UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM

AND ENERGY STUDIES

SOLUTION

Mid Semester Examination March, 2017

Program/course: B.Tech Electrical Engineering Semester IV
B.Tech Power System Engineering
Subject: Synchronous & Asynchronous Machines Max. Marks : 100
Code : ELEG 257 Duration : 2 Hrs
No. of page/s : 02

Note : All questions are compulsory

SECTION A [ 5 X4 ]

Q1 What is damper winding ? Why is it used in the synchronous motor ?

Answer
Damper Winding
In a synchronous machine (both motor and generator), apart from field windings on rotor, there's
another winding called Damper Winding. It's in the form of short circuited bars (like rotor
windings of squirrel cage induction motor).

Functions of Damper Windings in Synchronous Motor :

1. Damper windings helps the synchronous motor to start on its own (self starting machine)
by providing starting torque
2. By providing damper windings in the rotor of synchronous motor "Hunting of machine"
can be suppressed .When there is change in load, excitation or change in other conditions
of the systems rotor of the synchronous motor will oscillate to and fro about an
equilibrium position. At times these oscillations becomes more violent and resulting in
loss of synchronism of the motor and comes to halt .

OR

Alternate Explanation For Damper Winding In Synchronous Machines

In a synchronous machine , apart from field windings on rotor, there's another winding called
Damper Winding. It's in the form of short circuited bars (like rotor windings of squirrel cage
induction motor). This additional rotor winding is usually referred to as a damper winding
because of its additional property of damping out any oscillation that might be caused by sudden
changes in the load on the rotor when in synchronism. Adjustment to load changes involves
changes in the angle by which the rotor field lags the stator field and thus involves short-term
changes in instantaneous speed. These cause currents to be induced in the damper windings,
producing a torque that acts to oppose the speed change.

Q2 Explain the pitch factor with diagram .

Answer

Pitch Factor
In full pitched coil, emfs induced in two coil sides is in phase i.e. the phase angle between them
is exactly 180o (electrical). The resultant emf of a full pitched coil is just arithmetic sum of the
emfs induced in both sides of the coil. Phasor sum is same as arithmetic sum .
Whereas in short pitched coil, the phase angle between the emfs induced in two opposite coil
sides is less than 180o (electrical) i.e differ by short pitch angle .The induced emf of two coil
sides is vectorically added to get, resultant emf of the coil and is less than arithmetic sum .
Pitch factor (Kp) is the measure of resultant emf of short pitched coil in comparison with
resultant emf of full pitched coil. Hence, it is be the ratio of phasor sum of induced emfs per coil
to the arithmetic sum of induced emfs per coil. It is less than unity for short pitch coil .

If a coil is short pitched by an angle (electrical degree). Emf induced per coil side is E. The
arithmetic sum of induced emfs is 2E. That means, 2E, is the induced voltage across the coil
terminals, if the coil would have been full pitched. From the phasor in above figure for short

pitched coil, resultant emf of the short pitched coil

Therefore , Pitch Factor
Q3 Describe the difference in construction of rotors of alternator used in hydroelectric plant and
steam plants .

Answer
There are mainly two types of rotor used in construction of alternator,
1. Salient pole type.
2. Cylindrical rotor type.

Salient Pole Type

The term salient means protruding or projecting. The salient pole type of rotor is generally used
for slow speed machines having large diameters and relatively small axial lengths. The pole in
this case are made of thick laminated steel sections riveted together and attached to a rotor with
the help of joint.

The salient features

1. They have a large horizontal diameter compared to a shorter axial length.
2. The pole shoes covers only about 2/3rd of pole pitch.
3. Poles are laminated to reduce eddy current loss.
4. The salient pole type motor is generally used for low speed operations of around 100 to
400 rpm, and they are used in power stations with hydraulic turbines or diesel engines.\

Salient pole alternators driven by water turbines are called hydro-alternators or hydro
generators.
Cylindrical Rotor Type

The cylindrical rotor is generally used for very high speed operation and employed
in steam turbine driven alternators like turbo generators. The machines are built in a number of
ratings from 10MVA to over 1500 MVA. The cylindrical rotor type machine has uniform length
in all directions, giving a cylindrical shape to the rotor thus providing uniform flux cutting in all
directions. The rotor in this case consists of a smooth solid steel cylinder, having a number of
slots along its outer periphery for hosing the field coils. The cylindrical rotor alternators are
generally designed for 2-pole type giving very high speed of Ns = (120 f)/P = (120 50) / 2 =
3000 rpm. Or 4-pole type running at a speed of Ns = (120 f) / P = (120 50) / 4 = 1500 rpm.
Where, f is the frequency of 50 Hz. The cylindrical rotor type machine gives better balance and
quieter-operation along with lesser windage losses.

Q4 What is an infinite bus ? Mention its characteristics ?

Answer
Infinite Bus

A system having a constant voltage and constant frequency regardless of the load is called
an Infinite Busbar system. Thus, an infinite bus has a large power system. The amount of real
and reactive power is drawn or supplied, does not affect its voltage and frequency. They both
remain constant.
Characteristics of an Infinite Bus

The characteristics of an infinite bus are as follows:-

The terminal voltage remains constant because the incoming machine is too small to increase
or decrease the voltage.
The frequency remains constant as the rotational inertia is too large to enable the incoming
machine to alter the speed of the system.
The synchronous impedance is very small since the system has a large number of alternator
in parallel.

Q5 Explain V curves in a synchronous motor .

Answer
V Curve of a Synchronous Motor

V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field current for different constant loads.. Since the
shape of these curves is similar to the letter V, thus they are called V curve of synchronous
motor.

Fig : V curves of a synchronous motor

The power factor of the synchronous motor can be controlled by varying the field current If. The
armature current Ia changes with the change in the field current If. If the motor is running on
Lagging power factor and if the field current is increased from this value, the armature current Ia
decreases first until the armature current becomes minimum. At this minimum point, the motor is
operating at unity power factor. The motor operates at lagging power factor until it reaches up to
this point of operation.

If now, the field current is increased further, the armature current increases and the motor start
operating as a leading power factor. The graph drawn between armature current and field current
is known as V curve. If this procedure is repeated for various increased loads, a family of curves
is obtained.

Points on the right and left of the unity power factor corresponds to the over excitation and
leading current and under excitation and lagging current respectively.

The loci of constant power factor points on the V curves are called Compounding Curves
shown by dotted lines . It shows the manner in which the field current should be varied in order
to maintain constant power factor under changing load.

SECTION B [ 4 X 10 ]

Q6 What is harmonics and explain its effect on the performance of the alternator ?

Answer
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are whole multiples of the
frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate (e.g. 50Hz or 60 Hz). In alternators
the primary source or cause for harmonics in the emf wave form is due to non sinusoidal flux
waveform. If the field flux waveform is sinusoidal , then the emf wave will be sinusoidal.

Effect of harmonics on the performance of the alternator

When alternators are subjected to higher harmonic levels ,its efficiency and torque
developed are significantly affected. Overheating of the machines occurs because of
increased losses .
Iron losses such as eddy current and hysteresis losses, are produced in the core due to the
alternating magnetic field. The amount of eddy current loss varies as the square of the
frequency, while hysteresis loss is directly proportional to frequency. Thus, higher frequency
voltage components (i.e. harmonic voltages) generate additional losses, which result to
higher operating temperature of the core and the surrounding windings.
 Winding losses are of more concern than iron losses. Basically, I2R losses in the machine
windings vary as the square of the RMS current. Therefore, an increase in the RMS current
due to harmonics should be minimized since it will lead to higher winding losses. Moreover,
actual losses would be slightly higher than calculated values because of skin effect.
Harmonic currents can give rise to excessive audible noise emission and vibration due to the
difference between time harmonics and frequencies.

To make field flux wave sinusoidal we can use following methods:

- For salient pole machines the air gap at pole center should be minimum and it should increase
as we move to the pole ends.
- For distributed winding the air gap should be uniform.
- skew the pole faces
If the sinusoidal waveform is not obtained furher the following methods can be used:
- chording
- Skewing armature slots
- Distributed armature winding
- star and delta connection can eliminate triplen harmonics

Q7 A 3 phase , 50 Hz , 4 pole , star connected alternator has 72 slots with 4 conductors per
slot . The coil span is 2 slots less than pole pitch . If the machine gives 6600 V between lines
on an open circuit Determine the useful flux per pole .

Refer Numerical Solution

Q8 Explain typical brushless excitation system for large turbo generators .

Answer
The main function of excitation system is to keep Generator output voltage constant
irrespective of the load .There are mostly two types of A.C excitation system used in large
synchronous machine
1.Static excitation

2.Brushless excitation.

Brushless excitation.

Now a days most of large capacity generators are used Brush less excitation. In this system there
is no brushes and slip ring are used for excitation purpose, Thats why its name is Brushless
excitation.

Components of Brushless excitation system:-

1. Three phase pilot exciter.
2. Three phase main exciter.
3. Rotating rectifier wheels.
4. Cooler system.
5. Metering and supervisory system.
Diagram

Explanation of the brushless excitation system :

The three phase pilot exciter has a revolving field with permanent magnet poles. The controlled
rectified d.c. is fed to the main exciter field. The induced three phase a.c. voltage is rectified in
the rotating rectifier bridge and fed to the generator rotor winding through the d.c. leads in the
shaft. The pilot exciter magnets, the main exciter rotor and the rotating diodes are all mounted on
a single shaft .

Advantages of Brushless excitation :-

No need for replacement of brushes in this excitation .
No external power supply required during starting.
 The shaft driven permanent magnetic generator pilot exciter provides a reliable source of
exciter field power that eliminates bulky power transformers and dependence on station
battery for field flashing.
Compact voltage regulator hardware for installation and control panel or switchgear
eliminates large excitation cubicles.
No heavy bus work or cable connections are required between excitation cubicles and the
generator, thus simplifying installations.
Large expensive field circuit breaker and field discharge resistors are not required.

Q9 A 3 phase 10 kW synchronous motor running at 1000 V has synchronous reactance of

10 per phase . Find the value of the minimum current and the corresponding induced emf
for full load condition . The efficiency of the machine is 0.8 . Neglect the armature resistance

Refer Numerical Solution

OR

Q9 Explain two-reaction theory for salient pole alternator .

Answer
Two Reaction Theory Salient Pole Synchronous Machine

Two Reaction Theory was proposed by Andre Blondel. The theory proposes to resolve the
given armature MMFs into two mutually perpendicular components, with one located along the
axis of the rotor of the salient pole. It is known as the direct axis or d axis component. The other
component is located perpendicular to the axis of the rotor salient pole. It is known as
the quadrature axis or q axis component.

The d axis component of the armature MMF Fa is denoted by Fd and the q axis component by Fq.
The component Fd is either magnetizing or demagnetizing. The component Fq results in a cross-
magnetizing effect. If is the angle between the armature current Ia and the excitation voltage
Ef and Fa is the amplitude of the armature MMF, then
 SECTION C [ 2 X 20 ]

Q10 (a) Effective resistance of a 1200 kVA , 3300 V , 50 Hz , 3 phase , star connected
alternator is 0.3 per phase . A field current of 35 A produces a current of 200 A on SC
and 1100 V (line) on open circuit . Find the power angle and per unit change in terminal
voltage when the full load of 1200 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging is thrown off . Also
draw the phasor diagram . [ 10 ]

Refer Numerical Solution

Q10
(b) Derive an expression for power developed in a cylindrical rotor alternator in terms of
power angle and synchronous impedance . [ 10 ]

Answer

Fig : Circuit Model Cylindrical Rotor Synchronous Generator.

Let V = terminal voltage per phase
Ef= excitation voltage per phase
Ia = amature current
= phase angle between Ef and V
The phasor diagram at lagging power factor is shown in fig below

Fig : Phasor diagram at lagging p.f..

Fig :Impedance Triangle

By KVL for the network Fig 1.

Complex Power Output of the Generator Per Phase ( Sog )

Q11 (a) What is the necessity of parallel operation of alternators ? State the conditions necessary
For parallel operation of alternators . [ 10 ]

Answer
Reasons of Parallel Operation
Alternators are operated in parallel for the following reasons:
Several alternators can supply a bigger load than a single alternator.
One or more alternators may shut down during the period of light loads. Thus, the remaining
alternator operates at near or full load with greater efficiency.
When one machine is taken out of service for its scheduled maintenance and inspection, the
remaining machines maintain the continuity of the supply.
If there is a breakdown of the generator, there is no interruption of the power supply.
Number of machines can be added with disturbing the initial installation according to the
requirement to fulfill the increasing future demand of the load.
Parallel operation of the alternator, reduces the operating cost and the cost of energy
generation.
It ensures the greater security of supply and enables overall economic generation.

Necessary Conditions for Parallel Operation of the Alternator

Most synchronous machines will operate in parallel with other synchronous machines. The
process of connecting one machine in parallel with another machine or with an Infinite Busbar
system is known as Synchronizing. The machine carrying load is known as Running
Machines while the alternator which is to be connected in parallel with the system is known as
the Incoming machine.

The following condition should be satisfied for parallel operation are as follows:-
The phase sequence of the Busbar voltages and the incoming machine voltage must be the
same.
The Busbar voltages and the incoming machine terminal voltage must be in phase.
The terminal voltage of the incoming machine and the alternator which is to be connected in
parallel or with the Busbar voltage should be equal.
The frequency of the generated voltage of the incoming machine and the frequency of the
voltage of the Busbar should be equal.
Q11 (b) A 3 phase 33000 V , star connected alternator having synchronous reactance of 7 per
phase and negligible resistance has an armature current 600 A at unity power factor when
running on infinite bus bar . If the emf is increased by 20 % , find the new values of current
and power factor [ 10 ]

Refer Numerical Solution

OR

Q11 A 5000 kVA , 6600 V , 3 phase , star connected alternator has a resistance of 0.075
per phase . Find the voltage regulation for a load of 500 A at power factor 0.71 lagging , by
using ZPF method .
The test data are as under :

Field OC Voltage ZPF Terminal

Current (A) (V) Voltage (V)
32 3100 0
50 4900 1850
75 6600 4250
100 7500 5800
140 8300 7000

[ 20 ]

Refer Numerical Solution