Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to compare forces

generated by impact of jet on vanes of various shapes and also to
understand how forces can affect the change of momentum flow in
the jet. The impact of jet experiment helps us to understand how
does turbines works under fluid pressure. The mechanical work
produced by using pressure of moving fluid at a high velocity jet of
water from nozzle produces force when it strikes on the plane of the
surface of the plate. The forces exerted on the surface plane will
also depend on the density of fluid at specific temperature. The
force exerted on the impact will generate the momentum change
and also to determine the mass flow rate. This experiment aims at
assessing the different forces exerted by the same water jet on a
variety of geometrical surfaces.

Introduction:

Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried

out on the reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water
impacts on to the vane. The study of these reaction forces is an
essential step in the subject of mechanics of fluids which can be
applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel and the
impulse turbine.

When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a

solid surface the water is deflected to flow along the surface. If
friction is neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also
assumed that there are no losses due to shocks then the magnitude
of the water velocity is unchanged. The pressure exerted by the
water on the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the
surface. Consider a jet of water which impacts on to a target surface
causing the direction of the jet to be changed through an angle . In
the absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity across the
surface is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force
exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to the force which
acts on the water to impart the change in direction.

The momentum equation based on Newton's second law of

motion states that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to
control volume of fluid in any direction equal to the rate of change
of the momentum in that direction.

The external forces include the component of weight of the

fluid and the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of
the control volume .
 If a vertical water jet moving with a velocity 'V' made to strike
a target (Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will
be exerted on the target by the impact of the jet.

Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted

by the jet on the vane, Fz is given by :

F= Q(Vz out-Vz in)

Where:

:density

Q: flow rate

Vz out: velocity after impact

Vz in: velocity before impact

For any plate:

F= Q(V1-V2cos B).................. general case

B: the angle between the initial velocity of the jet V1 and the
velocity after striking the plate V2.

For flat plate (B=90 then cos90=0):

F= QV

For hemispherical plate (B=180 then cos180=-1):

Fz=Q(V1+V2)

V1=Q/A

Where Q=V/t

V22=V12-2gS
Apparatus:
 1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.
2. 8mm diameter nozzle.
3. 5mm diameter nozzle.
4. Impact object of flat shape having a 30mm diameter.
5. Impact object of hemispherical shape having a 30mm
diameter.
6. Impact object of conical shape having a 30mm diameter.
7. Nozzle distance impact object: 20 mm.
8. Set of stainless steel weights.

Procedure:

1. Remove the cover from the equipment by unscrewing the

fixing screws.
2. Screw the wished impact object to the support stem.
3. Connect the nozzle with the wished diameter to the bottom
pipe.
4. Set the cover and the screw the fixing screws.
5. Adjust the pins so that the equipment is perfectly levelled.
6. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red
level.
7. Shut off the flow control valve V1 of the hydraulic bench.
8. Open the exhaust valve V2 of the volumetric tank of the
hydraulic bench.
9. Switch the pump G1 and slowly open the valve V1 until you
reach the wished flow value.
10. Add weights until the plate goes back to the pointer
height and take readings.
11. Take three different readings for the same plate (Flat,
hemispherical or conical), each with different flow rates.
12. Place different diameter nozzle and repeat for each
plate.

Results and Calculations:

For 5mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
2.5 x 104 370
12.73 12.72 3.18 3.63 14.17
2.22 x 104
290
11.31 11.29 2.51 2.84 13.52
1.39 x 10
4
110
7.08 7.05 0.98 1.08 10.10
Hemispherical:

Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 600 12.73 12.72 6.36 5.89 7.43
0.00022
2 510 11.31 11.29 5.01 5.00 0.18
0.00013
9 300 7.08 7.05 1.96 2.94 50.13

Conical:

Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 130 12.73 12.72 0.93 1.28 36.95
0.00022
2 90 11.31 11.29 0.73 0.88 20.28
0.00013
9 40 7.08 7.05 0.29 0.39 36.68

For 8mm nozzle:

Flat:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 120 4.97 4.93 1.23 1.18 4.56
0.00022
2 90 4.42 4.37 0.97 0.88 9.03
0.00013
9 40 2.77 2.69 0.37 0.39 4.81

Hemispherical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 240 4.97 4.93 2.47 2.35 4.56
0.00022
2 190 4.42 4.37 1.94 1.86 3.98
0.00013 70 2.77 2.69 0.75 0.69 8.29
 9

Conical:

Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 20 4.97 4.93 0.36 0.20 45.69
0.00022
2 10 4.42 4.37 0.28 0.10 65.49
0.00013
9 0 2.77 2.69 0.11 0.00 100.00

Discussion and Conclusion:

In this experiment we have calculated the impact force

generated from the water jet on the hemispherical and the flat plate
vanes experimentally by using the procedure mentioned above and
then we calculate these forces theoretically then by comparing
these values we have found the efficiency (the slope of the linear
line that relate the actual with the theoretical force) for each vane
and we found that:-

1-The efficiency of the hemispherical shape vane is less than 100 %

which is expected because the efficiency cannot be more than
100% because there are always losses in any system. This may be
resulted due to errors while performing the experiment or recording
the data.

2-It was expected that the efficiently of the cup is larger than it in
the plate because there is much losses with the plate because the
water return in all directions but with the cup it returns with on
direction only , but our result was wrong due to errors in the
experiment

Sources of errors:-

a) Inaccuracy in using the stop watch.

b) There was some approximation in taking the reading of the

jockeys displacement.
c) Determination the balance of the arm wasnt accurate so much