Development Systems Lightning and Grounding Rod Electrodes and Plat
Abstract -The specific objective of this research can be stated that the lightning is the result of the
is to produce a system of internallightning and
External lightning rod grounding with the which has
been Widely used in industries such as lightning
protection and grounding system of the substation,
transmission lines and coupling wire used in high-
rise buildings either belong to government or private
property. In this study, lightning rod is located
outside the building structure that serves to catch or
receive the bolt of lightning and the lightning deliver
to the ground safely. In this study there were 5
different depths of the electrode rod; 3 m, 5 m, 7 m,
9 m, and 12 m, moreover, 5 wide variety of electrode
plates that are 1 x 1 m 2, 0.75 x 0.75 m 2, 0.5 x0. 5 m
2,
0:35 x 0:35 m 2, 0:25 x 0:25 m 2. For grounding
electrode rod with a depth of 3 m, 5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 12
m in dry conditions Obtained grounding resistance
values ranged from 1:55 to 2:03 Ohm. For moist soil
conditions, grounding resistance Obtained values
ranged from 2:21 to 2.60 Ohm. For wet soil
conditions Obtained grounding resistance values
ranged from 1.97 to 2:34 Ohm. For grounding plate,
R 11 and R 12 on the cleaning conditions Obtained
grounding resistance values ranged from 2:08 to
2:45 Ohm. For moist soil conditions Obtained
grounding resistance values ranged from 1.88 to
2:18 Ohm. For wet soil conditions Obtained
grounding resistance values ranged from 1:55 to
2:06 Ohm. On the external lightning rod with two
added electrodes with a depth of 12 m and then
connected in parallel with the electrode plate to get
the smallest value of grounding resistance in
accordance with the standards prescribed.
Keywords-Electrode; Rod; Plate; Resistance Value
and grounding
I. Introduction
Lightning is a discharge event of electrical
charge in the air, which occurs between the cloud
with the cloud, between the centers of the charge
inside cloud proficiency level, and between the
cloud to the ground. Among the three possibilities
above, the load discharge is more common among
the clouds with the cloud and in the cloud itself
rather than discharge the charge that occurred cloud
to the ground. But although more rare, lightning
cloud - this land is large enough to cause damage to
objects that exist on the ground. Broadly speaking, it
process in the atmosphere so that the charge
accumulated in the cloud. This cloud induces a
charge on another charge in the earth, and lightning
occur if the potential between the earth and the cloud
is greater than the critical breakdown voltage of air.
The charge distribution of cloud, generally at the top
is occupied by muatanpositif, while the bottom of
the cloud that is occupied by the negative charge.
Strike will be preceded by a canal negative charge,
towards an area that induced positive. This leads to a
bolt of lightning that occurs generally negative
charge from the cloud to the ground. The polarity of
the cloud does not only affect the direction of stroke
but also affect a large flow sambarannya, figure 1
shows the probability distribution of the charge
cloud lightning are common [1].
Figure 1. Possible charge distribution thunderheads
common [1]
A. System Grounding
Basically the grounding system is composed of
equipment grounding electrodes are required along
the conducting earth. Earthing Electrode can be
planted stem perpendicular or parallel to the surface
of the soil is planted, and in the form of plates or
plate, all of which is designed to minimize the
grounding prisoners. For it must first be determined
as well as the nature of the electrode material, which
is mainly konduktifikasi must have high and low
resistivity, so that the current flowing quickly into
the ground. It should be noted that the electrodes
must be corrosion [2].
B. Electrode Rod / Stem
System electrode rod / rod is a system that uses
pentahanan kondutor rods planted perpendicular to
the surface of the soil. Some rod electrode implanted
together into the ground and then connected to the
conductor. The number of electrodes implanted
tailored to the needs grounding system itself. For
conductor bars are planted perpendicular to the
surface of the soil, it must be taken into account the
effect of the shadow of the conductor, so that
prisoners electrode and the same price as a
conductor entirely planted in the soil. But the current
through the conductor is half of the price that goes to
the conductor who planted entirely. So prisoners for
one rod grounding electrode implanted perpendicular
to the surface of the soil.
The formula used for single peg was developed
by Professor H.B. Dwight Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, namely:
Where : outside the building. External protection basically
r = the average prisoner ground (ohm-cm)
L = length of the ground peg (cm)
a = radius of cross section of stake (cm)
R = detainee ground pegs (ohm)
C. Electrode Plat
Grounding electrode plate is a way to use the
plate-shaped electrodes with a minimum size of 0.5
m2 area, for copper. Minimum planting depth of 30
cm to 1.5 m down the ground. Prisoners earth to
plate system is [3]:
Where:
R = Resistivity ground (ohm)
W = Width of plate (cm)
L = length of plate (cm)
S = Planting Depth (m)
Capacitance calculation basis of the
composition of the grounding electrode plates with
the assumption that the current distribution or a
uniform charge along the rod electrodes.
II. Research Methods
Hardware Design Lightning and Grounding
Rod Electrodes and plates to be designed and a
development of the External Grounding function
produces a lightning protection system and
grounding electrodes with various forms of which
are then designed into an internal grounding system.
The quality of earthing systems external results
determine the design of lightning protection system
internally, the higher the price of prisoners
grounding the higher the voltage contained in the
equalizing potential (Potential Equalizing Bar), so
that efforts to protect its internal be more severe or
process grounding slow dikarenkan their resistance
values great on a wire channeling to the ground.
Therefore, at this stage of this development will be
sought to maximize the working of the lightning rod
tool.
A. Structure Devices System Tools
Structurally device equipment system will be
described as follows.
B. External Lightning
External Lightning deterrence is intended to
avoid the danger of direct or indirect result of a
lightning strike, at the plant-the plant, the equipment
installed outside the building \ building, dimenara
and parts of the exterior of the building. In this case
also includes protection against the man who was
consists of:
- Finial catcher lightning.
- Lightning Surge Counter (Recorder Lightning).
- Penampun Lightning (Grounding).
C. Preparation System Grounding
Earthing systems to function as a means of a
current of lightning that spreads in all directions into
the ground. Things to consider in the design of
grounding system is no harm to the voltage step and
touch voltage. The criteria addressed in the
manufacture of earthing systems are not the low
price of land custody but can be avoided dangers like
these before. In this study, the grounding electrode
rod with 5 variations of depth and grounding
electrode plate 5 is also wide variation plate with a
depth of 2 meters in addition to the development
done here is to add 2 pieces electrode rod with a
depth of 9 meters and linked in parallel with the
grounding electrode plate that already exists. This is
done to get a grounding prisoners below 5 ohms
according to PUIL 2000 and IEC International
Elektronical Commission [4].
III. Results and Discussion
After all the components / equipment designed
and assembled as in the picture, so to determine the
success rate of the device was examined by Earth
Tester as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. The measuring instrument grounding
resistance values
 Table 3. Resistivity Measurement Data on Electrodes
Grounding rods in dry conditions (dated July 26,
Figure 3. Results of design of lightning protection 2010), the voltage (0.1 volts)
system rod and plate

Ukuran Kedalaman
Terminal (m) Paral
5 9 el
No. 3 (m) (m) 7 (m) (m) 12 (m)
E-P P-C
R R
R () () R () () R () R ()
Figure 4. The connection between MCB Aresster
with Copper Bar 1 4 5 392,80 7,22 4,37 3,09 2,15 1,82
A. Results Measurement Resistivity Electrodes 2 5 6 395,50 7,38 4,48 3,22 2,09 1,89
Grounding in Batang 3 6 7 396,40 7,49 4,57 3,09 2,21 1,93

1. Wet Soil Conditions

Table 1. Resistivity Measurement Data Grounding

Rod Electrodes in the Wet conditions with voltage
(0.1 volts).

Ukuran Kedalaman 4 7 8 397,20 7,50 4,62 3,17 2,26 1,98

Terminal (m)
5 8 9 397,80 7,52 4,73 3,31 2,31 2,03
Paral
5 9 el
No. 3 (m) (m) 7 (m) (m) 12 (m) B. Resistivity measurements on Electrodes
E-P P-C
R R
Grounding Plate, R 11 and R 12
R () () R () () R () R ()
1. Wet Soil Conditions
1 4 5 300,80 6,70 4.0 2.97 1.89 2,04

2 5 6 303,90 6,80 4.1 2.97 2.01 2,22 Table 4. Resistivity Measurement Data on
3 6 7 303,40 6,90 4.2 2.94 1.95 2,33
Electrolytic Grounding Plate, R 11 and R 12 in the
condition Basahdengan voltage (0.1 volts)
4 7 8 303,50 6,90 4.2 3.01 1.96 2,28 Para
2
Ukuran l
5 8 9 303,80 6,90 4.3 3.08 2.01 2,24 Term Ukuran Plat (m ) Kedalaman el
in
al Para (m) Total
lel
N 0.75 0.5 0.35 0.25 Plat
2. Moist Soil Conditions Plat R R
+
o. E P 1X1 X X X X R11
11 12
&
Table 2. Grounding Resistivity Measurement Data - - 0.75 0.5 0.35 0.25 R12
on Rod Electrodes in humid conditions with a P C R R R R R
R () R () R () R ()
voltage (0.1 volts) () () () () ()
5,1 36, 3,6 5,2
1. 4 5 2,03 1,76
9 6,2 74 9,97 12,29 4 3
Ukuran Kedalaman 5,3 37, 3,6 5,0
Terminal (m) 2. 5 6 2,07 1,82
8 6,59 15 10,33 12,37 9 4
Paral 5,4 37, 3,8 6,2
el 3. 6 7 2,25 1,91
5 9 8 6,93 29 10,44 12,49 4 9
No. 3 (m) (m) 7 (m) (m) 12 (m) 5,5 37, 3,8 6,3
4. 7 8 2,21 1,97
E-P P-C 8 7,23 36 10,53 12,65 6 5
R R 5,6 37, 6,3
5. 8 9 2,2 2,03
R () () R () () R () R () 9 7,33 44 10,6 12,67 4,1 7

1 4 5 349,00 6,90 4,10 3,87 2,41 2,33

2. Moist Soil Conditions
2 5 6 344,00 7,16 3,84 3,46 2,40 2,41

3 6 7 342,00 7,13 4,18 3,40 2,31 2,49 Table 5.Data Resistivity Measurements on
4 7 8 345,00 7,14 4,17 3,39 2,25 2,55 Electrolytic Grounding Plate, R 11 and R 12 in
humid conditions with a voltage (0.1 volts)
5 8 9 345,00 7,19 4,20 3,32 2,23 2,62

3. Dry Soil Conditions


3. Dry Soil Conditions
Table 16. Data Measurement Resistivity
Electrodes Grounding in Plat, R 11 and R 12 in dry
conditions with a voltage (0.1 volts)
From the test results earthing systems are in use
at the lab site energy and the location of the
laboratory of high voltage and ground electrodes
stake planted each as deep as 3 meters, 5 meters, 7
meters, 9 meters, 12 meters and an electrode plate
with a size of 1 x 1 meter2, 0,75x0,75 meter2,
0,5x0,5 meter2, 0,35x0,35 meter2, 0,25x0,25 meter2
are generally decent unused grounding resistance
values obtained ranged from 1.71 to 402 Ohm.
From the data obtained for grounding electrode
rods to a depth of 3 meters was obtained custody
pantanahan on dry soil conditions ranging from 390-
402 Ohm, For moist soil conditions ranging from
342-383 Ohm, for wet soil conditions ranged from
259 to 303.9 Ohm. for rod electrodes planted deep as
5 meters pantanahan obtained custody on dry soil
conditions ranging from 7.08 to 7.89 Ohm, for moist
soil conditions ranging from 6.53 to 7.34 Ohm, for
wet soil conditions ranging from 6.11 to 7, 2 Ohm.
for rod electrodes implanted deep as 7 meters gained
custody pantanahan on dry soil conditions ranging
from 4.37 to 6.75 Ohm, for moist soil conditions
ranging from 3.70 to 4.20 Ohm, for wet soil
conditions ranged from 3.5 to 4, 7 Ohm, for rod
electrodes implanted deep as 9 meters gained
custody pantanahan on dry soil conditions ranging
from 3.09 to 3.95 Ohm, for moist soil conditions
ranging from 3.23 to 3.87 Ohm, for wet soil
conditions ranging from 2.87 - 3.12 Ohm, for rod
electrodes implanted deep as 12 meters gained
custody pantanahan on dry soil conditions ranging
from 2.09 to 2.65 Ohm, for moist soil conditions
ranging from 2.12 to 2.41 Ohm, for conditions
ranging from wet soil 1.71 to 2.3 Ohms. For the
electrode plate with a size of 1 x 1 meter2 obtained
resistance values for dry soil ranged from 5.42 to
5.89 Ohm, for moist soil ranged from 5.58 to 5.78
Ohm, for wet soils ranged from 5.11 to 5.69 ohm,
the electrode plate size of 0.75 x 0.75 meter2
obtained resistance values for dry soil ranged from
7.08 to 7.51 ohm, for moist soil ranged from 6.53 to
7.33 ohm, for wet soil ranges from 5, 82 to 7.33
Ohm, the electrode plate size of 0.5 x 0.5 meter2
obtained resistance values for dry soil ranged from
26.87 to 37.56 Ohm, for soil moisture ranged from
31.20 to 33.34 Ohm, for wet soil around 31.11
- 37.44 Ohm, the electrode plate size of 0.35 x 0.35
meter2 obtained resistance values for dry soil ranged
between 10.55- 11.19 Ohm, for soil moisture ranged
from 10.54 to 11.13
Ohm, for wet soils ranged from 9.82 to 10.6 ohms,
the electrode plate size of 0.25 x 0.25 meter2
obtained resistance values for dry soil ranged from
14.33 to 14.93 Ohm, for moist soil ranges from 10,
94 to 11.13 Ohm, for wet soils ranged from 10.87 to
12.67 Ohm.
On developing tools external lightning is also in
Parallelize with 2 pieces of rod electrodes are coded
R11 and R12. R11 values obtained for inmates to
wet soils ranged from 2.2 to 3.86 Ohm, for moist soil
ranged from 2.10 to 2.80 Ohm and for dry soils
ranged from 2.20 to 3.30 Ohm, the R12 values
obtained custody for wet soils ranged from 4.98 to
6.37 Ohm, for moist soil ranged from 5.30 to 6.79
Ohm and for dry soils ranged from 6.52 to 6.98
Ohm. From the data that has been no noticeable
difference in measurement values obtained between
R11 and R12 at each soil conditions, this is due to
the presence of interference with the R12 so that the
resistance value obtained is greater than the R11, but
R12 is still used to get the value of resistance
earthing total very small.
From the observation also found several factors
that can affect grounding system that is always able
to determine whether or not the grounding system.
Factors - these factors include: climate change, water
content and electrolyte substances in which there are
minerals and salts

Conclusion
From the overall results of the manufacture,
measurement, analysis and observations of the
results of tests performed in this study, it can be
formulated some conclusions from this paper. The
conclusions include:
1. The system lightning rod in the laboratorycan be
developed by dividing them into two, namely
Lightning Lightning Internal and External.
2. The soil and the soil around the existing custody
Laboratory Wet and humid and the average prisoner
on the ground electrode rod worth 1.55 to 2.62 Ohm,
while the electrode plate, R11 and R12 on average
detainee it was worth 1.55 - 2.45 Ohm. References

3. Type Arrester used Type-C40 OBV1 that has
followed the international standards IEC 61643-1
and GB18802.1 where the ability works is capable of
securing the equipment until the voltage of 2.2 kV
and maximum current up to 40 kA with a response
tool <25 ns, and used to secure the power supply
voltage network system in the laboratory energy
conversion from indirect lightning strikes.
4. On the external lightning Lightning added a
counter to determine how many times
5. Can also include suggestions or plans
sustainability of this study.
[1] Darwanto Djoko, .The system Lightning
Protection and Lightning Protection Systems,
PT.Tritech Consult. 1995.
[2] Garniwa, Iwa, Basic Installation of Lightning
Protection Planning, Department of Electrical FTUI.
2003
[3] S.T Sirait. High Voltage Techniques. 1996.
Bandung.
[4] IEEE. Application Guide for Surge Protection of
Electric Generating Plants "in IEEE Std C62.23.
1995