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1. Introduction
The choice of system in transporting material from a loading point depends on many
factors including:
site conditions
type of material
time available
Management impositions.
1
2. The Lorry (Truck or Wagon)
2.1 Introduction
Types (3), (4) and (7) are for transporting excavated earth are usually of the rear dump
load on the rear axle is high when laden (can be solved by modern large volume
tyres)
Muck wagons/trucks are mainly used to transport material over distances between 1
and 10 km
2
waiting time
e for excavators are reduced as the wagon size increases, but trucks
waiting time are longer
2.3 Size
The optimum wagon size is very difficult to determine and depends very much on site
conditions:
In practice the optimum wagon size seems to be between three to ten times the size
of the loading buckets
3
2.4 Haul Roads
hard surface
4
3.2 Loading time
The time required to load a haul unit:
or
Note: Loading rate at 100% loader efficiency is used because a loader typically operates at
or near 100% efficiency when actually engaged in loading.
Traditional method is a deterministic method which assumes that the actual loading and
travel times will exactly the length of time used in the formula.
Example 1
If a shovel production at job efficiency equals to 45 minute-hour is 228 lcm/hr and truck
transit time (cycle time less load time) is 0.5 hr, determine how many trucks having capacity
16 lcm would be required to fully service the shovel. How many bank metres per hour will
be produced by this combination?
60
Solution:
%$
@ 100%
228
304
/$
45
16
304
0.053 $
304
$
#
0.5 $
0.053
!0.053 / 0.5"
10.4
0.053
10.433962
Use 11 trucks
Example 2
If a 2.3 lcm hydraulic shovel has a loading cycle time of 22 sec, how many trucks would be
required to service this shovel? The soil is though soil with a bucket fill factor of 0.8.
Assume that the truck will carry 16 m3 of loose soil. Truck transit time is 0.5 hr.
5
16
Solution:
$
8.7
2.3 0.8
8.7
Use 9 loads
9 22
0.055 $
60 60
0.055 / 0.5
10.1
0.055
Use 11 trucks
No increase in production if more than the required number of haul units is provided
If less than the required number of haul units is available, the expected production is
reduced in proportion of the shortage
Example 3
In situation of Example 1, only 8 trucks are available. What is the expected production of
8
this system?
228
$
10.3
177
$
4. Cost analysis
Cost performance (or cost per unit of production) is usually a prime consideration in
planning an excavation and hauling operation.
Cost performance may be calculated for the haul fleet only or for the entire load and
haul fleet
6
Example 4
A shovel has a loading rate of 303 lcm/hr, a job efficiency of 45 min-hour, and costs
RM83/hr. Using the truck data below, determine what truck size and how many of them
should be used to provide the lowest loading and hauling cost. What will be the production
of this system?
Solution:
11.43
Load time:
!11.43
"
303
$
0.0377 hr
14.7
!14.70
"
303
$
0.0485 hr
0.0377 / 0.48
Number of haul units:
!11.43
"
13.2
0.0377
0.0485 / 0.48
!14.70
"
10.9
0.0485
Cost performance:
Truck size Number Production Fleet cost Cost
45 14 31 / 83
(lcm/hr) RM/hr Performance
303
517
60
11.43 14 2.28
227
13 13 31 / 83
227
486
13.3
11.43 13 2.17
224
12 12 31 / 83
227
455
13.3
11.43 12 2.21
206
45 11 38 / 83
303
501
60
14.70 11 2.21
227
10 10 38 / 83
227
463
10.9
14.70 10 2.23
208
9 10 38 / 83
227
425
10.9
14.70 9 2.27
187
7
Optimum solution = 13 nos of 11.43 lcm trucks @ RM2.17/lcm
Expected production = 224 lcm/hr
: KL
n!
P@
AB !r"G J
!n E i"!
HI@
There must be either a haul unit or no haul unit at the loader therefore, the sum of
P0 and Pt must equal to 1:
9M
1 E 9@
8
1
1
N
N
!
"
N
!1 "
Example 5
A shovel has a loading rate of 290 lcm/hr, truck capacity is 16 lcm, and the truck travel time
less loading time is 0.54 hr. For a fleet of 5 trucks, what is the probability that there will be a
truck available for loading at any particular instant?
Solution:
P 9M
5
9M
1 E 9@
n!
P@
AB !r"G J
!n E i"!
HI@
Calculate r:
16
290
$
0.54 $
16
O
9
Calculate P0:
: KL
n!
P@
AB !r"G J
!n E i"!
HI@
Y KL
5!
AB !0.1"GJ
!5 E i"!
HI@
5! 5! 5! 5! 5! 5! KL
Z !0.1"@ / !0.1"L / !0.1"[ / !0.1"\ / !0.1"] / !0.1"Y ^
5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0!
:
5! !5"!4"!3"!2"!1"
1. !0.1"[
!0.1"[
3! !3"!2"!1"
2. 0!
1
5! 5! 5! 5! 5! 5! KL
9@
Z !0.1"@ / !0.1"L / !0.1"[ / !0.1"\ / !0.1"] / !0.1"Y ^
5! 4! 3! 2! 1! 0!
_1 / 5!0.1"L / !5"!4"!0.1"[ / !5"!4"!3"!0.1"\ / !5"!4"!3"!2"!0.1"] / !5"!4"!3"!2"!1"!0.1"Y `KL
_1 / 0.500 / 0.200 / 0.060 / 0.012 / 0.001`KL
_1.773`KL
1
1.773
0.564
9M
1 E 9@
1+0.500+0.200+0.060+0.012+0.001
1 E 0.564
0.436
Example 6
A shovel has a loading rate of 290 lcm/hr, job efficiency equals to 45 minutes-hour and costs
RM83 per hour. The trucks being used have a capacity of 16 lcm, cost RM31 per hour and
have a travel time less loading time of 0.54 hour. What is the optimum number of haul units
to use for this operation? What is the expected production and unit cost of excavation and
haul?
10
Solution:
16
290
$
0.54 $
16
O
45
$
290
218
/$
60
N
!16290" / 0.54
!16290"
10.8
11
10.7875
Number of Production Truck Excavator Fleet Cost Cost per Unit
Po Pt
Trucks (n) (lcm) Cost (RM) Cost (RM) (RM) (RM/lcm)
Example 7
A CAT 320C excavator equipped with a 1.5 lcm heaped bucket is used to dig in sandy clay
soil (15% swell). It takes about 0.33 min per bucket load dumped into a fleet of CAT D30D
articulated trucks. Each truck carries a heaped capacity of 16.5 lcm. It takes about 5 min to
haul and dump the load, return and position for loading. (1m3=1.30795yd3,
1yd3=0.76456m3)
Questions:
1) How long does the excavator take to load one D30D? (Assume the bucket fill factor for
the sandy clay is approximately 1.0)
11
16.5 lcmtruck load
11 cyclestruck load
1.5 lcmbucket load
=
!11 cycles"!0.33 mincycle" = 3.63 min to load one D30D
Number of trucks = truck cycle time / truck time at the load site
Because of the small amount of excavation, use 2 trucks to haul 1150 bcm of soil that
must be excavated.
It should be noted that in this scenario the number of truck determine the hourly
5) How long will it take to complete the excavation of 1150 bcm of sandy clay soil (1.15%
swell)?
Convert the 1150 bcm to lcm: 1150 bcm (1.15% swell) = 1322 lcm to be move
1332 lcm / 191.2 lcm = 6.97 hr = 7 hr.
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6. Example of Truck Selection by Simulation
Example 8
Trucks arrive and are loaded according to these discrete time distributions
Calculate the total time that the trucks will be waiting in any one period of 4 hours selected
at random
Random Arrival Time Clock Arrival Time at Dragline Waiting Time Random Loading Departure Time
Seq
Number (hr) Time (hr) (hr) (hr) Number Time (hr)
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Solution:
Process generators:
Time between truck arrivals
Time between Probability Cumulative
Random Number
truck arrivals (hr) % Probability
0.25 40 40 0 39
0.50 30 70 40 69
0.75 10 80 70 79
1.0 20 100 80 100
Truck loading time
Loading Time (hr) Probability Cumulative Random Number
% Probability
0.25 40 40 0 39
0.50 40 80 40 79
0.75 20 100 80 100
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83 15 51 17 86 77 66 84 50 84 44 96 92 78 37 24 49 35 54 43 78 50 40 32 56
17 25 7 90 90 70 48 70 69 23 8 85 8 95 84 53 85 55 11 93 41 6 66 72 39
23 76 93 41 27 30 77 61 72 74 81 13 73 21 99 1 47 52 44 19 51 25 29 43 54
76 57 8 22 23 26 22 70 63 70 6 6 59 75 92 86 60 50 87 81 36 80 83 43 17
96 79 7 87 51 5 17 61 43 13 64 77 45 7 55 68 20 0 17 23 64 83 61 76 37
68 23 26 10 82 97 77 2 89 33 70 46 23 45 83 99 55 95 4 41 89 33 49 89 86
19 93 65 67 40 81 96 44 68 47 78 3 18 58 1 48 19 2 34 49 99 56 54 71 65
34 76 58 86 21 86 84 70 40 23 89 26 42 62 69 10 63 32 80 30 18 12 75 34 81
26 45 91 80 51 26 64 71 6 49 96 57 56 49 81 91 77 95 44 51 61 34 89 73 78
98 26 56 88 66 51 69 71 48 14 72 40 57 32 23 54 36 66 29 10 99 4 41 86 60
53 60 78 66 81 67 45 56 64 78 19 79 10 2 55 61 32 20 20 49 11 89 54 64 96
0 99 16 71 84 95 51 9 72 70 81 23 33 89 62 20 78 77 64 37 52 39 88 16 92
24 43 49 79 28 16 10 94 49 35 95 98 59 27 70 55 34 62 91 88 56 71 79 75 31
30 14 32 60 8 33 73 62 89 63 65 18 15 22 39 29 89 8 58 11 83 66 4 15 74
39 58 83 63 94 73 84 48 95 17 79 74 78 39 10 38 35 75 74 70 69 54 82 75 50
Example 9
Trucks arrive at an excavator from distribution points on a large earthmoving project. The
arrival time intervals of the trucks are observed and yield the following results.
Arrival time Frequency
interval (min) (%)
2 10
3 15
4 30
5 25
6 20
The times taken to load the trucks, which are either 6 or 12 m3 capacity, are fairly constant
at three and five minutes respectively, and both types are equally represented in the fleet.
If the excavator loads each of the trucks immediately it arrives, in the order that it arrives,
calculate the total time that the excavator and trucks will be waiting in any one period of
two hours selected at random.
Solution:
Trucks arrival times can be simulated based on the percentage distributions of the trucks
arrival times by drawing a random number lying in the range represented by the observed
distribution.
15
Simulation 50 trucks arrivals. The random numbers are used to determine the arrival time
and type of truck arriving is determined by tossing a coin. Truck type A represents a 6 m3
load and truck type B represents a 12 m3 load.
16
Random Arrival Type of Clock time of arrival (min
Number Time (min) truck (6m3) (12m3)
53 4 B 172
88 6 B 178
78 5 A 183
30 4 A 187
71 5 A 192
35 4 B 196
96 6 A 202
78 5 B 207
57 5 A 212
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Arrival Clock time Starts Loading Completes Waiting time Waiting
type of arrival loading time loading of excavator time of
truck (min) (min) (min) (min) (min) truck
(min)
Total 12min 16min
The simulation should now be repeated several times, so that the results can be expressed
with more confidence by the use of statistics. With the model established, and mounted on
a computer, the user is in a position to experiment by changing the parameters, e.g. truck
and excavator sizes, inter-arrival times to represent changes in the haul road, conditions etc.
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