What are black holes

-In short, a black hole is an imploded star. When a massive star undergoes a supernova
explosion, it may leave behind burned our stellar remnant. With no outward forces on
these remnant, the star collapses on itself, to a point with no volume and infinite density.
- The gravitational force from this point is so vast that light itself cannot escape the
gravitational field, and therefore gets sucked up into the mass itself. Thus creating a black
hole.

Spacetime curvature

-The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will deform
spacetime to form a black hole.

Foramtion of a black hole

-When a gigantic star reaches the final stage of its life and is about to go supernova
(which normally takes billions of years), it spends all the nuclear fuel by then. So it stops
burning and heating up and cannot create the nuclear energy required to feed the star
and let it make a pivotal balance to support its own gravitational draw against the intense
pressures brewing inside.
-Its stability cracks under its own gravity.
-The radius of the star shrinks to a critical size, called the Schwarzschild radius .
-The outer shells of the star explode into the space. They may even fall into the already
dense black hole making it even heavier and denser. And thats how you get a stellar
mass black hole.

STRUCTURE OF A BLACK HOLE

-The Singularity: This is the region of the black hole where all the mass of the black hole
has been compressed down to nearly zero volume. As a result the singularity has almost
infinite density and creates an enormous gravitational force
-The Event Horizon: This is the "point of no return". Any object, even light, that is within
this radius cannot escape the gravitational pull of the black hole
-The Schwarzschild Radius: This is the event horizon's radius. It is the radius at which the
escape velocity is equal to the speed of light
-The Accretion Disk: This is a disk composed of stellar material that is spiraling towards
that black hole
-The Ergosphere: If the black hole is rotating, then as it spins, its mass causes the space
time around the black hole to rotate as well. This region is called the ergosphere.
-Jets of Gas: For some black holes high intensity magnetic fields are emitted
perpendicular to the accretion disk. This causes charged particles to circle these
magnetic field lines and creates jets of gas perpendicular to the acceleration disk.

Sizes of black holes

-Supermassive black holes: They are those who have masses of several million solar
masses. They are at the heart of many galaxies . Are formed in the same process that
gives rise to spherical components of galaxies.
-Stellar-mass black holes : They are formed when a star of mass 2.5 times that of the Sun
goes supernova and explodes. Its nucleus is concentrated in a very small volume is
reduced whenever more . This is the type of black hole for the first time goes into the
theory of general relativity.
-Micro black holes : They are hypothetical objects , somewhat smaller than stellar . If they
are small enough, they can get to evaporate in a relatively short period through emission
of Hawking radiation . This type of physical entities is postulated in some approaches to
quantum gravity, but can not be generated by a conventional process of gravitational
collapse , which requires higher mass to the Sun.

Falling into a black hole

-It would look quite different depending on your perspective. If you were safely away from
the black hole watching someone else fall in, you would see them speed up as they fell
towards it, but then slow down again as they approached the event horizon.
-Einsteins theory of general relativity says that in very high gravitational fields, time
slows down as observed by someone outside the gravitational field. At the event horizon,
time would stop. So you would see them get closer and closer to the event horizon, but
never actually reach it. They would seem to stay in suspended animation for ever.
-But it wouldnt seem like that from the perspective of the person falling in. The person
falling in would see themselves falling faster and faster towards the event horizon, then
plunging straight through it without any slowing down. Like everything else that fell
through the event horizon, they would fall straight to the singularity at the centre of the
black hole.
-Everything in the black hole would be concentrated in the centre at the singularity. It
would take only a fraction of a second after falling though the event horizon to reach the
singularity and be squashed to zero size.
-If the person were able to look back as they fell through the event horizon, though, they
would see the whole future of the universe unfold before their eyes, albeit rather dimly.
-Thats hypothetical, though .In actual fact the person would be spaghettified before they
reached the event horizon.

Hawking radioation

-Radiation theoretically emitted from just outside the event horizon of a black
hole. Stephen W. Hawking proposed in 1974 that subatomic particle pairs
(photons, neutrinos, and some massive particles) arising naturally near the event
horizon may result in one particles escaping the vicinity of the black hole while the other
particle, of negative energy, disappears into it. The flow of particles of negative energy
into the black hole reduces its mass until it disappears completely in a final burst
of radiation.

Information paradox

-Because a black hole has only a few internal parameters, most of the information about
the matter that went into forming the black hole is lost. Regardless of the type of matter
which goes into a black hole, it appears that only information concerning the total mass,
charge, and angular momentum are conserved. As long as black holes were thought to
persist forever this information loss is not that problematic, as the information can be
thought of as existing inside the black hole, inaccessible from the outside. However, black
holes slowly evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. This radiation does not appear to
carry any additional information about the matter that formed the black hole, meaning
that this information appears to be gone forever.

wormhole

-A wormhole, also known as an EinsteinRosen bridge, is a

hypothetical topological feature of spacetime that would fundamentally be a "shortcut"
through spacetime.
-Kerr showed that a spinning black hole would collapse not into a point, but to a ring of
fire. Because the ring was spinning rapidly, centrifugal forces would keep it from
collapsing. Remarkably, a space probe fired directly through the ring would not be
crushed into oblivion, but might actually emerge unscratched on the other side of the
Einstein-Rosen bridge, in a parallel universe. This wormhole may connect two parallel
universes, or even distant parts of the same universe.