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 Table of contents

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS-A EUROPEAN

PERSPECTIVE................................................................................................................................................ 1

01 October 2014 ii ProQuest

Document 1 of 1

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS-A EUROPEAN

PERSPECTIVE
Author: Tolls, Johannes; Berger, Harald; Klenk, Adolf; Meyberg, Michael; Mller, Rainer; Rettinger, Klaus;
Steber, Josef

ProQuest document link

Abstract: [...] they are eliminated in wastewater treatment plants to a significant extent due to adsorption onto
sewage sludge. [...] the bulk of ingredients in the cosmetic product categories is not likely to enter receiving
surface waters in significant amounts as the ingredients are predominantly biodegraded or retained in
wastewater treatment plants.

Full text: INTRODUCTION

Personal care products are applied to the external body surface for cleaning, protecting, and keeping it in good
condition. After their use, a significant amount of these products goes down the drain and enters the
"wastewatersewage plant - receiving water" route. As a result, they may ultimately end up in the aquatic
environment. This is not only true for typical rinse-off products such as shampoos, shower gels, and toothpastes
but also for leave-on products such as hair-care products and make-up. A large percentage of these products
can be removed from the body by subsequent body cleaning processes such as bathing; thus, cosmetic
ingredients may ultimately be measurable in surface waters. Whether or not their presence gives rise to concern
regarding actual effects in ecosystems is subject to risk assessments, which compare actual or predicted
environmental concentrations to effect thresholds.
This letter gives an industry perspective of the environmental risks of personal care product ingredients and
focuses on the situation in the European Union (EU), outlining the relevant cosmetic product groups, their
composition, and aspects of the present regulations regarding the safety of personal care products, also
referred to as cosmetic products or cosmetics in the EU. The discussion of the ecological properties and
possible environmental risks of the main cosmetic product ingrethent groups is illustrated with a collection of
examples of typical personal care product formulas and an overview of biodegradability and ecotoxicity data
(Supporting Information, Table Sl; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/09-104.Sl).
Considerable amounts of personal care products are utilized each day, resulting in large quantities of chemical
substances that could potentially reach environmental compartments, particularly water, but also soil and air.
The environmental relevance is evident with an annual production of 790,000 tons of personal care products in
Germany [I]. The totals for the different product groups are detailed in Table Sl (Supporting Information, Table
Sl). In this context we must particularly consider the high-volume rinse-off products with high content in water;
however, the production volume of individual chemical constituents of the various personal care products
ranges from <1 to >1,000 tons per annum.
Generally, personal care products include a number of ingredients with individual, substance-specific properties
that will influence the product performance. Considering the tonnages, ingrethent composition, and
consequently, the potential environmental impact, some cosmetic products exhibit similarities to detergents,
another large household product group. Personal care products and detergents are sometimes classified as
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, a group that also includes disinfecting agents, antiseptic products,
and pharmaceuticals. After use, all of the products may have a similar environmental entry route; however, the
chemical composition of the pharmaceutical products shows significant differences from cosmetic and
household products. Consequently, it can be expected that the environmental behavior and impact of
pharmaceuticals is generally not comparable with those of personal care products.
LEGISLATIVE ASPECTS

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In all regions of the world personal care products are regulated nationally, particularly in terms of their impact on
human health. In Europe, such products are defined in Article 1 of the EC Cosmetics Directive 76/768/EC [2] as
follows:
A "cosmetic product" shall mean any substance or preparation intended to be placed in contact with the various
external parts of the human body (epidermis, hair system, nails, lips and external genital organs) or with the
teeth and the mucous membranes of the oral cavity with a view exclusively or mainly to cleaning them,
perfuming them, changing their appearance and/or correcting body odors and/or protecting them or keeping
them in good condition.
Annex I of the EC Cosmetics Directive contains an illustrative list of products considered to be cosmetics: body
care products, soaps, perfumes, sun tanning and sunscreen products, nail care products, lip care products, bath
and shower products, depilatories, shaving products, deodorants and antiperspirants, makeup removers, anti-
wrinkle products, external intimate hygiene products, and hair-care products.
The EC Cosmetics Directive demands that cosmetic products be safe for human health under normal and
reasonably foreseeable use conditions. Strict labeling requirements include the name of the manufacturer or
importer, information about shelf life, conditions of use or warnings, certain provisions concerning marketing
claims, etc. A description of the function of the cosmetic product and the ingredients is also required.
Certain cosmetic ingredients are regulated under the annexes of the EC Cosmetics Directive. The annexes
include substances banned for use in cosmetic products, ingredients subject to restrictions, and permitted
colorants, preservatives, and UV filters. Each list is based on a safety evaluation performed by the EU Scientific
Committee on Consumer Products. Only a fraction of the cosmetic ingredients is explicitly listed in the national
cosmetic regulations of the EU member states. Many ingredients are covered by the general safety
requirements for personal care products, which means each cosmetic product has to undergo a safety
assessment that must be documented and made accessible to official control bodies.
Until recently, regulations specifically addressing environmental aspects of personal care products were limited.
Today, the new European regulation on chemicals, REACH ([3]; http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do7uri = CONSLEG:1976L0768:20070919:EN:pdf), have a strong impact
on the environmental safety assessment of cosmetic ingredients and thus will considerably increase the
attention to the environmental aspects of personal care products.
COMPOSITION OF PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS
Most cosmetic product categories display a typical composition, examples of which are published in
monographs, such as that by Umbach [I]. A closer look into typical formulations of the high-volume products
reveals surfactants as an ingrethent group present in all rinse-off products at relatively high concentrations
(Supporting Information, Table S2; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/09-104.Sl). The overview of the quantitatively
relevant cosmetic rinse-off product groups such as shower gels, shampoos, and face wash lotions as well as of
leave-on products such as hair conditioners and skin creams reveals that lipophilic and emulsifying substances
are another important group of ingredients. Those include fatty alcohols, glycerol esters, paraffins, and waxes.
Polymeric ingredients such as silicon oils and components containing polymer structures such as fatty acid-
protein condensates, fatty acid esters with polyols, and quaternary cellulose derivatives also play an important
role in some product types. Depending on the product group, specific agents as well as perfumes may also be
present.
ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF FORMULATED PRODUCTS
The environmental safety of household products is assessed based on the ecological properties of their many
components. Two basic issues determine their environmental safety: the environmental fate and potential
effects on the environment. The environmental fate of chemical substances depends mainly on the
physicochemical properties, such as water solubility, adsorption behavior, and volatility, and on their
degradability, which is overwhelmingly affected by microorganisms (biological degradation) present in sewage

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treatment plants, surface waters, and soils. These fate-relevant properties control the distribution of a chemical
in the environmental compartments (water, soil, air) and its final removal by degradation processes. This and
information about the quantities emitted to the environment are used in exposure assessments to arrive at so-
called predicted environmental concentrations (PECs).
The second assessment aspect, the potential impact of a chemical on the organisms living in the environmental
compartments, also depends on substance-specific properties, i.e. the ecotoxicity. Data from standardized tests
on representative organisms are required by European chemicals legislation [3]. Again, depending on the type
and quantity of the available effects data that trigger application of more or less conservative assessment
factors, a tiered environmental effects assessment can be made delivering the predicted no-effect concentration
(PNEC), that is, the maximum concentration at which toxicological effects are not to be expected in the real
environment.
Comparison of the PEC and the PNEC constitutes the core of the environmental risk assessment as it is applied
in the EU. Only if the PEC can be shown not to exceed the PNEC, can one expect that a substance or the
products based on it are ecologically safe [4]. The safety assessment of any chemical is a tiered process: The
requirements on the type and extent of fate and effects data depend at first on the production volume of a
chemical and subsequently on the result obtained in the effective stage of risk assessment process. Hence, the
availability of data from relatively simple low-cost tests may be sufficient in some cases to conclude low
environmental concern (PEC <PNEC) while such an evaluation may need expensive chronic toxicity tests,
simulation tests, or even environmental monitoring studies in other cases.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROPERTIES AND RISKS OF COSMETIC PRODUCT INGREDIENTS
Surfactants
Surfactants generally are the key components in cleaning products, such as detergents as well as in cosmetic
rinse-off products. Their function is to detach soils from solid surfaces like textiles and from human hair and
skin, respectively. It is important to note that most of the surfactant types used in cosmetic products do not differ
significantly from the ones used in detergents except they are milder to the skin. A comprehensive compilation
of relevant environmental data and the safety assessments based upon it has been conducted and published in
the context of the Human and Environmental Risk Assessment (HERA) project (www.heraproject.com) by the
manufacturers of household cleaning products and the ingrethent suppliers. In addition, several monographs
and publications [5,6] have discussed the environmental aspects of surfactants used in detergents.
Most surfactants used in personal care products are readily biodegradable, exhibiting a rapid biodegradation
under stringent test conditions according to test protocols used internationally. It is generally accepted that
substances shown to be readily biodegradable will undergo a rapid and ultimately complete biodegradation in
the environment. Indepth laboratory simulation studies and monitoring studies in the real environment have
shown that many of the cosmetically relevant surfactants (alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol sulfates, and alcohol
ether sulfates) are eliminated in municipal sewage treatment plants by more than 98%. This elimination is
mostly due to ultimate biodgradation, the conversion of chemical structure into mineralization products (carbon
dioxide, water, inorganic salts) leading to a complete re-integration of the compound's constituents into the
natural cycle of materials.
Surface-active substances can also interact with biological surfaces, such as cell membranes, and are therefore
relatively toxic to aquatic organisms. Acute effects impacting the survival rate of these organisms are generally
found in a concentration range of 1 to 10 mg/L (lethal/effect concentration EC/LC50). Sublethal long-term
effects such as influences on growth and reproduction have been found at concentrations that are generally a
factor 10 lower than those leading to acute effects (www.heraproject.com; [7]).
Considering their ecotoxicity and the large amounts used in consumer products, surfactants are certainly the
ingrethent category most relevant for the potential environmental impact of formulated products. Environmental
risk assessment of the quantitatively most important surfactant groups (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, ether

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sulfates, alcohol ethoxylates, and soaps) have confirmed [7] that the resulting PEC is below the PNEC.
Consequently, the use of these surfactants is not associated with a risk to aquatic organisms. From these
findings a general conclusion can be drawn: If the surfactants used in cosmetic products have a comparable
ecological profile, that is, they are readily biodegradable and do not differ significantly in terms of their aquatic
toxicity from the ones investigated in detail, no environmental risk is to be expected.
Lipophilic care components and emulsifiers
Substances belonging to these ingrethent types are also used in large amounts in personal care products. They
are preferably based on fatty alcohols or acids often bound to another residue by an ester or ether bond. The
poor water solubility of many of these ingredients may often lead to considerable difficulties in experimental
testing for biodegradability and ecotoxicity testing [8]. However, it is well established that the chemical structure
of many of these compounds resemble naturally occurring molecules, particularly with regard to the ester/ether
bonds ubiquitously present in molecules of natural origin, and are easily accessible to biodegradation. Thus it is
not surprising that fatty alcohols and their esters, glycerol esters, etc., are readily biodegradable and will reach
the aquatic environment in very minute amounts. Paraffins are also biodegradable, but their high removal in
wastewater plants may largely be due to adsorption onto sludge. In terms of ecotoxicological effects, care
components and emulsifiers do not exhibit an acute toxicity below their water-solubility limit. Although chronic
toxicity data are scarce due to the mentioned difficulties, a recently developed concept for the environmental
risk assessment of poorly water-soluble compounds used in consumer products [9] supports the notion that
cosmetic emulsifiers do not pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms.
Fruit acids and solvent alcohols
Cosmetic ingredients of this type are employed as chelating or buffering agents (citric acid, malic acid, and
others) and as solvents such as ethanol, the most common solvent, and higher alcohols. They are readily
biodegradable and have a moderate acute aquatic toxicity (EC/LC50 ??100 mg/L). Based on this ecological
profile it is easy to conclude that materials of this type are not harmful for the environment.
Polymer ingredients
Polymeric ingredients such as silicon oils or derivatives from polymeric structures such as protein condensates
and cellulose- and poly(ethylene glycol)-based compounds are used as care components in many cosmetic
products. While protein condensates and poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives undergo rapid or moderately rapid
biodegradation, the water-insoluble silicon oils and the soluble polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds are
poorly biodegradable. However, the latter polymers are eliminated to a large extent in wastewater treatment
plants by adsorption onto sewage sludge. Most of the polymers exhibit a very low aquatic toxicity (EC/LC50
>100 mg/L) so that a favorable result can be obtained in preliminary aquatic risk assessments. In contrast, the
soluble polymers with cationic functional groups exhibit a pronounced acute aquatic toxicity (EC/LC50 >0. 1
mg/L) which is presumably due to physical effects [10]. In view of their high elimination potential the resulting
low concentrations of cationic polymers in receiving waters do not represent a significant threat to aquatic
organisms.
Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes, such as D4 and D5, are commonly used in personal care products and have a
strong tendency to partition from water to air. Though poorly biodegradable, these substances are not persistent
as they are photo-mineralized in the atmosphere and undergo claycatalyzed hydrolysis in soils [H]. Because of
the ongoing discussion in Europe and Canada regarding the potential persistent and bioaccumulative and toxic
classification of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes, pertinent monitoring and research programs are being run by the
silicon industry and the results are underway.
Preservatives
Many personal care products need preservatives to improve their stability and to prevent bacterial or fungal
growth. Preservative concentrations in formulated products are generally low (<0.5%); thus, their concentrations
in wastewater are below the threshold of biocidal action. Aldehydes, alcohols, and acids (benzoic acid, salicylic

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acid) as well as parabens used as preservatives are readily biodegradable and exhibit a moderate toxicity to
aquatic organisms with LC/EC50 values in the range of 10 to 100 mg/L. Quaternary ammonium compounds
(e.g., alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride) are readily biodegradable or largely eliminated by adsorption
onto sludge. Although they have a high aquatic toxicity (LC/ EC50 >0.1 mg/L), the amounts used in cosmetic
products are low, and the removal in sewage treatment plants is high. As a result, the assessment of these
substances does not indicate an environmental risk. Some personal care products such as triclosan may
contain preservatives that are not readily biodegradable and are very toxic to aquatic organisms. A recent risk
assessment [12] did not indicate an environmental risk. Nevertheless, aspects such as environmental
metabolites, bioaccumulation, and biochemical responses including endocrine-related effects deserve further
attention.
Hair dyes
These functional components of hair coloring products represent a large group of chemicals with similar
physicochemical properties but varying chemical structures. Consequently, the ecological profiles of these
ingredients may differ considerably. Readily as well as poorly biodegradable dye components can be present in
such products. Their aquatic toxicity (EC/LC50) ranges between 0.1 and 10 mg/L. Although a systematic
environmental safety assessment of this group is not yet available, the requirements by the new European
chemicals regulation, REACH, will provide a solid basis for the ecological evaluation of all important hair dye
representatives in the near future.
Dyestuffs
The concentrations of the compounds required for coloring household products are low (<0.1%). They represent
a large variety of chemical structures; hence, they are likely to exhibit different ecological properties. Based on
the available ecological information they are generally poorly biodegradable and show low acute aquatic
toxicity. Although it seems unlikely that their use could pose an environmental problem, a sound safety
assessment cannot be made for most of these materials due to insufficient ecological data.
Ultraviolet filters
This group of chemicals is structurally heterogenous; they are primarily used in sun protection products and to a
lesser extent in skincare products and other niche applications. Basic ecological data on biodegradability and
acute aquatic toxicity are available for relevant representatives of this ingrethent class. Generally, these
substances are not readily biodegradable but are eliminated from the aquatic phase to a large extent due to
adsorption and photodegradation. The ecotoxicity of most of these compounds is significant with acute
EC/LC50 values at approximately 1 mg/L. Proving their environmental safety on the basis of a conservative
preliminary risk assessment is difficult. However, considering environmental concentration data obtained in
recent monitoring studies [13] leads to a favorable environmental risk assessment of the respective substances.
Nevertheless, additional ecotoxicity information is required for a more conclusive safety assessment.
Discussions about the potential endocrine activity of some UV filters have recently triggered more detailed
investigations that have put the environmental relevance of pertinent laboratory results in perspective [14].
Perfume oils
Most personal care products contain perfume oils in relatively low concentrations (0.1-1%). Usually they
represent a complex mixture of a large number of structurally different fragrance chemicals and an alcoholic
solvent. Many perfume oil components, including solvents, are readily biodegradable; the ecological information
for many individual perfume ingredients is still incomplete.
In the past, certain fragrance components such as nitro musk compounds have been detected in surface waters
and in fish because they are poorly biodegradable and represent a significant bioaccumulation potential. As a
result, ingredients with such unfavorable ecological property profiles have been replaced in perfume
formulations used in detergents and in cosmetic products, despite the fact that a PEC to PNEC ratio of <1 was
obtained in previous environmental risk assessments [15]. Perfume oil manufacturers are putting considerable

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effort into safety assessment programs to generate more ecological information about perfume ingredients.
Propellants
While this letter focuses on the aquatic environment, cosmetic ingredients used as propellants particularly in
aerosol sprays such as hair and deodorant sprays should not be neglected. The most common propellants in
personal care products - propane, butane, or dimethyl ether - are released only to the air. When solvents such
as ethanol are used in aerosol sprays, they also enter the air compartment. The substances released to the air
are considered to be volatile organic compounds that might contribute to the formation of ground level ozone.
However, the emissions from cosmetic aerosols in general and from personal care products in particular seem
negligible in terms of their contribution to the greenhouse effect [I].
CONCLUSION
Human safety of personal care products and their ingredients has long been regulated in depth by the national
laws of EU member states based on the EC Cosmetics Directive ([2]; http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do7uri= CONSLEG:1976L0768:20080424:EN:PDF).
The environmental safety of personal care product ingredients has been considered an important element of the
general product safety requirements imposed by producers' liability and pertinent EU legislation on existing and
new chemicals. As the number of potential cosmetic product ingredients is very high, it is not surprising that
ecological data have been available for only a fraction of these chemicals. This situation is expected to change
because of the recent European chemicals legislation, REACH [3], requiring a minimum data set for each
chemical with a production tonnage over one ton per year.
Analysis of typical formulations of relevant product categories and the ecological profile of their ingredients
shows that most personal care products consist of components with established favorable environmental
properties. Most of the surfactants can be considered safe for the aquatic environment based on
comprehensive risk assessments. Basic biodegradability data are available for most cosmetic ingredients;
conservative default values assuming poor degradation are used in the residual cases. The ecotoxicity data is
based on experimental results or on quantitative structure-activity relationships. These estimations are deemed
sufficiently accurate for nonpolar or polar narcotics such as most cosmetic ingredients.
The overall picture of the ecological profile of typical product formulations of the various cosmetic product
categories (Supporting Information, Table S3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/09104.Sl)shows that in most cases ( 1 5
of 1 9) more than 80% of the mass of organic product ingredients is readily biodegradable. This is particularly
true for typical rinse-off products such as shower gels and shampoos, which represent the highest consumption
figures of all cosmetic product categories. Of the remaining four product types (sun protection lotion, eye cream,
conditioner for normal hair, and coloring cream for permanent hair color) more than 60% of the organic product
ingredients are readily biodegradable. These products typically are leave-on products containing a significant
portion of polymeric and/or poorly soluble ingredients that biodegrade slowly or not at all. Nevertheless, they are
eliminated in wastewater treatment plants to a significant extent due to adsorption onto sewage sludge. Thus,
the bulk of ingredients in the cosmetic product categories is not likely to enter receiving surface waters in
significant amounts as the ingredients are predominantly biodegraded or retained in wastewater treatment
plants. The agricultural use of sewage sludge in European countries has decreased over the last two decades.
As a result, soils are less impacted with poorly degradable chemicals originating from household products.
A similarly favorable view in terms of potential environmental hazards can be obtained from the formal
calculation of the aquatic toxicity of personal care products (Supporting Information, Table S3) considering the
available data on the individual ingredients. The high-tonnage rinse-off products exhibit a moderate aquatic
toxicity (LC50 for fish is >10 to 100 mg/L) mainly due to the contained surfactants. However, as discussed
previously, this toxicity is compensated for by their excellent biodegradability. This also holds true for syndet
soap, the only product in Supporting Information, Table S3 for which the LC50 for fish ranges between 1 to 10
mg/L. In the residual cases of the exercise, the calculated ecotoxicity was low (LC50 for fish >100 mg/L) despite

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the fact that conservative default values were used when data were missing for some minor components.
From the ecological characteristics of the important cosmetic ingrethent groups and the biodegradability and
ecotoxicity profile of the formulated cosmetic products, it can be concluded that subsuming pharmaceuticals and
personal care products under one term (i.e., pharmaceuticals and personal care products) is not justified and is
rather erroneous. While pharmaceuticals contain highly biologically active materials with drug-specific
physiological effects that may require a detailed evaluation of the ecological profile, the quantitatively
predominant part of cosmetic ingredients is well assessed in terms of environmental behavior and shows overall
acceptable ecological properties. We acknowledge that data gaps still exist for a number of cosmetic
ingredients. The environmental safety of a small number of personal care products ingredients is presently
subject to discussion. Examples are decamethylcyclopentasiloxane and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, triclosan,
triclocarban, and certain UV filters as well. At this time additional ecological information is necessary to allow for
a sound environmental risk assessment. Pertinent processes to improve the present situation are underway in
the context of new regulation demands (e.g., REACH) and cooperation between national authorities and
industry as well as of industry internal projects.
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Table Sl. Production figures (metric tons) of cosmetic products in Germany in 2002.
Table S2. Examples of formulas of typical cosmetic products. The product ingredients are mainly referred to
with their INCI-names and are assigned to the respective ingrethent types. The typical ingrethent concentrations
are taken from the Umbach monograph.
Table S3. Biodegradability and ecotoxicity data of cosmetic products.
All found at DOI: 10.1897/09-104.S1 (25 KB PDF).
Sidebar
Published on the Web 8/14/2009.
References
REFERENCES
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2. European Commission. 1976. Council Directive of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the
member states relating to cosmetic products (76/768/EEC), OJ L 262, 27.9.1976, ? 169, in its most recent
version (currently 16.02.2008). Paris, France.
3. European Commission. 2006. Regulation EC No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of
18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
(REACH). Official J European Union L : 136/3, 29.5.2007, Brussels, Belgium.
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Directive 93/67/ EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and Commission Regulation (EC) 1488/94
on risk assessment for existing substances (1996). Office for Publications, Luxembourg.
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7. Feijtel TC, van de Plassche EJ. 1995. Environmental risk characterisation of 4 major surfactants used in the
Netherlands. RIVM Report 679101 025. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The
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difficult substances. Technical Report 88. Brussels, Belgium.
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Chem 10:509-515.
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Woltering D. 2008. Consideration of exposure and species sensitivity of triclosan in the freshwater. Integr
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13. Balmer ME, Buser HR, Muller MD, Poiger T. 2005. Occurrence of some organic UV filters in wastewater, in
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14. Fent K, Kunz PY, Gomez E. 2008. UV filters in the aquatic environment induce hormonal effects and affect
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AuthorAffiliation
Johannes Tolls and Harald Berger
Henkel AG &Co. Dsseldorf, Germany
Adolf Klenk
Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH &Co.
Bielefeld, Germany
Michael Meyberg
Beiersdorf AG
Hamburg, Germany
Rainer Mller
L'Oral Deutschland GmbH
Dsseldorf, Germany
Klaus Rettinger and Josef Steber
IKW, German Cosmetic, Toiletry
Perfumery and Detergent Association
Frankfurt, Germany

Subject: Personal care industry; Health & beauty aids; Toiletry products; Environmental monitoring;
Environmental impact;

MeSH: Ecology, Europe, Safety, Cosmetics -- toxicity (major), Environmental Pollutants -- toxicity (major), Risk
Assessment (major)

Substance: Cosmetics; Environmental Pollutants;

Publication title: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Volume: 28

Issue: 12

Pages: 2485-9

Number of pages: 5

Publication year: 2009

Publication date: Dec 2009

Year: 2009

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Section: Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment Letter to the Editor

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Place of publication: Oxford

Country of publication: United Kingdom

Publication subject: Public Health And Safety, Environmental Studies

ISSN: 07307268

Source type: Scholarly Journals

Language of publication: English

Document type: PERIODICAL

Accession number: 19681644

ProQuest document ID: 210344746

Document URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/210344746?accountid=38885

Copyright: Copyright Allen Press Publishing Services Dec 2009

Last updated: 2012-02-22

Database: ProQuest Research Library

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