Project PDF

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018
A Project Report
on
TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE

funded by
Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology
submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
by
A.S.RAGOOL DELCIEN 1ST12EC700
SHAMBHAVI SHANKAR 1ST12EC729
SOUMYA S HIREPATT 1ST13EC411
SUMITHRA C SHENOY 1ST12EC732
Under the guidance of

Prof. ANUPAMA,
Assistant Professor,
Department of ECE,
SaIT, Bengaluru-560097.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

M.S Palya, Bengaluru-560097.
2015-2016
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
M.S PALYA, BENGALURU-560 097
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE has been
successfully carried out by
A.S.RAGOOL DELCIEN 1ST12EC700
SHAMBHAVI SHANKAR 1ST12EC729
SOUMYA S HIREPATT 1ST13EC411
SUMITHRA C SHENOY 1ST12EC732
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING by
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY during the academic year
2015-2016.
________________________ _____________________________
Signature of the guide Signature of the Project Coordinator
Prof.Anupama, Prof.Pushpamala.S
Asst.Prof, Dept. of ECE, Asst.Prof, Dept. of ECE,
SaIT, Bengaluru. SaIT, Bengaluru.
________________________ _____________________________
Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal
Dr. C V Ravishankar, Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth

HOD, Dept. of ECE, Principal,
SaIT, Bengaluru. SaIT, Bengaluru.
External Examiner
1) ___________________________ ______________________
Name Signature
2) ___________________________ ______________________
Name Signature
Declaration
We the students of 8th semester ECE, declare that,
1. The hardware/software is not purchased/brought from any outside organization.

2. The hardware/software is not from any other previous final year engineering projects of
VTU.
3. Our project work is as per VTU norms and we have followed the rules and regulations.
Violating any of the above conditions, we will accept the action taken by the Department
/College /VTU in this regard.
The title of the project is TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE
The project work is guided by Prof. Anupama.
Sl. No Students Name USN Signature
1. A.S.RAGOOL DELCIEN [1ST12EC700]
2. SHAMBHAVI SHANKAR [1ST12EC729]
3. SUMITHRA C SHENOY [1ST12EC732]
4. SOUMYA S HIREPATT [1ST13EC411]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the

individual efforts but on the guidance, encouragement and cooperation of intellectuals,
elders and friends. A number of personalities, in their own capacities have helped me in
carrying out this project report. With immense please we would like to take this
opportunity to thank them all.
We would like to thank Dr. H.G. Chandrakanth, Principal, SaIT, Bangalore and
the management for their moral support and providing a conductive work environment.
We express our profound thanks Dr. C.V. Ravishankar, Head of Department,

ECE, SaIT, Bangalore for his valuable suggestions and expert advice.
We would like to acknowledge the unbridled enthusiasm of our project co-

ordinator Prof. Pushpamala S and guide Prof. Anupama, Asst. professor, Dept. of
ECE, SaIT, Bangalore for their encouragement and valuable guidance in completion of
this report.
We are highly indebted to Prof. Yasmin Malhar for her support and guidance.
We would like to express our gratitude and appreciation towards our parents and
friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped us in completion
of this report and all the faculty members of Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering for their constant support and encouragement. We
perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in our career development.
A S RAGOOL DELCIEN
SHAMBHAVI SHANKAR
SUMITHRA C SHENOY
SOUMYA S HIREPATT
ABSTRACT
Tea is one of the major and cheapest beverages in India. Tea cultivation in India has a
long history and used in traditional system of medicinal application as well as for
consumption. India is cultivating and consuming it for hundreds of years. India is the second
largest producer of tea in the world after china and also one of the largest consumers. Tea is
manufactured by processing the leaves in the factories which are plucked and graded with
various grades depending on the quality. The best quality is the bud and the two leaves along
with it. The major problems faced by tea industry in India such as shortage of laborers, attack
of pests, led to decrease the production rate. Thus mechanization of tea leaf harvesting was
introduced. Since India is one of the major producers of tea in the world, tea leaves harvesting
machine will have an important role in improving the tea production This report gives a brief
idea about the existing methodologies and also proposes a new model to overcome the
disadvantages in existing mechanism.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 MOTIVATION ............................................................................................................. 4
1.3 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 5
1.4 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 5
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT......................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................................. 7
LITERATURE SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 7
2.1 MANUAL PLUCKING ............................................................................................... 7
2.2 EXISTING MECHANIZED HARVESTING .............................................................. 9
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................ 15
HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 15
3.1 LIST OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS ................................................................. 15
3.2. L298 H-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVER ....................................................................... 15
3.3 DC MOTOR ............................................................................................................... 16
3.4 BLUETOOTH HC-05 ................................................................................................ 18
3.5 RELAY ....................................................................................................................... 19
3.6 MICROCONTROLLER ............................................................................................. 22
3.7 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP ............................................................................................. 25
3.8 PIEZO BUZZER ........................................................................................................ 27
3.9 IP CAMERA............................................................................................................... 28
3.10 PULLEY ................................................................................................................... 30
3.11 FLOAT SENSOR ..................................................................................................... 30
3.12 PULL-UP RESISTOR .............................................................................................. 32

3.13 POWER SUPPLY .................................................................................................... 33
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................ 34
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 34
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL VISION3 IDE ........................................................... 34
4.2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE .................................................................. 37
4.3 EMBEDDED C .......................................................................................................... 40
4.4 INTERNET OF THINGS ........................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................ 42
PROPOSED SYSTEM......................................................................................................... 42
5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING..................................................................... 43
5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ................................................................................................ 46
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................................ 47
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 47
6.1 ADVANTAGES ......................................................................................................... 48
6.2. DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................. 48
6.3. APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 7.49
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 49
7.1.FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS.................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A Datasheets
APPENDIX B Journal Paper
APPENDIX C Certificates
TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE 2015-16
DEPT. OF ECE, SAIT PAGE 1

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1.1: Leaves that has to be plucked01
Fig 1.2: Tea producing states in India.....................................................................03
Fig 2.1: Traditional way of tea leaf plucking..07
Fig 2.2: Scissor type equipment for tea leaf plucking 08
Fig 2.3: Model 1 .09
Fig 2.9: Model 7..12
Fig 2.10: Model 813
Fig 3.1: L298 Motor driver..15
Fig 3.2: DC Motor...17
Fig 3.3: Bluetooth HC-0518
Fig 3.4: Relay..20
Fig 3.5: Relay inner view....20
Fig 3.6: Inner section of relay.21
Fig3.7: Pin diagram of 8051 Microcontroller.24
Fig 3.8: submersible pump..25

Fig 3.9: Top view and bottom view of buzzer...27
Fig 3.10: Working principle of Piezo buzzer.........................................................27
Fig 3.11: Oscillating voltage mechanism...............................................................28
Fig .3.12: IP camera...............................................................................................28
Fig 3.13: Pulley......................................................................................................30
Fig 3.14: Floating sensor........................................................................................31
Fig 3.15: Pull-up resister........................................................................................33
Fig 4.1: Keil Vision3 IDE screenshot......36
Fig 4.2: Software Development Cycle using Keil Vision3.38
Fig 5.1: Block Diagram of Proposed model...43
Fig 5.2: Controls on phone.........45
Fig 5.3: Circuit diagram.46

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Tea is one of the major and cheapest beverages of India. India continues to be the
largest producer of tea accounting for 28.09 per cent of the global output. India is also one of
the largest consumers of tea. In terms of area, it occupies about 19.05 percent of the world tea
area. Although India holds a leading position in production and export, the current position of
tea trade reveals that its share in the world production and export has been declining steadily
over the past three decades. The best quality of leaf to be plucked is the one with a bud and
two leaves as shown in Fig 1.1.
Fig 1.1 Leaves that has to be plucked [1]
Traditionally and conventionally, tea leaf is harvested by hand plucking or shearing,

which is both labour and time intensive and has low productivity. Hand plucking is most
selective method of harvesting as it enables complete removal of dormant shoots and harvest
of ready shoots ensuring leaf quality and causing minimal damage to tender leaves.
In recent times, availability of efficient and trained laborers is insufficient and the
cost of labor has increased considerably due to socio-economic transformation. Under these
circumstances mechanization of field operations is a feasible alternative. Mechanization of
tea leaf harvesting results in improvement in spread and density of tea bushes. Although India
is one of the largest producers of tea in the world, it has a poor development of
mechanization. There were no demands of tea plucking machine for the sufficient supply of
Dept of ECE, SaIT Page 1
human labors last century. Next, applications of new technologies and sciences in agricultural
field are always lagging behind those in the industrial.
Argentina started mechanizing of tea harvesting in early 1970s. Shortage of labour

lead to mechanizing of tea harvesting among the member countries of Tea Research
Foundation of Central Africa, South Africa was the first among them to start using machine.
Since in most of the region the tea harvesting machine is in its infancy simpler types of
machines were used. Most of the estates tried shear plucking as a part of cost reduction.
Majority has banned this since the productivity was not as expected and the bushes were
damaged. In most of the estates hand held machines were used since they are suited for hilly
terrain. The tea leaves harvesting machine has increased the output rate. The machines of
various sizes and capacities were introduced. The production of tea in India according to The
Tea Board of India till October 2010 is 120.74 Metric kg, while the export of tea till October
2010 is estimated at 29.64 Metric kg valued at Rs. 263.03 cr. with unit price of Rs 133.93 per
kg [10]. Since India is one of the major producers of tea in the world, tea leaves harvesting
machine will have an important role in improving the tea production.
Tea is grown in a monoculture and often subject to attack by insects and other pests,
pesticide use is not uncommon. India's tea production has been hit with rampant pests eating
away the crop, adding to the woes of the cash-strapped tea industry. Assam is crucial to
India's $1.5 billion tea industry and accounts for about 55 percent of the total annual
production. Planters and industry officials in separate statements said a tea mosquito called
helopeltis has attacked nearly 200 of Assam's estimated 800 tea plantations. The gardens hit
by bugs are all big plantations and produce the bulk of the beverage. According to tea
growers, the bugs tend to attack plantations during the winter when the young leaves brown.
Along with the mosquito bug, a disease called the bacterial black spot has also hit scores of
plantations in eastern Assam.
Though use of pesticide is essential, most of the tea estates fear using pesticide as
improper application of pesticide, improper dosage and improper method of application may
destroy the crop. Manual application of pesticide may lead to contamination of skin, mouth,
eyes and also inhaling while mixing or spraying against the direction of wind may lead to
serious health issues.

Tea is different from other crops due to some of its characteristics like: Tea plant is a
crop that harvested multi-times annually, the interval days between the pesticide application
and tea plucking is shorter than other crops. The fresh leaves directly undergo manufacturing
after plucking and without washing. Therefore the suitable pesticides used in tea production
are somewhat different from the pesticides used in other crops. That is high efficiency to
target pests, low acute toxicity, easy to degrade under natural condition, no taint to tea aroma.
There are chemicals to control the pests, some the popular once used today are:
Endosulfan, Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Acetamiprid, Propagite.
but then most big gardens, especially those gardens that export teas, avoid using such sprays
due to fear of pesticide residual. India's tea industry was facing a crisis with prices dropping
in the weekly auctions since 1998 and exports plummeting as well. The slump in prices and
exports were largely attributed to cheap and inferior quality teas produced by many new tea-
growing countries, thereby pushing premium quality Indian teas to facing stiffer competition
in the global market.
Fig 1.2 Tea producing states in India [9]

Geographical distribution of tea shown in fig.1.2 India's tea plantations can be largely
grouped into two regions, North India and South India, occupying 77.68 per cent and 22.32
per cent respectively of the total area under tea in India. Assam and West Bengal are the
important tea growing states accounting for 67.87 per cent and 27.84 per cent respectively of
area under cultivation in North India. The remaining 4.29 per cent is located in Tripura,
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Orissa and Meghalaya. South India occupies 22.32 per cent of tea area (1l3199 hectares) and
account for 24.16 per cent of output (204552 tones). In South India, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
Karnataka are the major tea growing states contributing 65.66, 32.48 and 1.86 per cent
respectively. Karnataka occupies 0.42 per cent (2106 hectares) and Tamil Nadu occupies
14.66 per cent (74331 hectares) tea area of India.
The proposed model is an effort made increase the production rate by using
mechanised way of tea leaf plucking. The machine is semi automated and can be controlled
by using cell phone application. The person in a control room can control the machine
movement, cutting blades and pesticide spraying with the help of live video streaming from
the camera mounted on the machine working in the field. The height adjustment was also one
of the problems in existing machine; this problem is also solved in the proposed model. The
adjustment of height of blades over the bush can also be controlled with the application
installed in the cell phone. The cut leaves are sucked and stored in a container, once the
container is full the level sensor is high and the buzzer buzzes indicating to empty the
container. This machine can be used in conditioned farms only.
1.2 MOTIVATION
The shortage of laborers, electricity, fuel and the increase in wages has paved way for
automating the process of tea leaf plucking. The tea industry also suffered a great loss in
production due to attack of different types of pests. The existing harvesting machine require
human resource and make use of fuel such as petrol, diesel, but still increased the production
rate by increasing the speed of plucking with reduced manpower when compared to hand
plucking. These machines could not solve the problem of pesticide.
These problems led to the idea of integrating both pesticide spraying and harvesting in
one machine. This machine does not compromise in rate of production and still requires less
man power and does not make use of petrol or diesel. The production and export in tea
industry has been declining since few decades. The major reasons behind this is the shortage

of laborers and increase in wages as discussed earlier .The earlier mechanisms damaged the
bushes and was difficult to operate. This battery operated harvesting machine consists of
blade, a flap for moving the leaves into the collecting bag maintaining the crop safety.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of this project are:
i. The main objective is to avoid stripping of leaves, plucking of side shoots, and not
damage the upper layer maintenance foliage
ii. To ensure high harvesting efficiency and increase productivity without compromising
on crop safety
iii. To reduce plucking cost
iv. To provide alternative solution to man power shortage, reduce physical labour and
operator exhaustion.
v. To add value to cost efficient mechanization of garden and field operations.
vi. To maintain uniform plucking table.
vii. To avoid additional cost and also the usage of fossil fuels.
viii. To avoid loss of crop due to pests or improper application of pesticide
ix. To avoid the health issues caused in laborers while spraying pesticides manually
1.4 METHODOLOGY
Evaluating the effectiveness of different tea mechanical harvesting systems therefore

requires several parameters to be assessed. These include yield, the composition of the
harvested shoots, the value of the processed tea, the frequency and intensity of harvesting in
relation to stages of bush and shoot development, long-term effects on the vigor
(productivity) of a bush, ease of use including height control, maintenance, labor
productivity, and economics.
Though inclined plain is ideal for growth of tea, it is difficult for harvesting and the
production rate decreases. Therefore In flat regions for the conditioned farming drainage
system should be maintained for growing healthy bushes. The machines with four wheels
have better control over maintaining the height of the bush than two wheeled machines, since
they have a tendency to tilt. Details are collected from newspaper, reports, handouts, and
journals. In addition to this, relevant materials are also collected through the internet as well.

A market study was carried out to understand the different types of machines
available in the Indian market as well as abroad for harvesting tea leaves. A detailed study
was done on machines available in India, especially about the features like harvesting
capacity, weight of the machine, easiness of handling, clear vision of the process, cleaning,
servicing etc. Concepts was generated by sketching, adopting various concept generation
techniques like brainstorming, mind mapping etc. Final concept was selected and a mock-up
model was made with detailed features. The results confirmed that mechanical harvesting
method is more viable, feasible and profitable than hand harvesting. Lot of research must be
carried out to employ innovative cutting edge technology with blades made of ferrous metal
for the selective tea leaf harvesting.
The pesticide sprinkler is an add on feature to the machine, after studying about the
loss caused due to pests and various health issues suffered by labourers while sprinkling it
manually.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
Chapter 1 gives us a brief introduction to tea industries and the method carried out for
the production of tea. It also explains about the highest production rate of tea in the country.
It briefs about the problems faced by the tea industries as well as existing remedies.
The objective of the project is to overcome the problem faced by the existing
remedies and it is discussed in chapter 1.
The existing mechanized model for tea harvesting is discussed in chapter 2.It also
explains the features, advantages and disadvantages of the existing machines.
Chapter 3 gives the details and working of the components that are used in the
proposed model.
The complete working of the proposed model is discussed in chapter3.the result and
discussion of the project is made in chapter 4.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature survey and review is carried to collect data and understand about Tea leaf
harvesting machine, present and future trends in product design and application. According to
the literature survey it is found that tea plucking machines are designed in many countries but
they are designed only for plucking and selecting method. These machines are very large and
expensive. There are two major ways of harvesting tea leaves, manual plucking and
harvesting using mechanisms.
2.1 MANUAL PLUCKING
In manual plucking, plucking tea leaves are retained between fingers till reasonable
amount of leaves are collected. Then 'holding between fingers' often cause some degree of
crushing leading to commencement of premature fermentation. Therefore quality will be
reduced. Thus it has become essential to mechanize this process to improve productivity, yet
retaining the high quality and accuracy of selective plucking
Fig 2.1 Traditional way of tea leaf plucking [2]

Due to above technical and financial restrictions facing with research as well as depth
of expected research study to be performed by using own methods to design low cost and
portable machine.
In this type of tea leaf harvesting, there are two types: Hand plucking and cutting with
the help of scissors like equipment as shown in Fig2.1 and Fig 2.2. Hand plucking requires
sharp and quick eyes. Though the production rate is low; the best quality of tea leaf can be
obtained by this method.
The scissor type of equipment Fig 2.2 consists of a permanent blade and collecting
box attached to one handle which is fixed and other handle with sharp blade could be moved
like scissors.
Fig 2.2 Scissor type equipment for tea leaf plucking [3]

2.2 EXISTING MECHANIZED HARVESTING
2.2.1 Model 1
This is a handy battery operated machine as shown in Fig 2.3. A nonmetallic sheet is
twisted and used as a blade in this machine. This rotating blade chops of the leaf and pushes
it into the bag attached at the backend of the machine. This machine proved to be
advantageous in terms of weight. It was easy to operate, clean, service. As the person could
carry it to the required leaf it was selective harvesting and less damage was caused to the
leaves, but the disadvantage was poor vision of the cutting process.
Fig 2.3 Model 1 [5]
2.2.2 Model 2
It is also a battery operated machine. It has a little modification compared to model 1.
Fig 2.4 Model 2 [5]

The harvesting of tea leaves is done with the help of rotating blade. In this the flap is
integrated with the blade which helps chopped leaves to be pushed into the bag and also.
Prevent the leaves from getting damaged. It is provided with two switches for safety purpose.
The collection bag is attached in the back side as shown in the Fig 2.4. The V shape will
help in guiding the leaves for cutting. The advantages of this machine are light weight, easy
operating; less damage to tea leaves and selective harvesting. The disadvantages of this
machine are poor vision of the operation, difficulty in cleaning and servicing.
2.2.3 Model 3
In this model there are two permanent blades and one oscillating blade which will cut
the tea leaves in both to and fro motion. Collection bag is attached with both permanent
blades Fig 2.5. Once the bags are filled, the operator can transfer it into the sack or the bags
provided. The handle design is inspired from grass cutting machine.
The advantages of this machine is that it is light weight, easy for holding as well as
for operating, selective harvesting, less damage to tea leaves, has double switches for safety,
clear vision of the operation, easy cleaning and maintenance. The disadvantage with this
concept is that the chances for the tea leaf falling off from the collection bag is more since the
cutting action takes place in both the directions.
Fig 2.5 Model 3 [5]
2.2.4 Model 4
This is the modification of the existing harvesting method, with the help of scissors.
This consists of a permanent blade and an oscillating blade Fig 2.6. Cutting of the tea leaves

is done with the help of oscillating mechanism. The cut leaves are moved into collection box
with the help of baffle. When the box is filled, it is transferred to the bag.
Fig 2.6 Model 4 [5]

The advantages of the machine are simple, easy to hold and operate, clear vision of
the process, minimum damage to the leaves, double switch for safety, selective harvesting,
easy cleaning and servicing
2.2.5 Model 5
The tea leaf is cut with the help of rotating blade. To increase the speed of work three
blades that are involved which are placed at equi-distance and are responsible for tea leaf
cutting. The leaves that are chopped are collected at the collection bag at the backend of the
machine as shown in Fig 2.7. The collection bag is attached to the back side. When the bag is
filled it is replaced with an empty bag. Two switches are provided along with handle.
Fig 2.7 Model 5 [6]

2.2.6 Model 6
This is a light weight, noiseless, one man operated machine with series of blades. This
works on 2 or 4 stroke petrol engine. This equipment is equipped with flexible shaft for
power transmission and sturdy steel blades for cutting the leaves, the reciprocating
A large bag is provided with this machine to collect the tea leaves effective plucking
and collecting the tea leaves direct in bag without any wastage as shown in Fig 2.8.The
advantages are that it is cost effective labor and time saving device which increases the
productivity almost 5 times compared to manual plucking.
Fig.2.8 Model 6 [6]
2.2.7 Model 7
This is a light weight, noiseless, one man operated machine with series of blades.
Fig 2.9 Model 7 [6]

del
This works on 2 or 4 stroke petrol engine. This equipment is equipped with flexible shaft
for power transmission and sturdy steel blades for cutting the leaves, the reciprocating. A
large bag is provided with this machine to collect the tea leaves effective plucking and
collecting.
The tea leaves direct in bag without any wastage as shown in Fig 2.9.The advantages
are that it is cost effective labor and time saving device which increases the productivity
almost 5 times compared to manual plucking.
2.2.8 Model 8
Williames Tea Pty Ltd has a new 2 person selective leaf cutting machine as shown in
Fig 2.8. The plucker which selectively plucks 92,000 times per hour across the tea at 4
kilometers with quality as good as hand plucked leaf. It only picks mature tea leaf while
leaving the immature buds for the next round to improve yield. Only 2 persons required to
operate the machine which can do the work of 15 hand puckers.
Fig 2.10 Model 6 [6]
Machines are of two types - petrol/gas operated and battery operated. The main parts
of a petrol/gas operated tea leaf harvesting machine are cutter, blower and two stroke engine
and collection bag. From the energy produced from the engine the cutting process is done and
the blower blows these leaves into the bag. Battery operated harvesting machine consists of
cutter, a flap for moving the leaves into the bag, collecting bag, dc motor and a battery. A
vast survey has been conducted within the user to know more about the problem they are
facing and to arrive at a new design. The 2 stroke engine is being carried on the back by the

operator. From the engine the power is transferred to the blower and the cutting blade. The
cam mechanism to which the blades are connected rotates which results in the reciprocating
movement of the blades which are placed one above the other. This reciprocating movement
results in the cutting of the tea leaves. The air coming out from the blasts out through the
nozzle moves the detached tea leaves to the bag connected.
Once the bag is filled, it is replaces with new bag. The petrol operated machine has a
harvesting capacity 900 kg/day. The weight of the machine is around 17 kg. In a battery
operated machine, the energy source is a 12v 7.5 Ah battery. From the power obtained from
the battery the DC motor connected to that rotates. Rotating motion from the horizontally
kept motor to vertical direction is achieved with the help of bevel gears. The fast rotating
blades are responsible for the cutting of the tea leaves. The metal plate that is connected to
the axis of the blade is responsible for the transferring of cut leaves into the bas attached.
When the bag is filled, it is replaced with the new bag. The battery operated machines have a
harvesting capacity of 30kg/hr. The machine and the battery weighs around 3kg each.
The picture gives a clear idea of the mechanism of the machine. Here with the energy
from the battery the DC motor rotates. This rotates the attached disc. A link is attached to the
disc. The other end of the link is attached to the stem in the oscillating blade. When the disc
rotates; the link slides up and down through the stem. Since the oscillating blade is pivoted in
between the sliding movement of the link is transformed as oscillating movement. This
results in the cutting of leaves as well as moving the cut leaves into the collection basket
attached to the permanent blade.

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION
3.1 LIST OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS
i. L298 H-bridge motor driver

ii. DC motor
iii. Bluetooth HC-05
iv. Relay
v. Microcontroller
vi. Submersible pump
vii. Piezo buzzer
viii. IP camera
ix. Pulley
x. Float sensor
xi. Pull-up resister
xii. Power supply
3.2. L298 H-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVER
The L298 is a popular motor driver IC that is usable from 6 to 50V, at up to 4A total
output current. Wiring the IC itself is little complex hence the Compact L298 Motor Driver
kit Fig 3.1 makes it much more convenient to use. The circuit will allow to easily and
independently controlling two motors up to 2A each in both directions.
Fig 3.1 L298 Motor driver

It is ideal for robotic applications and well suited for connection to a microcontroller
requiring just a couple of control lines per motor. It can also be interfaced with simple
manual switches, TTL logic gates, relays, etc.
3.2.1 Features
1. Motor supply: 7 to 24 VDC

2. Control Logic: Standard TTL Logic Level
3. Output Power: Up to 2 A each
4. Enable and Direction Control Pins
5. Heat sink for IC
6. Power-On LED indicator
7. Four motor direction LED indicators
8. Onboard user-accessible 5V low-dropout regulator
9. Schottky EMF-protection diodes
10. Screw-terminals for power and motor connections
11. Socket pin connectors for easy logic interfacing
12. A small 40mm (1.53") square footprint
It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard
TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors.
Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input
signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together rand the
corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing
resistor. An additional supply input is provided that the logic works at a lower voltage.
3.3 DC MOTOR
A DC motor converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power. The most
common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors
Fig.3.2 have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic; to periodically
change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a
linear motor directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable
supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors

are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current, it is
lightweight motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are used
in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, or in drives for steel rolling mills.
Fig 3.2 DC motor
3.3.1 Electromagnetic motors
A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field

aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field
produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing
through it.
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with
one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the
magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors
there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a
commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects
the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. The total amount of current
sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the
electromagnetic field created.
The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating
magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields
of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to
create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator

fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the
motor.
Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected
provides different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor
can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of
variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC
motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by
"chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.
3.4 BLUETOOTH HC-05
HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module Fig 3.3,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth module is
fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with
complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR Blue core 04-External single
chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping
Feature). It has the footprint as small as 12.7mm x 27mm.
Fig 3.3 Bluetooth HC-05

The hardware and software features of Bluetooth HC-05 are as follows:
3.4.1 Hardware features
1. Typical -80dBm sensitivity.

2. Up to +4dBm RF transmits power.
3. Low Power 1.8V Operation, 1.8 to 3.6V I/O.
4. PIO control.
5. UART interface with programmable baud rate.
6. With integrated antenna.
7. With edge connector.
3.4.2 Software features
1. Default Baud rate: 38400, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity, Data control:
has. Supported baud rate: 9600,19200,38400,57600,115200,230400,460800.
2. Given a rising pulse in PIO0, device will be disconnected.
3. Status instruction port PIO1: low-disconnected, high-connected;
4. PIO10 and PIO11 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When master
and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval, while
disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.
5. Auto-connect to the last device on power as default.
6. Permit pairing device to connect as default.
7. Auto-pairing PINCODE:0000 as default
8. Auto-reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the range of
connection.
3.5 RELAY
A Relay is an electrically operated switch or an electromechanical switch. Relays are

used where it is necessary to control an electronic circuit by a low-power signal or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. As shown in Fig.3.4 Relays consist of an
electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out with the
help of the electromagnet. The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-
power signal can be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal
can be used to control a lot of circuits.

Fig 3.4 Two relays
3.5.1 Principle
Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a
lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two
switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch contacts.
3.5.2 Construction and working
Fig 3.5 Relay inner view

There are only four main parts in a relay. They are
1) Electromagnet
2) Movable Armature
3) Switch point contacts
4) Spring
The Fig 3.5 and 3.6 shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is
surrounded by a control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet
through a control switch and through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing
through the control coil, the electromagnet starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic
field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes
the contacts causing a short circuit for the power to the load. On the other hand, if the relay
was already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then the contact move oppositely
and make an open circuit.
Fig 3.6 Inner section of relay
Relays are made up of electromagnet and a set of contacts generally based on

Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) or Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) switching
method. It has 3 pins to perform function- .
COM = Common, always connect to NC,it is the moving part of the switch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate
from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC
mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits.
An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles
to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape, the magnetic
field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current, the
greater the strength of the magnetic field, all other factors being equal.
3.6 MICROCONTROLLER
The SST89E516RD is a member of the Flash Flex family of 8-bit microcontroller

products designed and manufactured with SST patented and proprietary Super Flash CMOS
semiconductor process technology. The split gate cell design and thick-oxide tunneling
injector offer significant cost and reliability benefits for SST customers. It uses the 8051
instruction set and is pin-for-pin compatible with standard 8051 microcontroller devices. Pin
description is shown in Fig.3.7 and explained in details of pin.
3.6.1 Features
1) 8-bit 8051-Compatible Microcontroller (MCU)with Embedded Super Flash Memory

Fully Software Compatible Development Toolset Compatible Pin-For-Pin Package
Compatible
2) SST89E516RD2 Operation 0 to 40 MHz at 5V
3) SST89V516RD2 Operation 0 to 33 MHz at 3V
4) 1 K Byte Internal RAM
5) Dual Block Super Flash EEPROM 64K Byte primary block +8K Byte secondary
block(128-Byte sector size for both blocks) Individual Block Security Lock with
SoftLock Concurrent Operation during In-Application Programming (IAP) Memory
Overlay for Interrupt Support during IAP
6) Support External Address Range up to 64KByte of Program and Data Memory
7) Three High-Current Drive Ports (16 mA each)
8) Three 16-bit Timers/Counters
9) Full-Duplex, Enhanced UART Framing Error Detection Automatic Address
Recognition
10) Ten Interrupt Sources at 4 Priority Levels Four External Interrupt Inputs
11) Programmable Watchdog Timer (WDT)
12) Programmable Counter Array (PCA)
13) Four 8-bit I/O Ports (32 I/O Pins) and One 4-bit Port

14) Second DPTR register

15) Low EMI Mode (Inhibit ALE)
16) SPI Serial Interface
17) Standard 12 Clocks per cycle, the device has an option to double the speed to 6 clock
per cycle.
18) TTL- and CMOS-Compatible Logic Levels
19) Brown-out Detection
20) Low Power Modes Power-down Mode with External Interrupt Wake-up Idle Mode
21) Temperature Ranges: Commercial (0C to +70C) Industrial (-40C to +85C)
22) Packages Available 40-contact WQFN (Port 4 feature not available) 44-lead PLCC
40-pin PDIP (Port 4 feature not available) 44-lead TQFP
23) All non-Pb (lead-free) devices are RoHS compliant
Table 3.1
Parameter Name Value
Program Memory Type

Flash
Program Memory (KB) 72
CPU Speed (MIPS) 10
RAM Bytes
1,024
Data EEPROM (bytes)

64
Temperature Range (C)

-40 to 85
Operating Voltage Range (V) 4.4 to 5.5

Fig3.7 Pin diagram of 8051 Microcontroller
Pin-40: Named as Vcc is the main power source. Usually it is +5V DC.
Pins 32-39: Known as Port 0 (P0.0 to P0.7) In addition to serving as I/O port, lower order
address and data bus signals are multiplexed with this port (to serve the purpose of external
memory interfacing). This is a bi directional I/O port (the only one in 8051) and external pull
up resistors are required to function this port as I/O.
Pin-31:- ALE (Address Latch Enable) is used to de-multiplex the address-data signal of port
0 (for external memory interfacing.) 2 ALE pulses are available for each machine cycle.

Pin-30:- EA/ External Access input is used to enable or disallow external memory
interfacing. If there is no external memory requirement, this pin is pulled high by connecting
it to Vcc.
Pin-29:- PSEN or Program Store Enable is used to read signal from external program
memory.
Pins 21-28:- Known as Port 2 (P 2.0 to P 2.7) in addition to serving as I/O port, higher
order address bus signals are multiplexed with this quasi bi directional port.
Pin-20:- Named as VSS it represents ground (0 V) connection.
Pins 18 and 19:- Used for interfacing an external crystal to provide system clock.
Pins 10 17:- Known as Port 3. This port also serves some other functions like interrupts,
timer input, control signals for external memory interfacing RD and WR, serial
communication signals RxD and TxD etc. This is a quasi bi directional port with internal pull
up.
Pin-9:- As explained before RESET pin is used to set the 8051 microcontroller to its initial
values, while the microcontroller is working or at the initial start of application. The RESET
pin must be set high for 2 machine cycles.
Pins 1 8:- Known as Port 1. Unlike other ports, this port does not serve any other functions.
Port 1 is an internally pulled up, quasi bi directional I/O port.
3.7 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
A submersible pump is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled

to the pump body
.
Fig 3.8 Submersible pump

The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of
this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitations, a problem associated with a high
elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to
the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are more efficient
than jet pumps.
3.7.1 Working Principle
The submersible pumps used in ESP installations are multistage centrifugal pumps
operating in a vertical position. Although their constructional and operational features
underwent a continuous evolution over the years, their basic operational principle remained
the same. Produced liquids, after being subjected to great centrifugal forces caused by the
high rotational speed of the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser where a
conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main operational mechanism
of radial and mixed flow pumps.
The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical
coupling at the bottom of the pump. When fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and
are lifted by the pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed
along the length of the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft turning at high
rotational speeds. An optional thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the
pump but most of those forces are absorbed by the protectors thrust bearing
3.7.2 Submersible pump cable
Submersible pump cable are designed for use in wet ground or under water, with
types specialized for pump environmental conditions. A submersible pump cable is a
specialized product to be used for a submersible pump in a deep well, or in similarly harsh
conditions. The cable needed for this type of application must be durable and reliable as the
installation location and environment can be extremely restrictive as well as hostile. As such,
submersible pump cable can be used in both fresh and salt water. It is also suitable for direct
burial and within well castings. A submersible pump cable's area of installation is physically
restrictive. Cable manufacturers must keep these factors in mind to achieve the highest
possible degree of reliability. The size and shape of submersible pump cable can vary
depending on the usage and preference and pumping instrument of the installer. Pump cables
are made in single and multiple conductor types and may be flat or round in cross section;
some types include control wires as well as power conductors for the pump motor.

Conductors are often color-coded for identification and an overall cable jacket may also be
color-coded.
3.8 PIEZO BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric. The image below (Fig 3.9) shows a very commonly used
piezo buzzer also called piezo transducer operating at DC voltage. Encapsulated in a
cylindrical plastic coating, it has a hole on the top face for sound to propagate. A yellow
metallic disc which plays an important role in the producing sound can be seen through the
hole.
Fig 3.9 Top view and bottom view of buzzer
Fig 3.10 Working principle of piezo buzzer

An oscillating voltage is applied to make a noise. The buzzer case supports the piezo element
and has resonant cavity for sound.
Fig 3.11 oscillating voltage mechanism
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight,
simple construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck
reversing indicator, computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of
piezo electricity discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of
generating electricity when mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice
versa is also true. Such materials are called piezo electric materials. Piezo electric materials
are either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class of manmade material, which
poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of piezo buzzer. When
subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance with the
frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.
3.9 IP CAMERA
An IP camera is a networked digital video camera that transmits data over a Fast Ethernet
link. IP cameras (also called "network cameras") are most often used for IP surveillance, a digitized
and networked version of closed-circuit television.
Fig.3.12 IP camera

Benefits of IP camera over analog technology include:
Digital zoom.
The ability to easily send images and video anywhere with an Internet connection.
Progressive scanning, which enables better quality images extracted from the video,
especially for moving targets.
Adjustable frame rates and resolution to meet specific needs.
Two-way communication.
The ability to send alerts if suspicious activity is detected.
Lower cabling requirements.
Support for intelligent video.
An Internet protocol camera, or IP camera, is a type of digital video camera commonly

employed for surveillance, and which, unlike analog closed circuit television (CCTV)
cameras, can send and receive data via a computer network and the Internet. Although most
cameras that do this are webcams, the term "IP camera" or "net cam" is usually applied only
to those used for surveillance. The first centralized IP camera was Axis Net eye 200, released
in 1996 by Axis Communications.
There are two kinds of IP cameras:
a. Centralized IP cameras, which require a central network video recorder (NVR) to

handle the recording, video and alarm management.
b. Decentralized IP cameras, which do not require a central NVR, as the cameras have
recording function built-in and can thus record directly to any standard storage media,
such as SD cards, NAS (network-attached storage) or a PC/server.
IP cameras are available at resolutions from 0.3 (VGA resolution) to 29 megapixels. As in the
consumer TV business, in the early 21st century, there has been a shift towards high-
definition video resolutions, e.g. 720p or 1080i and 16:9 widescreen formats.
3.9.1 Features
1. Two-way audio via a single network cable allows users to communicate with what
they are seeing.
2. Flexibility: IP cameras are able to function on a wireless network.

3. Distributed intelligence: with IP cameras, video analytics can be placed in the camera
itself allowing ability in analytics solutions.
4. Transmission of commands for PTZ (pan, tilt, zoom) cameras via a single network.
5. Encryption & authentication: IP cameras offer secure data transmission through
encryption and authentication methods such as WPA, WPA2, TKIP, and AES.
6. Remote accessibility: live video from selected cameras can be viewed from any
computer, anywhere, and also from many mobile Smartphones and other devices.
7. Power over Ethernet: Modern IP cameras have the ability to operate without a power
supply. They can work with the POE-protocol.
8. IP camera communication signals are not just electronic voltage; it is numerically
decoded as bits and bytes with security features and TCP/IP protocol.
9. Higher initial cost per camera.
10. High network bandwidth requirements.
3.10 PULLEY
Fig 3.13 Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and

change of direction of a taut cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a
variety of ways to lift loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. A fixed pulley has an axle
mounted in bearings attached to a supporting structure. A fixed pulley changes the direction
of the force on a rope or belt that moves along its circumference.

3.11 FLOAT SENSOR
Float Sensor is an electrical ON/OFF Switch, which operates automatically when

liquid level goes up or down with respect to specified level. The Signal thus available from
the float sensor can be utilized for control of a buzzer to notify that the container is full.
Fig 3.14 Float sensor
Sensors are divided into two groups, liquid level sensors and solid level sensors.
3. 11.1 LIQUID LEVEL SENSORS
The levels a liquid level sensor measures include: the interface between air and liquid
such as water and oil; and the interface between liquid and solid, such as the tank bottom and
the liquid inside it. Liquids to be measured vary widely. They can be made of a single
component or a mixture of multiple components, with different density, viscosity, or
dielectric constant. The state of liquid, such as if it is highly viscous, adhesive, with foam on
its surface, slurry, or easy to crystallize, is also very important in selecting a level sensor.
3.11.2 SOLID LEVEL SENSORS
Solids exhibit totally different characteristics from liquids.
3.11.2.1 Angle of repose
When solid materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile will form.
The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the
angle of repose. The slope angle at which solid materials start to slide is called the angle of
slide. The angle of slide is smaller than the angle of repose. The angle of repose varies with

the water content, size and shape of the particles, and tends to increase when water content
increases and when the particle diameter decreases.
3.11.2.2 Solid pressure
While liquid pressure is exerted equally in all directions, solid pressure acts the most
strongly in the direction the pressure is applied, and less strongly in other directions, with the
weakest point at a 90 degree angle off the original direction. When the applied pressure
exceeds a certain limit, the particles start to slide. Pressure exerted on the tank bottom
becomes the largest when the solid level is 3 to 5 times the tank inner diameter, however, at
lower levels, most of the weight acts sideways on the tank wall and the downward force does
not increase.
The substance to be measured can be inside a container. The level measurement can
be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a
specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-
level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point.
Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the
optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection
criteria include the phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, In short,
level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in variety of
consumer/ industrial applications.
3.12 PULL-UP RESISTOR

In electronic logic circuits, a pull-up resistor is a resistor connected between a signal
conductor and a positive power supply voltage to ensure that the signal will be a valid logic
level if external devices are disconnected or high-impedance is introduced. They may also be
used at the interface between two different types of logic devices, possibly operating at
different logic levels and power supply voltages. A resistor is connected at drain called pull
up resistor, it limits the current. It also provides correct logic levels when the transistor is on
or off. A pull-up resistor pulls the voltage of the signal it is connected to towards its voltage
source level. When the other components associated with the signal are inactive, the voltage
supplied by the pull up prevails and brings the signal up to a logical high level. When another

component on the line goes active, it overrides the pull-up resistor. The pull-up resistor
ensures that the wire is at a defined logic level even if no active devices are connected to it.
Fig 3.15 Pull up resistor
A pull-down resistor works in the same way but is connected to ground. It holds the
logic signal at a low logic level when no other active device is connected.
3.13 POWER SUPPLY

Every electrical and electronic device that we use in our day-to-day life will require a
power supply. In general, we use an AC supply of 230V 50Hz, but this power has to be
changed into the required form with required values or voltage range for providing power
supply to different types of devices. There are various types of power electronic converters
such as step-down converter, step-up converter, voltage stabilizer, AC to DC converter, DC
to DC converter, DC to AC converter, and so on.
4. Regulating 12V DC into 5V DC using Voltage Regulator
15V DC voltage can be stepped down to 5V DC voltage using a DC step-down

converter called as voltage regulator. IC7805. The first two digits 78 of IC7805 voltage
regulator represent positive series voltage regulators and the last two digits 05 represents
the output voltage of the voltage regulator. IC7805 Voltage Regulator Internal.

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
We have made use of a microcontroller in our system i.e.LPC2148.Programming is done in
embedded-C language. Compiler used is Keil microvision-4 for LPC2148 controller. The
compiled programs are downloaded onto the JTAG port interface for LPC2148/LPC1768
using flash magic and JTAG downloader software respectively.
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL VISION3 IDE
The Vision3 IDE is Windows-based software development platforms that combines

a robust editor, project manager, and make facility. Vision3 integrates all tools including the
C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. The Vision3 IDE
offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and successfully develop
embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your
design goals.
4.1.1 Features
1) The Vision3 Simulator is the only debugger that completely simulates all on-chip
peripherals.
2) Simulation capabilities may be expanded using the Advanced Simulation Interface
(AGSI).
3) Vision3 incorporates project manager, editor, and debugger in a single environment.
4) The Vision3 Device Database automatically configures the development tools for
the target microcontroller.
5) The Vision3 IDE integrates additional third-party tools like VCS, CASE, and
FLASH/Device Programming.
6) The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter supports both Debugging and Flash programming
with configurable algorithm files.
7) Identical Target Debugger and Simulator User Interface.

4.1.2 Benefits
1) Write and test application code before production hardware is available. Investigate
different hardware configurations to optimize the hardware design.
2) Sophisticated systems can be accurately simulated by adding your own peripheral
drivers.
3) Safety-critical systems can be thoroughly tested and validated. Execution analysis
reports can be viewed and printed for certification requirements.
4) Accelerates application development. While editing, you may configure debugger
features. While debugging, you may make source code modifications.
5) Quickly access development tools and third-party tools. All configuration details are
saved in the Vision3 project.
6) The same tool can be used for debugging and programming. No extra configuration
time required.
7) Shortens your learning curve.
8) Mistakes in tool settings are practically eliminated and tool configuration time is
minimized.
The Vision3 screen provides you with a menu bar for command entry, a tool bar where
you can rapidly select command buttons, and windows for source files, dialog boxes, and
information displays. Vision3 lets you simultaneously open and view multiple source files.
Vision3 has two operating modes:
1) Build Mode: Allows you to translate all the application files and to generate
executable programs. The features of the Build Mode are described under Creating
Applications.
2) Debug Mode: Provides you with a powerful debugger for testing your application.
The Debug Mode is described in Testing Programs.
In both operating modes you may use the source editor of Vision3 to modify your
source code. The Debug mode adds additional windows and stores an own screen layout. The
following picture shows a typical configuration of Vision3 in the Debug Mode.

Figure 4.1: Keil Vision3 IDE screenshot
The tabs of the Project Workspace give you access to:
1) Files and Groups of the project.

2) CPU Registers during debugging.
3) Tool and project specific on-line Books.
4) Text Templates for often used text blocks.
5) Function in the project for quick editor navigation.
6) The tabs of the Output Window provides: Build messages and fast error access;
Debug Command input/output console; Find in Files results with quick file access.
7) The Memory Window gives access to the memory areas in display various formats.
8) The Watch & Call Stack Window allows you to review and modify program variables
and displays the current function call tree.
9) The Workspace is used for the file editing, disassembly output, and other debug
information.
10) The Peripheral Dialogs help you to review the status of the on-chip peripherals in the
microcontroller.

4.1.3 Vision3 Overview

The Vision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that combines a
robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. Vision3 integrates all tools including the
C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. Vision3 helps
expedite the development process of your embedded applications by providing the following:
Full-featured source code editor.
Device database for configuring the development tool setting.
Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects.
Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded
applications.
Dialogs for all development tool settings.
True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator.
Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for
connection to Keil ULINK.
Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM.
Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & users guides.
4.2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
When you use the Keil Vision3, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it
is for any other software development project.
Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool
settings.
Create source files in C or assembly.
Build your application with the project manager.
Correct errors in source files.
Test the linked application.

The following block diagram illustrates the complete Vision3 software development cycle.
Figure 4.2: Software Development Cycle using Keil Vision3
Vision3 IDE
The Vision3 IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with
interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use Vision3 to
create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target
application. Vision3 automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded
application and provides a single focal point for your development efforts.

C Compiler & Macro Assembler
Source files are created by the Vision3 IDE and are passed to the C or EC++
Compiler or Macro Assembler. The compiler and assembler process source files and
create re locatable object files.
Library Manager
The library manager allows you to create object library from the object files
created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program
collections of object modules that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the
linker processes a library, only those object modules in the library that are necessary to
create the program are used.
Linker/Locator
The Linker/Locator creates an executable program file using the object modules
extracted from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An executable
program file (also called absolute object module) contains no reloadable code or data. All
code and data reside at fixed memory locations.
This executable program file may be used:
1. To program a Flash ROM or other memory devices.
2. With the Vision3 Debugger for simulation and target debugging.
3. With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing.
Vision3 Debugger
The Vision3 symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable
program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate a
microcontroller system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The
attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device
from the Device Database.

4.3 EMBEDDED C
The C programming language is popular and widely used programming language for
creating computer programs. Programmers around the world embrace C because it gives
maximum control and efficiency to programmer. and most of the time its not easy to build
application in assembly language which instead you can make easily in C. So its important
that you know C language for ARM controller which is commonly known as embedded C .as
we use Kiel c51. Embedded C is designed for programmers with desktop experience in C, C++
or java who want to learn skills requirement for the unique challenges of embedded system. if
you are a programmer, interested in becoming a programmer, there are couple of benefits you
gain from learning C.
When designing software for a smaller embedded system with the LPC2148,it is very
common place to develop the entire product using assembly code. With many projects, this is a
feasible approach since the amount of code that must be generated is typically less than 8
kilobytes and is relatively simple in nature. If a hardware engineer is tasked with designing
both the hardware and the software, he or she will frequently be tempted to write the software
in assembly language. The trouble with projects done with assembly code can be difficult to
read and maintained, especially if they are not well commented. Additionally, the amount of
code reusable from typically assembly language project is usually very low. Use of higher level
language like C can directly address these issues.
Program written in C is easier to read than an assembly program. Since a C program

possesses greater structure, it is easier to understand and maintain. Because of its modularity, a
C program can better lend itself to reuse a code from project to project.
4.4 INTERNET OF THINGS
In the Internet of Things world, an interesting android application is build to send

real-time video images on an Android device. Android is an open source and Linux-based
operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones. Android applications are usually
developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit.
Java applications are typically compiled to byte code that can run on any Java virtual
machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. The Java platform consists of a virtual
machine and associated execution environment. The virtual machine is a software-based
processor that presents its own instruction set. The associated execution environment consists
of libraries for running programs and interacting with the underlying operating system. Java
is used for carrying out actual functions, for user interface XML is used.
XML data is known as self-describing or self-defining, meaning that the structure of

the data is embedded with the data, thus when the data arrives there is no need to pre-build
the structure to store the data; it is dynamically understood within the XML. The basic
building block of an XML document is an element, defined by tags. An element has a
beginning and an ending tag. All elements in an XML document are contained in an
outermost element known as the root element. XML can also support nested elements, or
elements within elements. This ability allows XML to support hierarchical structures.
Element names describe the content of the element, and the structure describes the
relationship between the elements.
Almost any smart phone is equipped with powerful cameras able to capture vivid
images. In this case, for real-life applications we need two smart phones with the Android OS
and a live streaming application installed on both devices. One smart phone should be
attached to the machine, and the other will be in our hand to continuously monitor the
movement of the machine. Both Android devices require Internet connectivity.
To begin the process, install android application Third Eye for real time video
streaming in both the smart phones to transmit as well as to receive the data. Open the App to
select the option. Smart phone attached to the machine is connected to a network and the IP
address of other smart phone is registered in it to send the live videos. To send video go to the
app main menu and click send video. The other smart phone is connected to a HC-05
Bluetooth to give the commands to microcontroller and control the entire operations of a
machine. Once it is connected, message is displayed on the screen as waiting for socket.
Finally, the captured image by one smart phone is broadcast onto other.

CHAPTER 5
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed model is an integrated system having both pesticide sprayer and
mechanized harvester. This machine is semi automated and can be controlled by using mobile
phone application. The person sitting in a control room can control the machine movement,
cutting blades and pesticide sprayer with the help of live video streaming on the android
phone. This machine is particularly designed for conditioned farms only.
The block diagram of the proposed model is shown in the Fig 4.1. The commands
given using the cell phone are communicated to the microcontroller with the help of
Bluetooth module. When the front command is given the microcontroller sends signal to the
motor driver which rotates the DC motor front connected to the wheels and blades. Thus the
machine moves forward and cut the leaves.
The cut leaves are sucked using the vacuum pump and stored in the container. Once
the container is full, all the operations are stopped and the buzzer buzzes indicating to empty
the container. The machine can be called back by giving back command. The motor driver
connected to the wheels, drives the machine back making it convenient to empty the storage
or refill the pesticides tank.
The camera is mounted on the machine working in the field. The adjustment of height
of blades over the bush can also be controlled with the application installed in the cell phone.
The cut leaves are sucked and stored in a container, once the container is full the level sensor
is high and the buzzer buzzes indicating to empty the container. This machine can be used in
conditioned farms only.
During operation the machine is solely supported on the wheels moving on the
ground. Another feature of this machine is the pesticide sprinkler. When sprinkle command is
given the submersible pump in the pesticide tank is turned on and the pesticide is pumped to
sprinkle evenly throughout the bush. Relay acts as a switch for the submersible pump and the
buzzer. The blades are designed in such a way that it selectively plucks the tea leaf
maintaining its quality. Motor drivers are used to operate the DC motors to provide the
sufficient supply. The 360 degree rotation of the camera can also be controlled with the help
of android mobile phone application. The adjustment of height of the blades is done as per

the height of the bush by the up and down commands. The rotation of DC motor connected to
the pulleys help in adjustment of height of the machine. The person in the control room can
continuously monitor the machine with the help of IP camera mounted on the machine.
5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING
The block diagram of the proposed model is shown in figure 5.1.
Fig 5.1 Block Diagram of Proposed model

There are four major operations of the machine,
a. Cutting, b. storage, c. sprinkler, d. interfacing.
The commands given using the cell phone are communicated to the microcontroller with
the help of Bluetooth module. When the front command is given the microcontroller sends
signal to the motor driver L298 which rotates the DC motor connected to the wheels and
blades. Thus the machine moves forward and cut the leaves. The cut leaves are sucked using
the vacuum pump and stored in the container. Once the container is full, the float sensor is
activated and command from the microcontroller is given to stop all the operations of the
machine and the buzzer buzzes indicating to empty the container. The machine can be called
back by giving back command. The motor driver connected to the wheels, drives the machine
back making it convenient to empty the storage. The camera is rotated backwards to call the
machine back.
To activate the sprinkler the command is given from the android phone to the
microcontroller, the controller starts the submersible pump to pump the pesticides from the
tank . Once the tank is empty the machine is called back for refilling.
Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is a networking protocol mainly used to stream
real time media data like audio or video. It establishes a streaming session between client and
server. In the Internet of Things world, an interesting android application is build to send
real-time video images on an Android device. An Internet protocol camera is used for the
real-time streaming application. But this solution requires an IP camera compatible with an
Android device. The IP cameras are designed to send video images to a Wi-Fi router.
Another Android device is connected to the router to display video images. By using android
operation system this application, present a wireless multi hop video streaming application.
This application allows sharing live information which is captured by camera.
Almost any smart phone is equipped with powerful cameras able to capture vivid images. In
this case, for real-life applications we need two smart phones with the Android OS and a live
streaming application installed on both devices. One smart phone should be mounted on the
machine and the other one will be in our hand to continuously monitor the movement of the
machine. Both Android devices require Internet connectivity.

Fig.5.2 Controls on phone
Figure 4.2 shows the control panel that is available on the android phone for operating
the machine , as well as the video display for monitoring.
To begin the process, android application Third Eye is installed for real time video
streaming in both the smart phones to transmit as well as to receive the data. Open the App to
select the option. Smart phone attached to the machine is connected to a network and the IP
address of other smart phone is registered in it to send the live videos. To send video go to the
app main menu and click send video.
The other smart phone is connected to a HC-05 Bluetooth to give the commands to
microcontroller and control the entire operations of a machine. Once it is connected, message
is displayed on the screen as waiting for socket. Finally, the captured image by one smart
phone is broadcast onto other.

5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Blades In1
M1 M2 In2
En1 5v
L298 En2
In3
In4
M3 M4 Gnd
Wheels 12V
12v Gnd
M1 M2 In1
Camera In2
En1
En2 5v
L298 In3
Pulley In4
Gnd
M3 M4 12V
12V Gnd
State
Level sensor Blue tooth RX
TX
Gnd
HC-05 VCC
En
Gnd
Sprinkler 5V
12V
Submersible Gnd BC547
pump Relay
1
BC547
Buzzer 2
Fig 5.3: Circuit diagram

CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tea plucking machines are designed in many countries for plucking and selecting
method. These machines are very large and expensive. It is used only for flat land. Tea
harvesting is completely mechanized to improve productivity, yet retaining the high quality
and accuracy of selective plucking. The designed machine avoids stripping of leaves and not
damages the upper layer maintenance foliage. It ensures high harvesting efficiency and
increase productivity without compromising on crop safety. By making use of less man
power it reduces the plucking cost .It helps in maintaining uniform plucking table. Additional
feature of sprinkling pesticide in equal proportion avoids loss of crop due to pests and also
the health issues.
Based on the various discussions results confirmed that mechanical harvesting method
is more viable than hand harvesting as it has a higher gross margin and benefits than hand
harvesting methods. The results also established that mechanical harvesting method is
feasible and profitable which reduces costs in tea production since benefits outweigh costs as
compared to hand harvesting method. As mechanical harvesting method is capital intensive
this helps reduce the need to hire more labor to operate in the field as the machines substitute
labor demand. It works on rechargeable batteries and also the battery can be charged using
solar power, so this machine is much more efficient in fuel consumption and does not cause
any damage to the plant. This machine can be operated without fatigue. It is based on less
weight of the machine, holding and container arrangement of the cutting mechanism and the
tea leaves are transported to the bag container with suitable convey system.
It is a major problem in the Tea Industry to harvest only soft tea leaves for processing
into tea where agriculture workers are not plentiful or workers cost are high. There is no
satisfactory mechanical tea harvester been developed for tea harvesting because the handheld
and hovercraft type machine pluck irregular height cut. The present design is directed to a
mechanized tea leaves harvesting system for automatic plucking and collection of tea leaves
in tea garden having specified disposition of tea bushes. Turning or reverse motion of the
device can be provided manually by an operator by means of android phone application. The
plucking point can be adjusted accordingly to the height of tea bushes.

6.1 ADVANTAGES
1. High harvesting efficiency: Since the machine chops down the width of the tea bush
at once instead of plucking one by one the machine harvesting efficiency is increased.
2. Even application of pesticide: The machine width is adjusted according to the width
of the bush, since the sprinkler is attached to the front end of the machine the
sprinkler also varies according to the width of the bush thus even application of
pesticide is possible.
3. Requires less manpower: The machine can be operated through the android phone and
one person can handle the android phone, thus reducing the man power
4. Avoids health issues caused while manual application pesticide and spraying against
the direction of wind.
5. Easy to operate by any men as well as women.
6.2. DISADVANTAGES
1. Applicable in conditioned farms only: The storage is attached right back to the
machine and the storage at its fulfillment also offers to the weight of the machine.
since the weight of the machine is not stable, it is difficult for the machine to climb
the hilly terrains and also there are chances of toppling
2. Initial implementation is high: The cost of the machine is expensive ,that makes the
initial cost high.
6.3. APPLICATIONS
1. The machine is used in large scale tea harvesting that adds on to the production rate
as well as national income.
2. This machine is the first one to have both cutting and sprinkling operation in it.
3. Can be used for gardening.

CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
Tea industry contributes large amount to the national income of India as it is one of
the largest exporters of tea in the world. Therefore it is necessary to overcome the problems
existing in the tea industry such as shortage of laborers, increase in wages, decrease in
production due to improper application of pesticides. The proposed model is an effort made
to increase the production rate by overcoming these challenges. Both the pesticide sprayer
and the harvester are integrated in a single machine, which do not compromise on crop safety
and the production rate. Mechanization of tea leaf harvesting is more viable than hand
harvesting. Battery/solar power operated and extremely environment friendly - a truly green
machine in a green environment.
7.1.FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
1. To automate tea leaf cutting in unconditioned farms i.e. to operate the machine even
in hilly terrain also .
2. Employs innovative, cutting edge technology with blades made of ferrous metal that
precisely chops down the wanted leaves.
3. The machine blades will be developed such that it can even chops down the side
shoots also.

REFERENCES
[1].Steve Greens, Harvesting Tea leaves An Ancient Art form, 24 September 2010
[2].Debkumar Chakrabarti, Indian Anthropometric Dimensions For Ergonomic Design
Practice, IIT Ahmadabad, volume 1, 1992
[3].Evaluation of simple hand-held mechanical systems for harvesting tea(camellia sinensis)
https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/1826/1396/1/Burgess%20et%20al%202006%20H
arvesting%20Tea.pdf
[4].www.williamestea.com/teaharvester.html
[5 ] Suzuki, K. (1977) Studies on the Wide application of the Self-Propelled Plucking
Machine. Tea Research Journal, 45
[6] Nakano, T. (1998) Influences of Plucking Position on Yield and Quality of Tea in
Mechanically-Plucked Tea Bush. Tea Research Journal, 86, 11-17.
[7] Lin, X.H. (1989) Only Realized Mechanization of Tea-Leaf Picking, Can Tea Producing
Industry Developed. Fu Jian Tea, 15, 4-7. [4] Xiao, H.R., Qin, G.M. and Song, Z.Y. (2011)
Study on Developing Strategy of Mechanization of Tea Producing. China Tea, 2, 7-10. (In
Chinese)
[8]. Martin, Mechanical harvesting of tea in Central and southern African region, 1
September 1999.
[9].Francois-Xavier Delmas, www.discoveringtea.com, Tea harvesting in different part of the

world
[10].https://www.google.co.in/search?q=images+of+tea+leaf+cutting+machine
[11] Micheal Patkin, www.mpatkin.org, A checklist for handle.
[12].Barua DN 1987 Tea In: Sethuraj MR, Raghavendra AS (eds.) Tree crop physiology,
Elsevier, Amsterdam pp. 225-246.
[13]. Herd EM and Squire GR 1976 Observation on the winter dormancy in tea J.HortSci.
51:267-279.

[14]. Manivel L and Husain S 1986 Relative sink capacity of developing tea shoot. Two and a
bud 33 (1/2): 30-38
[15]. Modder WWD and Wijeratne MA 2002 Plantation Agriculture and Mechanization. A
review of needs and prospects. J.N.I.P.M, 18(l):2-9.
[16]. Odhiambo HO, Nyabundi JO and Chweya J 1993 Effect of soil moisture and vapour
pressure deficits on shoot growth and the yield of tea in theKenyaHighlands. Exp. Agri.
29:341-350.
[17]. Rajkumar R Manivel L and Marimuttu S 1998 Longevity and factors influencing
photosynthesis in tea leaves. Photosynthetica35 (1): 41-46.
[18].Stephens W and Carr MKW 1994 Response of tea (Camellia sinensis) to irrigation and
fertilizer IV. Shoot population density, size and mass. Exp. Agri. 30:189-205
[19]. Tanton TW 1979 Some factors limiting yield of tea (Camellia sinensis) Exp. Agri.
15:187-191
[20].Tanton TW 1992 Tea Crop Physiology. In: Willson KC and Clifford MN (eds.) Tea:
Cultivation to consumption. Chapman & Hall, London. 173- 199
[21]. Wijeratne MA 1994 Effect of climatic factors on the growth of tea (Camellia sinensis L)
in the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka PhD Thesis, Wye College, University of London,
pp. 199.
[22] Steve Greens, Harvesting Tea leaves An Ancient Art form, 24 September 2010.
[23] Alice Kurian, Commercial Crop Technology,

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590 018

TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE

Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology

Under the guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Dr. C V Ravishankar, Dr. H.G.Chandrakanth

We the students of 8th semester ECE, declare that,

1. The hardware/software is not purchased/brought from any outside organization.

The title of the project is TEA LEAF CUTTING MACHINE

The project work is guided by Prof. Anupama.

Sl. No Students Name USN Signature

1. A.S.RAGOOL DELCIEN [1ST12EC700]

2. SHAMBHAVI SHANKAR [1ST12EC729]

3. SUMITHRA C SHENOY [1ST12EC732]

4. SOUMYA S HIREPATT [1ST13EC411]

Any achievement, be it scholastic or otherwise does not depend solely on the

We express our profound thanks Dr. C.V. Ravishankar, Head of Department,

We would like to acknowledge the unbridled enthusiasm of our project co-

1.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1

1.2 MOTIVATION ............................................................................................................. 4

1.3 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................... 5

1.4 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 5

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT......................................................................... 6

LITERATURE SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 7

2.1 MANUAL PLUCKING ............................................................................................... 7

2.2 EXISTING MECHANIZED HARVESTING .............................................................. 9

HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 15

3.1 LIST OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS ................................................................. 15

3.2. L298 H-BRIDGE MOTOR DRIVER ....................................................................... 15

3.3 DC MOTOR ............................................................................................................... 16

3.4 BLUETOOTH HC-05 ................................................................................................ 18

3.5 RELAY ....................................................................................................................... 19

3.6 MICROCONTROLLER ............................................................................................. 22

3.7 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP ............................................................................................. 25

3.8 PIEZO BUZZER ........................................................................................................ 27

3.10 PULLEY ................................................................................................................... 30

3.11 FLOAT SENSOR ..................................................................................................... 30

3.12 PULL-UP RESISTOR .............................................................................................. 32

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................. 34

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO KEIL VISION3 IDE ........................................................... 34

4.2 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE .................................................................. 37

4.3 EMBEDDED C .......................................................................................................... 40

4.4 INTERNET OF THINGS ........................................................................................... 40

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING..................................................................... 43

5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ................................................................................................ 46

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 47

6.1 ADVANTAGES ......................................................................................................... 48

6.2. DISADVANTAGES ................................................................................................. 48

6.3. APPLICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 48

APPENDIX B Journal Paper

DEPT. OF ECE, SAIT PAGE 1

Fig 1.1: Leaves that has to be plucked01

Fig 1.2: Tea producing states in India.....................................................................03

Fig 2.1: Traditional way of tea leaf plucking..07

Fig 2.2: Scissor type equipment for tea leaf plucking 08

Fig 2.3: Model 1 .09

Fig 2.4: Model 2 .09

Fig 2.5: Model 3 .10

Fig 2.6: Model 4 .11

Fig 2.7: Model 5 .11

Fig 2.8: Model 6 .12