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Circulatory system is the organ system responsible for the bodys internal transport.
The circulatory system is an organ system responsible for transporting blood, nutrients,
gases and other molecules throughout the body.
There are two forms of circulatory system in animals:
1. Open circulatory system
Open circulatory system is a type of circulatory system where its circulating fluid
(hemolymph) bathes the cells directly. E.g., Arthropods and most mollusks
2. Closed circulatory system
Closed circulatory system is a type of circulatory system where blood circulates
within closed blood vessels throughout the body.
- Examples of animals with a closed circulatory system are annelids, vertebrates
and some mollusks (e.g. octopus and squid).
There are two types of closed circulatory system:
a. Single Circulatory System
In single circulatory system, blood passes through the
heart only once on each circuit around the whole of the
blood circulation of the animal. For instance, fishes have
single circulatory systems.
b. Closed Circulatory System
- In a double circulatory system, there are two circuits for blood passing through the
heart:
a. Pulmonary Circulation:
b. Systemic Circulation:
Blood Composition:
- Blood is a fluid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by liquid
extracellular matrix called plasma.
- The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) in an average-sized adult male and 4 to
5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female.
- Blood makes up about 8% of the human body weight.
- Blood contains two main components:
a. Plasma and
b. Blood cells.
Plasma forms 55% of the blood while blood cells make up 45% of the blood.
- Plasma contains:
a. About 90% of water with a large substance dissolved in it.
b. About 10% dissolved substances:
i. Electrolytes, e.g. Sodium ions, Potassium ions, Calcium ions,
Chloride.
ii. Organic nutrients used for ATP production, growth and maintenance
of cells; including, lipids (fatty acids and glycerides), carbohydrates
(mainly glucose) and amino acids.
iii. Excretory products, urea
iv. Gasses, e.g. oxygen and carbon dioxide.
v. Plasma Proteins; Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen
vi. Regulatory Proteins such as, enzymes and hormones.
Blood Cells:
Lymphocytes (Immunocytes):
- Lymphocytes are smaller than phagocytes.
- They have large rounded nucleus.
- Lymphocytes are responsible for immunity. They produce antibodies
to fight bacteria and foreign materials.
- The process of antibody formation is called the immune response
and the protection offered by antibodies is called immunity.
Platelets:
Platelets are also called Thrombocytes.
Platelets are irregularly shaped fragments of cells that circulate in the blood until
they are either activated to form a blood clot or removed from the circulation to
Heart
The weight of the average human heart is 300g for an adult male and 200g-250g for an
adult female.
The heart is relatively small, roughly the same size (but not the same shape) as a
closed fist.
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- When the heart contracts and forces the blood out of the ventricles it is
known as systole.
-
2. Diastole Phase:
- When the heart is relaxed and filling with blood it is known as diastole.
Cardiac Cycle:
The cardiac cycle is the sequences of events which make up one heart beat.
The cardiac cycle is described in terms of; heart contraction (systole) and relaxation
(diastole).
There are three main stages to the cardiac cycle:
1. Atrial Systole:
- In atrial systole, both left and right atrium contract and blood flows from the atria
into the ventricles.
- Backflow of blood into the veins is prevented by the closure of valves in the
veins.
2. Ventricular systole:
- In ventricular systole, both ventricles contract.
- The atrio-ventricular valves close and the semi-lunar valves in both aorta and
pulmonary artery open.
- Blood flows from the ventricles into the arteries.
3. Ventricular diastole:
- In ventricular diastole, both atria and ventricles relax.
- Blood flows from the veins through the atria and into the ventricles.
Control of the Heartbeat: