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American University of Madaba

Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM

Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics


Lab

(Impact of a Jet)

Qais Al-Mikhie URN: 1310164

Submitted on: 23.03.2017


Objective:

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM
The objective of this experiment is to compare forces generated by
impact of jet on vanes of various shapes and also to understand how forces
can affect the change of momentum flow in the jet. The impact of jet
experiment helps us to understand how does turbines works under fluid
pressure. The mechanical work produced by using pressure of moving fluid
at a high velocity jet of water from nozzle produces force when it strikes on
the plane of the surface of the plate. The forces exerted on the surface
plane will also depend on the density of fluid at specific temperature. The
force exerted on the impact will generate the momentum change and also
to determine the mass flow rate. This experiment aims at assessing the
different forces exerted by the same water jet on a variety of geometrical
surfaces.
Introduction:
Impact of jets apparatus enables experiments to be carried out on the
reaction force produced on vanes when a jet of water impacts on to the
vane. The study of these reaction forces is an essential step in the subject of
mechanics of fluids which can be applied to hydraulic machinery such as the
Pelton wheel and the impulse turbine.
When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid
surface the water is deflected to flow along the surface. If friction is
neglected by assuming an inviscid fluid and it is also assumed that there are
no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is
unchanged. The pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will
everywhere be at right angles to the surface. Consider a jet of water which
impacts on to a target surface causing the direction of the jet to be changed
through an angle . In the absence of friction the magnitude of the velocity
across the surface is equal to the incident velocity Vi. The impulse force
exerted on the target will be equal and opposite to the force which acts on
the water to impart the change in direction.
The momentum equation based on Newton's second law of motion
states that the algebraic sum of external forces applied to control volume of
fluid in any direction equal to the rate of change of the momentum in that
direction.
The external forces include the component of weight of the fluid and
the forces exerted externally upon the boundary surface of the control
volume .
If a vertical water jet moving with a velocity 'V' made to strike a target
(Vane) which is free, to move in vertical direction, force will be exerted on
the target by the impact of the jet.

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM
Applying the momentum equation in z-direction, force exerted by the
jet on the vane, Fz is given by :

F= Q(Vz out-Vz in)

Where:
:density
Q: flow rate
Vz out: velocity after impact
Vz in: velocity before impact
For any plate:
F= Q(V1-V2cos B).................. general case
B: the angle between the initial velocity of the jet V1 and the velocity after
striking the plate V2.
For flat plate (B=90 then cos90=0):
F= QV
For hemispherical plate (B=180 then cos180=-1):
Fz=Q(V1+V2)
V1=Q/A
Where Q=V/t
V22=V12-2gS

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM

Apparatus:
1. Plexiglas diameter cylindrical tank.

2. 8mm diameter nozzle.

3. 5mm diameter nozzle.

4. Impact object of flat shape having a 30mm diameter.

5. Impact object of hemispherical shape having a 30mm diameter.

6. Impact object of conical shape having a 30mm diameter.

7. Nozzle distance impact object: 20 mm.

8. Set of stainless steel weights.

Procedure:

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM
1. Remove the cover from the equipment by unscrewing the fixing
screws.

2. Screw the wished impact object to the support stem.

3. Connect the nozzle with the wished diameter to the bottom pipe.

4. Set the cover and the screw the fixing screws.

5. Adjust the pins so that the equipment is perfectly levelled.

6. Set the pointer besides the weight stem assembly to the red level.

7. Shut off the flow control valve V1 of the hydraulic bench.

8. Open the exhaust valve V2 of the volumetric tank of the hydraulic


bench.

9. Switch the pump G1 and slowly open the valve V1 until you reach the
wished flow value.

10. Add weights until the plate goes back to the pointer height and
take readings.

11. Take three different readings for the same plate (Flat,
hemispherical or conical), each with different flow rates.

12. Place different diameter nozzle and repeat for each plate.

Results and Calculations:


For 5mm nozzle:
Flat:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
2.5 x 10 4
370
12.73 12.72 3.18 3.63 14.17
2.22 x 10 290
4

11.31 11.29 2.51 2.84 13.52


1.39 x 10 4
110
7.08 7.05 0.98 1.08 10.10

Hemispherical:
Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 600 12.73 12.72 6.36 5.89 7.43
0.00022
2 510 11.31 11.29 5.01 5.00 0.18
0.00013
9 300 7.08 7.05 1.96 2.94 50.13

Conical:
Q(m/s) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 130 12.73 12.72 0.93 1.28 36.95
0.00022
2 90 11.31 11.29 0.73 0.88 20.28
0.00013
9 40 7.08 7.05 0.29 0.39 36.68

For 8mm nozzle:


Flat:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(Exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 120 4.97 4.93 1.23 1.18 4.56
0.00022
2 90 4.42 4.37 0.97 0.88 9.03
0.00013
9 40 2.77 2.69 0.37 0.39 4.81

Hemispherical:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 240 4.97 4.93 2.47 2.35 4.56
0.00022
2 190 4.42 4.37 1.94 1.86 3.98
0.00013
9 70 2.77 2.69 0.75 0.69 8.29

Conical:
Q(m/hr) Mass(K Speed Speed F(Theo) F(exp) Error %

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American University of Madaba
Faculty of Engineering.
Department of Civil Engineering.

Spring Semester 2016-2017.

AUM
g) V0 V1 (N) (N)
(m/s) (m/s)
0.00025 20 4.97 4.93 0.36 0.20 45.69
0.00022
2 10 4.42 4.37 0.28 0.10 65.49
0.00013
9 0 2.77 2.69 0.11 0.00 100.00

Discussion and Conclusion:


In this experiment we have calculated the impact force generated
from the water jet on the hemispherical and the flat plate vanes
experimentally by using the procedure mentioned above and then we
calculate these forces theoretically then by comparing these values we have
found the efficiency (the slope of the linear line that relate the actual with
the theoretical force) for each vane and we found that:-
1-The efficiency of the hemispherical shape vane is less than 100 % which is
expected because the efficiency cannot be more than 100% because there
are always losses in any system. This may be resulted due to errors while
performing the experiment or recording the data.
2-It was expected that the efficiently of the cup is larger than it in the plate
because there is much losses with the plate because the water return in all
directions but with the cup it returns with on direction only , but our result
was wrong due to errors in the experiment
Sources of errors:-
a) Inaccuracy in using the stop watch.
b) There was some approximation in taking the reading of the jockeys
displacement.
c) Determination the balance of the arm wasnt accurate so much

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