Engineering Mathematics I - Solutions 5

The Maclaurin series for f (x) is found via the formula:

x2 x3 xn
f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 00 (0) + f 000 (0) + + f (n) (0) + . . .
2! 3! n!

X f (i) (0)xi
= .
i=0
i!


 f (x) = cos x, f 0 (x) = sin x, f 00 (x) = cos x, f 000 (x) = sin x,



[1]  f (0) = 1,
 f 0 (0) = 0, f 00 (0) = 1, f 000 (0) = 0.

2 3 2
 Thus, f (x) 1 + 0 x + (1) x + 0 x = 1 x .

2 6 2

1
[2] f (0) = and thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
0

 f (x) = 1 , f 0 (x) = 1 2 6

2
f 00 (x) = 3
f 000 (x) =

 1+x (1 + x) (1 + x) (1 + x)4

[3]  f (0) = 1,

f 0 (0) = 1, f 00 (0) = 2, f 000 (0) = 6.

x2 x3

 Thus, f (x) 1 + (1) x + 2 + (6) = 1 x + x2 x3 .

2 6
1 1
[4] f 0 (x) = and f 0 (0) = thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
x 0


 f (x) = x2 + x3 , f 0 (x) = 2x + 3x2 , f 00 (x) = 2 + 6x, f 000 (x) = 6,



[5]  f (0) = 0,
 f 0 (0) = 0, f 00 (0) = 2, f 000 (0) = 6.

2 3
 Thus, f (x) 0 + 0 x + 2 x + 6 x = x2 + x3 .

2 6

1 1
[6] f 0 (x) = and f 0 (0) = thus we cannot find a Maclaurin series.
2 x 0
[7] f (x) = cosh x, f 0 (x) = sinh x, f 00 (x) = cosh x, ...
When n is even f (n) (x) = cosh x f (n) (0) = cosh(0) = 1.
When n is odd f (n) (x) = sinh x f (n) (0) = sinh(0) = 0.
x2 x3 x2 x4 x(2n)
+ =
P
Thus, f (x) = 1 + 0 x + 1 +0 + = 1 + + n=0
2 6 2 4! (2n)!
g(x) = sinh x, g 0 (x) = cosh x, g 00 (x) = sinh x, ...
When n is even g (n) (x) = sinh x g (n) (0) = sinh(0) = 0.
When n is odd g (n) (x) = cosh x g (n) (0) = cosh(0) = 1.
x2 x3 x3 x5 x(2n+1)
+ =
P
Thus, g(x) = 0 + 1 x + 0 +1 + = x + + n=0 .
2 6 6 5! (2n + 1)!
x3 x5 x(2n+1)
f 0 (x) = x + + =
P
+ n=0 = cosh x.
6 5! (2n + 1)!
x2 x4 x(2n)
g 0 (x) = 1 + + =
P
+ n=0 = sinh x.
2 4! (2n)!
[8](a) Let y = arctan x x = tan y. Differentiating with respect to x:
dy d dy 1 1 1
1 = sec2 y arctan x = = 2
= 2
= .
dx dx dx sec y 1 + tan y 1 + x2

2
 f (x) = arctan x, f 0 (x) = 1 , f 00 (x) = 2x , f 000 (x) = 2(3x 1) ,


 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )3

(b)  f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 1, f 00 (0) = 0, f 000 (0) = 2.

x2 x3 x3

 Thus, arctan x 0 + 1 x + 0 + (2) =x .

2 6 3
1 2 8
(c) = arctan(1) 1 = = 2.67. This a poor approximation to !
4 3 3 3

The Taylor series for f (x) about x = a is found using the formula:

(x a)2 (x a)3 (x a)n

f (x) = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) + f 00 (a) + f 000 (a) + + f (n) (a) + ...
2! 3! n!

X f (i) (a)(x a)i
= .
i=0
i!



 f (x) = sin x, f 0 (x) = cos x, f 00 (x) = sin x, f 000 (x) = cos x,



[7](a)  f ( ) = 1, f 0 ( 2 ) = 0, f 00 ( 2 ) = 1, f 000 ( 2 ) = 0.
2

2 3 2
 Thus, f (x) 1 + 0 (x ) + (1) (x 2 ) + 0 (x 2 ) = 1 (x 2 )

2
2 6 2

(b) An observation to be made is that the series are similar except x has been replaced
by x 2 . It shows (by looking at the infinite expansion) that sin(x) = cos x 2 .


[10] Using the derivatives calculated in [5]:
f (2) = 12, f 0 (2) = 16, , f 00 (2) = 14, f 000 (2) = 6. Thus,
(x 2)2 (x 2)3
f (x) 12 + 16 (x 2) + 14 +6 = 12 + 16(x 2) + 7(x 2)2 + (x 2)3 .
2 6

 f (x) = 1 , f 0 (x) = 1 , f 00 (x) = 2 , f 000 (x) = 6 ,

x x2 x3 x4



 f (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 1, f 00 (1) = 2, f 000 (1) = 6.

[11]  2 3
 Thus, f (x) 1 + (1) (x 1) + 2 (x 1) + (6) (x 1)
2 6



 f (x) 1 (x 1) + (x 1)2 (x 1)3


 f (x) = x, f 0 (x) = 1 x 12 , f 00 (x) = 1 x 23 , f 000 (x) = 3 x 52 ,

 2 4 8

 1 1 3
 f (4) = 2, f 0 (4) = , f 00 (4) = , f 000 (4) = .
4 32 256

[12]  2 3
 Thus, f (x) 2 + 1 (x 4) + 1 (x 4) + 3 (x 4)
4 32 2 256 6


2 3
 (x 4) (x 4) (x 4)
 f (x) 2 + +

4 64 512
[13](a) f (x) = ln x, f (x) = x , f (x) = x2 , f 000 (x) = 2x3 , . . .
0 1 00

f (i) (x) = (1)(i+1) (i 1)!xi .

f (1) = 0, f 0 (1) = 1, f 00 (1) = 1, f 000 (1) = 2, ...
f (i) (1) = (1)(i+1) (i 1)!.
(x 1)2 (x 1)3 (x 1)i
Thus, f (x) = 0 + 1 (x 1) 1 +2 + + (i 1)! + ...
2 6 i!
(x 1)2 (x 1)3 (x 1)i (i+1) (x 1)
i
+ =
P
f (x) = 0 + (x 1) + ++ i=0 (1) .
2 3 i i
(1.1 1)2 (1.1 1)3
(b) By choosing x = 1.1 ln(1.1) 0 + (1.1 1) +
2 3
1 1
= 0 + 0.1 2 0.01 + 3 0.001 = 0.0953.
0.1n
(c) Each term is and thus is smaller than 0.0 . . . 01 (n zeros after the decimal
n
point). Thus after n terms the approximation is correct to n decimal places.

[13] Let 1 = i, then 1 = i2 .
f (x) = cos(ix), f 0 (x) = i sin(ix), f 00 (x) = i i cos(ix) = i2 cos(ix) = cos(ix).
Thus when n is even f (n) (x) = cos(ix) f (n) (0) = cos(0) = 1.
When n is odd f (n) (x) = i sin(ix) f (n) (0) = i sin(0) = 0.
x2 x3 x2 x4 x(2n)
+ =
P
Thus, f (x) = 1 + 0 x + 1 +0 + = 1 + + n=0 .
2 6 2 4! (2n)!
Comparing with [13] we observe that f (x) = cosh x, that is cos(ix) = cosh(x).