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What is the dierence between working stress
Picknewpeopleandtopicstofollowandseethe
method and limit state method in the design of bestanswersonQuora.
beams, slabs, columns, and footing with examples
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that are easy to understand?
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WrittenJan30,2015
footingandasteppedfooting?Beyondtheshapeand
The cardinal dierence between Working state method (WSM) and Limit State geometry,howdotheirbasicstresses...
method (LSM) is: WSM is an elastic design method whereas LSM is a plastic design
StructuralEngineering:Whatisthedifference
method. betweenlimitstatedesignandworkingstressdesign?
Whatistheconceptbehindthedesigningofbeams
In elastic design, i.e. WSM, the design strength is calculated such that the stress in bythelimitstatemethod?
material is restrained to its yield limit, under which the material follows Hooke's law,
Fordesignofwatertankswhatdoweprefertouse,
and hence the term "elastic" is used. This method yields to uneconomical design of
workingstressmethodorlimitstatemethodandwhy?
simple beam, or other structural elements where the design governing criteria is
stress (static). However, in case of shift of governing criteria to other factors such as Whyismodularratiousedinworkingstressmethod?
fatigue stress, both the methods will give similar design. Also, WSM substantially HowcanIstartdesigningslab,columnandbeam?
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Now coming to plastic design, i.e. LSM, as the name suggests, the stress in material
is allowed to go beyond the yield limit and enter into the plastic zone to reach QuestionStats
ultimate strength. Hence the "moment-rotation" capacity of beam, for example, is
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utilized making the design more economical. However, due to the utilization of the
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non-linear zone this method involves arduous calculation.
LastAskedFeb17
All other dierences are mostly derived from the above stated fundamental dierence Edits
along with few general dierences. Some of these dierences are stated below:
1) Serviceability check in case of LSM is required because after the elastic region
strain is higher, which results in more deformation, hence a check is necessary.
2) LSM is strain based method whereas WSM is stress based method.
3) LSM is non-deterministic method whereas WSM is deterministic approach.
4) Partial safety factor is used in LSM whereas Safety factor is used in WSM.
5) Characteristic values (derived from probabilistic approach) are used in case of LSM
whereas Average or statistic values are used in WSM.
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I'll try to put this in as simple terms as possible. Isaac Gaetz's answer is much more
accurate though.
The basic concept of design is pretty simple - Capacity > Demand. Any method of
design has to follow the same principle. Be it ASD/LRFD/Performance-based, every
design method relies on this principle.
It is, however, not so easy to determine each side of that equation, especially in civil Santosh,discovermoreuniqueinsightson
engineering. Quora.
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For the estimation of capacity, a sound understanding of the mechanics of materials
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and their relation to properties of materials in use is essential. Unfortunately for us, 1
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concrete / wood is not the most homogenous of the materials and thus we are forced
to make several assumptions about its behavior during the design. This could lead to
overestimation of capacity which is certainly not desired.
To deal with the above-mentioned issues, each method takes a dierent approach.
ASD, for example, does nothing to the loads acting on the structure. It contributes
some factors on the material side of the equation while LRFD uses factored loads
instead of the actual ones acting.
Both these issues address the uncertainty in their own ways and they are both
accepted. They also have dierent advantages when used with dierent materials.
The backdrop is, in the interest of safety and conservatism, we are overestimating the
requirements and thus are spending more than what we need to.
This is where new methods of design like Performance-based design are lling the
gaps through adoption of better analysis using loads and using better statistically
approved material characteristics for a more accurate and self-sucient design.
21.2kViewsViewUpvotesAnswerrequestedbyYibeltalMossie
WORKING STRESS METHOD: Its a traditional method used for reinforced concrete
design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically
where the relation ship between loads and stresses is linear.
ASSUMPTIONS:
1. A Section which is plane before bending remain plane after bending ( based
on theory of bending, Bernoullis equation).
2. Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of steel.
3. All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete, except
as otherwise specically permitted.
4. The stress-strain relation ship of steel and concrete under working loads , is a
straight line i.e modulus of elasticity is constant.
ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Plane section normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
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ASSUMPTIONS: 1
AskorSearchQuora AskQuestion Read Answer Notifications Santosh
A Section which is plane before bending remain plane after bending ( based on theory
of bending, Bernoullis equation).
Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of steel.
All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete, except as
otherwise specically permitted.
The stress-strain relation ship of steel and concrete under working loads , is a straight
line i.e modulus of elasticity is constant.
The modular ration m has the value (280/sigmacbc), where (sigmacbc) is the
permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in N/mm2.
ASSUMPTIONS:
Plane section normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression ber is 0.0035
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In Working Stress Method you treat dead and live loads equally, i.e. the factor
of safety would be same irrespective of the type of load(dead or live). Here,
you take the total loads that you expect on the structure and apply a single
factor of safety to the members (say 1.5) regardless of the nature of the load.
Limit state method uses the ultimate strength of the member beyond the
initial yielding and allows plastic deformation to a certain extent.
For this reason, limit state method provides a more economical design and thus more
and more codes are starting to use limit state method instead of working stress
method. Hence work working stress method is becoming more outdated.
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The method follows linear stress-strain behaviour of both the materials. 1
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Modular ratio can be used to determine allowable stresses.
Material capabilities are under estimated to large extent. Factor of safety are
used in working stress method.
In this method, it follows linear strain relationship but not linear stress
relationship (one of the major dierence between the two methods of
design).
The material capabilities are not under estimated as much as they are in
working stress method. Partial safety factors are used in limit state method.
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Most structures are designed using the limit state method. Working stress method is
the old way of designing, and is more conservative.
Under the working stress method, and taking the example of a beam in bending, once
the outer bre of the cross section reaches yield stress, you have reached the limit of
the design. Under ultimate limit state design, the cross section is allowed to yield
beyond this point so that the full cross sectional depth can achieve yield stress (unless
buckling occurs prior). There might be a 50% "increase in capacity", however the
design loads also increase. In ultimate limit state design, the design loads are factored
up, and the capacity is factored down. The capacity is also factored down in working
stress design. You should read through a design code to understand this in detail.
There will be many textbooks that give examples of design based on a standard.
Ultimate Limit State Design of concrete structures is not necessarily any more
dicult or tedious than Working Stress Design, but it does lend itself to the use of
software, given the many formulas. Essentially, there were formulas in the old
working stress method design as well. The formulas have become more complex.
There are also rules about redistribution of bending moments, through formation of
plastic hinges. You might nd that, based on the elastic distribution of bending
moments, a beam is at its limit for negative bending over a support, however the
midspan positive moment is well within capacity. Provided ductility is ensured, the
negative moment zones can be treated as hinges (supporting their capacity, but no
more), and any additional load causes only the positive midspan moment to increase.
In many cases, this is not necessary, and design is based on the elastic distribution of
moments as per the Working Stress Method, with loads factored up according to the
code rules.
Anonymous
UpdatedAug9,2015
Limit State or Load Resistance Factor design uses the ultimate strength of a member,
beyond initial yielding, to determine the allowable strength. The primary benet of Santosh,discovermoreuniqueinsightson
the limit state design method is that it is generally produces more economical designsQuora.
than Working Stress Methods, and it provides a more consistent safety factor across
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all elements. LRFD allows for more control and understanding of the structural
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behavior by explicitly considering each load type independently. 1
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In practice, the two design approaches have been calibrated to provide similar results
for common loading ranges. Things get a bit out of alignment when the dead load to
live/wind/earthquake load ratio is very high or low.
There are many articles on this topic if you google "ASD vs. LRFD". These will not only
explain in more technical detail, they will also give you the historical background to
understand how these two methods came to be.
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If you are looking for deeper answers and have some time to read , reect and discuss
then please refer to
Introduction
Very simple.
Cost of lifting a leaf by an elephant: 1000$
Cost of lifting that same leaf by an ant: 1$
Which is economical?
Elephant- working stress design to carry load
Ant- limit state design to carry load
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