Lesson 9 Et332b

2/8/2016
Lesson 9: Practical Transformer

Model and Calculations
ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators Lesson 9_et332b.pptx
and Power Systems
Lesson 9_et332b.pptx
Learning Objectives
After this presentation you will be able to:
Identify factors that contribute to non-ideal operation of

power transformers
Draw the schematic model of a non-ideal transformer
and include all parameters
Reflect impedances through a non-ideal transformer
Identify step-up and step down transformer connections
Compute transformer voltages and currents using the full
circuit model.
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Transformer Circuit Model

Equivalent Circuit Model for Leakage and Coil Resistance
Leakage Flux Leakage Flux
Leakage flux creates

leakage inductance
Not all developed flux links that has leakage
primary to secondary. Leakage reactance.
flux only links the turns of the coil This causes
that generates it additional voltage
drops across the
coils
Leakage Reactance and Voltage Drop

Define inductive voltage drop
Ep+Elp
Vs
Vp
Es-Els
Vp E p E lp Vs Es E ls
Where: Vp = net voltage induced in primary

Ep = voltage induced due to mutual flux
Elp = voltage induced in primary due to leakage
Vs = net voltage induced in secondary
Es = voltage induced due to mutual flux
Els = voltage induced in the secondary due to leakage
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Coil Resistance and Total Voltage Drop

Resistance of windings modeled by lumped resistance Secondary coil
Primary coil resistance
resistance
Ideal
transformer
purely turns
ratio
Primary side Secondary side
Circuit Model of Non-ideal Transformers

Use ideal transformer impedance formulas to get equivalent Zin
Zin is called the reflected or referred impedance
Zin
2
V Np
From ideal Zin a s
2 a 2
Ns
transformers Is
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From Ohm's Law
Vs
(R s j X ls ) Zload
Is
Zin a 2 (R s j X ls ) a 2 Zload
Zin a 2 R s j a 2 X ls a 2 Zload
Where: a2Rs = secondary R referred to primary

a2 Xls = secondary Xls referred to primary
a2 Zload = load impedance referred to primary
Referring the secondary impedances to the primary side effectively

removes the need for the ideal transformer. The turns ratio
captures all the effects

Transformer circuit with ideal turns ratio removed
Zin
Can solve this circuit to find anything about non-ideal transformer operation.
Voltage drop, power losses, primary and secondary currents and voltages.
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Simplified Circuit Model

Another simplifying assumption: I0 << Iload. Combine primary and
secondary impedances
Zeq
Zin
Equivalent series impedance referred to Zeq (R p a 2 R s ) j (Xlp a 2 Xls )
primary side
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Simplified Model-Referred to Secondary

The impedance Zeq can be referred to the secondary side instead. Just
divide the impedance components by a2.
Resistance of the primary

winding referred to secondary
Leakage reactance of the primary
Equivalent impedance
winding referred to secondary
referred to the
Rp X lp
secondary side ZeqS 2 R s j 2 X ls
a a
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Series Impedance of Transformers

Power transformers are bi-directional devices. They can operate with a
V source attached to either primary or secondary winding.
Step-down operation: load Referring Z's to high side

connected to low voltage coil
ZeqHS a 2 ZeqLS
ZloadHS a 2 ZloadLS
Step-up operation: load connected

to the high voltage winding
High side Low side
ZeqHS
ZeqLS
Referring Z's to a2
low side Z
ZloadLS loadHS High side Low side
a2
12
Transformer Problems
Example 9-1: A 100 kVA, 7200 -480 V 60 Hz single phase
transformer has the following parameters all given in ohms:
RLS = 0.00800 RHS = 1.96 RfeHS = 53.2

XLS = 0.01510 XHS = 4.55 XMHS = 7800
This transformer is operated in the step-down mode and delivers 75% of

its rated power to a load that has a power factor of 0.93 lagging. Find:
a) draw the equivalent circuit model of the transformer with the

equivalent series Z's referred to the high voltage side
b) find the total Zin of the transformer at the high side
c) input Z of the transformer with the load disconnected
d) input voltage at 75% load required to maintain rated load voltage
e) exciting current with the load disconnected.
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13
Example 9-1 Solution (1)

Draw circuit model and find Zeq
Find Load
Current
Ans
14

b) Find the Zin as seen on the HV side
Ans
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15

c) Zin with the load disconnected
Ans
d) Input voltage required at

load to maintain Vs=480 V
16

e) Exciting current with load disconnected
With load disconnected only current is Io
Ans
Remember
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17

Find Io as percent of rate load I
Typical values: 3-5% of rated for large

Ans
power transformers.
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Transformer Voltage Drop and Impedance

Example 9-2: The equivalent resistance and reactance of a 50 kVA,
2400-480 V transformer's windings are R = 2.80 W and X = 6.00 W.
(high side). A load of 1020o is connected to the low voltage side.
Determine:
a) equivalent impedance of the transformer and load combined

b) primary current if rated voltage is applied to primary
c) voltage across the load.
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19
Refer ZL to primary side
Ans
20

Find the current and voltage on primary
Ans
Now refer to secondary side

Ans
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ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems
11

Lesson 9 Et332b

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Lesson 9 Et332b

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2/8/2016

Lesson 9: Practical Transformer

and Power Systems

Identify factors that contribute to non-ideal operation of

Transformer Circuit Model

Leakage flux creates

Leakage Reactance and Voltage Drop

Where: Vp = net voltage induced in primary

Coil Resistance and Total Voltage Drop

Primary side Secondary side

Circuit Model of Non-ideal Transformers

Circuit Model of Non-ideal Transformers

Where: a2Rs = secondary R referred to primary

Referring the secondary impedances to the primary side effectively

Circuit Model of Non-ideal Transformers

Simplified Circuit Model

Simplified Model-Referred to Secondary

Resistance of the primary

Series Impedance of Transformers

Step-down operation: load Referring Z's to high side

Step-up operation: load connected

RLS = 0.00800 RHS = 1.96 RfeHS = 53.2

This transformer is operated in the step-down mode and delivers 75% of

a) draw the equivalent circuit model of the transformer with the

Example 9-1 Solution (1)

Example 9-1 Solution (2)

Example 9-1 Solution (3)

d) Input voltage required at

Example 9-1 Solution (4)

With load disconnected only current is Io

Example 9-1 Solution (5)

Typical values: 3-5% of rated for large

Transformer Voltage Drop and Impedance

a) equivalent impedance of the transformer and load combined

Example 9-2 Solution (1)

Refer ZL to primary side

Example 9-2 Solution (2)

Now refer to secondary side

ET 332b Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

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