Chapter 1

DWDM Systems

1.1 Introduction

DWDM is a technology that puts data from different sources together on

an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate
light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 (and theoretically more) separate
wavelengths or channels of data can be multiplexed into a light stream
transmitted on a single optical fiber. Each channel carries a Time Division
Multiplexed (TDM) signal. In a system with each channel carrying 2.5 Gbps
(billion bits per second), up to 200 billion bits can be delivered a second by the
optical fiber. DWDM is type of Wavelength division Multiplexing (WDM)
system [GP Agarwal]. Fibres also face from dispersion losses due to fibre
material nonlinearities and distance the signal travels inside the fiber. The DCF
are analyzed with various data rate and configurations for defining the optimum
results.
Table 1.1 Types of WDM Network

Parameter WDM CWDM DWDM

Channel Spacing 1310nm & 1.6 nm- 1.6nm or
1550 nm 25 nm Less

Number of C(1521- S(1480- C(1521-

baseband used 1560nm) 1520nm)C(152 1560nm),L(15
1- 61-1620nm)
1560nm),L(156
1-1620nm)
Cost per channel Low Low High
No of channel 2 18 or more Hundreds of
Delivered channel
Best application PON Short Haul, Long Haul
Metro
1.2 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1
An optical fiber communication system has three basic components, transmitter,
receiver and the transmission part as shown in fig 1.1

Fig 1.1 Block diagram of optical fiber communication system

In the transmitter side the input signal is generated by a data source. The
optical source is a laser source which generates optical light signal at a certain
wavelength. The data source and the optical signal are fed to the modulator and
then the resulting modulated pulse signal propagates through the transmission
path which is an optical fiber. At the receiver side the optical signal is detected
signal. An optical fiber is a flexible thin filament of silica glass that accepts
electrical signals as input and converts them to optical signals. It carries the
optical signal along the fiber length and reconverts the optical signal to electrical
signal at the receiver side [A Hodzik, B. Konrad, K. Petemann].
An optical fiber is a thin, transparent, flexible strand that consists of a core
surrounded by cladding the core and cladding of an optical fiber are made from
the same material, a type of glass called silica, and they differ only in their
refractive indexes.
The structure is made by applying a layer of cladding over the core. Then,
a coating is applied over the cladding to protect the entire structure. The
phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is responsible for guiding the
light inside an optical fiber. The phenomenon is based on the fact that when light
travels from a medium with a higher refractive index to a medium with a lower
refractive index strikes the boundary at an angle more than the critical incident

2
angle(), then all the light will be reflected back to the incident medium, means it
will not penetrate the second medium. Therefore to achieve the total internal
reflection at the core-claddings refractive index, n 2 under this condition, light can
travel inside the core not only along its central pathway but also at various angles
to this centreline, without leaving the core[3].

1.3 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing):

DWDM revolutionized data transmission technology by increasing the capacity

of embedded fibers. It refers to the close spacing of channels. It is the
multiplexing of several wavelengths in the range of 1530 to 1610 nm with a very
narrow separation between wavelengths. The DWDM systems have the channel
spacing of 100 to 200 GHz, thus dense wavelength division multiplexing increase
the system capacity. In order to reduce the bandwidth requirements and increase
channel capacity, the channel spacing is reduced to 50 GHz or even less. Some
technologies are capable of 50 to 25 GHz channel spacing, these WDM systems
are called Ultra Dense WDM systems presently tremendous research is going on
in these WDM systems.

Fig 1.2 Block diagram of DWDM system

DWDM networks have the revolution used the data transmission because of
various advantages such as low loss, high speed, better bandwidth and high
capacity. So a lot of research is going on in this field. Optical amplifiers are the
backbone of optical network as they amplify the signal which occurs due to the

3
fiber losses and many other reasons. EDFA is a widely used optical amplifier
because of its high gain and low pump power. DWDM is type of Wavelength
division Multiplexing (WDM) system. Fibres also face from dispersion losses
due to fibre material nonlinearities and distance the signal travels inside the fiber.
The DCF are analyzed with various data rate and configurations for defining the
optimum results.
The implementation of DWDM technology for fiber-optic communication
systems required several new optical components. The main components of a
DWDM system include a transmitter, receiver and fiber link
Since each channel is demultiplexed at the end of the transmission back
into the original source, different data formats being transmitted at different data
rates can be transmitted together. Specifically, Internet (IP) data, Synchronous
Optical Network data (SONET), and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) data
can all be traveling at the same time within the optical fiber. DWDM promises to
solve the "fiber exhaust" problem and is expected to be the central technology in
the all-optical networks of the future.

1.3.1 Factor affecting the performance of communication using optical fiber

Even after the vast use of DWDM, there are some limitations of the system.
They are:

i. Dispersion

Dispersion is the broadening or spreading of optical pulses during travelling

along the optical fiber. It can be: 1) due to the optical fiber guide parameters such
as core diameter and mode field diameter or 2) due to presence of multiple
spectral components in the transmitter light source and due to dependence of the
refractive index on wavelength, each wavelength will travel at different velocity
or 3) due to presence of multiple modes within the fiber [1], [2], [3]. Due to all of
the above factors the pulse gets broadened and it causes the inter symbol
interference. This ISI limits the bandwidth of the system. [4], [5].
D = Length of the SMF x dispersion of SMF (1)
Dispersion of the DCF

ii. Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM)

4
XPM is a nonlinear optical effect where one wavelength of light can affect the
phase of another wavelength of light through the optical Kerr effect.
In DWDM applications with Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection (IM-DD)
the effect of XPM is a two step process: First the signal is phase modulated by the
co-propagating second signal. In a second step dispersion leads to a
transformation of the phase modulation into a power variation. Additionally the
dispersion results in a walk-off between the channels and thereby reduces the
XPM-effect.

iii. Crosstalk etc

In electronics, crosstalk is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one

circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another
circuit or channel. In structured cabling, crosstalk can refer to electromagnetic
interference from one unshielded twisted pair to another twisted pair, normally
running in parallel.

1.4 DISPERSION COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES

The invention is the novel use of dispersion compensation in a long haul

wavelength division multiplexed high capacity optical transport system which has
many (400-2000) channels packed extremely closely together (e.g. 5-10 GHz
channel spacing), in order to greatly reduce the deleterious effects of four-wave
mixing.

Dispersion along the optical link (the dispersion map) strongly

influences the degree of four-wave mixing, and hence the degradation in
transmission quality. In particular, by carefully designing the dispersion map of
the optical fiber link it is possible to significantly reduce the effects of four-wave
mixing, allowing total system capacities and reaches to be achieved that would
otherwise have not been possible. It should be noted that the use of such a
dispersion map may not provide the optimum net system dispersion. However,
the inclusion of additional dispersion compensating modules at the end of a link
allows for the conventional benefit of the use of dispersion compensation without
reducing the beneficial effect of decreased four-wave mixing.

5
 In order to improve overall system performance and reduced as much as
possible the transmission performance influenced by the dispersion, several
dispersion Compensation techniques were proposed. Amongst the various
techniques proposed in the literature, the ones that appear to hold immediate
promise for dispersion compensation and management could be broadly
classified as: Dispersion Compensating Fibers (DCF), chirped Fiber Bragg
Gratings (FBG) and High-Order Mode (HOM) fiber.
DCF is a loop of fiber having negative dispersion equal to the dispersion of the
transmitting fiber. It can be put at either beginning or end or both i.e. known as
pre compensation, post compensation, and symmetrical compensation. It is the
very first compensation technique comes to anyones mind when discussing
about the dispersion compensation. The very first one was Dispersion Shifted
Fiber (DSF) which was used to compensate dispersion at 1550 nm wavelength
but in this window effects such as FWM and XPM and FWM adversely affects
the transmission. Hence a new type of fiber was introduced to compensate all
these effects and was robust to nonlinear phase noise. This fiber is known as
DCF. This type of fiber can be employed before the conventional fiber or after
them in equal lengths. The former technique is known as pre compensation and
the latter is known as post compensation. The DCF can also be employed
between the amplifiers along with combination of both the former techniques.
This configuration is known as symmetrical compensation . The DCF technique
is widely used with the WDM systems using single mode fiber having large
effective areas and low bit error rate. Although this is a very good and reliable
technique but it gives high insertion loss and introduce nonlinear distortion
whenever the input power is high. Other fibers employed which are similar to
DCF are Dispersion Managed Cables (DM) and Reverse Dispersion Fiber (RDF).
DSMF LSMF = - DDCF LDCF (2)
FBG have found itself in midst of dispersion compensation lately for its purpose
of providing frequency dependent delays in long haul transmission. FBG can be
of two types i.e. chirped fiber Bragg grating and un-chirped fiber Bragg grating.
Chirped fiber Bragg grating which is a small all fiber passive device with low
insertion loss that is compatible with the transmission system. Its main advantage

6
is its small footprint and low insertion loss. But using this technique can be
cumbersome if we take its complex architecture in the context. CFG must be used
in line to get optimum results. Many researchers have proposed and implemented
different theories and techniques. One such researcher Y. Aiying concluded that
the increased interaction of SPM and dispersion in CFG can be used to extend the
transmission distance. M.J. Islam concluded that FBG can also be used to
compensate GCD by improving BER performance by adjusting fiber length and
chirp rate .
In the push to scale fiber lasers and amplifiers to higher and higher average
powers and pulse energies, one of the routes to decreasing the nonlinearities that
typically limit performance is to increase the effective area of the fiber through
higher-order-mode operation.
The idea of using dispersion compensation fiber for dispersion
compensation was proposed in 1980 but, until after the invention of optical
amplifiers, DCF began to be widely accepted since of DCF have number of
advantages such as stable, the temperature, insensitivity, wide bandwidth, DCF
has become a most suitable method of dispersion compensation. There is positive
second-order and third-order dispersion value in SMF, while the DCF dispersion
value is negative. So by inserting a DCF, the average dispersion is close to zero.

1.4.1 DISPERSION COMPENSATION WITH DCF

The use of dispersion compensating fibers is an efficient way to upgrade installed

links of SMF. Conventional dispersion compensating fibers have a high negative
dispersion -70 to -90 ps/nm.km and can be used to compensate the positive
dispersion of transmission fiber in C-band. According to the relative position of
DCF and single mode fiber, post-compensation, pre-compensation and
symmetrical/mix compensation, is proposed.

7
 Fig 1.3 Block diagram of Pre Compensation technique
In the first method, the optical communication system is pre compensated by the
dispersion compensated fiber of negative dispersion against the standard fiber.

Fig 1.4 Block diagram of Post Compensation technique

In the second method, the optical communication system is post compensated by
the dispersion compensated fiber of negative dispersion against the standard fiber

Fig 1.5 Block diagram of Symmetrical Compensation technique

In the third method, the optical communication system is symmetrically

compensated by two dispersion compensated fibers of negative dispersion against
the standard fiber in between. Symmetrical compensation is a combination of

8
both pre and post dispersion compensation technique. Due to the nonlinear nature
of propagation, system performance depends upon power levels and the position
of dispersion compensated fibers. Dispersion compensation fibers are specially
designed fiber with negative dispersion. To compensate positive dispersion over
large length of fiber high value of negative dispersion is used. Spans made of
single mode fibers and dispersion Compensated fibers are good candidates for
long distance transmission as their high local dispersion is known to reduce the
phase matching giving rise to four waves mixing in SCM system.

1.4.2 Advantages of DWDM systems

From both technical and economic perspectives, the ability to provide potentially
unlimited transmission capacity is the most obvious advantage of DWDM
technology. The current investment in fiber plant can not only be preserved, but
optimized by a factor of at least 32. As demands change, more capacity can be
added, either by simple equipment upgrades or by increasing the number of
lambdas on the fiber, without expensive upgrades. Capacity can be obtained for
the cost of the equipment, and existing fiber plant investment is retained.

Bandwidth aside, DWDM's most compelling technical advantages can be

summarized as follows:

TransparencyBecause DWDM is physical layer architecture, it can

transparently support both TDM and data formats such as ATM, Gigabit
Ethernet, ESCON, and Fiber Channel with open interfaces over a
common physical layer.

ScalabilityDWDM can leverage the abundance of dark fiber in many

metropolitan area and enterprise networks to quickly meet demand for
capacity on point-to-point links and on spans of existing SONET/SDH
rings.

Dynamic provisioningFast, simple, and dynamic provisioning of

network connections give providers the ability to provide high-bandwidth
services in days rather than months.

9
1.5 Literature Survey

G. Bosco et.al. (2002) investigated that RZ and CSRZ modulation formats are not
suitable for 42.65 Gbps DWDM optical communication system with the channel
spacing less than 100 GHz standard, NRZ performs better with Q-factor of
1.7dB.Introduction of an optical filter at the transmitter improves NRZ but has
dramatic efforts for both RZ and CSRZ. Orthogonal launch of alternate channel is
needed to enable channel spacing spacing of 50 GHz with both RZ and NRZ.
Results show that the transmission filter. Enables RZ to reach 50-60 GHz channel
spacing and tight filtering enables CSRZ to reach 40-45 GHz channel spacing.
Ya-Pingli et.al. (2006) purposed that group delay of a DWDM filter must be
measured to meet the requirement, three conventional methods used are phase-
delay method, Phase-shift modulation and the interferometric method. Results
show that phase shift modulation method has higher resolution than phase-shift
modulation method. In this work, was mentioned that two important factors in
GD(Group Delay) measurement are time of measurement and selection of
Gaussian window.
Surinder singh et.al. (2007) simulated ten channels 100 Gbps DWDM system
using cascaded SOA with DPSK modulation format with 20 Ghz channel
spacing. Improvement in output signal power using SOA inline amplifier for 70
Km transmission distance 100 Gb/s.RZ, DPAK signal is possible to transmit
using optimum span scheme at good quality of signal. Results show that 100
Gbps RZ-DPSK signal is transmitted at 17,227 Km with BER less than 1010
range.
Keshk et.al. (2007) had been evaluated a sample multi-wavelength laser using a
CFBG, cascaded AFBGs and an EDF. The CFBG has a reflection bandwidth of
13 nm centred about 1550 nm with a reflectivity of -3 dB. Cascaded FBGs are
suggested to be apodized using the Blackman profile with maximum side lobes
reduction, narrower bandwidth, and maximum reflectivity of 99% and length of
100 mm. For DWDM systems, 16-output lasings with wavelengths that coincide
with the ITU industrial standard are generated with nearly constant total output
power and constant 3-dB line width. This configuration can be used to generate

10
any output lasings number with any other wavelengths by changing the number
of the CAFBGs and the Bragg wavelengths of the CAFBGs, respectively.
Shah-Jye Tzeng et.al. (2009), A hybrid radio-on-DWDM transport system for
PHS/LAN/ITS/ WiMAX applications was proposed and demonstrated. Signal
qualities meet the PHS demand with a data signal of 1.9 GHz/10 Mbps,LAN
demand with a data signal of 2.4 GHz/11 Mbps, ITS demand with a data signal of
5.8 GHz/20 Mbps, and WiMAX demand with a data signal of 10 GHz/70 Mbps.
Amarpal Singh et.al. (2009) proposed methods for FWM suppression like equal
channel spacing, alternate delay, optical coupling, orthogonal polarization and
unequal channel spacing with orthogonal polarization has been unequal channel
spacing. The existing methods are having complex system design that is why the
proposed methods described in this paper are superior when the dispersion is
fully compensated. Also the FWM reduces as the dispersion is increased
C.W Chow et.al. (2009) had been evaluated that the results show using 30 GHz
head-end offset-AWG (3-dB bandwidth 50 GHz) no crosstalk has been observed
in the DWDM system AWG 3dB bandwidth 25, 50 GHz channel spacing is
observed 15 GHz offset situation, in the use of two offset AWG 50 GHz channel
spacing is due to double filter effect, that will cause of attenuation CW carrier
that will distributed from the head end office. Examine the output power forms
different ONUs can be controlled in the changing the launched CW power of the
RONUs.
Anu sheetal et.al. (2010) simulates 16 channel 40 Gb/s DWDM system using
modulation format CSRZ,DRZ,MDRZ up to a transmission distance of 2000 Km
with channel spacing of 25 Km. the performance of system for pre, post and
symmetric dispersion compensating schemes in analyses by varying the signal
input power. MDRZ has shows to have superior performance as it suppresses all
discrete frequency tones that appear in conventional RZ signal spectrum.
Whereas CSRZ only suppresses the optical carrier tone. Results show that
symmetrical compensation shows better performance in terms of Q value, eye
opening and received power as compared to pre and post dispersion
compensation scheme max. transmission distance of 1450 Km is obtained for 32
channel DWDM systems for MDRZ format using hybrid compensation schems.

11
Ross Saunders et.al. (2010) presented the coherent DWDM technology that is
enabling 100 GE optical transport over backbone optical networks with link
engineering rules similar to 10 Gb/s OOk channels. This enables a 10x scaling of
network/fiber capacity and is possible without any change spacing or DWDM
common equipment design. The formation of a 100 G DWDM ecosystem in the
OIF in the infancy of this technology has helped focus R&D capital investment
and should act as a catalyst driving early technology adoption by system vendors
and service provides. Standardization by the IEEE on 100GE and ITU on OUT4
encapsulation has been critical in laying the foundation for this technology.
Simranjit Singh et.al. (2012) investigated the performance of 64x10 and 96x10
Gbps. DWDM optical systems, for different data formats such as RZ, NRZ, and
DPSK consisting of hybrid optical amplifier RAMAN-EDFA. This paper also
investigating single span distance for different modulation formats out of all
modulation formats RZ gives best results.
Simranjit Singh, R S Kaler et.al.(2013) purposed the performance of four
modulation formats such as RZ, NRZ, Non Ret To Zero Raised Cosine (NRZ-
RC), Return to zero raised cosine (RZ-RC) in DWDM system with different
hybrid optical amplifiers results show that NRZ-DPSK and RZ-DPSK degrades
the performance when raman amplifier is considered. RZ and RZ-RC DWDM
system with RAAN-EDFA gives best results.
Vishal Sharma et.al.(2013) investigated dispersion compensated 80 Gbps
DWDM system and parameters BER,Q-Factor, Received power are evaluated in
the presence of four wave mixing after 100 Km distance under the impact of
equal and unequal spacing. Results shows that with unequal channel spacing high
speed channel spacing optical links perform better than that of equal channel
spacing high speed DWDM links. Simulation results show improvement in
parameters Q factor, BER and received power.
Jagjit Singh Malhotra et.al.(2013) presented cost effective frequency up-
conversion technique for 16 channel DWDM ROF link using SOA-MZI 500
Mbps data at 2.5 Ghz is up converted into 27.5 Ghz radio frequency described in
this paper indicates error free transmission and thus system is suitable for

12
capacity distributed applications. A result shows the Q-factor in range of 18 dB
and BER in e18 range.
Vinita Tiwari et.al. (2013) presented an optimum pulse shape for DP-DQPSK 112
Gbps transmission in DWDM optical network. The performance of the system
has been analysed under various linear and non-linear impairments such as noise
GVD,XPM and PMD for three different pulse shapes i.e. NRZ, RZ50 and RZ67
with symbol aligned and symbol interleaved formats. Analysis reveal that RZ50
pulse shape in symbol interleaved format is optimum choice for DP-DPSK long
haul DWDM transmission.
Haoreng Cheng et.al. (2013) purposed a new vision to understand distortions
coupled fiber linear and non linear in fiber optic communication. A pre distortion
scheme is proposed based on time domain fractional Fourier transform under
heavy fiber non-linearties to achieve minimum pulse distortion. Simulations
show that received BER improves over a order of magnitude through an 860 Km
transmission link. Thus enabling our new scheme very effective. The influence of
this method on other modulation format such as DPSK, DQPSK and QAM is also
investigated.
Jagjit Singh Malhotra et.al. (2013) presented the suppression of FWM power
penalty in a 32 channel dispersion managed soliton link using optical phase
conjunction techniques has been illustrate. Results shows that the optimal
dispersion management can be done by using symmetrical dispersion
compensation BER range from 6.7253 e-29 to 1.1872 e-16 and Q-factor from 20.90
to 18.27 and the whole bandwidth is 12.8nm.
Bijayananda Patnaik et.al. (2013) presented the performance of the proposed 64-
channel 20 Gbps DWDM system with ultra high bit rate is simulates for channel
spacing of 200 GHz without optical filter for 1 user. The distance obtained is 200
Km using MDRZ modulation format. The best perform has been analyzed in the
term of Q-factor by use of MDRZ modulation format, the eye closure symmetric
dispersion schemes.
M. Tharwat et.al. (2014) presented new techniques that user short cascaded
FBGs (Fiber Bragg Grading) to obtain a flat EDFA gain. This technique is
characterized by its simplicity of fabrication, ability to equalize number of

13
channels, tenability of Bragg wavelength and capacity to equalize the gain of any
arbitrary amplifier. In this paper, the cascaded FBGs gain equalization set is
embedded WDM system and then simulations are performed. This method leads
to small BER and low power consumption for the WDM optical communication
system.
T. Sabapathi et.al. (2014) using OPTISIM software, experimental simulation is
done and the Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) effects are analyzed and
single channel. Simulation of multichannel PMD compensation by wavelength
independent PM fiber method is adopted and results are analyzed. In this paper,
compensation of PMD is enhanced to 1.6 Tb/s data rate for 16 channel by PM
method and 74 ps of broadening is compensated effectively.
Maryam Niknamfar et.al. (2014) investigated that in order to increase bandwidth
efficiency and to mitigate chromatic dispersion of the fiber, the Optical Single
Side Band (OSSB) structures are important especially for long haul transmission
suggested configurations of OSSB modulates and the analyses shows an
acceptable ROF transmission for distances up to at least 140 Km. The proposed
RF OSSB configuration can be applied in DWDM and has an acceptable BER
performance. For fiber length higher than 85Km, BER results of utilizing
suggested RF OSSB structures are same in both single route and DWDM links.
Simranjit Singh et.al. (2014) had been evaluated the performance of 30 nodes
ring topology with 90 users in presence of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier) without using DCF. The total transmission distance between each span
having 70 Km distance between each node with the acceptable Q-factor and Bit
Error Rate (BER). In this paper, the ring network supported 25 Gbps data rate for
all users.
Anindya Sundar Das et.al. (2014) presented the good eye diagrams and the low
bit error rate show outstanding transmission performance of the proposed
architecture. The proposed configuration has transmitted over 80 Km single mode
fiber at 622 Mbps, 1Gbps and 2.5 Gbps simultaneously. This proposed scheme
has low cost and is suitable for network services such as HDTV broadcasting
network, synchronous optical network etc. further it is described can be improved
by using dispersion compensation techniques like DCF,PCF etc.

14
J. Choudhary et.al. (2014) had been analysed 16 channel DWDM optical
communication system with different dispersion schemes pre, post and
symmetrical dispersion using DCF with different modulation formats NRZ, CS-
RZ, DRZ and MDRZ at different data rates 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps and 40 Gbps and
performance of the MDRZ gives better results and also symmetrical dispersion
schemes performs best results as compared to others pre, post compensation
schemes.
Jmeel Ahmed,(2014), presented the prominent contributing parameters was
carried out by otisys simulator observed that how the FWM influences all these
attributes. The results specifications of the system it is concluded the real trade
off have been made to optimally reduce FWM.
Jia-Ming Gong et.al. (2015) purposed the formal solution of the SRS couple
equation in DWDM system. Ignoring high order Raman scattering and other non-
linear effects. To verify the correction of the formal solution, a novel algorithm is
constructed from the formal solution. Results shows that different attenuation
coefficient have a significant influence on each signal power with increasing
strength of initial power and also that the different attenuation coefficient cannot
be neglected in small signal model.
Zhiguo Zhang et.al. (2015) investigated a tuneable laser-based, channel reuse,
bidirectional, 10 Gb/s/, long reach DWDM-PON scheme. An optical beat noise-
based automatic wavelength of the tuneable laser in a colourless ONU. A
channel-reuse, full-duplex, bidirectional 10 GB/s transmission on a 50 GHz
DWDM grid is demonstrated with a 23 Km reach. Results shows that the impact
of the Rayleigh backscattering noise will decreases when the central WS and the
OSRBNR increase. Using a 1 x10-9 uniform BER standard, the receiver
sensitivity improves by 5 dB (maximum) when the central WS increases from 0
nm to 0.08 nm.

1.6 Objectives of thesis:

After the extensive literature survey the suitable objectives of the research work
have been formulated:

15
 i) Study of a DWDM system and the parameter affecting its
performance.
ii) To analyse DWDM system performance in the presence of dispersion,
and perform a comparative analysis of methods to overcome it.
iii) Comparative analysis of various hybrid modulation techniques in
DWDM system in terms of system parameters.
iv) Comparative analysis of various filters in DWDM system in terms of
their dispersion compensating capability.
v) Design & analysis of an energy efficient dispersion compensated
DWDM system.

1.7 Research Methodology

This thesis is composed of five chapters and structure of thesis is as follows:

Chapter 1 Optical Fiber communication, presents the brief overview of DWDM
system provides a literature review related to the DWDM system and in order to
increase the transmission distance and number of channels and users.
Chapter 2 Presents analysis of DWDM system with different modulation format
CSRZ, DRZ and MD-RZ in the presence of Kerrs effect. And also investigate
the effect of power in the performance of the DWDM system.
Chapter 3 Investigate the DWDM system with different filters effect of
dispersion compensating fibers at high bit rate And also observed performance
analysis of different fibers standard for 40 Gbps DWDM systems SMF, ITU
G.652, ITU G.653, ITU G.654 and ITU G.655
Chapter 4 To investigate EDFA gain flattering using a new and simple
configuration which is cascaded FBG connected in series with host material of
EDFA using of cascaded FBGs increases the transmission distance with low
BER and needed less power. This is useful for the green WDM optical
communication system.
Chapter 5 Conclusions gives the conclusions drawn from the above chapters in
this paper. And Future development describes possible continuation of this work.

Chapter 2

16
 Hybrid modulation format and effect of different
power
2.1 Introduction

In networking the major issue is exponential increase in user demand for

bandwidth. Fiber exhaust has evolved as a big problem for the network providers.
DWDM technology uses multiple wavelengths to transmit information over a
single fiber. Dense WDM is WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) utilizing
closely spaced channels. DWDM has become a key component of the
communication infrastructure. For DWDM systems harmful effect, the dispersion
and nonlinearity affects the performance of system if data rate of channel is
greater than 10Gbps. To achieve the transmission over long distances by
dispersion management techniques, these effects need to be managed. This
technique is best to keep accumulated dispersion value low and subdue the
nonlinear effects.
Dispersion management, utilizing alternating fiber segments of opposite
dispersion values, is a powerful technique that suppresses the non linear effects
and therefore keeps the total dispersion low. The positive dispersion of SMF
(Single Mode Fiber) can be well compensated by large negative dispersion of
DCF in the dispersion managed systems that utilizes Single Mode Fiber and
dispersion compensated fiber. In this scenario: over a wide wavelength range,
overall accumulated dispersion is minimized and four-wave mixing (FWM) is
significantly reduce.
Different hybrid modulation formats with hybrid dispersion compensation
technique used can be for DWDM system such as CSRZ (Carrier Suppressed
Return to Zero), DRZ (Duobinary Return to Zero) and MD-RZ (Modified
Duobinary Return to Zero). CS-RZ has narrow optical spectrum then
conventional optical RZ. And high tolerence mixed effect of self phase
modulation and group velocity dispersion(GVD).
In CS-RZ transmitter the NRZ signal goes to the MZ modulator through Linb
Modulation driven by analog sine wave generator equal to half bit rate that will

17
introduce phase shift in between two bits and spectrum will be modified such
that the central peak at carrier frequency will be suppressed.

Fig 2.1 Schematic of CS-RZ transmitter

DRZ is generated by creating NRZ duobinary signal using a duobinary pulse

generator. The generator drives with MZM cascaded this modulator with second
modulator is driven by a sin generator with the frequency 40 Ghz and with the
phase of -900. That formats are very atteractive because of their optical
modulation BW that can be compressed as the data rate B that will be the half
BW of the NRZ format 2B.

Fig 2.2 Schematic of Duobinary RZ Transmitter

MD-RZ transmitter or modified duobinary transmiiter also called carrier

supperssed duobinary format, firstly creates the NRZ duobinary signal using
delay and subtractor circuits and MZM concatenating the modulator with the
second modulator which is driven by a sin generator with the frequency of 40Ghz
and phase of -900. The main difference between DRZ and MD-RZ is only in a
delay circuit amd that is a duobinary generator is replaced by subtractor circuit.

18
 Fig 2.3 Schematic of MD-RZ Transmitter

In chapter a comparative analysis of 40 Gbps DWDM system with different

hybrid modulation formats conducted.
A 40 Gbps DWDM system is designed in which the effct of different power
levels on MD-RZ modulation format are analysed.

2.2 Hybrid Modulation Methods

Each set up used for current research consists of DWDM transmitter, fiber
channel link and DWDM receiver, which are discussed individually for all the
hybrid modulation techniques considered.

2.2.1 DWDM Transmitter

The transmitter section consists of data source, Laser source and Mach-Zehnder
modulator. Laser signal are fed to the Mach-Zehnder modulator, where the inputs
generated from data source are modulated with the laser signal are transmitted.
The output from the modulator is now an optical signal with certain wavelength.
When multiple optical signals are transmitted in a fibre they are multiplexed with
wavelength division multiplexer. The multiplexed signal is then passed through
the SMF fibre, then through the optical amplifier (EDFA) and then through the
DCF fibre to the detector. In the detector section the de-multiplexer is used to get
the different optical signals with different wavelengths are multiplexed at the
transmitter side.

19
2.2.2 Optical fiber link
An optical fibre is a flexible thin filament of silica glass that accepts electrical
signals as input and converts them to optical signal. It carries the optical signal
along the fibre length and reconverts the optical signal to electrical signal at the
receiver side.
Hybrid dispersion compensation technique is used in this work. Because this
compensation gives best results. In shown in fig 2.4 is a schematic of hybrid or
symmetrical compensation tech. in this 16 input users and 16 output users and
two SMF with 50 km and DCF with 10 km there is also connected after SSMF
EDFA gain 5dB and noise fig is 6 dB.

Fig 2.4 Hybrid dispersion compensation technique

2.2.3 DWDM Receiver

The Receiver side consists of photo-detector, low-pass filter and the BER
analyzer. The photo-detector detects the optical signal and then the signal is
passed through a low pass filter. The BER analyzer is used to check the Bit Error
rate and the Q-factor of each signal. Receiver side the optical signal is detected
through an optical detector. The detected signal then passes through the
demodulator to get the desired output signal.
The various simulation and the Fiber parameters taken for the analysis of
different Modulation formats is shown in Table 2.1 and 2.2 respectively.
Table 2.1 Simulation Parameter Table 2.2 Fiber Parameters
Parameters SMF
Specification DCF
s
CW Laser 193.1 THz
Wavelength
Data Rate 40 Gbps
Power 5 dB
Capacity 16x10Gbps
20
 Parameters
Length(Km) 50 10
Attenuation(dB/km) 0.2 0.5
Effective Area(m2) 70 22
Dispersion(ps/nm-km) 17 -85
Dispersion 0.075 -0.3
slope(ps/km/nm2)
Non liner refractive 2.6 2.6
-29
index n2(10 m /w) 2

2.3 Simulative system Results & Discussions

DWDM system is designed. The optical spectrum analyzer at the transmitting and
receiving end is shown in Fig 2.5, 2.6and 2.7 respectively.

Fig 2.5 frequency spectrum of CS-RZ Transmitter

Fig 2.6 frequency spectrum of DRZ Transmitter

21
 Fig 2.7 frequency spectrum of MD-RZ Transmitter

Carrier suppressed RZ modulation format with the help of simulation setup, BER
and Q-factor from the eye diagram of the channels are analyzed. At channel 1
with 720 km using mixed compensation Figure 2.8(a) and 2.8(b) shows eye
diagram of channel 1 and channel 4 at 100 GHz channel hybrid compensation
technique.

(a) (b)
Figure 2.8(a): Eye diagram of channel 1 for CS-RZ
Figure 2.8(b): Eye diagram of channel 4 for CS-RZ

Table 2.3 Variation of BER and Q-factor in CSRZ modulation format

channel BER Q-factor
s
1 6.6e-231 32.40
2 1.44e- 23.12
136

3 9.10e-81 17.42
4 2.2e-46 15.84

22
DRZ modulation format with the help of simulation setup, BER and Q-factor
from the eye diagram of the channels are analyzed. Figure 2.9(a) and 2.9(b)
shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 4 at 100 GHz channel spacing of
hybrid compensation technique.

(a) (b)
Figure 2.9(a): Eye diagram of channel 1 for DRZ
Figure 2.9(b): Eye diagram of channel 4 for DRZ

Table 2.4 Variation of BER and Q-factor in DRZ modulation format

channels BER Q-factor
1 7.75e10- 29.03
186

2 3.07e10- 21.09
85

3 5.31e10- 18.84
64

4 8.62e10- 13.98
30

Modified duobinary RZ format with the help of simulation setup, BER and Q-
factor from the eye diagram of the channels are analyzed. Figure 2.10(a) and
2.10(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 4 at 100 GHz channel
spacing of hybrid compensation technique.

23
 (a) (b)
Figure 2.10(a): Eye diagram of channel 1 for MD-RZ
Figure 2.10(b): Eye diagram of channel 4 for MD-RZ
Table 2.5 Variation of BER and Q-factor in MDRZ modulation format

channel BER Q-factor

s
1 2.46e-289 36.32
2 2.04e-52 25.5
3 3.44e-38 21.85
4 3.66e-22 16.48

Comparative analysis of these three modulation format is done on the basis of Q-

factor and channels of the system. With the comparative analysis, the results
shows that the MD-RZ modulation format better than other formats.
Secondly, Modified Duobinary RZ modulation format with the help of simulation
setup, BER and Q-factor from the eye diagram of the channels are analyzed. In
this CW laser power become positive 2 and transmission distance cover by the
system is 720 km using mixed compensation Figure 2.11(a) and 2.12(b) shows
eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5 at 100 GHz channel hybrid compensation
technique.

24
 (a) (b)
Fig 2.11(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power +2
Fig 2.11(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power +2
Figure 2.12(a) and 2.12(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5. With
the effect of power Variation in BER and Q-factor shows in table 2.6.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.12(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power -2
Fig 2.12(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power -2

Table 2.6 Effect of input power become -2 & 2 on the basis of Q-factor and BER
channels Power(dBm) Q-factor BER Power(dBm) Q-factor BER
1 2 37.53 1.03e- -2 29.38 2.90e-
270 190

2 2 13.91 1.90e- -2 12.86 2.44e-38

44

3 2 12.46 4.08e- -2 11.42 1.05e-30

36

4 2 11.56 2.37e- -2 10.45 4.35e-26

25
 31

5 2 9.66 1.47e- -2 8.45 1.62e-19

22

Figure 2.13(a) and 2.13(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.13(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power + 4
Fig 2.13(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power +4

Figure 2.14(a) and 2.14(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5 at 100
GHz channel hybrid compensation technique. With the effect of power Variation

in BER and Q-factor shows in table 2.7.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.14(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power -4
Fig 2.14(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power -4

Table 2.7 Effect of input power become -4 & 4 on the basis of Q-factor and BER
Channels Power(dBm) Q-factor BER Power(dBm) Q-factor BER
1 4 36.07 2.52e2 -4 20.51 5.77e-

26
 85 94

-
2 4 16.92 1.15e -4 16.65 3.40e-
64 37

-
3 4 11.13 1.53e -4 12.56 8.51e-
35 30

-
4 4 10.38 2.79e -4 10.16 1.37e-
25 25

5 4 9.46 1.06e- -4 8.26 4.77e-

18 17

Figure 2.15(a) and 2.15(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.15(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power +6
Fig 2.15(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power +6
Figure 2.16(a) and 2.16(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5 at 100
GHz channel hybrid compensation technique. With the effect of power Variation
in BER and Q-factor shows in table 2.8.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.16(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power -6

27
 Fig 2.16(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power -6

Table 2.8 Effect of input power become -6 & 6 on the basis of Q-factor and BER
channels Power(dBm Q-factor BER Power(dBm Q-factor BER
) )
-297
1 6 36.82 2.86e -6 18.00 6.48e-
73

-45
2 6 14.11 1.11e -6 12.32 2.30e-
35

-35
3 6 12.27 4.32e -6 10.56 2.85e-
28

-28
4 6 11.44 8.06e -6 8.92 3.35e-
22

5 6 10.19 6.76e-19 -6 5.94 1.06e-

09

Figure 2.17(a) and 2.17(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5.

(a) (b)
Fig 2.17(a) eye diagram of channel 1 for power +8
Fig 2.17(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power +8

Figure 2.18(a) and 2.18(b) shows eye diagram of channel 1 and channel 5 at
100GHz channel hybrid compensation technique. With the effect of power
Variation in BER and Q-factor shows in table 2.9.

28
 (a) (b)
Fig 2.18(a) Eye diagram of channel 1 for power -8
Fig 2.18(b) Eye diagram of channel 5 for power -8

Table 2.9 Effect of input power become -8 & 8 on the basis of Q-factor and BER
Channels Power(dBm) Q-factor BER Power(dBm) Q-factor BER
1 8 40.81 3.09e- -8 18.92 2.70e-
302 80

2 8 32.97 1.25e-51 -8 11.19 1.45e-

32

3 8 14.18 4.01e-46 -8 10.46 4.29e-

29

4 8 11.00 1.25e-28 -8 8.73 7.12e-

19

5 8 9.48 7.97e-22 -8 7.77 2.61e-

15

In MD-RZ format we compare the different powers that is varies from -8

to +8 and also measured the Q-factor, BER channels of the system. The choice of
this modulation because of the performance .The analysis of the different power
with Q-factor of the channels with this analysis shows that the power = +8 gives
better results.

2.4 CONCLUSION
comparative analysis of 16 channel 40 Gbps DWDM system with 100 GHz
channel spacing over the transmission distance 750 Km using CS-RZ,DRZ and
MD-RZ modulation format. The hybrid dispersion compensation technique is

29
used in this work. Out of these three modulation format MD-RZ modulation
format gives best results. Whereas the CS-RZ modulation format only suppresses
the optical carrier tone and creates side band tone at odd multiples of B/2 on the
both sides. Nonlinearities of the system is also observed that is Kerrs effect
(FWM).
The maximum transmission distance achieved is 750km. In comparative
analysis of these three modulation formats on the basis of, Q factor and channels
is done. The graphs it is clear that MD-RZ modulation format gives best results
than DRZ and CS-RZ. Comparative analysis of these three modulation format is
done on the basis of Q-factor and channels of the system. Fig 19 shows the
comparative analysis of the Q- factor with the channels. With the performance
analysis, the results shows that the MD-RZ modulation format better than other
formats.

Fig 2.19 Comparison of Q factor of the three modulation format with channels

Secondly, observed that the power effect of the system. With the increase the
power the performance of the system is also increases. So we choice the first best
modulation format that is MD-RZ used in this paper. This format will cover
maximum distance that is 720 Km with 100 GHz channel spacing the Q-factor
and BER of the system gives better results to increase the power of the system.
Fig 2.20 shows the analysis of the different power with Q-factor of channel 1 (a)
and channel 4(b) with this analysis shows that the power = +8dBm gives better
results.

30
 (a)

(b)
Fig 2.20 shows the analysis of the different power with Q-factor of the channel 1(a) and
channel 4 (b)
Fig 2.20 shows the analysis of the different power with Q-factor of the channels
with this analysis shows that the power = +8 gives better results.

Fig 2.20 Comparison of Q factor of different powers with channels

31
 Chapter 3
Hybrid Dispersion Compensation for DWDM System
3.1 Introduction

In order to achieve DWDM offers systems with high spectral efficiency, this is
attractive to operate at the bit rate of 40 Gb/s per channel. In DWDM systems the
data rate is >10 Gb/s channel, the deleterious effects of dispersion and
nonlinearity needs have managed to achieve transmission over any appreciable
distance. The technique that keeps the total accumulated dispersion low while
suppressing most nonlinear effects are Dispersion management, utilizing
alternating fiber segments of opposite dispersion values. In dispersion-managed
systems utilize SMF and DCF, the positive dispersion of SMF can be by the large
negative dispersion of DCF.
In high-capacity WDM transmission systems, the channel bit rate
increases from 10 to 40 Gbps and above changes at the nature of the dominant
nonlinear impairments. If the increases transmission distance and number of
channels, signals become more vulnerable to a number of debilitating fiber
nonlinear effect. The transmission of optical signals in an optical communication
system will be limited by optical effects that such as chromatic dispersion.
Various methods have been introduced to overcome the impairments caused by
chromatic dispersion that including fibre Bragg grating, optical phase conjugation
DCF dispersion compensating devices. The important methods used to upgrade
the already installed links of SMF are DCF and use power.
The positive dispersion over large lengths of ordinary fibre is
compensated using the high value of negative dispersion. Using standard and
DCF, the pre-post and symmetric dispersion are investigated at 10 Gbps NRZ
links. The power compensator used is EDFA. The results of the compensation
methods are compared and from the results it is evident that symmetrical
compensation method is superior to the two methods. Gaussian filters a filter
whose impulse response is a Gaussian function. This filter have the properties of
having no overshoot to a step function input while minimizing rise the minimum
possible group delay.

32
 It is considered the ideal time domain filter, just as the sink is the ideal
frequency domain filter. These properties are these properties are important in
such area such as oscilloscopes and tele-communication systems. Gaussian filter
modifies the input signal by convolution with a Gaussian function the Gaussian
filter is also used in GFSK.
The raised cosine filter is a filter frequently used for the pulse shaping in
digital modulation because of its ability to combat Inter-Symbol Interference
(ISI). The raised-cosine filter is an implementation of a low pass nyquist filter. If
the transmitting waveform is correctly sampled at the receiver, the original
symbol values recovered completely. The raised cosine filter has its frequency
response symmetrical about 0 Hz, and is divided into three parts i.e. flat in pass
bandit sinks in a graceful cosine curve to zero through the transition region; and it
is zero outside the pass-band .
A Bessel filter is a type of analog filter with a maximally flat group/phase
delay that preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the pass band. Bessel
filters are often used in audio crossover systems. The Bessel filter is very similar
to the Gaussian filter, and tends towards as filter order increases; it tends to same
shape. This filter has better shaping factor, flatter phase delay and flatter group
delay then a Gaussian of the same order, though the Gaussian has lower time
delay. As the important characteristics of a filter is the maximally-flat group
delay, and the use the bilinear transform is inappropriate to convert the analog
Bessel filter into a digital form.
In this chapter observed performance analysis of different fibers standard for 40
Gbps DWDM systems. Section 3.2 describes the system description of DWDM
system, component details and fibers description. Section 3.3 results and
discussion on the Basis of eye diagram and spectrum analyzer. Conclusion is
depicted in section 3.4
.
3.2System description

The performance of the three different power and dispersion compensation

techniques, the block diagram of DWDM system is shown in Fig 3.1. Three fiber
links are provided with the pre-, post- and hybrid-compensations are modelled

33
the main focus of this work is symmetrical which is shown in Fig 3.2. But in this
paper the results take only in symmetrical compensation because this gives the
best results as compared to the two other compensation methods.

Figure 3.1 Block diagram of DWDM system using filter

In the optical communication system a symmetrical compensation, is
symmetrically amplified and compensated. The Raman amplification has been
achieved using PSMF and PDCF. The focus of the paper is comparison of
different filters i.e. low pass Bessel filter, Low pass Gaussian filter and Low pass
Raised cosine filter. In all three filter the performance of the low pass Bessel filter
gives better results. It covers maximum transmission distance 720 Km using
DCF. Pin diode has a responsivity [A/W] is 1 and dark current is 0.1 Na.

Figure 3.2
Schematic

Symmetrical Dispersion Configurations

The simulation model includes transmitter side, transmission link and

receiver side. CW laser is used for optical laser for signal generation. The output
of laser source is feed to 4 individual RZ modules. 4x1 multiplexer are used to
multiplex the different wavelength. The transmission link used SMF 50 Km along
with DCF which is dependent on the dispersion of different fibers.

34
 Post dispersion compensated technique used in this work shown in fig 3.3.
At receiver end 40 Gbps channel split to 4 users. To recover the signals PIN diode
is used. Then low pass Bessel filter follows the photodiode which filters the
electrical signals. The output views using BER analyzer. It gives calculate Q-
factor, BER and Eye diagram.
The simulation setup designed in opt system 7.0 software by optiwave.
The DWDM system consists of four input channel each channel has a data rate
10 Gbps and channel spacing is 100 GHz. RZ modulation format used in this
system.

Fig 3.3 DWDM system with post compensation technique

The various simulation parameters considered to investigate the analysis of

different filters are described in table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Simulation parameter

S.No. Parameters Values (SMF) DCF Units
1. Attenuation 0.25 0.6 dB/Km
2. Dispersion 8 -80 ps/nm.Km
3. Effective Area 63 30 2
m
4. Data rate (System) 40 Gbps
5. Dispersion Slope 0.058 0.21 ps/km/nm2
6. Length 90 18.63 Km
7. Responsivity of 1 - A/W
photodiode
8. Dark Current 10 - nA
9. Modulation Format NRZ - -

The various simulation parameters considered for the analysis of different fiber
standard are described in table 3.2.

35
Table 3.2 Different fiber standards and their dispersion effects

SNO Fiber standard Fiber dispersion

1 Standard SMF 16.75
2 Alcatel 8
3 ITU 652 17.65
4 ITU653 0.169
5 ITU654 20.13
6 ITU655 3.78

3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.3.1 Using different filters
A) Raised cosine filter

With the help of simulation setup, eye diagram of channels are analyzed and BER
and Q factor is measured. Figure 3.4 and 3.6 shows eye diagram of channel 1
and channel 4 at 100 GHz channel spacing figure 3.5 and 3.7 shows the spectrum
of pre compensation technique.

(a) (b)
Figure 3.4(a) Eye diagram of Channel 1 for Raised cosine filter
Figure 3.4(b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of raised cosine filter for Channel 1

36
 (a) (b)
Figure 3.5 (a) Eye diagram of Channel 4 Raised cosine filter
Figure 3.5(b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of raised cosine filter for Channel 4
Table 3.3Variation in Raised cosine filter with Q-factor and BER
Channel BER Q-factor
s
1 1.60e-26 10.58
-23
2 2.48e 9.87
3 1.39e-15 7.88
4 2.32e-12 7.83

B) Gaussian filter

With the help of simulation setup, eye diagram of channels are analyzed and
BER and Q factor is measured. Figure 3.8 and 3.10 shows eye diagram of
channel 1 and channel 4 at 100 GHz channel spacing figure 3.9 and 3.11
shows the spectrum of pre compensation technique.

(a) (b)
Figure 3.6(a) Eye diagram of Channel 1 for Gaussian filter
Figure 3.6 (b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of Gaussian filters for Channel 1

37
 (a) (b)
Figure 3.7(a): Eye diagram of Channel 4 for Gaussian filter
Figure 3.7 (b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of Gaussian filters for Channel 4
Table 3.4 Variation in Gaussian filter with Q-factor and BER
Channels BER Q-factor
-
1 1.06e 8.20
19

2 1.06e- 7.93
17

3 3.47e- 7.80
15

4 2.7e-12 7.76

C) Bessel Filter

With the help of simulation setup, eye diagram of channels are analyzed and BER
and Q-factor is measured. At Low pass Bessel filter channel 1 with 720 km using
mixed compensation Figure 3.12 and 3.14 shows eye diagram of channel 1 and
channel 4 at 100 GHz channel spacing figure 3.13 and 3.15 shows the spectrum
of pre compensation technique.

(a) (b)

38
 Figure3.8 (a) Eye diagram of Channel 1 for Bessel filter
Figure 3.8(b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of Bessel filter for Channel 1

(a) (b)
Figure 3.9(a) Eye diagram of Channel 4 for Bessel filter
Figure 3.9(b) Spectrum Analyzer at receiving end of Bessel filter for Channel 4

Table 3.5 Variation in Gaussian filter with Q-factor and BER

Channel BER Q-factor
s
1 1.89e- 10.59
26

2 2.03e- 9.59
22

3 1.09e- 8.56
18

4 1.67e- 7.96
16

3.3.2 Using different fibers

Secondly, discuss the single mode fiber standard parameters. Results are
measured by taking minimum acceptable range of Q-factor is 6 and range of BER
is also minimum i.e. 10-9. Fig 3.10 shows the quality of the signal observed at
maximum distance it can reach with SMF (dispersion=16.75ps/nm/km) distance
120 km reach with Q-factor 12.01.

39
 Fig. 3.10 BER Analyzer Results for Standard SMF over distance of 120km
In this section performance evolution of Alcatel shown in form of Eye diagram.
Fig 3.11 shows Alcatel fiber dispersion (Dispersion= 8ps/nm/km) cover 300 km
with Q- factor 7.21. Alcatel fibers in comparison with other fiber standard are
observed to show the best behavior even at high data rate.

Fig. 3.11 BER Analyzer Results for Alcatel fiber over distance of 300km

In this section, performance of ITU 652 Fiber is shown in the form of eye
diagram. Fig. 3.12 shows that ITU 652 [Dispersion=17.65ps/nm/km] covers a
distance of 125 km with Q factor 9.66. The dispersion effect is almost equal to
SMF Fibers so it is not able to reach long distances.

40
 Fig. 3.12 BER Analyzer Results for Standard ITU 652 over distance of 125km

In this section, performance of ITU 653 Fiber is shown in the form of eye
diagram. Fig. 3.13 shows that ITU 653 [Dispersion=0.169ps/nm/km] covers a
distance of 1500 km with Q factor 14.48. The dispersion effect is nearly zero in
ITU 653 Fibers but it is able to reach long distances. This can be due to the fact
the length of DCF used to compensate the dispersion is very less.

Fig.3.13 BER Analyzer Results for Standard ITU 653 over distance of 1500km

In this section, performance of ITU 654 Fiber is shown in the form of eye
diagram. Fig 3.14 shows that ITU 654 [Dispersion=20.13ps/nm/km] covers a
distance of 60 km with the quality factor of 13.82. Distance covered by less as
compared to Alcatel Fiber. This may be due to the fact of high Fiber Dispersion.

41
 Fig. 3.14 BER Analyzer Results for Standard ITU 654 over distance of 60km

In this section, performance of ITU 655 Fiber is shown in the form of eye
diagram. Fig. 3.15 shows that ITU 655 [Dispersion=3.78ps/nm/km] covers a
distance of only 420 km with Q factor 10.35. ITU 655 is observed to cover
maximum distance among Alcatel Fiber Standards. This is due to the fact the
DCF installed to compensate dispersion is of considerably low length.

Fig. 3.15 BER Analyzer Results for Standard ITU 655 over distance of 420 km

From the table it is observed that all Fiber Standards have shown stable behavior
at high data rates. The Quality Factor of Fiber is decreasing as increasing the
transmission distance. On other side, ITU 653 covers maximum distance of 1500
km because of their dispersion value less as compared to the entire fiber
standard .And ITU 654 is observed to cover the least distance i.e. 60 km
3.4CONCLUSION

42
It is concluded that the symmetrical compensated configuration is best it covers
maximum distance in all the filters but in Bessel filter maximum achievable
transmission distance is 720 km and its BER is 5.00e10 -16, Q-factor is 7.96. As
described in table the comparison of different filter on the basis of Q-factor,
transmission distance and BER.

Table 3.6 Comparison of Q-factor, BER and transmission distance of various filters
parameters Filters
Gaussian Raised Bessel
filter cosine filter
filter
Transmission 220 600 720
distance
BER 10e-15 10e-16 10e-15
Q-factor 7.76 7.83 7.96
Secondly, performance analysis of different fibers it has been concluded that the
ITU 653 covers maximum distance because of its least value of dispersion and
distance is 1500 km with Q factor 14.48. On the other hand other fibers
performance was good for few hundred Km then gradually degraded. And ITU
654 cover minimum distance that is 60 km. If the distance increases the
performance of these fibers automatically decreases. The comparison of different
fiber standard on the basis of BER, transmission distance and Q-factor analysis as
shown in table.

Table 3.7 Comparison of Q-factor, BER and transmission distance of various fibers
Parameters SMF Alcatel ITU652 ITU 653 ITU 654 ITU 655
Distance 120 300 125 1500 60 420
Q-factor 8.12 10.53 9.66 14.48 7.42 11.51
BER 3.06e-18 2.42e-26 1.553e- 5.034e-48 4.659e-9 4.184e-
22 31

43
 Chapter 4
Green WDM system
4.1 Introduction
In long haul WDM optical communication system has been considered a key
device that is EDFA. EDFA has several advantages i.e. low noise, high gain and
large bandwidth. But EDFA provides non equalized gain for the transmitted
channel for WDM system. This drawback results is low SNR and signal
distortion. As a result there is a strong motivation to equalize the gain of EDFAs
to improve the transmission bandwidth and performance of the WDM systems.
The performance of EDFA meets ever increasing the demand for effective
delivery of baseband signals using the minimum energy consumption. This will
be help to developing the green communication systems which is cost effective
and eco-friendly.
There are so many technique has been developed in the survey of technique has
been developed in the survey of equalize the gain of EDFA which is divided unto
intrinsic and extrinsic. In the intrinsic type spectral such amplification designed
by intrsically modified the host material or extrinsically proper use of filters. In

44
this work both intrinsic and extrinsic methods to archive sharp output gain of
EDFA using cascade FBG. In extrinsic technique used for flattering EDFA gain
designed by coupling of difference WDM channel out of the optical fiber
equalized using with various optical attenuators (VOP). This technique can good
for flattering in C and L band with less ripple, and also its use is limited by high
insertion loss and noise figure.
In this work we investigate EDFA gain flattering using a new and simple
configuration which is cascaded FBG connected in series with host material of
EDFA every FBG is responsible for flattering only one channel of WDM
network. The advantages of this configuration over found in the survey are below.
This fabrication simplicity of the short period FBG, no limitations on the no of
WDM channel are required to be equalized WDM channels equalized over any
wavelength band; the Bragg wavelength of the short period of FBG can be easily
tuned using temperature; the performance of the WDM system is evaluated by
BER and SNR using optisystem 14 version from optiwave.

4.2 Simulation setup

The schematic of the designed used in the simulation to equalize the gain of
EDFA is shown in fig 4.1. WDM channel are first multiplexed and transmitted
through optical fiber link. Then the channels are directed to use the EDFA to
amplify unequal gains. After this channel pass through the cascaded FBGs to
equalize the gain of the system. And finally after passing through the second
optical fiber all channels are demultiplexed and goes to the receiver section.

45
 Fig 4.1 Schematic of EDFA with cascaded FBGs

The software is used for the simulation purpose is optisystem 14 from optiwave.
Eight channels are generated at transmitter side cover the C band, 1530-1570 nm
with equal channel spacing 0.8 nm. NRZ modulation format is used in it and the
input power was 0 dB. Data rate used for the system was set 2.5 GBits/s. after
modulation output of the WDM channels are multiplexed in the downlink path
propagate through a SMF 150 km length, attenuation 0.2 dB/km and 16
ps/nm/km dispersion of the fiber. EDFA amplifier is used to amplify the power of
the WDM channels end of the SMF link but with unequal gains. EDFA is used is
5 m long with 100 mW forward pump power with the wavelength of 980 nm. The
set of cascaded FBGs of Bragg wavelengths is identical to the wavelengths of
the WDM channels are used for the flattering the gain of EDFA. After passing
through the WDM channels through the cascaded FBGs, the channels propagates
through other SMF identical to the first one to be directed towards a
demultiplexed the receiver side eight channel WDM demultiplexed, PIN diode
low pass filter and BER test set. In the receiver side firstly optical signal is
converted into electrical signal through the PIN photodiode and this signal low
pass Bessel filter. Input NRZ pulses and the output signals are compared through
a BER analyzer.

4.3 Results and discussion

In the results section we observed that, improve the performance of the WDM
system. In particular if we decrease the consumed power or towards to the green
communication through the EDFA gain flattering setup.
In the simulation section the characteristics of transmitter same which is already
discuss in previous section. We observed the impact of changing the parameters
such as data rate of the system and also the transmission distance of the system.
The data collected for a single channel is not sufficient. So we collect the data of
five channels from eight channels .simulation is repeated from twelve times.
Higher and lower values are calculated and set an average of the others. BER is

46
measured for different channel spacing (0.2nm, 0.4 nm, 0.8 nm and 1.2 nm) of
cascaded FBFs. The best BER results obtained when the channel spacing is 0.8
nm. We can anticipate that the higher grating period we use the less inter channel
interference and good BER performance. On the other side the grating period of
the 1.2 nm the performance of the BER worse results again this is may be the
power of the laser source, and the fiber attenuation and dispersion of the system
which limit the channel spacing 0.8 nm.
In WDM system other important parameter is transmission distance. We also
observed the transmission distance on the BER when 0.8 nm channels spacing
cascaded FBGs are used. The results clear show that the using of cascaded
FBGs increases the transmission distance with low BER and needed less power.
This is useful for the green WDM optical communication system.
Other parameter of any optical communication system is Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(SNR).
Investigate the impact of changing the FBGs channel spacing and transmission
distance on the performance of WDM systems, then the next level of the system
is to replace the NRZ pulse generator by 4 QAM modulator of 10 Gb/s to
evaluate the constellation diagram and eye diagram. Rest of the simulation setup
same.
Constellation and eye diagrams of WDM system embedded with reported
cascaded FBGs gain flattering set are compared to those of WDM system
without gain flattering set shown in fig 4.2 and 4.3.

(a) (b)

47
 (c) (d)
Fig 4.2 Output of constellation diagram when FBGs are used (a) 0.2nm, (b) 0.4nm, (c)
0.8nm and (d) 1.2nm
These results are obtained when the FBGs is equal to 0.8 nm. In fig 4.3 and 4.4
shows the eye diagram closer and get constellation diagram more distorted if the
cascaded FBGs are not used with WDM optical communication system.

(a) (b)
Fig 4.3 Eye diagram of the WDM communication system with (a) and without (b) using the
FBGs gain equalization set.

48
 (a) (b)
Fig 4.4 Constellation diagram for simulated WDM communication system with (a) and
without (b) using the FBGs equalization set

In simple DWDM system seven channels are generated at transmitter side

cover the C band, 1530-1570 nm with equal channel spacing 0.8 nm. NRZ
modulation format is used in it and the input power was 0 dB. Data rate used for
the system was set 2.5 GBits/s. after modulation output of the WDM channels are
multiplexed in the downlink path propagate through a SMF 150 km length,
attenuation 0.2 dB/km and 16 ps/nm/km dispersion of the fiber. EDFA amplifier
is used to amplify the power of the WDM channels end of the SMF link but with
unequal gains. EDFA is used is 5 m long with 100 mW forward pump power with

49
the wavelength of 980 nm. In table 4.1 shows the variation in BER and Q-factor
with gain flattering.

Table 4.1 Variation in BER and Q-factor in DWDM system with gain flattering
channel BER Q-factor
s
1 18.08 6.00E-39
2 16.73 2.74E-37
3 14.97 8.12E-32
4 13.42 8.42E-28
5 11.90 5.16E-25
6 10.47 1.43E-21
7 7.43 2.12E-18

(a) (b)

(c)
Figure 4.5 Eye diagram of DRZ modulation format with gain flattering (a)
channel 1, (b) channel 2 and (c) channel 3

50
The WDM Transmitter generates eight channels from 195 THz to 196.4 THz,
with power of -20 dBm per channel. The Gain Flattening Filter component is
placed after the EDFA and it will equalize the amplifier gain. The shape of the
filter is also available in the report. The user can also visualize the overall gain of
the amplifier using the WDM analyzer and the value of the filter transmission
values by looking at the filter Transmission parameters.

(a) (b)
Figure 4.6 Signals before (a) and after (b) the filter

4.4 Conclusion
In this chapter we use a new technique to obtain a flat EDFA gain using cascaded
FBGs. This method is more efficient to equal the gain of EDFAs. In this
technique is characterized by the simplicity of the simulation setup designed,
ability of equalize any number of channels, capability to equalize the gain of any
amplifier. A set of simulation analyzed after embedding the cascaded FBGs gain
equalization set in WDM system.

51
 Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Scope

This thesis presents the fundamental concepts involved in nonlinear DWDM fiber
optic communication systems. Throughout this thesis a communication theory
approach is used, in contrast to a device technology of theoretical physics
approach. Many of the fundamental questions concerning communication system
design are still unanswered in the nonlinear fiber domain.
In the second chapter to investigate the 16 channel 40 Gb/s DWDM
system with different hybrid modulation format. For this, we analyze the
performance of the system for pre, post and symmetrical dispersion compensation
schemes using DCF by varying the signal input power .Superior performance of
MDRZ has been observed a sit suppresses all the discrete frequency tones that
appear in conventional RZ signal spectrum; whereas CSRZ only suppresses the
optical carrier tone and creates side- band tones spaced at odd multiples of B/2on
both sides of carrier frequency .CSRZ format, thus results in the expansion of
optical spectra and decline in the Q value. It is found that as the signal input
power increases Q value increases up to certain limit (05dBm) after which it
starts decreasing which is due to the dominance of non-linear optical Kerrs
effects like cross phase modulation (XPM) and FWM at higher power .It is
established that symmetrical compensation shows better performance in terms of
Q value, eye opening and received power as compared to pre and post dispersion
compensation schemes. In MD-RZ format we compare the different powers that
is varies from -8 to +8 and also measured the Q-factor, BER channels of the
system. The choice of this modulation because of the performance .The analysis
of the different power with Q-factor of the channels with this analysis shows that
the power = +8 gives better results.
In third chapter is concluded that the symmetrical compensated configuration is
best it covers maximum distance in all the filters but in Bessel filter maximum
achievable transmission distance and its BER is also better. As described in the
comparison of different filter on the basis of Q-factor, transmission distance and

52
BER. Secondly, The fiber standards considered in present research are SMF,
ALCATEL, ITU G.652, ITU G.653, ITU G.654, and ITU G.655. Of all the fiber,
ITU G.653(D=0.169 ps/nm/km) is able to cover maximum distance For rest of
fibers, the performance was remarkable for few hundreds of kilometres and then
degraded due to less DCF fiber length to compensate for dispersion.
performance analysis of different fibers it has been concluded that the ITU 653
covers maximum distance because of its least value of dispersion and distance is
maximum as compared to other fiber standard. On the other hand other fibers
performance was good for few hundred Km then gradually degraded. And ITU
654 covers minimum distance. If the distance increases the performance of these
fibers automatically decreases. The comparison of different fiber standard on the
basis of BER, transmission distance and Q-factor analysis as shown in table.
In the last we use a new technique to obtain a flat EDFA gain using cascaded
FBGs. This method is more efficient to equal the gain of EDFAs. In this
technique is characterized by the simplicity of the simulation setup designed,
ability of equalize any number of channels, capability to equalize the gain of any
amplifier. A set of simulation analyzed after embedding the cascaded FBGs gain
equalization set in WDM system.

53
 List of Publications
(1)Meenakshi, Er.Nitika Soni, Er. Harmandar Kaur, Optical DWDM: A Review
of Challenges and Recent Advances, STEHM 2016.
(2)Meenakshi, Er.Nitika Soni, Er. Harmandar Kaur, comparative analysis of 40
Gbps DWDM system using hybrid modulation format with hybrid compensation
scheme in the presence of Kerrs effect,ICSETI 2006
(3)Meenakshi, Er. Harmandar Kaur, Er.Nitika Soni, Performance Analysis of
Hybrid Dispersion Compensation Technique with Different Filters on 40 Gbps
DWDM System, CIIT.
(4) Meenakshi, Er. Harmandar Kaur, Er.Nitika Soni, Performance Analysis of
Different Fibers on 40 Gbps DWDM System, IJAST-SCRSC.

REFERENCES

54
A. Gangwar and B. Sharma(2012), Optical Fiber: The New Era of High Speed
Communication (Technology, Advantages and Future Aspects), Int. Journal of
Engg. Research and Develop vol. 4, pp. 19-23.
A Hodzik, B. Konrad, K. Petemann(2002), Alternative modulation formats in N
x 40 Gb/s WDM standard fiber RZ-transmission systems, IEEE J. Lightwave
Technol., Vol. 20, pp. 598.
Amarpal Singh(2009), Investigation on modified FWM suppression methods in
DWDM optical communication system, Optics Communications, vol. 282 pp.
392395.
Anindya Sundar Das(2014), Simultaneous signal transmission of different data-
rates in a DWDM system employing external injection locking technique,
Optics &Laser Technology, vol. 64, pp. 2327.
A.Sheetal, A.K. Sharma, R.S. Kaler(2010), Simulation of high capacity 40 Gb/s
long haul DWDM system using Different modulation formats and dispersion
compensation schemes in the presence of Kerrs effect, In: proceedings of the
optic, vol. 121, pp. 739-749.
Bijayananda Patnaik(2013),Ultra high capacity 1.28 Tbps DWDM system
design and simulation using optimized modulation format, Optik, vol. 124, pp
1567 1573.
C.-H. Yeh, K.-H.Lai(2004), Hybrid L-band optical fiber amplifier module with
erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and semiconductor optical amplifier,Jpn. J. Appl.
Phys. vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 5357-5358.
C. P. Vind, and N. Srivastava(2014), An Improved Methodology for Dispersion
Compensation and Design of Dense WDM System in Optical Fiber
Communication Networks, Int. Journal of Emerg. Technol. and Advanc. Engg.,
vol. 4, pp. 370-375.
C.W. Chow(2009), Characterization of phase modulated non-return-to-zero
(PM-NRZ) format for DWDM long reach PONs, Optics Communications, vol.
282, pp. 27872791.
E. I. Essa(2010), Software Simulation the Hybrid Dispersion Compensation
Scheme Based on the 16x40Gbps DWDM using RZ Modulation Format,
College of Computer Science and Mathematics, vol. 9, pp. 202-208.

55
G. Bosco and A. Carena(2002), On the Use of NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ Modulation
at 40 Gb/s with Narrow DWDM Channel Spacing, Journal of Lightwave
Technology, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1694-1704.
G.P. Agrawal(2001), Applications of Nonlinear Fiber Optics, Academic Press,
New York,.
G.P. Agrawal(2001), Nonlinear Fibres Optics, Academic Press, New York,.
G.P. Agrawal(2005), lightwave Technology: telecommunication system (Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ).
G.P. Agrawal(2007), lightwave Technology: components and Devices (Wiley,
Hoboken, NJ).
Haoran Cheng(2013), A novel fiber nonlinearity suppression method in DWDM
optical fiber transmission systems with an all-optical pre-distortion module,
Optics Communications, vol. 290 , pp. 152157.
Jagjit Singh Malhotra and Manoj Kumar(2013), Performance evolution of 16
channel DWDM Radio over fiber link, optics, vol. 124 ,pp. 4120-4122.
Jagjit Singh Malhotra(2013), Estimation and mitigation of FWM penalties in
dispersion managed 32 channel long haul DWDM soliton link, Optik, vol. 124,
pp. 3029 3032.
Jia-Min Gong and XuZuo b.n.YunZhao(2015), Steady SRS analysis theory of
DWDM transmission systems in single Mode silica fiber, Optics
Communications , vol. 350, pp. 257-267.
J.Choudhary,L.S.Garia,R.S.Shahi(2014),Comparative analysis of DWDM
system using different modulation and dispersion compensation techniques at
different bit rates, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering Vol. 3, Issue.
Jameel Ahmed(2014), Parametric analysis of four wave mixing in DWDM
systems, Optik , vol. 125, pp. 1853 1859.
Maryam Niknamfar and Mehdi Shadaram(2014), Optimization of optical signal
sideband configuration for radio over fiber transmission and multi type data
communication over a DWDM link, Computers and Electrical Engineering,
vol.,40, pp. 8391.

56
M. Kaur, H. Sarangal, and P. Bagga(2015), Dispersion Compensation with
Dispersion Compensating Fibers (DCF), Int. Journal of Advanc. Research in
Computer and Communication Engg., vol. 4, pp. 354-356.
Mohamed M. Keshk and Islam A. Ashry(2007), Analysis of different fiber
Bragg grating for use in a multi-wavelength Erbium Doped Fiber Laser,
NATIONAL RADIO SCIENCE CONFERENCE (NRSC ).
Marwa M. Tharwat and Islam Ashry(2014), A study of green wavelength
division multiplexed optical communication systems using cascaded fiber Bragg
grating, optical fiber technology, vol. 20 ,pp. 467-472.
N. K. Kahlon, and G. Kaur(2014), Various Dispersion Compensation
Techniques for Optical System, Open Journal of Comm. and Software, vol. 1,
pp. 64-73.
Ross Saunders(2011), Coherent DWDM technology for high speed optical
communications, Optical Fiber Technology, vol.17 , pp. 445451.
R.S. Kaler(2012), Simulation of 16 x 10 Db/s WDM system based on optical
amplifiers at different transmission distance and dispersion, Optik, vol. 123, pp.
1654-1658.
Shah-Jye Tzeng and Hai-Han Lu a(2009),A hybrid radio-on-DWDM transport
system for PHS/LAN/ITS/WiMAX applications, Optical Fiber Technology, vol.
15 , pp. 119124Surinder Singh and R.S. Kaler(2007), Simulation of DWDM
signals using optimum span schemes with cascaded optimized semiconductor
optical amplifiers, optics, vol. 118 , pp. 74-82.
Simranjit Singh and R.S. Kaler(2012), Performance evalution of 64x10 Gbps
and 96x10 Gbps DWDM system with hybrid optical amplifier for different
modulator formats, optics, vol. 123 ,pp. 2199-2203.
Simranjit Singh and R.S. Kaler(2013), Investing of hybrid optical amplifiers
with different modulation formats for DWDM Communication, optics, vol.
124,pp. 2131-2134.
S. Singh, R.S. Kaler(2006), Transmission performance of 2010 Gb/s WDM
signals using cascaded optimized SOAs with OOK and DPSK modulation
formats, J.Opt. Commun., Vol. 266, pp. 100-110.

57
S.P.N. Cain and L. de Cal azans Calmon(2009),An analytical approximated
solution for the gain of amplifiers with multiple Counter-pumps IEEE J.
Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 944-951.
Simranjit Singh and R.S. Kaler(2012), Performance evalution of 64x10 Gbps
and 96x10 Gbps DWDM system with hybrid optical amplifier for different
modulator formats, optics, vol. 123 ,pp. 2199-2203.
S.M. Sajjan, V. Seshasai, and G. Sadashivappa(2015), DWDM Link Design and
Power Budget Calculation, Int Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engg., vol. 4, pp. 2538-2548.
S. Singh, R.S. Kaler(2013),Comparison of pre-, post- and symmetrical
compensation for 96 channel DWDM system using PDCF and PSMF, Optik,
vol. 124, pp. 1803-1813.
Simranjit Singh and Raman, Performance investigation on DWDM optical ring
network to increase the capacity with acceptable performance, Optik, vol., 125
(2014) pp 57505752.
T. Sabapathi and R. Gowri Manohari(2014), Analysis and compensation of
PMD single channel, WDM and 32 channel DWDM fiber optic system,optics,
vol. 125, pp. 18-24.
T. Hoshida and O. Vassilieva(2002), Optimal 40 Gb/s modulation formats for
spectrally efficient long-haul DWDM systems, IEEE J. Light wave Technol, vol.
12, pp. 20.
V. Kumar, A.K. Jaiswal, and R. Saxena(2014), Design and Performance
Analysis of Optical Transmission System, Int. Org. of Scientific Research
Journal of Engg., vol. 4, pp. 22-26.
Vishal Sharma and Ramandeep Kaur(2013), Implementation of DWDM systems
in presence of FWM under impact of channel spacing, optics, vol. 124, pp.
3112-3114.
Vinita Tiwari(2013), Investigation of optimum pulse shape for 112 Gbps DP-
DQPSK in DWDM transmission, Optik, vol. 124, pp 5567 5572.
Y. Malhotra, R.S. Kaler(2011), Compensating spectral loss variations in EDFA
amplifiers for different modulation formats, Optik, vol. 122, pp. 435-439.

58
Ya-Ping Li(2006),All-fiber MachZehnder interferometer for DWDM filter
direct group-delay measurement, Optics Communications, vol. 265, pp. 406
410.
Zhiguo Zhang(2015), Channel-reuse bidirectional transmission at 10 Gb/s/ in
long-reach DWDM-PON employing self wavelength managed tunable laser,
Optics Communications, vol. 343,pp. 107114.

.
.

59