Design of Pile Foundation

Pile foundation
Foundation, which transmits loads to deep soil strata ,
to stronger soil base and to a larger area of soil
through skin friction is pile foundation

Use of Pile Foundation

When the top layers of soil are weak
When there is possibility of deep scour of river bed
When lateral forces to the structure are considerably
prominent
When structure needs to be anchored to the ground
Types of Pile Foundation

Friction pile
Bearing pile
Bearing cum friction pile

Vertical pile
Rake pile

Rake pile Vertical pile

Bored pile
Driven pile
Positive Aspects of Driven Pile
Always uphold fast construction, ensure good
quality works
Negative Aspects Driven Pile
Create noise and vibration in construction
Requires precision driving in piling
Not suitable in boulders dominated soil
Elements of Pile
Pile Cushion (at the time of driving)
Pile Cap

Pile Cap

Stem

Pile

Shoe
Shoe
Driven Pile
Bored Pile
Types of Driven Pile Shoe
Arrangement of Driven Pile
Geometrical Requirements of Pile

Standard Size of Driven Pile

10 m 250mm 250mm
10 to 12 m 300mm 300mm
12 to 15 m 350mm 350mm
15 to 18 m 400mm 400mm
18 m 450mm 450mm
Design Consideration / Concept in the Design of Pile Foundation

Cast in situ bored pile

Longitudinal and transverse steel provided in piles should
enable the pile to
Provide necessary structural capacity
Allow free flow of concrete

Pre cast driven pile

Longitudinal and transverse steel provided in piles
should enable the pile to
Withstand handling stresses
Endure driving stresses
Provide necessary structural capacity
Allow free flow of concrete
 Design Steps of Bored Pile Foundation

1. Determine total vertical and

horizontal forces and moments at the P
bottom of support.
Find P, My , Mx , Hx , Hy
My
Hx

2. Assign approximate diameter /size of a pile and

thickness of pile cap.
Take
Diameter of pile 500 mm
Thickness of pile cap 0.5 spacing of pile

3. Decide the depth of pile after studying the

hydrological and geotechnical study of bridge site.
Magnitude of load, maximum scour depth and type
of soil as specified in bore hole log govern the depth
of pile.
4. Perform geotechnical design of pile, i.e. Find the vertical load carrying
capacity of a pile considering shaft capacity and base capacity of pile.
6. Find the approximate number of piles , arrange the pile and
find the size and thickness of the pile-cap according to the P
number of piles.

n = Tot. Vert. Loads/ Load carrying capacity of a pile

Minimum offset from the face of pile = 150 mm My
Hx
7. Check the forces assessed earlier at the bottom of the
pile-cap.
Calculate the maximum vertical load on a pile due to
total vertical loads and moments.
y
Pi,max = P/n + My (Xi / Xi ) + Mx (Yi / Yi )
Pi,min = P/n My (Xi / Xi ) Mx (Yi / Yi ) y2
y1
x x
Where,
y3 y4
Xi = (x12 + x22 + x32 + ... + xn2)
Yi = (y12 + y22 + y32 + ... +yn2)
xi = x 4 yi =y4 for maximum load x1 y x3
xi = x 2 yi =y2 for minimum load x2 x4
8. Check the capacity of the piles to resist the forces according to the
geotechnical and structural parameters

P max Structural strength of a pile = 0.25 fck Apile

Geotechnical capacity of a pile

Total vertical load n load carrying capacity of a pile

load carrying capacity of group of piles

9. Find the horizontal load carrying capacity of a pile .

Total horizontal force subjected to pile foundation is distributed equally among all piles.
H = H total / n

Check H Horizontal load carrying capacity of a pile

 Pile Under Horizontal Load
and Failure Mechanism of Pile

Types of Piles
Short pile Free head pile
Pile
Long pile Fixed head pile

H
e
H

Behaves like a rigid

L pile. Pile rotates Behaves like a rigid
about a point of pile. Pile moves
L
rotation and fails horizontally and fails
due to soil failure due to soil failure

Free head short pile Fixed head short pile

H
e
H

L Behaves like a Behaves like a

flexible pile. Pile flexible pile. Pile
L
bends and fails due bends and fails due
to structural failure to structural failure

Free head long pile Fixed head long pile

Short pile fails when passive resistance of soil is exceeded while in

rotation or in translation.

Long pile fails when moment capacity of pile at the yield point
exceeded.
Behaviour of pile may be rigid or flexible. Stiffness of pile soil system determine the behaviour of
pile. Stiffness of pile soil system is represented by R and T.
R and T depends on EI of pile and soil modulus (compressibility of soil). Soil modulus depends on
the type of soil, width of pile and depth of influence area and found with Terzaghis sub grade
reaction.

Soil modulus of over consolidated clay is assumed to be constant over the depth and
is equal to
Where,
K= k1/1.5
k1 = Terzaghis constant, which depends on
undrained compressive strength of soil qu
D Dia. of pile
EI Flexural stiffness of pile

Soil modulus of normally consolidated clay is equal to

Where,
nh = Coefficient of modulus variation
nh = KD/x
x - depth of soil considered
EI Flexural stiffness of pile

If L 4T or L 3.5 R Pile is long

If L 2T or L 2 R Pile is short
 Horizontal load carrying capacity of a pile
Refer Brooms graph to determine horizontal load
carrying capacity of a pile

1. Short pile
Where,
Hu Ultimate horizontal load
carrying capacity of pile
Cu Undrained shear strength
of soil
D Diameter of pile
L Embedded length of pile
Kp Coefficient of passive
2. Long pile earth pressure
Unit weight of soil
M yield Yielding moment of
pile
10. Perform structural design of the piles
Reinforcement requirements of pile

Ast min Pref. Min. Spacing of

Type of Pile
% Ast% long. Bar ,mm
Bored 0.4 - 100

Driven
L/D < 30 1.25
= 30-40 0.8 1.5
>40 2 100
Reinforcement of Driven Pile

D
Tie Spiral tie

3D 0.6 D
%
A A

0.4 D Section A-A

%
3D
0.3
%

0.2
% Section B-B
0.2
%

0.3
%
3D
B B
0.4 x Shoe Details
%
1

0.6 X = 2 for clay

3D % = 3 for sand
= 4 for gravel

Shoe
Reinforcement of Bored Pile

Depth of Section at A-A

fixity

A A
11. Perform structural design of the pile-cap

Pile Cap
Pile cap is designed in the manner similar to the design of spread/isolated
footing. It is designed at critical sections for BM, one way shear and two way
shear.

d
Critical section for
y bending moment

x x

Critical section for

one way shear Critical section at d/2 from
y the face of pile for two way
shear

d effective depth of cap

 Requirements of concrete works
for pile foundation works

Slump Cover Required cement W/c Grade of

Type of Pile
mm mm content ,kg/m 3 ratio, max concrete
Driven cast in situ pile 100-150 50-70 400 0.5 M25
Water free concrete pouring
Bored pile 50-70 400
Concrete pouring under water
150-200 0.5 M25

Pre-cast driven pile - 40-50 330 0.5 M20

Prestressed pre-cast 40-50
- - - M40
pile