WaterTreatment:

Disinfection

Disinfection
Disinfection
inactivate pathogenicmicrobes
bacteria

viruses

protozoa,amoebiccysts

sterilization
destructionofalllivingorganisms

bacterialpathogen viralpathogen protozoanpathogen

Salmonellatyphi Rotavirusdiarrhea Giardialamblia
Disinfection
microbiologicalcontaminants
characteristics
fastacting(daystoaweek);maybefatal

multiplywithinhost;transmittable

bacteria (E.coli indicator,legionella,etc)

viruses (e.g.,norovirus,adenovirus,etc.)
enteric

protozoa (Cryptosporidium,Giardia indicators)

transferredasspores(oocysts)

Disinfection
Bacteriaoutbreak inWalkerton,Ontario2000
Escherichiacoli 0157:H7
healtheffects
2,300illnesses,65hospitalizations

7deaths

probablecause
highspringrunoff

badwelllocation
andconstruction
improperchlorination

source
livestockfarms
Disinfection
BuginDunedinHospital(Aug2008)
Norovirus
gastrointestinalillness

cramps,diarrhea,vomiting

transmittedbyfood,contact,
andwater
57patientsandstaff
hospitalclosedtovisitors
surgeriesrescheduled
concernaboutcleanlinessofhospital
budgetcuts
Disinfection
C.parvumoutbreak:Milwaukee,WI,USA1993
healtheffects
403,000illnesses

4,000hospitalizations

107deaths

probablecause
springrunoff,highflows

treatmentplantupgrades

source
bovine/dairyfarms

wildlife(deer)

human(sewage)
Disinfection
Cryptosporidiumparvum
intestinalparasite
thickwalledoocysts
DetectionofC.parvum
filterlargevolumesofwater
epifluorescencemicroscopy
stainwithfluorescentantibody
examineundermicroscopewithmonochromaticlighttoexcite
fluorescentantibody
polymerasechainreaction
Disinfection
Thebacteriophageconcentrationsmeasuredintheinfluent
andeffluentare107 ml1 and13ml1,respectively.Whatare
theremoval%andlogremoval?
Disinfection
Disinfectants desirableproperties
destroypathogensthatmaybeintroducedintowaterwithina
practicableperiodoftimeoveranexpectedrangeinwatertemperature
meetpossiblefluctuationsincomposition,concentration,andcondition
ofthewatersorwastewaterstobetreated
neithertoxictohumansanddomesticanimalsnorunpalatable,
otherwiseobjectionableattherequiredconcentrations
dispensable atreasonablecost,safeandeasytostore,transport,handle,
andapply
easyandquickdeterminationofitsstrengthorconcentrationinthe
treatedwater
persistent inthedistributionnetworkatasufficientconcentrationto
providereasonableresidualprotectionagainstpossiblerecontamination
beforeuse
disappearanceofresidualsgivesawarningofpotentialrecontamination

Disinfection
Disinfectants
chlorinegas(Cl2)
liquidformunderhighpressure
Cl2 gasaddedtowater:
bleach
Cl2(g)+H2O=HOCl+H+ +Cl
HOCl=H+ +OCl pKa =7.54
hypochlorousacid maintainpH<6.57

atlowconcentration,chlorinekillsmicrobesby
penetratingintothecellandreactingwithenzymesand
protoplasm
athigherconcentration,oxidationofcellwalldestroysthe
organism
 Disinfection
Chlorinebreakpointdosage

chlorine
chemicalspecies(NO2,Fe2+,HS)

applied
chlorineresidual(mgL1)

NH4+tochloramines
(1:1)

chloraminestoN2
chlorineoxidizing

chlorineoxidizing

chlorineavailable
chlorineoxidizing

fordisinfection
andresidual
freechlorine
combined
residual
residual
HOCl
HOCl+NH2Cl
(0.20.5mgL1)

chlorinedose(mgL1)

breakpointdosage

Disinfection
Disinfectants
chlorinegas(Cl2)
HOCl 4080timesmoreeffectivethanOCl
reactswithorganicmatter toformdisinfectionbyproducts(DBPs)
produceschlorineresidual(goal:0.2to0.5mgL1)
hypochloritesalts(Ca(OCl)2 orNaOCl)
mostoftenusedinsmallplants
higherchemicalcosts
safetyandsimplicity
Disinfection
Disinfectants
chlorinedioxide(ClO2)
generatedbyCl2(g)+NaClO2(s)
doesnotreactwithorganicmatter
produceschlorite(ClO2)and
chlorate(ClO3),carcinogens
reactsfast;noresidual
uncommonuse
chloramine(NH2Cl)
lowoxidationpotentials,lesseffectivedisinfectants
assecondarydisinfectantforresidualforClO2 orozone
NH3 +HOCl NH2Cl(monochloramine)+H2O
NH2Cl+HOCl NHCl2 (dichloramine)+H2O
NHCl2 +HOCl NCl3 (trichloramine)+H2O
Disinfection

Disinfection
Noticeablesmellofchlorineinthetreatedwater?
 HandsonExercise
Atreatmentplantproducing20 103 m3 d1 uses21kgd1 of
chlorinefordisinfection.Ifthedailychlorinedemandis0.75mgL1,
whatisthedailychlorineresidual?
chlorineresidualisthedifferencebetweenchlorineappliedandchlorine
demand
HOClresidual HOClapplied HOCldemand

Disinfection
Disinfectants
ozone(O3)
morecommoninEurope
ozonegenerator,13%O3 inoxygen

extremelyreactiveoxidant

pungentsmelling,unstablegas

nochlorinated disinfectionbyproducts

chlorineaddedforresidual
Disinfection
Disinfectants
ultraviolet(UV)radiation
physicaldisinfectant
turbidityandSSinterference

expensive,energyintensive

chlorineaddedforresidual
Disinfection
Howmuchdisinfection?
kinetics
firstorderassumption(ChicksLaw)
N
ln kt
dN N0
kN
dt log
N
k10t
N0
Ct
designcriteria
C isconcentrationofdisinfectant
t istimeexposedtodisinfectant
T10value
(10%ofdyeflowingthroughtank)
Disinfection
contactchamber
strongpremiumon
residencetimedistribution
designforplugflow

e.g.,requiredCtvaluesare: Disinfectionrequirementsfor99%inactivation
3minmg/LatpH7and20oC
6minmg/LatpH7and5oC
givencontacttimeof30min
requiredconcentrationsoffreechlorineare0.1mg/Land0.2mg/L,respectively
HandsonExercise
1)IndisinfectionwhatisthemeaningofCtproduct?
2)InadditiontoCandt,whatfactorsinfluencetherateofdisinfection?
3)Whatkindofmicrobesismostdifficulttoinactivatebyfreechlorine?

1)Ctproduct isacombinedeffectofdisinfectantconcentrationandcontact
timetoachievecertainlevelofinactivationforagivenmicroorganism
viewedasthe
comparethe andthe
2)
3)

Disinfection
DisinfectionofCryptosporidiumparvum

very somewhat not

effective effective effective
heating ammonia phenol
(>73C,>1min) chlorine(bleach) formaldehyde
freezing UVlight ethanol
(<20C,>24h) iodine isopropylalcohol
methylbromide hydrogenperoxide Lysol
ethyleneoxide
drying,>4h
Disinfection
Disinfection
Disinfectantbyproducts(DBPs)
reactionofnaturalorganicmatter
withHOCl
trihalomethanes(THMs)

0.06mgL1 bromodichloro

haloaceticacids(HAAs)

0.05mgL1 dichloro

haloacetonitriles

0.02mgL1 chloro,dichloro

chlorite,chlorate

0.8mgL1

reactionofbromide(Br)withozone
bromate

0.050.1mgL1
Disinfection

chlorine
addition

pathogenic disinfection
microbes byproducts

PipeCorrosion
Corrosion
residentialplumbing
copperpipes
solder(leadtin;leadfree)
sweatingjoints
Problems
drinkingwatercontamination
copper
shortterm:gastrointestinal

longterm:kidney,liverdamage

lead
longterm:nervoussystemdamage,
bloodandbraindisorders,lowIQ
pipefailure(nonuniformcorrosion,pitting)
staining
 Whatcausescorrosion?
highoxidantconcentration
oxygen,hypochlorousacid(HOCl)
hightemperature
acceleratescorrosionreaction
lowalkalinity
promotespittingcorrosion
lowpH
limitsscaleformation
Whatpreventscorrosion?
waterquality
neutraltoslightlyalkalinepH(limeaddition)
mediumalkalinityandhardness
responsibilityofwatersupplier
plumbingpractices
minimizehotwatertemperature
usewaterflushablefluxesforsoldering
avoidstagnantsectionsofpiping