Chapters 18

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Shear Walls
Part VII

Dr. Anis Shatnawi

RC_II 1

Part VII

Examples
Read extra examples from Text Book (Wight and
MacGregor) 6th ed. (Example 18-2 page 1028,
and Example 18-3 page 1031)

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EXAMPLE I

EXAMPLE I

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EXAMPLE I

EXAMPLE I

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EXAMPLE I

EXAMPLE I

As sup =10 in2

Check:

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EXAMPLE I
Revised to 10# 8

Revised to 10# 8

Revise design of vertical flexyral reinforcement by using new

exact d = (10*12) 7 = 113, to get new As = 7.32 in2 and
use 10# 8 bars at each end.
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EXAMPLE II:
Check moment and shear strength at the base of the structural wall
shown in Fig. below.

Also, show that the given horizontal and vertical reinforcement satisfies all
of the ACI Code requirements regarding minimum reinforcement
percentage and maximum spacing.

The given lateral loads are equivalent wind forces, considering both direct
lateral forces and the effects of any torsion.

Use a load factor of 1.6 for the wind load effects.

The given vertical loads represent dead loads, and you can assume that the
vertical live loads are equal to 60 percent of the dead loads.

Assume the wall is constructed with normal-weight concrete that has a

compressive strength of 4500 psi. Assume all of the steel is Grade-60.
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EXAMPLE II

(Each Floor)

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EXAMPLE II

A st f y

w h f c '

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EXAMPLE II

c <0.375d

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EXAMPLE II

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Example III:
The structural wall shown in Fig. below is subjected to gravity loads (D = 150 kips
and L = 100 kips) and an equivalent, static, lateral earthquake load, E = 150 kips)
(torsion effects included).
Check the moment strength at the base of the structural wall assuming that the
distance, x , from the base of the structure to the lateral force, E , is equal to two-
thirds of the wall height.
Use a capacity-design approach to check the shear strength of the wall and
assume the distance, x , is equal to one-half of the wall height for this check.

Also, show that the given horizontal and vertical reinforcement in the web of the
structural wall satisfies all of the ACI Code requirements regarding minimum
reinforcement percentage and maximum spacing. Assume the wall is constructed with
normal-weight concrete that has a compressive strength of 5000 psi. Assume all
of the steel is Grade-60.

15

Example III Use:

x = 40 ft for the flexural strength check
x = 30 ft for the capacity-based shear
strength check

(Each Floor,
Each Wall)

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8
Example III

c = a/1 <0.375d

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Example III

c = a/1 <0.375d

Based on Probable flexural strength

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Example III
Based on Probable flexural strength

c = a/1 <0.375d

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Example III

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 Example IV
Design the shear wall section at the base.
(1176 kN) D.L = 120t
Solution: (490 kN) L.L = 50t
Determine minimum vertical & horizontal
reinforcement requirements in the wall (wall
height hw = 18 m & SDS=0.333)
5m0.25m
Check if two curtains of reinforcement are required:

V u 0.17Acv f c '
Acv 5 0.25 1.25m 2
V u 0.98MN 0.17 1.25 28 1.124MN (7840 kN.m)
784t.m
(980kN)
According to the above equation, no need for two 100t
curtains but as the wall thickness is 250 mm the code
recommend to use two curtains of reinforcement.

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Example IV
The minimum reinforcements ration are
Horizontal steel:

h 0.0025
Vertical steel:
hw/Lw = 18/5 = 3.6 > 2.5
v 0.0025

Minimum steel area

As 25 100 0.0025 6.25cm 2 / m

Use 612 @ 100cm in both sides of the wall and in the vertical &
horizontal directions.

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11
Example IV
A Using two curtains of 12mm
or s , horz 0.0025
S 2h
12@35cm
(1.13) x 2
0.0025 S 36cm 35cm
S 2 (25)

lw
5 =100 cm 35cm

S 2,max The smallest of 45 cm =45 cm
3h =75 cm


12@35cm

Use 112 @ 35cm in each side of the wall in the vertical and horizontal
direction

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Example IV
Determine reinforcement requirements for shear
Shear strength of wall

V n Acv c f c ' v f y
c = 0.17 for hw/Lw = 18/5 = 3.6 2

V n 1.25 0.17 28 0.0026 420 2.489MN V u 0.98MN

Therefore, the 112 @ 35cm in each of the vertical &

horizontal direction would be enough for the shear.

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12
Example IV
Determine reinforcement requirements for combined flexural
& axial loads

Determine if special boundary elements are required

Pu M u Lw
0.2f c '
Ag Ig 2
Pu = 1.2D + 1.0Ev + 1.0L or
Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L

Pu = 1.2D + 1.0(0.2SDS * D) +1.0 L

= 1.21176 + 0.20.3331176 + 490 = 1980 kN

Or: Pu = 1.21176 + 1.6490 = 2195 kN

25

Example IV

Therefore Pu = 2195 kN
0.25 53 A g 5 0.25 1.25m 2
Ig 2.6m 4
12
Pu M u Lw
0.2f c '
Ag Ig 2

2195 7840 5
9295kN 0.2f c ' 5600kN / m 2
1.25 2.6 2

Therefore, boundary elements are required .

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13
Example IV

Boundary element length

Lager of c/2, 0.1 , 45 cm or

2 0.85
1.13 2 500
A st f y 420
35
0.039
w h f c ' 500 25 28

Pu 2195 / 1000
0.063
w hf c ' 5 0.25 28

0.039 0.063
0.13
2 0.039 0.85 0.85
27

Example IV
Lager of c/2, 0.1 , 45 cm or

0.13 500 0.13 65

65
32.5
2 2
0.1 65 0.1 500 15
500
31
16 16
Take the boundary length as 45 cm as its the larger value.
Check moment capacity Mn using approximate equation

Pu c
M n 0.5A st f y w 1 1

A st f y w
28

14
Example IV
32.29 2195 / 1000
M n 0.9 0.5 420 5 1
32.29 1 0.13 6.95MPa
10000 420
10000
Mn = 6.95MPa < Mu = 7.84 MPa
Therefore additional reinforcements are required for flexural

M u M n d 0.8Lw 0.8 5 4m
As
0.9f y d
7.84 6.95
As 6cm 2 = 316mm
0.9 420 4
(As = 6.03 cm2)

Use 216 at each edge of the boundary zone (As,provided = 8 cm2) as the
minimum vertical reinforcement in the boundary zone.

29

Example IV
Confinement ( transverse) Reinforcement
Maximum Hoops and cross-ties vertical spacing
Spacing of transverse reinforcement s shall not exceed the
smallest of:
(1) 150 mm
(2) Six times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar 6db=6*16=96 mm
(3) so, as defended by:

100 mm < < 150 mm

Use smax = 90mm
Reinforcement cross-section area long direction
0.09Sbc f c ' 0.09 9 (25 5 1.6) 28
A sh 1cm 2
fy 420

Use 28 @ 9cm parallel to the wall

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Example IV

31

#6

and Problem
18-2 from
Wight and
MacGregor
page 1041
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 97

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97

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All walls have thickness = 0.30 m

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1.6

UBC -1997:
50

25
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52

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= 0.02 hsx

53

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56

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60

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 61

Let (u/hw) =0.007 0.007

c 1.91 use c = 2.1 le = 2.1-0.1*8 = 1.3 m 62

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(Mu/bd2) =2.0 = 0.005 Asreq =27200 mm2
As = 39 * 804 = 31356 mm2

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 Drift of Structure Due
to Seismic Load

69

Elastic translation (S) for

cantilever shear wall
Presuming the connections between the
continuous beams and the columns are B
hinges as shown in the figure below.
That represents most of the buildings
Cantilever Shear-Wall

system .

The shear-wall has a fixed connection

at the basement & free at the other
end.

From this assumption, the only element

resist the lateral force is the cantilever
shear-wall. A

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 Using Conjugate-beam method to determine the
deflection at point B

Deflection at B equal the area of the moment of the

M/EIAB diagram between A and B computed about
point B.

B = M/EIAB Y (see figure next page)

71

The stiffness EI
Modulus of elasticity EC B
When WC = 1440 to 2480 kg/m3
Y1
E C W C 1.5 0.043 f c ' M1
EI 1 Y2
For normal weight concrete
Y3
E C 4700 f c ' M2
EI 2

Moment of inertia I M3
For columns EI 3 A
0.35Ig
For beams
0.7Ig
For walls uncracked 0.7Ig
cracked
0.35Ig 72

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The stiffness EI

0.2E c I g E s I se
EI
1 d
0.4E c I
EI g

1 d

The EI in this equation approximates the variations in

stiffness due to cracking, creep, & the nonlinearity of the
concrete stress-strain curve.
d = 0 for wind or earthquake loads Es = 200000 MPa

73

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
reinforcement
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete
section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcing bars
about centroidal axis
d = creep effect factor equals the ratio of the
maximum factored axial sustained load to the
maximum factored axial load associated with
the same load combination. 74

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Example
Determine the total and story drift of the cantilever
shear wall due to seismic load as shown. fc = 28MPa,
shear wall dimension 3m 0.2m from A to B.

Determine the bending moment at each load as shown. B

35t

Modulus of elasticity Ec 3m

E C 4700 28 24870MPa 30t C

1030kN.m
Moment of inertia 3m

0.2 33 25t D
Ig 0.45m 4 2943kN.
12
m 3m
The stiffness EI
5592kN.m
0.4 24870 0.45 A
EI 4476600kN .m 2 75
1 0

Total drift at point B using Conjugate-Beam method

1 3 1 3
B 1030 2 2943 1030 5 1030 3 4.5
EI 2 EI 2

1 3
5592 2943 8 2943 3 7.5
EI 2

129348
B 100 2.89cm
4476600

First story drift, point A to point D

3
5592 2943 2 2943 3 1.5
AD 2 100 0.47cm
4476600

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 Second story drift, point D to point C

1 3
DC 2943 1030 2 1030 3 1.5
4476600 2
3
5592 2943 5 2943 3 4.5 AD
2

DC 1.56 0.47 1.09cm

Third story (roofing) drift, point C to point B

CB B DC AD

CB 2.89 1.09 0.47 1.33cm

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Dont forget to fine the inelastic deformation to check for

drift limitation as stated in the code

UBC-97 provision Total

drift
B
m 0.7 R Third story
drift

m 0.025H When T 0.7

C
Second story drift
m 0.02H When T > 0.7

D First story drift

A
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 Drift of frame structure due to seismic load

3
Q3

2
Q2

Rigid joint
1
Q1

Drift Diagram Shear Diagram

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Driftof frame structure due to

seismic load
According to Hooks Law
Qi
i
Ks
i = Story drift
Qi = Shear force acting on the story
Ks = Stiffness of the story (columns stiffness)

Total Drift total 1 2 3 .....

Q i

K s
h IC
Stiffness KS for column Ib2 Ib2

12EI C 1 Lb1 Lb2

K SC
h3 1
2I C
I I
h b1 b 2 80
Lb 1 Lb 2

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 Where
0.4Ec I g
E = modulus of elasticity EI
1 d
IC = moment of inertia of the column
h = floor height
Ib = moment of inertia of the beam
Lb = length of the beam

For external column

12EI C 1
K SC
h3 1
2I C
I
h b 1 0.
Lb 1

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For the columns at the basement

12EI C 1 12EI C
K SC
h3 1
2I C h3
h

Drift of frame & shear-wall structure due

to seismic load
Total Drift

total
Q i

K s

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 Stiffness KSC for column or the shear-wall
12 EI C 1
K SC
h3 1
2I C
I I
h b1 b 2
Lb1 Lb 2

In this case you deal with the

Shear-Wall
shear wall, exactly as a
column & this column has a
large moment of inertia I or
stiffness

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