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Chapter Outline
Introduction
Skin
Epidermal Derivatives
Thermoregulation: Homeostasis of Body Temperature
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalance
Notes
I. Introduction
A. An organ consists of a group of tissue that performs a specific function.
B. The tissues comprising the skin are the epithelium of the epidermis
and the connective tissues of the dermis.
C. A system is a group of organs working together toward common goals.
D. The integumentary system consists of the skin and its derivatives, such
as hair, nails, glands, and nerve endings.
II. Structure of the Skin
A. Objective:
1. Be able to complete this sentence: The medical specialty that deals
with diagnosing and treating skin disorders is
_______________________
B. Introduction
1. Objective:
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Human Anatomy and Physiology I (SC481)
Chapter 5 – The Integumentary System
a) Give the names of the two main layers of the skin and indicate
which one is on top and which one is on bottom.
b) Give the name of the layer that is below the skin.
2. Epidermis the epithelial layer on top
3. Dermis the connective tissue layer under the epidermis
4. Subcutaneous layer (also called the superficial fascia or
hypodermis) – Is not part of the skin; consists of areolar and
adipose tissue.
C. Physiology
1.
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D. Epidermis
1. Cells of the Epidermis
a) Objective: What is the purpose of the keratinocytes and
melanocytes?
b) Keratinocytes (ker a TIN o sites) produce the protein
keratin that helps keep the skin waterproof and protect the
underlying tissues.
c) Melanocytes (MEL a no sites) produce melanin, which
transfer granules of melanin to keratinocytes. Melanin absorbs
UV light. The melanin granules cluster to form a protective veil
over the nucleus on the skin side surface. This protects the
DNA from the damaging UV light.
d) Langerhans cells interact with white blood cells called helper T
cells in immune responses. Are located in the epidermis.
e) Merkel cell found in the deepest layer (stratum basale) of the
epidermis of hairless skin, where they are attached to
keratinocytes. Merkel cells make contact with the flattened
portion of the ending of a sensory neuron, called a tactile
(Merkel) disc, and are thought to function in the sensation of
touch.
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2. Layers of the Epidermis
a) Objective: Be able to list the layers of the epidermis and identify
their features.
b) ______________________________ – consists mostly of a
single layer of cells that multiply and move upward. Consists
mostly of keratinocytes.
c) ______________________________ – several layers of cells
thick. Keratinocytes are somewhat flattened and irregular in
shape.
d) ______________________________ – three to five layers thick.
The process of keratinization begins in this layer (to be
described below). The cells contain a substance (keratohyalin)
that is a precursor to the keratin.
e) _______________________________– this layer is present
only in thick skin (e.g., palms and soles of feet).
f) _______________________________– 2530 layers thick of
flat, dead cells full of keratin. Cells are continually shed.
g) Layers of the skin can be remembered by using this mnemonic
device – Can Little Girls Speak German? (corneum, lucidum,
granulosum, spinosum, germinativum)
3. Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis Keratinization is the
process of a cell accumulating keratin, along with the
disappearance of the nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles, and death
of the cell.
E. Dermis
1. This is a layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers and
elastic fibers and a few of the following cells: fibroblasts,
macrophages, and adipocytes.
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2. Structures embedded in the dermis Blood vessels, nerves, glands
and hair follicles.
3. Papillary region
a) This region contains fingerlike projections called dermal papilla.
b) Some dermal papillae contain tactile receptors called corpuscles
of touch.
4. Reticular region
a) Mostly interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and coarse elastic
fibers. There is adipose tissue, hair follicles nerves, oil glands
and the ducts of sweat glands between the fibers. The
combination of collagen and elastic fibers give the skin strength,
extensibility and elasticity. (Extensibility is the ability to stretch
and elasticity is the ability to return to the original length. Small
tears can occur in the dermis during pregnancy, obesity and
edema. Small tears in the dermis are initially red and remain
visible later as silvery white streaks called stretch marks or
striae.)
F. The Structural Basis of Skin Color
1. Objective:
a) Give the names of the three pigments that contribute to skin
color and indicate the color that each produces
2. Three pigments melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
a) Melanin
(1) Causes skin to range from pale yellow to red to tan to
black
(2) May cluster in patches giving freckles. Age (liver) spots
can also develop.
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(3) Mole or nevus – is a benign localized overgrowth of
melanocytes
b) Hemoglobin – gives a pink to red color. Represents the amount
of oxygen traveling through capillaries in the dermis.
c) Carotene – yelloworange pigment;
3. Albinism an inherited inability to produce melanin
4. Skin Color Clues
a) Objective: Describe the appearance of the skin in each of the
following conditions and indicate the causes of each: cyanosis
(cyanotic skin), jaundice, erythema, and pallor.
b) Cyanosis –
c) Jaundice –
d) Erythema –
e) Pallor –
III. Accessory Structures of the Skin
A. Hair
1. Primary function –
2. Anatomy
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B. Skin Glands
1. Sebaceous (Oil) glands
a) Objective: What is the name of the substance secreted by the
sebaceous glands and what is the purpose of it?
b) The sebaceous glands secrete an oil called _______________
c) The purpose of the oil is _______________________________
___________________________________________________
2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
a) Objective: Be able to describe the principal function of sweat?
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3. Ceruminous Glands
a) Objective: Where are ceruminous glands located and what is
the purpose of the substance secreted by them?
b) Location in body ______________________________
c) Purpose of cerumen _________________________________
___________________________________________________
C. Nails
IV. Functions of the Skin
A. Objective: Describe each of the functions of the skin (given below).
B. Thermoregulation
C. Blood reservoir dermis houses 810% of the entire blood supply.
Dilation of the blood vessels results in a loss of heat and constriction
results in retaining heat.
D. Protection from physical abrasion, bacterial invasion, dehydration,
and UV radiation.
E. Cutaneous Sensations temperature, touch, pressure and pain
F. Excretion and Absorption
G. Synthesis of vitamin D UV radiation activates a precursor molecule in
the skin. Enzymes in the liver and kidney then modify the molecule,
finally producing calcitriol, the most active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol
contributes to the homeostasis of body fluids by aiding absorption of
calcium in foods.
V. Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalance
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Human Anatomy and Physiology I (SC481)
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A. Burns
1. Protection by the skin is disrupted with a burn. The three ways that
burns do this are:
a) permit microbial invasion and infection
b) loss of fluid
c) loss of thermoregulation
2. Firstdegree burn
a) Amount of skin burned only the surface epidermis
b) Appearance redness but no blisters.
c) Healing period Generally, two or three days
3. Seconddegree burn
a) Amount of skin burned entire epidermis and possibly parts of
the dermis
b) Appearance redness, blisters, edema.
c) Healing period three to four weeks if no infection
4. Thirddegree burn
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a) Amount of skin burned epidermis, dermis and epidermal
derivatives are destroyed.
b) Appearance vary in appearance; marblewhite, mahogany
colored to charred, dry wounds. Marked edema. Burned region
is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.
c) Healing period Skin regeneration is low.
B. Skin Cancer
1. The most prevalent lifethreatening skin cancer in women in young
women are malignant melanomas.
C. Acne Inflammation of the sebaceous glands.
D. Pressure sores
1. Also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores.
2. Caused by a constant deficiency of blood supply to tissues that are
subjected to extended pressure against an object. Results in tissue
ulceration. Small breaks in the epidermis become infected and the
subcutaneous and deeper tissues are damaged.
E. Warts caused by a virus (papillomavirus). Most warts are
noncancerous.
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F. Athlete's foot
G. Chickenpox
H. Shingles
I. Cold sore
J. Contusion (bruise)
K. Blisters
L. Measles, German (Rubella)
M. Measles, red (Rubeola)
N. Impetigo
O. Ringworm
P. Spotted fever, Rocky Mountain
Q. Ectoparasite, Phthirius pubis (crab) Ectoparasites often inhabit the
surface of our bodies, harvesting nutrients from skin, secretions,
andsometimes blood. They spread from one person to another by
physical contact.
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