IMPACT EQUITY & WELLBEING

DEPARTEMEN PROMOSI KESEHATAN DAN ILMU PERILAKU

FAKULTAS KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
What is the Impact on Well-Being?

Copyright 2014 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction
What is happiness?
Subjective well-being:
Participants report on
own positive and negative feelings
High positive affect: happiness, pleasure, excitement,
contentment, meaning
Low negative affect: anxiety, sadness, worthlessness,
restlessness, dejection
Compare ourselves to our reference group
High well-being means a life well-livedall the things that are important to each of us, what we
think about, and how we experience our lives.
Liking what you do each day and being motivated to achieve your goals

Having supportive relationships and love in your life

Managing your economic life to reduce stress and increase security

Liking where you live, feeling safe and having pride in your community

Having good health and enough energy to get things done daily

Copyright 2014 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Tale of Two Opportunities

Communities

Employers

Well-Being
Measuring Well-Being

Key Domains:

1. Life Evaluation

2. Emotional Health

3. Physical Health

4. Healthy Behavior

5. Work Environment

6. Basic Access

www.healthways.com

Copyright 2014 Gallup, Inc. All rights reserved.

Organizations Need to Take a
Holistic View of Well-Being
Organizations Support Individuals Achieve

Well Being
How is Well-Being Integrated
Into the Fabric of the Organization?
Leadership Are we modeling the right
behaviors?

Values & Rituals What are the Attitudes

and Assumptions?

Well Being Human Capital How do we support our

employees?

Structure How are we aligned?

Performance How do we incentivize

behavior?
 Concepts of Health,
Wellness, & Well-Being
Health
There is no consensus (agreement) about any definition of health.
There is knowledge of how to attain(reach) a certain level of health,
but health itself cannot be measured.
Traditionally health has been defined in terms of the presence or
absence of disease. Nightingale defined health as a state of being
well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest
extent
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined
health
as a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being, and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.
Wellness & Well-Being

Wellness further describes health status. It allows health to be

placed on a continuum from ones optimal level (wellness) to a
maladaptive state (illness)
Dimensions of Wellness

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Physical.
The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g. pulmonary,
cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and
proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco
products, and generally to practice positive lifestyle habits.
2. Social.
The ability to interact successfully with people and within the
environment
3. Emotional.
The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately,
Emotional wellness involves the ability to recognize, accept, and
express feelings.
4. Intellectual.
The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal,
family, and career development
5. Spiritual.
The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power)
that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose
of life
6. Occupational.
The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time, A
person's beliefs about education, employment, and home influence
personal satisfaction and relationships with others.
7. Environmental.
The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of
living and quality of life in the community
 Agent-Host-Environment Model
Each factor constantly
interacts with the others
When in balance, health
is maintained
When not in balance,
disease occurs

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Health-Illness Continuum
Measure persons perceived level of wellness
Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health
continuum
Move back and forth within this continuum day by day
Wide ranges of health or illness

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Well-being

"Well-being is a subjective perception of vitality (energy) and

feeling well.....can be described objectively, experienced, and
measured......and can be plotted ( design) on a continuum". It is a
component of health.
Factors influencing health status, beliefs, and practices:

Internal factors
External factors
1. Internal factors
Biologic dimension genetic makeup, sex,
age, and developmental level all significantly
influence a person's health.
Psychological dimension emotional factors
influencing health include mind-body
interactions and self-concept.
Cognitive dimension include lifestyle choices
and spiritual and religious beliefs.
2. External factors

Environment.
Standards of living. Reflecting occupation, income, and education.
Family and cultural beliefs. Patterns of daily living and lifestyle to
offspring( children).
Social support networks. Family, friends, or confidant (best friend)
and job satisfaction helps people avoid illness.
UNDERSTANDING HEALTH
INEQUALITIES
Health is not just the outcome of genetic or
biological processes but is also
influenced by the social and economic
conditions in which we live. These
influences have become known as the
social determinants of health.
Inequalities in social conditions give rise to
unequal and unjust health outcomes for
different social groups
 KEY DEFINITIONS
Social determinants of health These refer to the social, economic, and political situations
that affect the health of individuals, communities, and populations.
Absolute and relative inequalities in health Inequality in health is an empirical notion and
refers to differences in health status between different groups. It is a multidimensional
concept, consisting of technical and normative judgments in the choice of appropriate
metrics. We have presented absolute and relative inequalities.
Inequity in health and health care Inequity in health is a normative concept and refers to
those inequalities that are judged to be unjust or unfair because they result from socially
derived processes. Equity in health care requires active engagement in planning,
implementation, and regulation of health systems to make unbiased and accountable
arrangements that address the needs of all members of society.
Health system and health-systems performance The health system as defined by WHO
describes all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain
health.
 Social Determinants/Health

1. Social determinants contribute to health inequalities between social groups. This is because
the effects of social determinants of health are not distributed equally or fairly across
society.
2. Social determinants can influence health both directly and indirectly. For example
educational disadvantage can limit access to employment, raising the risk of poverty and
its adverse impact on health.
3. Social determinants of health are interconnected e.g poverty is linked to poor housing,
access to health services or diet, all of which are in turn linked to health.
4. Social determinants operate at different levels
Multiple Causes

A range of factors contribute to health Inequalities:

Socio-economic or material factors such as government social spending
and the distribution of income and other resources in society which
influence the social and built environment.
Psychosocial factors such as stress, isolation, social relationships and social
support.
Behavioural or lifestyle factors.
Measuring Health Inequalities

Adequate baseline data is necessary to help us understand health

inequalities more fully and to help identify appropriate targets and
interventions to reduce them.
1.Information about death, illness, health and health service use.
2.Information about how these health indicators are patterned across
different demographic or socio-economic groups and across different
geographical areas
Well established inequalities

Income
Poverty
Education
Health
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING HEALTH
INEQUALITIES
Impact of INEQUITY
On the Client On the Family
Behavioral and Depends on:
emotional changes Member of the family
who is ill
Loss of autonomy
Seriousness and length of
Self-concept and body the illness
image changes Cultural and social
Lifestyle changes customs the family
follows
 Impact of INEQUITY : Family Changes

Role changes
Task reassignments
Increased demands on time
Anxiety about outcomes
Conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities
Financial problems
Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss
Change in social customs
Well-Being at Everywhere,everywhen ur Live