High efficiency and high power factor single-stage

balanced forward-fly back converter

Mr. Gaurav Patil Dr. Paresh J. Shah
M.E Electrical Engg., SSBT Jalgaon Head of Electrical Dept SSBT, Jalgaon
Mail :- bhamaregaurav777@gmail.com Mail :- pjshahj@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT widely used in LED applications due to its high

In this paper, a high efficiency and high
power factor single-stage balanced forward-fly back
converter merging a forward and fly back converter
topologies is proposed. The conventional AC/DC fly
back converter can achieve a good power factor but
it has a high offset current through the
transformer magnetizing inductor, which results in a
large core loss and low power conversion
efficiency. And, the conventional forward
converter can achieve the good power conversion
efficiency with the aid of the low core loss but the
input current dead zone near zero cross AC input
voltage deteriorates the power factor. On the other
hand, since the proposed converter can operate as
the forward and fly back converters during switch on
and off periods, respectively, it cannot only perform
the power transfer during an entire switching period
but also achieve the high power factor due to
the fly back operation. Moreover, Since the
current balanced capacitor can minimize the
offset current through the transformer magnetizing
inductor regardless of the AC input voltage, the
core loss and volume of the transformer can be
minimized. Therefore, the proposed converter
features a high efficiency and high power factor.
To confirm the validity of proposed converter,
theoretical analysis and experimental results from a
prototype of 24W LED driver are presented.
efficiency and high power density [4, 5]. Meanwhile,
since drivers for LED lightings have been composed
of two power conversion stages (i.e. a power factor
corrector and isolated DC/DC converter) [6]. The
first stage provides a near unity power factor and low
total harmonic distortion (THD) over an entire range
of universal input voltage (90-270 Vrms) and the
second DC/DC stage is used to provide a tight output
regulation and galvanic isolation between AC input
and DC output. Even though the two-stage
configuration can provide the high power factor,
good output regulation and excellent ripple voltage, it
has several significant disadvantages such as a large
system size, high cost
of production and low energy conversion efficiency
[8]. Therefore, it is common that the two-stage driver
is mainly used for high power applications and
single-stage driver is adopted as a low power LED
driver [9, 10].

INTRODUCTION
Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have (a) Single-stage fly back converter
become one of the most promising candidates for
displays and lighting applications, because LEDs
have several favorable advantages such as a high
efficiency, long life time and echo-friendliness.
Therefore, traditional lighting devices such as a light
bulb and fluorescent lamp tend to be replaced by
LEDs [1, 2]. To drive LEDs, two types of drivers are
generally used, that are a linear and switch-mode
regulators [3]. Although the linear driver features a
simple circuit configuration, fast transient response
and accurate current regulation, it has fatal (b) Single-stage forward converter
drawbacks such as a low efficiency and serious heat Fig.1. Conventional single-stage PFC converter
generation. Therefore, the switch-mode driver is circuits
 Fig.1 shows conventional single-stage PFC
(power factor correction) LED drivers, which are
well known as most cost effective solutions. Fig. 2
shows their transformer magnetizing inductor
currents. As shown in this figure, the magnetizing
inductor offset current of fly back converter is larger
than that of forward converter as followings.
I0
i LM , flay back
< > n(1D)
(1)
2
Nc V
(
i LM , forward > 1+
)
N p 2 LM
D T s (2)
Fig. 2. Transformer magnetizing inductor currents of
conventional flyback and forward converters
Moreover, from equations (1) and (2), while
the magnetizing inductor offset current of fly back
converter is dependent on the load current Io, that of
forward converter is not. Therefore, as the load
current is more increased, the offset current of fly
back converter becomes larger, which might result in
the larger core loss and volume of transformer. For
these reasons, the forward converter is superior to the
fly back converter in terms of the transformer size
and energy conversion efficiency.
In the meanwhile, as shown in Fig. 3, while
the fly back converter can transfer the input energy to
the output side over an entire range of input voltage,
the forward converter cannot at the lower input
voltage than the reflected output voltage nVo to the
transformer primary side. This is because the forward
converter is originated from the step-down buck
topology. Therefore, the input current dead zone near
zero cross AC input voltage is always observed and
deteriorates the power factor in the forward
converter. Therefore, the fly back converter is
superior to the forward converter in terms of the PFC
performance.
(a) PFC fly back converter (b) PFC forward
converter
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the proposed forward-
flyback converter
To solve all these problems, a high
efficiency and high power factor single-stage
balanced forward-fly back converter is proposed as
shown in Fig. 4. Since the proposed converter merges
the forward and fly back topologies, it can operate as
the forward and fly back converters during switch
turn-on and off periods, respectively. Therefore, it
cannot only perform the power transfer during an
entire switching period but also achieve the high
power factor. Especially, since the charge balanced
capacitor Cb can make the proposed converter
perform the forward operation regardless of the input
voltage, the magnetizing inductor offset current, core
loss and transformer size can be minimized.
OBJECTIVE
In this Single-stage balanced forward-fly back
converter merging a forward and fly back converter
topologies is proposed. The conventional AC/DC fly
back converter can achieve a good power factor but it
has a high offset current through the transformer
magnetizing inductor, which results in a large core
loss and low power conversion efficiency. And, the
conventional forward converter can achieve the good
power conversion efficiency with the aid of the low
core loss but the input current dead zone near zero
cross AC input voltage deteriorates the power factor.
Moreover, since the current balanced capacitor can
minimize the offset current through the transformer
magnetizing inductor regardless of the AC input
voltage, the core loss and volume of the transformer
can be minimized. Therefore, the proposed converter
features a high efficiency and high power factor.
PROBLEM DEFINITION
When the fly back and forward converter
analyzed it and calculate power factor and efficiency
of both the converters. The fly back converter gives
good power factor but efficiency is low because of
transformer magnetic inductor, which results large
core loss which gives less efficiency. The forward
converter has good efficiency but the power factor is
low because of the input current dead zone near zero
cross AC input voltage deteriorates the power factor.
LITERATURE SURVEY
The popularization of LED has become an
inevitable trend in lighting industry. The existing
problems in design theory, optical design, heat
emission and many other aspects of domestic LED
products have been analyzed and the content and
major technological implementation plan of the
perspective research of LED products are proposed.
Through the research, development and practice of
high power LED street lights, the basic
considerations for structure, material and shape of
LED product development is also discussed.
Huang-Jen Chiu Yu-Kang Lo, Jun-Ting
Chen, Shih-Jen Cheng, was this paper presents a
dimmable light-emitting diode (LED) driver with
adaptive feedback control for low-power lighting
applications. An improved pulse width modulation
dimming technique is studied for regulating the LED
current and brightness. Under universal input voltage
operation, high efficiency and high power factor can
be achieved by a coupled inductor single-ended
primary inductance converter power factor correction
(PFC) converter with a simple commercial transition-
mode PFC controller. The operation principles and
design considerations of the studied LED driver are
analyzed and discussed. A laboratory prototype is
also designed and tested to verify the feasibility.
A balanced forward-fly back converter for
high efficiency and high power factor using a forward
and fly back converter topologies is proposed in this
paper. The conventional AC/DC fly back converter
can achieve a good power factor but it has the high
offset current through the transformer magnetizing
inductor, which results in a large core loss and low
power conversion efficiency. And, the conventional
forward converter can achieve the good power
conversion efficiency with the aid of the low core
loss but the input current dead zone near zero cross
AC input voltage deteriorates the power factor. On
the other hand, since the proposed converter can
operate as the forward and fly back converters during
switch turn-on and turn-off periods, respectively, it
cannot only perform the power transfer during an
entire switching period but also achieve the high
power factor due to the fly back operation. Moreover,
since the current balanced capacitor can minimize the
offset current through the transformer magnetizing
inductor regardless of the AC input voltage, the core
loss and volume of the transformer can be minimized.
Therefore, the proposed converter features a high
efficiency and high power factor. To confirm the
validity of the proposed converter, theoretical
analysis and experimental results from a prototype of
24W LED driver are presented.
Ming-Shin Lin, Chem.-Lin Chen was This
paper presents a LED driver based on pulse current
modulator. The proposed pulse current modulator
consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a
pulse generator, a series buffer, a single stage
amplifier, a power transistor, and a sense resistance.
A complete analysis and introduction of the proposed
pulse current driving technique and the conventional
driving technique will be presented in this paper. The
LED driver used in the pulse current modulator
driving technique supplies pulse driving current
between 0 mA~250 mA and operates between 500
kHz~1 MHz. The LED driver is fabricated with
CMOS 0.35-m 2P4M technology. The chip area
with pads is 935m 956m
PROPOSED METHOD
Circuit Configuration:
The proposed method of forward
fly back converter. As shown in this figure,
its primary side is exactly same as that of
the conventional fly back converter
consisting of one power switch (M1) and
one transformer. On the other hand, its
secondary side consists of one output
inductor (Lo) for forward operation, one
DC blocking capacitor (Cb) for balancing
operation and three output Diodes (D1,
D2, D3).When M1 is conducting, the
proposed converter operates as a forward
converter as shown in Fig 7. On the other
hand, when M1 is blocked, the proposed
converter operates as a fly back converter
as shown in Fig 8. However, if it is
assumed that the proposed converter has
no balancing capacitor Cb,
abovementioned forward operation is
possible only when the reflected primary
voltage Vin/n to the transformer
secondary side is higher than the output
voltage Vo. This is because the forward
converter is originated from the buck
converter. Therefore, the forward-fly back
converter operates only as a fly back
converter over the range of Vin/n < Vo.
Especially, at the minimum input voltage
near Vin=90Vrms, Vin/n is lower than Vo
during most of periods and thus, the
transformer has a large magnetizing offset
current similar to the conventional fly back
converter. In this case, the transformer
core loss and
Fig. 4. Proposed single stages PFC forward
fly back converter circuit
Fig. 5. Primary and magnetizing
currents of forward-fly back converter
according to the input voltage. (a) without
balancing capacitor (b) with balancing
capacitor volume are also as large as those of the
conventional fly back converter. On the other hand, if
the balancing capacitor Cb is serially inserted with
the transformer secondary side, it can make the
average current through Cb during forward operation
become exactly same as that during fly back
operation by the charge balance principle of Cb. In
other words, since the voltage across Cb charged by
fly back operation is added to the Vsec=Vin/n during
forward operation, Vin/n+Vcb becomes higher than
Vo and thus, the forward operation is possible even at
Vin/n<Vo. Therefore, the proposed forward-fly back
converter with the balancing capacitor Cb can always
operate as both forward and fly back converters
regardless of the input voltage.
Fig. 6. Primary and magnetizing
currents of forward-fly back converter
according to the input voltage. (a) without
balancing capacitor (b) with balancing
capacitor Fig. 5. Proposed single stage PFC
forward fly back converter circuit 823
volume are also as large as those of the
conventional flyback converter. On the
other hand, if the balancing capacitor Cb
is serially
inserted with the transformer secondary
side, it can make the average current
through Cb during forward operation
become exactly same as that during fly
back operation by the charge balance
principle of Cb. In other words, since the
voltage across Cb charged by fly back
operation is added to the Vsec=Vin/n
during forward operation, Vin/n+Vcb
becomes higher than Vo
and thus, the forward operation is possible
even at Vin/n<Vo. Therefore, the
proposed forward-flyback converter with
the balancing capacitor Cb can always
operate as both forward and
flyback converters regardless of the input
voltage. Fig. 6 shows the primary and
magnetizing current waveforms of the
proposed converter operating in the
boundary conduction mode (BCM). And,
Fig. 6 (a) and (b) show current waveforms
without and with balancing capacitor Cb
according to the input voltage,
respectively. As mentioned earlier, the
proposed converter with Cb can operate
as both forward and fly back converters
over an entire range of input voltage with
the aid of Vcb. On the other hand, while
the proposed converter without Cb can
transfer the input energy to the output
side at Vin/n>Vo, it cannot at Vin/n<Vo. As
a result, the proposed converter with
balancing capacitor Cb features a smaller
magnetizing offset current, resultant
smaller core loss and more reduced
transformer volume. B. Mode analysis. The
operation of the proposed converter is
divided into two modes according to the
conduction state of each switch as
shown in Fig. 7 and 8 and its key
waveforms are shown in Fig. 9 For the
convenience of the mode analysis in
steady state, several assumptions are
made as follows: (a) The switch M1 is ideal
except for its internal diode. (b) The
transformer is ideal except for its
magnetizing
inductance LM. (c) The output capacitor
Co and DC blocking capacitor Cb are large
enough to be considered as constant DC
voltage sources V o and Vcb, respectively.
(d) The proposed circuit is operated in
boundary conduction mode (BCM). Before
t0, it is assumed that M1 is blocked and
the energy stored in LM is being
transferred to the load side through D3
and D1. At this moment, Cb is charged by
ILM and ILo is freewheeling through D2.
Mode 1[t0~t1]: When iLM reaches zero,
mode 1 begins at t0. Since M1 is turned
on, Vin is applied to LM and ILM is linearly
increased with the slope of Vin/LM. At this
moment, although
V sec= Vin/n across the transformer
secondary side may be lower than V o, the
sum of Vsec= Vin/n and Vcb applied to the
input side of output LC filter is higher than
the output voltage Vo.
Therefore, as shown in Fig. 7, D1 is
conducting and the input energy is
transferred to the load side through
forward operation. And, the voltage across
D2 is Vin/n+Vcb and that across D3 can
be clamped on Vo by D1. Mode 2[t1~t2]:
When M1 is turned off at t1, mode 2
begins. While the energy stored in LM is
released to the load side through D2 and
D3, the transformer secondary current
also
Mode analysis:
The operation of the proposed converter is
divided into two modes according to the conduction
state of each switch as shown in Fig. 7 and 8 and its
key waveforms are shown in Fig.9 For the
convenience of the mode analysis in steady state,
several assumptions are made as follows:
(a)The switch M1 is ideal except for its internal
diode.
(b) The transformer is ideal except for its
magnetizing inductance LM.
(c) The output capacitor Co and DC blocking
capacitor Cb are large enough to be considered as
constant DC voltage sources V o and Vcb,
respectively.
(d) The proposed circuit is operated in boundary
conduction mode (BCM) Before t0, it is assumed that
M1 is blocked and the energy stored in LM is being
transferred to the load side through D3and D1. At this
moment, Cb is charged by ILM and ILo
isfreewheeling through D2.
Mode 1: [t0~t1]: When iLM reaches zero, mode 1
begins at t0. Since M1 is turned on, Vin is applied to
LM and ILM is linearly increased with the slope of
Vin/LM. At this moment, although
V sec= Vin/n across the transformer secondary side
may be lower than Vo, the sum of Vsec= Vin/n and
Vcb applied to the input side of output LC filter is
higher than the output voltage Vo.
Therefore, as shown in Fig. 7, D1 is conducting and
the input energy is transferred to the load side
through forward operation And, the voltage across
D2 is Vin/n+Vcb and that across D3 can be clamped
on Vo by D1.
Mode 2[t1~t2]: When M1 is turned off at t1, mode 2
begins. While the energy stored in LM is released to
the load side through D2 and D3, the transformer
secondary current also charges the balancing
capacitor Cb as much as discharged quantity in Mode
1. At the same time, the current though Lo freewheels
via D2. Since n(Vo+Vcb) is applied to LM, ILM is
linearly decreased with the slope of n(Vo+Vcb)/LM.
Subsequently, when ILM reaches zero, M1 is turned
on and the
operation from Mode 1 to Mode 2 is repeated.
 Fig. 8. Key waveforms of the proposed
forward-fly back converter

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

REQUIREMENTS
Operating system : Windows XP/7.
Coding Language: MATLAB
Tool : MATLAB R
2009 a

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Fig. 6. Circuit operation during mode 1
System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
Hard Disk : 40 GB.
Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
Mouse : Logitech.
Ram : 2 Gb.

Fig. 7. Circuit operation during mode 2
CONCLUSION
A single stage power-factor-correction
balanced forward fly back converter for LED
application is presented, and its operation
principle analyzed in this paper. The proposed
forward-flyback converter with the balancing
capacitor can always operate as both forward and
flyback converters regardless of the input voltage.
Therefore, it has a smaller magnetizing offset
current, resultant smaller core loss and more
reduced transformer core volume. For this reason
Proposed converter can be obtained high efficiency
and high power factor. To verify the validity of
proposed circuit, experimental results from a
prototype of 24W single stage power factor
correction balanced forward-fly back converter for
LED application are provided, which shows that the
measured maximum power factor and efficiency
is 0.996 and 91.21% respectively. Moreover, the
proposed circuit can be perform the power transfer
during an entire switching period. Therefore, the
proposed circuit having these favorable advantages
is expected to be well suited to various LED driver
applications.

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