50 49 49 49 46 43 40 37 28 19 12 11
rows plotted in the movement 10 15 18 24 30 42 46 51 49 52 52 48 44 40 37 29 19 14 12
plane, plotted at the pole to the 12 15 19 24 31 43 47 53 53 55 51 47 43 40 37 31 18 14 10

fault, showing the movement of 10 14 16 21 24 31 41 47 54 53

1
55 51 47 43 40 34 30 15 12 8 10

the hanging wall block (Twiss 14 17 21 25 30 38 45 53 54 54 51 48 43 39 35 29 12 8 9

and Gefell, 1990; Twiss et al., 14 17 22 24 28 36 46 50 55 54 50 47 44 38 31 23 12 6 8 3

13 17 23 25 25 34 43 48 53 53 50 46 41 36 30 21 12 7 6
1991).
10 15 22 25 25 33 39 46 49 50 48 43 38 33 28 19 10 8 6

The Scatter submenu is 13 21 23 25 28 35 43 48 44 44 38 34 27 22 14 9 7

where you will find commands 12 20 21 26 28 32 39 44 42 39 32 28 25 20 12 9 7

14 21 24 26 28 35 35 34 31 26 27 22 14 10 8
to plot P and T axes as points.
19 21 22 21 26 26 27 23 26 24 16 13 8
You can choose to contour the P- 21 21 25 26 24 21 23 19 13
axes, the T-axes or both from the 2
23
Contour submenu; the con- Figure 11. Lots of different things to plot!
touring parameters are set in the
Inspector palette described be-
low. Kinematic axes submenu allows you to plot either linked Bingham or Moment
tensor axes for the entire population that is currently showing on the stereonet. These
are average axes, either weighted or unweighted for the entire population. The Fault
plane solution allows you to visualize easily your data set as a classic beach ball dia-
gram commonly used to visualize earthquake focal mechanisms.
PT-dihedra allow you to carry out and plot the P or T dihedra following the
method of Angelier and Mechler (1977). In
the resulting diagram, the number at each
point on a grid shows the number of P or T
quadrants with which that point coincides.
You can also get the number of P and T di-
hedra at any point simply by holding down
the Shift Key while moving the mouse over
the stereonet. The P and T dihedra show up
just above where the trend and plunge at the
mouse is displayed. P or T-dihedra results
can be contoured by pressing the appropri-
ate radio button in the Inspector Palette (see Figure 12. Dialog used to specify ad hoc P and T
below). axes, from which a fault plane solution will be
plotted.

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 There may be times when you want to plot a
quick fault plane/focal mechanism solution. For
example, you may want to plot up a quick focal
mechanism for a recent earthquake, etc. For those
times, you can use Plot:Fault Plane Solution:From
ad hoc P & T axes. This choice will give you the dia-
log box to the right (Fig. 12), which allows you to
specify an arbitrary P and T axis from which the
nodal planes will be calculated. The easiest way to
use this is to leave the plunge of either the P or the
T axis blank. FaultKin will calculate the correct
plunge, ensuring that the two axes are perpendicu-
lar to each other. When you click Okay, the fault
plane solution will be plotted. To remove the ad hoc
fault plane solution from your plot, simply select
the same menu option and when the dialog box in
Figure 10 appears, click Cancel. Figure 13a
Finally, you can plot the results of any Stress
on Plane analyses you have carried out. FaultKin keeps track of all stress on plane
analyses and when you ask it to plot Stress on Plane, it will plot all of the analyses. To
clear out the old analyses, choose Reset Stress on Plane from the Calculations Menu.

Customizing your Plot with the Inspector

You customize your plot via the Inspector
Window (Fig. 13), which is accessed from the View
menu or with I (capital i). Changes in the In-
spector are immediately reflected in the plot. The
first (leftmost) tab of the Inspector controls the
stereographic projection, grid spacing and selection
aspects. The second and third tabs control the size
and color of the different features that you can plot
from the plot menu.
The final (rightmost) tab is where you enter
the parameters for contour plots (Fig. 13c). You can
contour P-axes, T-Axes, or both. Alternatively, if
you select the P or T dihedra grid radio button,
and you have Plot>PT Dihedra>P Dihedra or
Plot>PT Dihedra>T Dihedra selected, you will get a
contour plot of the values in the selected grid. You
Figure 13c

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can select either Kamb contours or 1% area con -
tours as well as the density of the counting grid on
the sphere. The smoothed checkbox applies the
Robin and Jowett (1986) weighted smoothing to the
contours, which is especially useful if you have se-
lected a dense counting grid.
You can choose the colors for the contouring
separately for the P-axes and the T-axes. The fill
opacity slider is useful when you have both P- and
T-axis contours showing on the screen at the same
time. Contour fill opacity is saved in .svg files but
not in .pdf files.
You can change the view direction from the
View Menu. This allows you to rotate the stereonet
so that the primitive circle does not represent the
horizon but instead represents any other plane you
Figure 13b
might want as a reference point. The most common
reason why you might
want to do this is to dis-
play your results oriented
correctly for the plane of a
cross section.
Finally, if you need
to ensure that several
plots are all the same size,
you can do so by choosing
Set stereonet radius
from the view menu. The
window will be resized to
accommodate the new
stereonet size.

A n a l y z i n g E a r t h-
quake Data
FaultKin is equally
adept at analyzing earth-
quake moment tensor
data as it is with fault slip Figure 14. Earthquake Moment tensor details and earthquake mo-
data. It understands P&T ment tensor summation results in FaultKin.

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data and Aki Richards format entry and can plot fault plane solutions. Furthermore, the
program can read and interpret .ndk files from the GCMT archive as well as USGS
QuakeML .xml formatted files. With these data, the program can perform full seismic
moment tensor summations and, if one enters the volume of the region, it can calculate
strain. One can access the detailed moment tensor data for individual events, if such
components existed in the original data set, by selecting View>EQ Moment Tensor De-
tails (Fig. 14). The tensor can be displayed in either a North-East-Down or the original
r-t-p (r--) coordinate system and units can be shown in either dyne-cm or Newton-m.
If errors on individual moment tensor parameters were included in the original data
file, then they will be displayed in the Details dialog box and will be propagated
through the moment tensor calculation. For background on the calculations done by
FaultKin, see Jost and Herrmann (1989).

Figure 15. The map view tab showing the locations of aftershocks from a recent Chilean earthquake.

The Map View

You can see the location of any selected datum that has latitude and longitude
coordinates in the Map Tab of the main window. Simply click on the points that you
want to see and a Google map will be plotted with a standard Google point marker at
the location (Fig. 15). The type of map can be chosen from the popup menu on the top
left and the scale of the map can be changed with the slider control at the top right of
the map pane. This Google map view only supports display of 120 locations or less.

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Copying, saving and printing your plot
Once you have the plot just as you like it, you can save it as a PDF or SVG file for
import into other programs. The PDF and SVG formats are both vector-based formats
meant to provide publication quality graphics. They should appear identical to, but
higher resolution than, the plot window itself. The size of the graphic is controlled by
the size of the Plot tab in the Main window. Of the two, SVG is for a number of reasons
a superior graphic format, especially if you anticipate subsequent editing.
FaultKin also supports the clipboard. If any text is selected in either the Data or
theAnalysis Pane, that editable text will be copied to the clipboard. Otherwise the
Graphic in the Main Window will be copied as a screen resolution raster object to the
clipboard for pasting into another application.
FaultKin has a very basic printing routine which will print the graphics in the
Main Windows/plot pane. At present, the graphic is printed at the size it appears on the
screen unless it is larger than 7 inches, in which case it is shrunk to fit the screen. The
default size of the graphics window produces a stereonet that just fits on one page. The
text in the Analysis Window/Pane is automatically added beneath the stereonet. On the
Mac OS X, you can print to PDF as you can in other programs, however, the pdf that is
produced by the save plot as pdf command is a low resolution raster image.

Interactive Features
Whenever the mouse moves over the stereonet, the trend and plunge at
the tip of the cursor is displayed in the lower left corner
Clicking and dragging the mouse inside the stereonet temporarily dis-
plays a great circle whose pole coincides with the tip of the cursor.
Holding down the shift key while moving the mouse will display the
number of P and T dihedra at the cursor tip
Clicking on a data point in the stereonet selects the corresponding row in
the data table and vice versa. Multiple, noncontiguous selections are pos-
sible using the shift key in the stereonet or the command key in the list
box
Changes made in the Inspector are instantly reflected in the plot

Version History
Version 7.5.0 2016.12.05
FaultKin now comes in a 64-bit version for all three platforms, though
Windows and Linux are still also available in 32-bit version (all recent ver-
sions of the Mac operating system are 64-bit).Note that I do not have 64-

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 bit versions of either Windows or Linux to test these on! The 64-bit ver-
sions are considerably faster than the 32-bit versions, especially where a
large number of calculations are involved
Contour plots can now use the Robin and Jowett (1986) smoothing rou-
tine.
A new menu choice, Data>Max Compatible Faults, uses P&T dihedra to
calculate that maximum number of faults that are kinematically compati-
ble and turns off those that aren't. There may be more than one equally
good solution to this problem and FaultKin will just give you the first one
that it finds.
This version of FaultKin returns to using a simple pdf file of the user's
manual for its help system. If you select Help>FaultKin Help the pdf file
will be launched automatically assuming it is in the same folder/directory
as the program itself.
Fixed a bug reading in moment tensor details.
Fixed a display glitch with the scale slider in the map view

Version 7.4.3 2016.05.02

Fixed unexpected behavior when imported P&T axes were not exactly
perpendicular
Fixed the spinning beach ball behavior when trying to click on two lines to
get the angle between them
Cursor is now always a "+" when in the stereonet pane. No longer flashes
back and forth between + and arrow cursors.

Version 7.4.2 2016.02.21

Fixed a few bugs and changed the copyright date.

Version 7.4.1 2015.01.31

Compiled a version of FaultKin for Linux

Version 7.4.0 2015.01.07

In the Earthquake Details window, you can now enter or view the compo-
nents of the moment tensor in either north-east-down or r-t-p (i.e., Mrr,
Mtt, Mpp, Mrt, Mrp, Mtp) coordinate systems and with units of either
dyne*cm or Newton*m.

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 Fixed a bug in changing the units of the Moment tensor in the data tab of
the main window.
Fixed a bug searching by depth/elevation
Cosmetic changes for Yosemite
Changed the copyright date to 2015 :-)

Version 7.3.0 2014.09.24

A new and more robust way of reading quakeml files from the USGS

Version 7.2.9 2014.05.11

FaultKin now correctly reads numbers entered in non-U.S. formats. It will
use the number format specified in the user's system preferences.
Calculates and displays the equivalent scalar moment of the summed se-
ries of individual moment tensors.

Version 7.2.7 2014.04.15

Now calculates isotropic part (volume strain) part of the moment tensor,
as well as the percent double couple.
The Import text parsing dialog can nowaccommodate fault orientations
given in dip direction and dip rather than strike and dip
bug fixes...

Version 7.2.5 2014.04.06

Many additions, most to facilitate working with earthquake data (you can
tell I've been working on the Iquique earthquake!):
Add/view data inthe Data Tab using Aki-Richards strike-dip-rake format
where the sign of the rake contains the slip information (choose from the
sense of slip popup menu).
Add/view data in the Data Tab as P and T axes with the enter/show P&T
axes checkbox. FaultKin will adjust the entered P axis if necessary to en-
sure that the axes are orthogonal
FaultKin now reads .ndk (Gobal CMT catalog format) directly using
File>Import Text File without going through the Parse Text File dialog.
Open and parse QuakeML XML files with moment tensor solutions (or at
least nodal planes and scalar moment). Note: FaultKin looks for
"quakeml" in the first line of the xml file to identify it as a QuakeML for-

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 mat. Saving these files fromthe USGS siteoccasionally results in an extra
line at the beginning of the file, at least in some browsers (cough, Safari,
cough). You will have to remove these extraneous first lines in a text editor
before FaultKin can read them.
The program now reads and uses the moment tensor parameters (mrr,
mtt, mpp, mrt, mrp, mtp) and errors from .ndk and QuakeML files. These
parameters are converted and displayed in a North-East-Down coordinate
system in FaultKin and are used in Moment tensor sums rather than full
double couple solutions as previously. You can view, edit, or enter by hand
these parameters by choosing View>EQ Moment Tensor Details. To record
any changes, you must click the "Calculate & Save" button in the Data Tab.
FaultKin now assigns an event number internally to keep track of multiple
measures of a single event or fault more efficiently when sorting (see next
bullet). For example, if you enter three different moment tensor solutions
for the same earthquake (checking "same as previous" checkbox for the
second and third solutions of the triplet), they will all have the same event
number. You can see but not manipulate the event number inthe data tab
next to the "same as previous" checkbox.
Sort your data list by date, moment, depth/elevation, latitude, longitude,
or Event Order using Data>Sort By submenu. You can sort by fault or by
P&T axes parameters by clicking the column headings in the listbox. Be-
fore you do a moment tensor sum, FaultKin will sort your data by event
order to ensure that any multiples measures of the same fault/event are
counted correctly.
Errors on latitude, longitude, and depth are now displayed in the main
data tab if they have been entered.
Corrected a minor bug in the moment tensor sum code when summing
multiple measures of the same event

Version 7.0.0 2014.01.24

You can now fill contours of P and T axes with one of four different color
ramps. Different patterns can be assigned to P and T axes with the option
to show or hide the contour lines and the ability to vary the opacity.
You can contour the P or T dihedra grid to rapidly identify the maximum/
ma and the distribution of relatively good solutions. Contouring of P&T
axes and dihedra grids are mutually exclusive: you can do one or the oth-
er but not both. The dihedra grid contouring can likewise use one of four
different color ramps, provides control over opacity/transparency, etc.

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 Control of moment tensor parameters has been removed from the Inspec-
tor and is now accessible from the Calculations menu. The first time you
do a moment tensor calculation, the dialog box is always displayed so you
can select parameters. Those parameters remain in effect until you explic-
itly change them by choosing Calculations>Change Moment Tensor
Params.
Contouring now has a dedicated tab in the Inspector with a broad range of
options. This tab is where you choose whether to contour P&T axes or PT-
dihedra grids.
In the Select Tab, FaultKin will use a default upper or lower value if you
do not enter one specifically.

Version 6.8.0 2013.11.25

Added an option to plot a polar grid beneath the points. The grid can be
projected using either equal area or equal angle. The projection itself is
still lower hemisphere with north at the top.
Added a Clear All to the Plot Menu which allows you to turn off all se-
lected plotting options.
Moved Null axis to the Plot>Scatter submenu and added an additional
menu item to that submenu to plot all three (P, T, and N/b)
Added ability to plot conjugate faults (Plot>Conjugate Faults) which is
useful when working with earthquake data where you dont know which
nodal plane is the true fault.
Added swap with conjugate button to the Data Tab. This button will re-
place the fault plane with its conjugate plane. You might want to use this if
you were working with earthquake data but subsequently learned that
opposite of the two nodal planes is the real fault plane. The change is not
made permanent until you click the Calculate and Save button at the
bottom of the Data Tab.

Version 6.7.0 2013.11.13

The Mac version of FaultKin is now code-signed with my own developer
certificate from Apple which means that the first time you run it, you no
longer have to go through the process of right-clicking on it as described
in the text in the upper left of this page.
Help/users manual is now built into the program; you can access it from
the Help menu. A separate pdf of the manual is no longer distributed with

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 the program. Windows users: The folder FaultKin Help must be in the
same directory as the FaultKin program or the program will not find it.
Mac users: the help is built in to the application package so there are no
separate files.

Version 6.6.4 2013.10.25

Fixed a bug where entering new data manually in the data tab would re-
sult in numerous blank lines in the Data Listbox.

Version 6.6.3 2013.09.16

Fixed crashing bug when using hide unchecked faults with two or more
windows open
Some publications use an em- or en-dash instead of a minus sign in data
tables. Text parsing now tries to deal with this better
Fixed a bug where the menu choice for plotting moment tensor kinematic
axes would become unchecked even though you were still plotting those
axes.
when the moment tensor pane of the Inspector appears, it is now more in-
telligent about selecting weighting information
The Mac version now runs at high resolution on retina MacBook Pros and
the like

Version 6.6.2 2013.09.06

FaultKin can now parse Global CMT "ndk" format files. Make sure that
"ndk" is located somewhere inthe name or as the suffix (e.g., ".ndk")
You now have to option to hide unchecked rows in the data panel:
View>Hide unchecked Faults. This is useful if you have large data sets
and have turned off many of them
The Select tab now has a popupmenu for specifying sense of slip in your
search
If you have entered seismic moment data, FaultKin calculates and dis-
plays the moment magnitude (Mw) automatically inthe Data tab.
Earthquake data entered via the parse text file dialog can have seismic
moment units specified in either dyne*cm or N*m
The volume of a region can now be specified in a variety of units

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 The image in the Map tab can now be zoomed our to view the entire
world. If you try to plot more than 120 points in the map tab you will get a
warning that 120 is the maximum allowed (by Google, not me!)
fixed an error introduced in 6.6.0 in calculating faults and slip direction
from P&T axis data.

Version 6.6.0 2013.09.02

Parse any column-oriented text file; no longer needs to be in FaultKin
format
Aki and Richards format data (strike, dip, and rake where the sign of the
rake defines the sense of slip; used by USGS for earthquake slip data and
others can now be imported via parse text dialog
P&&T axes data sets can now be imported via the parse text dialog.
FaultKin will arbitrarily define a fault plane and slip vector for the data
set.
Import earthquake data with moment magnitude (Mw) and FaultKin will
calculate and weight the data by the equivalent moments using the stan-
dard moment-magnitude relationships
Weighting data imported via parse text dialog can be in a variety of units
(meters, centimeter, feet, inches, Newton*meters, dyne*centimeters) and
FaultKin will convert them to the internal units used by the program
you can specify local coordinates in place of longitude and latitude during
import via the parse text dialog
The Mac OS X version of FaultKin is now "Retina" resolution ready. Text
and standard interface elements will now look incredibly crisp and clear
on Retina MacBook Pros (for those of you lucky enough to have one!)

Version 6.5.2, 6.5.3 2013.08.28

Ability to plot the null or b-axes. This is the line in the fault plane which is
90 from the slip direction.
Revisedthe error checking routine on input to handle edge cases a bit
more gracefully
Additional bug fixes

Version 6.5.0 2013.06.01

Text annotations Select Edit>Annotate Plot, click on the plot where you
want the text to begin, enter your text and specify color and size if you

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 want and your done. You can reposition existing text annotations simply
by clicking and dragging then in the plot pane. Handles occur on either
side of the annotation during the drag operation. Viewing annotations can
be toggled on or off with Plot>Text Annotations, and annotations can be
deleted with Edit>Delete All Annotations. Annotations can be up to 64
characters long. When you right- or control-click on an annotation, you
will get a contextual menu which will allow you to edit or delete just that
annotation.
Lasso data specify whether you are selecting P- or T-axes or striae, then
use the mouse to drag a "lasso" around the points you want to select
The horizontal divider between the listbox with the data and the text box
below it with the summary of the analyses is now moveable. Position the
mouse over it and drag up or down.
Copy Datum, Paste Datum (Edit Menu) now works within a single data
set or between different data sets. Select a number of rows in the listbox,
choose Copy Datum (which, unlike "Copy", will copy all of the informa-
tion in the data tab), go to the window where you want to past the results
and choose Paste Datum. The copied data will be pasted into the new data
set, appended after the existing data if there are any.
Delete Datum will immediately delete all of the selected rows in the list-
box. No warning will be given!
Menu options pertaining to particular types of data sets are only enabled
if that type of data actually exists. For example, if there are no Lines data
sets, Plot>Lines will be grayed out and you will not be able to select it.
Fixed an error in the calculation of the Moment Tensor for data sets con-
taining thrust faults. If you have used this function previously, you should
redo your analyses.

Version 6.1.0 2013.03.12

FaultKin 6 for Mac is now a "Cocoa" app which uses the full set of Mac OS
X APIs and interface elements.
Corrected a bug in Stress on Plane when sigma 2 value was entered as a
magnitude rather than entering the principal stress ratio, R
The windows behind the active window now refresh correctly when not
in foreground
Fixed a bug in setting the Stereonet size from the dialog

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 Some optimizations to make contouring of large data sets slightly faster

Version 6.0.1 2013.02.07

Fixes a bug which would cause the program to crash if one attempted to
save data entered in the data tab before plotting anything.
Changed copyright year to 2013 :-)

Version 6.0.0 2012.12.01

Redesigned main window for better performance on Windows laptops.
FaultKin in earlier versions did not behave well on Windows laptops be-
cause the minimum necessary vertical height of the main Window was
higher than the pixel count of many laptops. Version 6 corrects this by
making the default height of the main window shorter
Map view courtesy of Google satellite. A new tab allows you to see the lo-
cation of your datum on a zoomable Google satellite, terrain, or road map.
Select a datum with latitude and longitude information entered and then
click on the Map tab. A pointer will indicate the position of your datum in
the center of the map. Multiple locations can be mapped.
Behind the scenes changes in preparation for a Cocoa flavored Mac ver-
sion.

Version 5.6.3 2012.09.18

Corrected a bug entering rake when NOT using right-hand rule for strike
corrected a bug that prevented rake from being entered

Version 5.6.1 2012.08.06

FaultKin is now a document-based app. That is, you can open as many
windows as you want (or the memory on your computer allows), each
with a different data set.
You can now contour P- and/or T-axes within the program. The contour
lines have the same color as you have defined for the P and T-axes them-
selves. A new panel in the Inspector controls contour characteristics such
as Kamb versus 1% area, contour interval, significance level, etc.
The plot can now be saved in .SVG format, an open, high resolution vector
format that can be read by many modern vector drawing programs as well
as web browsers.

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 The program will now attempt to open older versions of FaultKin data-
base files. Those files did not have a one line header, meaning that you can
try to open most any text file.
After dragging the mouse in the plot window, if you hold down the op-
tion/alt key when you release the mouse, the trend and plunge and strike
and dip corresponding to the last position of the mouse will be written to
the text area.
During data entry, if you hold down the Shift Key while clicking "Calcu-
late and Save" (or pressing enter/return), the program will assume that
you automatically want to enter another datum, thus avoiding having to
explicitly press the Add new datum button every time
Fixed a bug with rake entry
Fixed bug with PDF and Pict/EMF output where partial data sets that
were sorted by clicking in a column would display wrong data

Version 5.5.0 2012.05.03

Complete search and select You can now display subsets of your data
selected by any combination of parameters shown in the Data panel (tab).
There is a new panel titled "Select" where you specify the criteria whose
matching records you want to display.
Input data files are now checked to see if striae lie on their respective fault
planes and a simple correction applied if possible. Impossible cases are
skipped during input.
Cosmetic changes.

Version 5.2.7
Fixed graphical glitches associated with screen resizing
You can now export text files in Stereonet 7/OSXStereonet format for fur-
ther visualization in those programs. Four different files can be written:
(1) strike and dip of fault plane (in AZ format), (2) Trend and plunge of
striae, (3) trend and plunge of P-axes, and (4) trend and plunge of T-axes.

Version 5.2.6 2011.10.25

Mostly fixes of bugs that were introduced when the interface was changed
to a single window, rather than two drawer windows.

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 You can now specify that T-axes be plotted as hollow circles rather than
filled circles. This makes it easier to produce figures in black & white for
publication

Version 5.2.4 2011.09.06

Removed the drawer windows from the Mac version as Mac interface
guidelines now recommend avoiding drawer windows. Also, they be-
haved very erratically when the main window was moved quickly.
Added a disclosure triangle and Show Data List option in the Windows
menu. Using either of these you can hide or show the Data List, making
the window bigger or smaller depending on your needs/screen size, etc.
Fixed a bug in the moment tensor calculation. Please redo any moment
tensor calculations you may have done with the program in the past.

Version 5.2.3 2011.07.03

Added ability to set the view direction as in earlier versions of the pro-
gram. Now you can rotate your results in the plane of a cross section or
whatever.
Added ability to specify the exact radius of the stereonet. The window is
resized automatically to accommodate the new size. You can still change
the size by resizing the window as well.
Added the ability to plot nodal planes for ad hoc P & T axes. You enter
whatever P- and T-axis you want in a dialog box and the program will
plot a beach ball fault plane solution for you. This is useful if you are us-
ing FaultKin to plot, say, a focal mechanism for a recent earthquake.
Added a basic printing ability. Printing automatically includes the text
from the Analysis Window/Pane. In Mac OS X, you can save pdfs from
the print window though pdfs saved directly from the file menu are high-
er resolution.
Copying to the clipboard now works in all windows/panes. You can now
copy the graphics as vectors to the clipboard.
Stress on plane analyses are now saved when saving PICT/EMF files
If you have a data set open and try to open another data set, you are asked
where you want the new data set to append to, or replace, the old data set
Minor bug fixes, including one where fault plane solutions were drawn
incorrectly

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Version 5.1.1
Corrected errors in the stress on plane calculation
Added ability to plot the stress on plane calculation
Added ability to click and drag mouse inside the stereonet to plot interac-
tively a great circle. Note that the great circle only shows while you are
clicking and dragging the mouse. It does not get added to the permanent
plot.

Version 5.1
Added ability to save the plot in older vector format as a .pict file (Mac) or
a .emf (enhanced metafile, Windows).
Various bug fixes

Version 5.0
Initial public release of completely rewritten program.

References
Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D., 2012, Structural geology algorithms:
Vectors and tensors in structural geology: Cambridge University Press.
Angelier, J., and Mechler, P., 1977, Sur une methode graphique de recherche des con-
traintes principales egalment utilisable en tectonique et en seismologie: La meth-
ode des diedres droits: Bulletin de Societie Geologique de France Bulletin de So-
cietie Geologique de France, v. 19, p. 13091318.
Jost, M.L., and Herrmann, R.B., 1989, A students guide to and review of moment ten-
sors: Seismological Research Letters, v. 60, p. 3757.
Marrett, R. A., and Allmendinger, R. W., 1990, Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data:
Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12, p. 973-986.
Twiss, R.J., and Gefell, M.J., 1990, Curved slickenfibers: a new brittle shear sense indica-
tor with application to a sheared serpentine: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 12,
p. 471482.
Twiss, R.J., Protzman, G.M., and Hurst, S.D., 1991, Theory of slickenline patterns based
on the velocity gradient tensor and microrotation: Tectonophysics, v. 186, p. 215
239.

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