Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

6 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Esfuerzos cortantes
en vigas y elementos
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
de pared delgada
Texas Tech University

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shearing Stresses in Beams and

Thin-Walled Members
Introduction
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element
Example 6.01
Determination of the Shearing Stress in a Beam
Shearing Stresses txy in Common Types of Beams
Further Discussion of the Distribution of Stresses in a ...
Sample Problem 6.2
Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element of Arbitrary Shape
Example 6.04
Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members
Plastic Deformations
Sample Problem 6.3
Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members
Example 6.05
Example 6.06

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Introduccin
Carga transversal aplicada a una viga
resulta en un esfuerzo normal y un esfuerzo
cortante en las secciones transversales.

Distribucin de esfuerzo normal y cortante

satisfice que.
Fx x dA 0
M x yt xz z t xy dA 0
Fy t xydA V M y z x dA 0
Fz t xz dA 0 M z y x 0

Cuando los esfuerzos cortantes se ejercen

en la cara vertical de un elemento, igual
esfuerzo se ejerce en la cara horizontal

Esfuerzos cortante longitudinales existen

en cualquier elemento sujeto a cargas
transversales.
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Cortante en la cara horizontal de un elemento de una viga

Considere una viga prismtica.

La viga esta en equilibrio
Fx 0 H D D dA
A
M D MC
H y dA
I A
Note,
Q y dA
A
dM
M D MC x V x
dx

Substituyendo,
VQ
H x
I
H VQ
q shear flow
x I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Cortante en la cara horizontal de un elemento de una viga

Flujo del cortante,
H VQ
q shear flow
x I
donde
Q y dA
A
first moment of area above y1
I y 2dA
A A'
second moment of full cross section
Mismo resultado encontrado para
zona inferior
H VQ
q q
x I
Q Q 0
first moment with respect
to neutral axis
H H
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 6.01

SOLUTION:
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.

Calculate the corresponding shear

force in each nail.
A beam is made of three planks,
nailed together. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 25 mm and
that the vertical shear in the beam is
V = 500 N, determine the shear force
in each nail.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 6.01

SOLUTION:
Determine the horizontal force per
unit length or shear flow q on the
lower surface of the upper plank.
VQ (500N)(120 106 m3 )
q
I 16.20 10-6 m4
Q Ay
3704 N
0.020 m 0.100 m0.060 m m

120 106 m3
Calculate the corresponding shear
I 1 0.020 m 0.100 m 3
12 force in each nail for a nail spacing of
2[121 0.100 m 0.020 m 3 25 mm.
F (0.025 m)q (0.025 m)(3704 N m
0.020 m 0.100 m 0.060 m 2 ]
6 4 F 92.6 N
16.20 10 m

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determinacin de los Esfuerzos cortantes en una viga

El esfuerzo cortante promedio en la cara
horizontal de el elemento se obtiene por la
division entre la fuerza cortante en el elemento
by dividing the shearing force on the element
by the area of the face.
H q x VQ x
t ave
A A I t x
VQ

It

On the upper and lower surfaces of the beam,

tyx= 0. It follows that txy= 0 on the upper and
lower edges of the transverse sections.

If the width of the beam is comparable or large

relative to its depth, the shearing stresses at D1
and D2 are significantly higher than at D.

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Shearing Stresses txy in Common Types of Beams

For a narrow rectangular beam,
VQ 3 V y 2
t xy 1 2
Ib 2 A c

3V
t max
2A

For American Standard (S-beam)

and wide-flange (W-beam) beams
VQ
t ave
It
V
t max
Aweb

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Further Discussion of the Distribution of

Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam
Consider a narrow rectangular cantilever beam
subjected to load P at its free end:
3 P y 2 Pxy
t xy 1 2 x
2 A c
I

Shearing stresses are independent of the distance

from the point of application of the load.
Normal strains and normal stresses are unaffected by
the shearing stresses.
From Saint-Venants principle, effects of the load
application mode are negligible except in immediate
vicinity of load application points.
Stress/strain deviations for distributed loads are
negligible for typical beam sections of interest.

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Sample Problem 6.2

SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.

Determine the beam depth based on

allowable normal stress.
A timber beam is to support the three
Determine the beam depth based on
concentrated loads shown. Knowing
allowable shear stress.
that for the grade of timber used,
all 1800 psi t all 120 psi Required beam depth is equal to the
larger of the two depths found.
determine the minimum required depth
d of the beam.

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Sample Problem 6.2

SOLUTION:
Develop shear and bending moment
diagrams. Identify the maximums.

Vmax 3 kips
M max 7.5 kip ft 90 kip in

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Sample Problem 6.2

Determine the beam depth based on allowable
normal stress.
M max
all
S
90 103 lb in.
1800 psi
0.5833in. d 2
d 9.26 in.
1 bd3
I 12 Determine the beam depth based on allowable
I shear stress.
S 16 b d 2 3 Vmax
c t all
2 A
16 3.5 in.d 2
3 3000 lb
120 psi
0.5833in.d 2 2 3.5 in. d
d 10.71in.

Required beam depth is equal to the larger of the two.

d 10.71in.

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Longitudinal Shear on a Beam Element

of Arbitrary Shape
We have examined the distribution of
the vertical components txy on a
transverse section of a beam. We now
wish to consider the horizontal
components txz of the stresses.
Consider prismatic beam with an
element defined by the curved surface
CDDC.
Fx 0 H D C dA
a
Except for the differences in
integration areas, this is the same
result obtained before which led to
VQ H VQ
H x q
I x I

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Example 6.04

SOLUTION:
Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

Based on the spacing between nails,

determine the shear force in each
nail.

A square box beam is constructed from

four planks as shown. Knowing that the
spacing between nails is 1.5 in. and the
beam is subjected to a vertical shear of
magnitude V = 600 lb, determine the
shearing force in each nail.

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Example 6.04
SOLUTION:
Determine the shear force per unit
length along each edge of the upper
plank.

q

VQ 600 lb 4.22 in3


92.3
lb
I 27.42 in 4 in
q lb
f 46.15
2 in
For the upper plank, edge force per unit length
Q Ay 0.75in.3in.1.875 in.
4.22 in3
Based on the spacing between nails,
determine the shear force in each
nail.
For the overall beam cross-section,
lb
1 4.5 in 1 3in
3 3 F f 46.15 1.75 in
I 12 12 in
27.42 in 4 F 80.8 lb

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

Consider a segment of a wide-flange
beam subjected to the vertical shear V.
The longitudinal shear force on the
element is
VQ
H x
I
The corresponding shear stress is
H VQ
t zx t xz
t x It

Previously found a similar expression

for the shearing stress in the web
VQ
t xy
It
NOTE: t xy 0 in the flanges
t xz 0 in the web

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

The variation of shear flow across the
section depends only on the variation of
the first moment.
VQ
q tt
I

For a box beam, q grows smoothly from

zero at A to a maximum at C and C and
then decreases back to zero at E.

The sense of q in the horizontal portions

of the section may be deduced from the
sense in the vertical portions or the
sense of the shear V.

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Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Members

For a wide-flange beam, the shear flow

increases symmetrically from zero at A
and A, reaches a maximum at C and the
decreases to zero at E and E.

The continuity of the variation in q and

the merging of q from section branches
suggests an analogy to fluid flow.

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Plastic Deformations
I
Recall: Y
M Y maximum elastic moment
c
For M = PL < MY , the normal stress does
not exceed the yield stress anywhere along
the beam.
For PL > MY , yield is initiated at B and B.
For an elastoplastic material, the half-thickness
of the elastic core is found from
3 1 yY2
Px MY 1 2
2 3c

The section becomes fully plastic (yY = 0) at
the wall when
3
PL M Y M p
2
Maximum load which the beam can support is
Mp
Pmax
L
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Plastic Deformations
Preceding discussion was based on
normal stresses only

Consider horizontal shear force on an

element within the plastic zone,
H C D dA Y Y dA 0
Therefore, the shear stress is zero in the
plastic zone.

Shear load is carried by the elastic core,

3 P y 2
t xy 1 where A 2byY
2 A 2
yY
3P
t max
2 A

As A decreases, tmax increases and

may exceed tY
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Sample Problem 6.3

SOLUTION:
For the shaded area,
Q 4.31in 0.770 in 4.815 in
15.98 in3

The shear stress at a,

VQ 50 kips 15.98 in3
Knowing that the vertical shear is 50
kips in a W10x68 rolled-steel beam,
t
It


394 in 4 0.770 in
determine the horizontal shearing t 2.63 ksi
stress in the top flange at the point a.

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Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

Beam loaded in a vertical plane

of symmetry deforms in the
symmetry plane without
twisting.
My VQ
x t ave
I It

Beam without a vertical plane

of symmetry bends and twists
under loading.
My VQ
x t ave
I It

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Unsymmetric Loading of Thin-Walled Members

If the shear load is applied such that the beam
does not twist, then the shear stress distribution
satisfies
VQ D B E
t ave V q ds F q ds q ds F
It B A D

F and F indicate a couple Fh and the need for

the application of a torque as well as the shear
load.
F h Ve

When the force P is applied at a distance e to the

left of the web centerline, the member bends in a
vertical plane without twisting.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Example 6.05
Determine the location for the shear center of the
channel section with b = 4 in., h = 6 in., and t = 0.15 in.
Fh
e
I
where
b b VQVb h
F q ds ds st ds
0 0 I I0 2
Vthb2

4I
1 3 1 3 h
2
I I web 2 I flange th 2 bt bt
12 12 2
1 th2 6b h
12

Combining,
b 4 in.
e e 1.6 in.
h 6 in.
2 2
3b 34 in.
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Example 6.06
Determine the shear stress distribution for
V = 2.5 kips.
q VQ
t
t It
Shearing stresses in the flanges,
VQ V h Vh
t st s
It It 2 2I
Vhb 6Vb
tB

1 th2 6b h th6b h
2 12
62.5 kips 4 in
2.22 ksi
0.15 in 6 in 6 4 in 6 in
Shearing stress in the web,

t max

VQ V 8 ht 4b h 3V 4b h
1

It 1 th 6b h t 2th6b h
2
12
32.5 kips 4 4 in 6 in
3.06 ksi
20.15 in 6 in 6 6 in 6 in
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