M6 CV RC G 007 (R2)

TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION: TITLE
SHEET iOF iii

TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS OF 4
DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS
FILE NAME: TCE.M6-CV-RC-G-007(R2) . DOC
REV.NO R0 R1 R2 ISSUE
INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN
PPD.BY VTK Sd/- KSS Sd/- KSS
CKD.BY SNM Sd/- MSCN Sd/- BRR R2
APP.BY MRR Sd/- MGK Sd/- SMP
DATE 1981-03-12 2000-02-15 30-10-2009

TCE FORM NO. 020R3
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION:REV STAT
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SHEET OF iii
TCE.M6-CV-RC-G- DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS
CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE SHEET NO
1.0 SCOPE 1
2.0 APPLICABLE CODES AND BOOKS 1
3.0 NOTATIONS 2
4.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 5
5.0 INPUT DATA 6
6.0 LOADS 6
7.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS 23
8.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES 24
9.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE 25
10.0 CHIMNEY PROGRAM 34
11.0 DESIGN EXAMPLE 34
12.0 DESIGN OF STRAKES 85
REVISION STATUS SHEET

ISSUE
R2
FORM NO.120R2
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION:REV STAT
iii
SHEET OF iii
REV.NO. DATE DESCRIPTION

R1 2000-02-15 DESIGN GUIDE REVISED TO
SATISFY IS:4998(PART 1)-1992
R2 30-10-2009 GENERALLY REVISED
ISSUE
R2
FORM NO.120R2
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION: WRITE-UP
SHEET 1 OF 89
1.0 SCOPE
This guide sets out the procedure to be followed for the design of
reinforced concrete chimney shell, for single or multiflue chimneys. Method
of estimation of loads due to wind as per IS:4998 is also explained. Design
of corbels is covered in M6-CV-RC-P-015.
2.0 APPLICABLE CODES AND BOOKS
(a) IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1975* : Criteria for design of reinforced

concrete chimneys Design
Criteria
(b) IS 4998 (Part 1 ) : 1992* : Criteria for design of reinforced

concrete chimneys Assessment
of Loads
(c) IS 456 : 1978 : Code of practice for plain and

reinforced concrete
(d) IS 1893 : 1984 : Criteria for earthquake resistant

design of structures
(e) IS 875 : 1987 : Code of practice for design loads

(other than earthquake) for
buildings and structures
(i) Part 1 : Dead loads

(ii) Part 2 : Imposed loads
(iii) Part 3 : Wind loads
(f) ACI 307 : 1979** : Specification for the design and

construction of reinforced
concrete chimneys
(g) Tall chimneys : Design & Construction

S.N.Manohar
(h) Reinforced concrete chimneys & towers G.M.Pinfold
NOTE * IS:4998-1992 gives procedure for Assessment of wind loading only. All
other requirements including design criteria is as per IS:4998-1975
** ACI 307-1979 being followed even though 2008 issue for strength
method of design is available as IS still follows Working Stress Method
of design
3.0 NOTATIONS
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 2 OF 89
FZ = Along wind load or drag force per unit height.

pZ = Design wind pressure obtained in accordance with IS 875
(Part 3)
z = Height of any section of the chimney (mts) measured from
top of foundation
CD = Drag co-efficient of the chimney
dz = Diameter of chimney at height z in mts.
Vcri = Critical wind speed for the ith mode of vibration
fi = Modal frequency for ith mode of vibration.
d = Effective diameter of chimney i.e., the average diameter over
the top 1/3 height of chimney.
Sn = Strouhal number to be taken as 0.2.
oi = Peak tip deflection due to vortex shedding in the I th mode of
vibration in m.
CL = Peak oscillatary lift co-efficient to be taken as 0.16
H = Height of chimney in m above ground level
zi = Mode shape function normalised with respect to the dynamic
amplitude at top of the chimney in the Ith mode of vibration.
Ksi = Mass damping parameter for the Ith mode of vibration
s = Logarithmic decrement of structural damping = 2
= Structural damping as a fraction of critical damping to be
taken as 0.016
= Mass density of air to be taken as 1.2 kg/m3.
mei = Equivalent mass per unit length in kg/m in the I th mode of
vibration.
Fzoi = Shear force at any height zo for the Ith mode of vibration
Mzoi = Bending moment at any height zo for Ith mode of vibration
mz = Mass per unit length of the chimney at section z in kg/m.
Fzm = Wind load in N/m height due to Hourly Mean Wind (HMW)
at height z.
G = Gust factor
gf = Peak factor defined as the ratio of the expected peak value to
RMS value of fluctuating load
r = Twice the turbulance intensity
B = Background factor indicating the slowly varying component
of wind load fluctuation
E = A measure of the available energy in the wind at the natural
frequency of chimney
S = Size reduction factor
VID = Hourly mean wind speed in m/sec. at 10 m above ground
level
CL = RMS lift co-efficient to be taken as 0.12
= Equivalent aspect ratio = H/d
L = Correlation length in diameters, which may be taken as 1.0 in
the absence of field data.
ka = Aerodynamic damping co-efficient to be taken as 0.5
Moe / Moi = External and internal ring moments
rm = Mean radius of the shell at the section under consideration in
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 3 OF 89
m.
Tx = Temperature gradient
t = Thickness of concrete shell in m.
tb = Thickness of lining in m.
T = Maximum temperature of gas inside chimney in 0C
To = Minimum temperature of outside air surrounding chimney in
0
C
Cb = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of chimney lining in kilo
calories per metre per hour per degree centigrade difference
of temperature
CC = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of the concrete of
chimney shell in kilo calories per metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature
CS = Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of insulation between
lining and shell in the kilo calories per metre per hour per
degree centigrade difference of temperature
Db = Mean diameter of lining in m.
Dbi = Inside diameter of lining in m.
DC = Mean diameter of concrete chimney shell in m.
DCi = Inside diameter of concrete chimney shall be in m.
DCO = Outside diameter of concrete chimney shell in m.
DS = Mean diameter of space between lining and shell in m.
K1 = Co-efficient of heat transmission from gas to inner surface of
chimney lining when chimney is lined or to inner surface of
chimney shell when chimney is unlined in kilo calories per
square metre per hour per degree centigrade difference of
temperature.
K2 = Co-efficient of heat transmission from outside surface of
chimney shell to surrounding air in kilo calories per square
metre per hour per degree centigrade difference of
temperature.
Kr = Co-efficient of heat transmission by radiation between
outside surface of lining & inside surface of concrete chimney
shell in kilo calories per square metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature
KS = Co-efficient of heat transfer between outside surface of lining
and inside surface of wall for chimney with ventilated air
space in kilo calories per square metre per hour per degree
centigrade difference of temperature.
rq = Ratio of heat transmission through chimney shell to heat
transmission through lining for chimneys with ventilated air
spaces.
Mk = Moment due to corbel in N-m.
W = Load due to corbel in N.
e = Distance between centre line of the shell and the centre of
gravity of the load in m.
ts = Thickness of the shell at the section under consideration in m.
cu = 28 days ultimate cube strength of concrete in kg/cm2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 4 OF 89
sy = Yield or proof stress of steel in kg/cm2

m = Modular ratio
p = Ratio of area of steel to concrete
np = Mp/(1-p)
r = Mean radius of chimney shell in stress calculation
W = Axial load in stress calculation`
M = Moment in stress calculation
e = M/W
fc = Vertical stress in concrete due to axial and moment
fc(max) = Maximum vertical stress in concrete due to axial load and
moment
fs = Maximum vertical stress in steel due to axial load and
moment
fsh = Compressive stress in steel on hot face
fsc = Tensile stress in steel on cold face.
Ft = Fictitious stress = 0.5 x x Ec x Tx
= Co-efficient of linear expansion for concrete and steel = 11 x
10-6 / 0C
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete
k = Ratio of steel area on hot face to total steel area
a = Ratio of steel cg distance from inner surface of chimney shell
to total shell thickness.
t = Total shell thickness
ctc = Maximum circumferential stress in concrete due to
temperature alone.
L = Co-efficient of linear expansion for concrete and steel = 11 x
10-6 / 0C
P1 = Ratio of circumferential steel area to total shell area per unit

height
Z1 = Ratio of outside circumferential steel cg distance from inner
surface of chimney shell to total shell thickness
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel
STC = Maximum circumferential tensile stress in steel due to
temperature alone
CWCT = Maximum circumferential tensile stress in concrete due to
wind induced ring moment.
CWCC = Maximum circumferential compressive stress in concrete due
to wind induced ring moment
SWCT = Maximum circumferential tensile stress in steel due to wind
induced ring moment
WP = Wind pressure in kg/cm2
r = Mean radius of chimney shell at section under consideration
in cm
t1 = Thickness of shell from compression face to centre line of
circumferential steel
f"CWC = Maximum circumferential compressive stress in concrete due
to wind induced ring moments
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 5 OF 89
C = Ratio of inside face circumferential reinforcing steel area to

the outside circumferential reinforcing steel area.
fswc = Maximum tensile stress in circumferential reinforcement due
to wind induced ring moments.
4.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
A reinforced concrete chimney is usually of two types
(a) Single flue - when one chimney serves one boiler

(b) Multi flue - when one chimney serves more than one boiler
Both single flue and multiflue chimneys can have either brick lining or steel
lining.
In case of single flue chimneys with brick lining, the lining is supported on
corbels or a grid work of beams at every 10 m intervals or less. If the lining
is of steel, then major portion of lining is supported from the top of
chimney (top hung) and a small portion of lining is supported at the bottom.
Lateral restraint is provided for the lining at certain intervals.
In case of multiflue chimneys with brick lining, the lining is supported on a

grid work of beams with platform at every 10 m intervals or less. If the
lining is of steel then again a major portion of lining is supported from the
top of chimney (top hung) and a small portion of lining is supported at the
bottom. Lateral restraint is provided for the lining at certain intervals.
Internal platforms with a grid work of beams are provided to access the
flues. A roof slab at top covers the chimney with provision to access it
through a manhole at roof level. There is also a provision to collect rain
water at roof level, bring it down through downtake pipes and collect it in a
sump.
Design of steel flue is covered in M6-CV-034
5.0 INPUT DATA
The following information is required before proceeding with the design of

chimney shell.
5.1 Data from Mechanical Department
(i) Height of the chimney

(ii) Location, number and sizes of flue duct openings
(iii) Internal diameter of the flue at top and at duct opening level
(iv) Maximum temperature and velocities of flue gases
(v) Volume and density of ash to be collected
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 6 OF 89
5.2 Data from Electrical and Instrumentation Department
(i) Location and number of Aviation warning lights

(ii) Location and number of openings for instrumentation
(iii) Requirement for Rack and Pinion type Lift
5.3 Project Data
(i) Maximum and minimum ambient temperatures

(ii) Basic wind speed and terrain factor as per IS:875 (Part 3)
(iii) Seismic zone
6.0 LOADS
As per IS 4998 : 1992, the following loads shall be considered to act on the
chimney shell
(a) Dead loads

(b) Imposed loads
(c) Wind loads
(d) Earthquake loads
(e) Temperature effects or Thermal loads
(f) Moment due to corbel loads
6.1 Dead Loads
Dead loads shall include the weight of chimney shell, liners, liner supports,
other accessories and load of ash and soot as applicable. Unit weight of the
materials shall be taken in accordance with IS 875 (Part 1). Unit weight of
certain materials are listed below :
Concrete = 25 kN/m
Brick lining = 20 kN/m
Acid proof tiles = 20 kN/m
Mortar = 20.4 kN/m
Cellular concrete = 24 kN/m
Ash (Flue dust, dry) = 7.05 kN/m
Steel = 78.5 kN/m
Insulation around flue = 0.80 kN/m3
6.2 Imposed Loads
Imposed loads shall be taken in accordance with IS 875 (Part 2). The
imposed loads on internal platform and roof of multiflue chimneys shall
include appropriate loads during construction. For the overall design of
chimney shell and foundation, imposed loads need not be considered.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 7 OF 89
However, for design of individual structural elements such as platforms,

etc. and for local strengthening of the shell, appropriate imposed loads shall
be considered. In the absence of data, the live load on platform can be
assumed as 5 kN/m2. Roof supporting steel framing beams, in the case of
steel flues shall be designed to support concentrated load transmitted by
flue erecting structures. In addition this slab shall also be designed to
support a live load of 15 kN/m2
6.3 Wind Loads
The method of estimating wind loads is given in Annex A of IS 4998 (Part

1) : 1992. In order to estimate the dynamic wind loads, the mode shapes
and frequencies of the chimney shell is necessary. Hence, prior to the
calculation of the wind loads, a free vibration analysis of the chimney shell
has to be done considering it to be a cantilever fixed at base. Any standard
method like STAAD-III, involving discretization of the structure and
assuming it to be made of a homogeneous material with a suitable value of
elastic modulus can be used. The following values of the modulus of
elasticity of concrete shall be considered for calculating the natural
frequencies.
Grade of Concrete Modulus of Elasticity (N/m)
M25 3.20 x 1010

M30 3.35 x 1010
M35 3.50 x 1010
M40 3.60 x 1010
Wind effect on chimney shell are
(a) Static or Along-wind load with or without aerodynamic interference

This load induces vibrations in chimneys in the direction of wind.
(b) Unsteady force with or without aerodynamic interference This force

induces vibrations in chimneys in a direction perpendicular to the
direction of wind flow. The force induced in the direction of wind is
called Along-wind force and that perpendicular to the direction of
wind as Across wind force.
As per IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992, both the along and across wind forces shall
be calculated by two methods
(i) Simplified method As indicated in clause A-4 and

(ii) Random response method As indicated in clause A-5.
The method which yields higher moments shall be considered for the design
of chimney shell.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 8 OF 89
As the formulae given in the code are not fully explicit, they have been
listed here along with a brief explanation.
6.3.1 Simplified method
6.3.1.1 Along-wind load or drag force
The along wind load or drag force per unit height of the chimney at any
level shall be calculated from the equation
Fz = pz . CD . dz ---------(1)
pz = design wind pressure obtained in accordance with IS 875 (Part 3)
z = height of any section of the chimney in mts measured from top of

foundation
CD = drag coefficient of the chimney
dz = diameter of chimney at height z in mts
The design wind pressure (pz) shall be calculated using the 3 seconds gust
wind indicated in clause 5.3 and 5.4 of IS 875 (Part 3). Risk coefficient
factor (k1) is read from Table 1 of IS 875 (Part 3) with the following
condition : The mean probable design life of structure is taken as 25 years
for Shell only condition and as 100 years for shell & lining condition.
Terrain, height and structure size factor (k 2) is read from Table 2 of IS 875
(Part 3) and topography factor (k3) is generally taken equal to 1.
The drag coefficient (CD) of the chimney shell shall be taken as 0.8.
However, if strakes are mounted on the surface of chimney, the drag
coefficient shall be modified as indicated in Table 1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) :
1992.
The moments in the chimney shell shall be calculated treating the chimney
as a free standing structure. For this purpose, sections in the chimney shell
shall be taken at 10m intervals along the height of shell or at every corbel
level whichever distance is less. The load at any section shall be calculated
by suitably arranging the loads above and below it.
6.3.1.2 Across-wind loads
In order to calculate across-wind loads, the following procedure shall be

followed.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 9 OF 89
(a) Calculate the effective diameter (d) of chimney shell This is taken as
average diameter over the top 1/3 height of chimney.
For ex. Case 1 For a 150 m high chimney with following

configuration for top 1/3 height (Refer fig.1)
5000 + 7000
Average dia is calculated as d = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
Case 2 For a 150 m high chimney with following configuration for

top 1/3 height (Refer fig.2)
5000 + 7000
Average dia is calculated as d = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
This is on the conservative side.
(b) Calculate the wind speed at 5/6 height of chimney using the factors k 1,
k2 and k3 as obtained in clause 6.3.1.1.
(c) Calculate the critical wind speed (Vcri) for the ith mode of vibration
from the following equation
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 10 OF 89
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 11 OF 89
fi x d
Vcri = ----- ----------(2)
Sn
Where fi is the modal frequency for ith mode of vibration
d is the effective diameter as calculated in (a) above and
Sn is strouhal number to be taken as 0.2.
All the modes which give a critical wind speed upto 10% more
than wind speed calculated in item (b) above shall be considered
for subsequent analysis.
(d) For the ith mode of vibration, calculate the amplitude of vortex excited
oscillation perpendicular to the direction of wind by the formula
H
dz zi dz
o
CL
oi = ----------------- x ----------------- ----------(3)
H
2zi dz 4 S2n Ksi
o
oi = peak tip deflection due to vortex shedding in the ith mode of

vibration in m.
CL = peak oscillatory lift coefficient to be taken as 0.16
H = height of chimney in m
Sn = Strouhal number to be taken as 0.2
zi = mode shape function normalized with respect to the dynamic

amplitude at top of the chimney in the ith mode of vibration
Ksi = mass damping parameter for the ith mode of vibration
2mei s /(d 2 ) ----------

(4)
s = logarithmic decrement of structural damping = 2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 12 OF 89
= structural damping as a fraction of critical damping to be

taken as 0.016
= mass density of air to be taken as 1.2 kg/m
d = effective diameter as calculated in (a) above
mei = equivalent mass per unit length in kg/m in the ith mode of
vibration
H
mz zi dz
o
= ----------------- ----------(5)
H
zi dz
o
All the above parameters are calculated by integrating over the total
height of the chimney. In the actual case, the integration can be
achieved by dividing the chimney into large number of small segments
and calculating the value of the integrals at the middle of each
segment. The values so obtained are summed over the total height of
the chimney.
The above calculation of oi is acceptable upto 4 percent of the

effective diameter. If the so computed value of oi exceeds 4 percent
of the effective diameter, the amplitude of oscillation oi shall be
increased as follows :
Amplitude of oscillation oi (for computed value of oi 0.04d)
= (computed value of oi) / (0.4d) ----------(6)
(e) For the ith mode of vibration, calculate the shear force Fzoi and bending
moment Mzoi at any height zo of the section from the equations
H
Fzoi = 4 fi oi mz zi dz ----------(7)
zo
H
Mzoi = 4 fi oi mz zi (z zo) dz ----------(8)
zo
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 13 OF 89
fi = natural frequency of the chimney in Hz in the ith mode of

vibration
mz = mass per unit length of the chimney at section z in kg/m
(f) Repeat steps (d) and (e) for all the modes to be considered as per step
(c) above.
6.3.2 Random response method
6.3.2.1 Along-wind response
The along-wind response of a chimney shall be calculated by the Gust

Factor method. The use of Gust Factor method requires a knowledge of
Hourly Mean Wind Speed (HMW). Hourly mean wind speed at any height
(z), shall be obtained as per IS 875 (Part 3).
The along-wind load per unit height at any height z on a chimney shall be
calculated from the equation
Fz = Fzm + Fzf ----------(9)
Where, Fzm is the wind load in N/m height due to HMW at height z and is
given by
_
Fzm = pz . CD . dz ----------(10)
The design wind pressure (pz) shall be calculated using the HMW speed
indicated in clause 8.2 and 8.3 of IS 875 (Part 3). Factors k 1 and k3 will be
the same as calculated in clause 5.3.1.1. Terrain, height and structure size
factor (k2) shall be read from Table 33 of IS 875 (Part 3).
The drag coefficient (CD) of the chimney shell shall be taken as 0.8.
however, if strakes are mounted on the surface of chimney, the drag
coefficient shall be modified as indicated in Table 1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) :
1992.
Fzf is the wind load in N/m height due to the fluctuating component of wind
at height z and is given by
3 (G-1) z H
Fzf = -------- --- Fzm . z . dz ----------(11)
H H o
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 14 OF 89
H is height of chimney above ground level
G is the Gust Factor which shall be calculated from the equation
G = 1 + gf . r {B ( SE / )} ----------(12)
Where
gf = peak factor defined as the ratio of the expected peak value to RMS
value of the fluctuating load
0.577
= (2 log e T ----------(13)
2 log e T
r = twice the turbulence intensity
= 0.622 0.178 log10 H ----------(14)

B = background factor indicating the slowly varying component of
wind load fluctuation
-0.88
0.63
H
= 1+ ----- ----------(15)
265
E = a measure of the available energy in the wind at the natural

frequency of chimney
_
[ 123 ( f1 / v10 ) . H0.21 ]
= ---------------------------------------- ----------(16)
_
[ 1 + ( 330 f1 / v10 ) . H0.42 ] 0.83
S = size reduction factor

_
= [ 1 + 5.78 (f1 / v10 )1.14 . H0.98 ]-0.88 ----------(17)
3600 f1
T = ----------------- ----------(18)
1 + B 1/2
SE
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 15 OF 89
f1 = natural frequency of chimney in the first mode of vibration in Hz

_
v10 = hourly mean wind speed in m/sec at 10 m above ground level
_
= Vb . k2 ----------(19)
6.3.2.2 Across-wind loads
In order to calculate across-wind loads, the following procedure shall be

followed
(a) Calculate the effective diameter (d) of chimney shell as explained in

clause 6.3.1.2 (a).
(b) Calculate the wind speed at 5/6 height of chimney using the factors
k1, k2 and k3 as given in clause 6.3.2.1.
(c) Calculate the critical wind speed (Vcri) for the ith mode of vibration
as explained in clause 6.3.1.2 (c). All the modes which give a critical
wind speed upto 10% more than wind speed calculated in item (b)
above shall be considered for subsequent analysis.
(d) Calculate the taper of chimney. Taper is defined as 2(d av dtop) / H

where dav is the average outer diameter over the top half of chimney,
dtop is the outer diameter at top and H is the height of chimney above
ground level.
(dtop + dmidheight)
dav is calculated as --------------------- irrespective of the
2
chimney profile between the two levels.
For example:

top half of chimney (Refer fig.3)
5000 + 7000
dav = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
2 (6000 5000)
Taper = -------------------- = 0.01333 = 1 in 75
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 16 OF 89
150000

top half of chimney (Refer fig.4)
5000 + 7000
dav = --------------- = 6000 mm
2
2 (6000 5000)
Taper = -------------------- = 0.01333 = 1 in 75
150000
(e) If the taper of chimney is less than or equal to 1 in 50, calculate the
peak response amplitude (oi) for the ith mode of vibration by the
formula
_
1.25 CL . d . (Hi) x d _ L _
S n
2
mei 2 ( +2)
oi = ----------------------------------------------------- ------(20)
H 1/2 1/2
1 _ 2zi dz - ka d
o
H mei
Where
= equivalent aspect ratio = H/d

_
CL = RMS lift coefficient to be taken as 0.12
FORM NO. 120R2

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FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 18 OF 89
L = correlation length in diameters, which may be taken as 1.0 in

the absence of field data
ka = aerodynamic damping coefficient to be taken as 0.5
(f) If the taper of chimney is greater than 1 in 50, calculate the peak
response amplitude (oi) for the ith mode of vibration by the formulae
_
CL(d4ze) zei (Hi) L 1/2
2t
oi = -------------------------------------------------- -----(21)
H
2 S n mei 2zi . dz .
2
- ka d 1/2
o
mei
where
Zei = height in mt. at which d4z zi is maximum in the ith mode

t
of vibration
t = - _ (dz) + . dz ----------(22)
z z z = zei
= Power law exponent and shall be taken as given below
Terrain category
1 0.10
2 0.14
3 0.18
4 0.34
3 km from sea shore 0.12
In the above equations both zei and t are unknowns. Hence initially
it is assumed that ze = H and the value of t is calculated. Then the
term d4z zi (say equal to x) is evaluated.
t
The value of z is progressively decreased and the value of x is

evaluated. The value of oi is calculated at height z where x is
maximum. The procedure is repeated for all significant modes.
For very tall chimneys oi may not show a maximum in any of the
modes. In such a case the value of ze shall be taken as that value
where Vcr for that mode equals the maximum expected wind
velocity Vz at ze.
FORM NO. 120R2

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(g) Calculate the shear force Fzoi and bending moment Mzoi at any
height zo as explained in clause 6.3.1.2 (e).
(h) Repeat steps (e) or (f) and (g) for all the modes to be considered as
per step (c) above.
6.3.3 Circumferential wind loads
The wind pressure distribution around a chimney is not uniform. This

induces circumferential ring moments. The circumferential moments due to
wind are calculated by the formula
Moe or Moi = 0.33 pz . rm in N-m/m height ----------(23)
Where
Moe and Moi = external and internal ring moments
pz = design wind pressure at height z in N/m and
rm = mean radius of the shell at the section under consideration

in mts
The design wind pressure (pz), for the circumferential ring moments, shall
be obtained in accordance with IS 875 (Part 3) clause 5.3 and 5.4, treating
the chimney as class A structure.
The hoop force and shear due to ovalling need not be considered.
6.3.4 Ovalling oscillations
Because of the relatively small thickness of the chimney at the top

compared to its diameter, possibilities of ovalling oscillations will have to
be examined only if the diameter of the chimney exceeds 75 times the wall
thickness at top.
6.3.5 Aerodynamic interference
All the above calculations for wind load are for isolated chimney. When a
cluster of chimneys is present, aerodynamic interference between them may
increase the total wind load. Aerodynamic interference shall be considered
for along-wind load only if the spacing between the centre lines of the
chimneys is less than 3 times the effective diameter of the largest chimney.
The enhancement in wind loads will be due to an increase in the value of
CD. The value of CD for each chimney located within a distance of 3 times
the effective diameter, may be calculated by assuming the value of CD to be
increasing linearly from 0.8 (for a spacing of 3 effective diameters) to a
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 20 OF 89
value of 2.0 (for a hypothetical spacing of 1 effective diameter which

implies that the two chimneys touch each other if they are cylindrical and
identical). These values of CD apply up to the height of the nearest
interfering chimney, if the chimneys are of unequal height. It is permissible
to obtain more accurate values of CD by carrying out properly conducted
model tests in wind tunnels.
When identical chimneys are spaced at less than 20 times the diameter at
2/3rd height, the amplitudes of oscillation of the downstream chimneys are
found to be magnified due to aerodynamic interference. The term
magnification is used to denote the ratio of the amplitude of across-wind
oscillation when there is periodic vortex induced aerodynamic interference
to the amplitude of across-wind oscillations when there is no aerodynamic
interference. For a given configuration of identical chimneys, the
magnification factor for the across-wind amplitude oi (calculated as per
clause 6.3.1.2 or 6.3.2.2) is indicated in Fig.1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992. In
case of dissimilar chimneys a model study is necessary to determine the
magnification factor.
6.3.6 Remedial measures for suppressing across wind oscillation
The across wind oscillations can be suppressed by providing discrete

strakes on the outer surface of the chimney. Clause A-7 of IS 4998 (Part-
1) : 1992 gives the details of strakes. The provision of strakes increases the
drag coefficient over the height where they are mounted. The incremental
drag coefficient is indicated in Table 1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992, and they
should be added to the basic drag coefficient CD = 0.8.
Discrete strakes can also be used to suppress or minimize large across-wind

amplitudes in single chimneys. In such cases, magnification in Table 1 shall
be taken as the ratio of the calculated across-wind amplitude to the along-
wind amplitude.
6.4 Seismic Loads
The seismic loads on a chimney are estimated using the response spectrum
method. The mode shapes and natural frequencies obtained for dynamic
wind load analysis can also be used to conduct a seismic analysis for the
chimney. Usually the first five modes are considered for analysis. In the
absence of a site specific response spectrum, the spectrum indicated in IS
1893 shall be used for the estimation of earthquake loads.
In order to estimate the seismic loads, the chimney shall be considered as a

cantilever fixed at base and any standard method like STAAD III involving
discretization of the structure and lumping the mass at the nodes can be
used.
6.5 Thermal Loads
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 21 OF 89
Thermal loads are induced due to temperature gradients present in chimney

shell. The temperature gradients are significant for single flue chimneys with
or without ventilated air space. Those chimneys which enclose well
insulated flues situated some distance from the shell and in which the
intermediate space is sufficient to provide access for inspection, rarely have
temperature design problems.
6.5.1 Estimation of temperature gradient
Clause D-2.2.3 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975 gives the formula for calculating
temperature gradient across chimney shell. Four cases have been considered
(a) Unlined chimneys

(b) Lined chimneys with insulation completely filling the space between
the lining and shell
(c) Lined chimneys with unventilated air space
(d) Lined chimneys with ventilated air space.
Case (a), (b) and (c) are now obsolete. Hence Case (d) has been dealt
further.
As per clause C-1 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975, chimneys with ventilated air
space should satisfy the following conditions:
(i) Air inlets shall be provided near the base with proper covering for the
openings so as to prevent any dirt or tiny creatures entering the air
gap.
(ii) The number and size of openings in the chimney wall and each corbel
shall be such as to have a total area of not less than two-thirds of the
area of minimum air gap.
(iii) Such openings in shell may be distributed in more than one layer, if
required, to minimize the reduction in shell area which may otherwise
weaken the shell.
(iv) Adequate arrangement should be made at the top of chimney for

egress of the heated air.
As per equation 15 of IS 4998 (Part 1) 1975, temperature gradient
tDbi T - To
Tx = ------ ------------------------------------------------- ------
(24)
CcDc 1_+ tb Dbi_ + Dbi + tDbi + Dbi _
rqK1 rqCbDb KsDs CcDc K2 Dco
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 22 OF 89
NOTE : The research data available to establish the coefficients of heat

transfer through chimney lining and wall, specially as they concern
the heat transfer from gases to the surfaces and through ventilated
air spaces between lining and wall, are somewhat meagre. Unless
complete heat balance studies are made for the particular chimney,
it is permissible to use constants as stated below. These constants
when entered into the equations for temperature differential
through the chimney shell,Tx, will give values of accuracy in
keeping with the basic design assumptions:
rq = 0.5 K1 = to be determined from curves in Fig.3 of

IS:4998(part1)-1975
Cc = 1.488 K2 = 58.59
Cs and Cb = to be obtained from the manufacturer of the
materials used
Kr = 0.0732 T + 1.3
Ks = 0.0586 T + 1.0
The value of rq = 0.5 shall apply only where the distance between
the lining and the chimney shell is not less than 100 mm
throughout the entire height of the lining and air inlet openings are
provided through the chimney shell at the bottom of the lining
having an area in square centimetres numerically equal to twenty
times the inside diameter in centimetres of the chimney shell at the
top of the lining. Local obstructions in the air space between the
lining and the chimney shell shall not restrict the area of the air
space at any horizontal section to less than that specified for air
inlet at the bottom of the lining.
6.6 Moment due to Corbel Loads
As per clause 5.5 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992,
Moment due to loads on corbels, MK is
MK = . W.e ----------(25)
Where
MK = moment due to corbel in N-m

W = load due to corbel in N and
e = distance between centre line of the shell and the centre of gravity of
the load in m
whenever the corbel is above or below an opening, the moment M K shall be

taken = W.e
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 23 OF 89
In the above formula (+) and (-) refer to the tension on inner face of the
shell above the corbel and outer face of the shell below the corbel
respectively. The effect of this may be taken as distributed over a length
equivalent to the depths of the corbel at the junction with the shell or 0.76
(rmts), in m whichever is greater, where
rm = mean radius of the shell at section under consideration in m
ts = thickness of the shell at the section under consideration in m
7.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS
As per clause 5.3 of IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1992, the various load combinations
to be considered for the design of chimney shell shall be :
(a) Dead loads

(b) Dead loads + Wind loads
(c) Dead loads + Earthquake loads
(d) Dead loads + Thermal loads
(e) Dead loads + Wind loads + Thermal loads
(f) Dead loads + Earthquake loads + Thermal loads
(g) Circumferential effect due to wind
(h) Circumferential effect due to temperature
(i) Circumferential effect due to wind + temperature
NOTES
1. Across-wind loads shall be combined with the coexisting along-wind

loads. The combined design moment at any section shall be taken as the
root sum square of the moments due to the across-wind loads and the
co-existing along-wind loads.
2. Loading conditions (b) and (c) shall be considered for shell alone case
also.
3. Secondary effects due to deflection shall be considered for one cycle.
4. Design should also consider effects due to local loads, if any, on the
shell.
8.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
As per clause 7 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975, the stresses in concrete and

steel shall not exceed the following limits for various combinations of loads.
TABLE- 1 Permissible stresses
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 24 OF 89
Load Combination Stress limit in Stress limit

concrete in steel
a Dead load + wind load 0.275 cu 0.57 sy
b Dead load + earthquake force 0.40 cu 0.60 sy
c Dead load + temperature effect 0.33 cu 0.55 sy
d Dead load + wind load + temperature 0.50 cu 0.65 sy

effect
e Dead load + earthquake force + 0.50 cu 0.65 sy

temperature effect
f Circumferential stress due to temperature 0.30 cu 0.50 sy
g Circumferential stress due to wind 0.07 cu 0.50 sy

induced ring moment (tensile)
h Circumferential stress due to combined 0.40 cu 0.65 sy

effect of wind induced ring moment and (compressive
temperature )
cu = 28 days ultimate cube strength of concrete in kg/cm

sy = yield or proof stress of steel in kg/cm
Stress limits has not been specified for dead load alone case. For this case,
the value specified in (a) above may be used. The stresses in concrete due
to wind induced ring moments shall be estimated neglecting the effect of
reinforcement. If the tensile stress in concrete are less than the value
specified in (g) above, then minimum circumferential reinforcement shall be
provided. If the stress exceeds the limit, then circumferential reinforcement
shall be provided treating the section as a cracked section.
9.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE
9.1 Proportioning
The height of the chimney as well as the diameter at the top are normally
chosen so that exit velocity and dispersion of gases are within the specified
limits. The bottom diameter is more frequently controlled by the structural
requirements of both the concrete shell and the foundation. A height to
outside base diameter ratio in the range of 10-15 will provide good
proportion for the design of both the chimney and the foundation.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 25 OF 89
In cases of multiflue chimneys, the internal diameter is usually kept constant

with only the shell thickness varying with height.
9.2 Minimum Requirements
The following requirements regarding the chimney shell shall be adopted
1) The maximum width of the openings shall normally be limited to an

angle of not more than 60 subtended at the centre of the concrete
shell. Where the extent of shell left, between two openings, is limited
such that the subtended angle is less than 45, procedures as normally
adopted for column design, shall be adopted to check the adequacy of
the shell in this design.
2) The minimum thickness of concrete shell shall be 200 mm for

chimneys with an internal diameter of 8500 mm or less. For portions
having an internal diameter exceeding 8500 mm, the minimum shell
thickness shall be increased by 5 mm for every 500 mm (or part
thereof) increase in diameter over 8500 mm. For multi-flue chimneys
with steel flues which are top hung, it is preferable to have a minimum
thickness of 300mm for the concrete shell.
3) The grade of concrete in chimney shell shall be minimum M25 and

shall not be richer than M40 if slip forming is used.
9.3 Design Methodology
The chimney is designed as a cantilever beam of circular cross section.

Direct load is due to vertical load while moments are created by horizontal
wind or earthquake forces. The chimney is designed using working stress
method as explained in IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1975.
Stresses in the chimney shell are checked at various sections. Generally

these sections should be at 10 m intervals along the height of the shell or at
corbel levels whichever is less and in addition at the location of openings.
9.4 Formulae for stress calculation.
Appendix D of IS 4998 (Part I) 1975 gives the formulae for stress

calculation in chimney shell. But there is some difference in the formulae
when compared with ACI-307-1979. Text book Tall chimneys Design
and Construction by S. N. Manohar also gives a set of formulae for
calculating the stresses which match with the ACI code. Hence, the
formulae given in the text book have been reproduced below.(Refer fig.5 )
9.4.1 Vertical stress due to axial load and moment.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 26 OF 89
1.0Neutral axis within section.
(a) For < < - ----------(26)
D = Sin - Sin - ( - ) Cos ----------(26a)
E = (-2--) Cos + Sin - Sin + 2Cos. Sin ----------(26b)
F =
1 2
cos 3 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos sin
2 1
----(26c)
2 4
G=
1 2 cos 2 0.25 2 cos 2.sin 2 3sin 2 sin 2
2
2
2 cos sin - 2cos .sin ----------(26d)
(b) For -<<+ ----------(27)
D = sin(-)-sin-(--)cos. ----------(27a)
E = (---)cos-sin+sin(+) ----------(27b)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 27 OF 89
F=
1 2
cos sin 2( ) sin 2 2 cos (sin( ) sin )
2 1
2 4
----------(27c)
1 1
G= ( )(1 2 cos 2 ) sin 2 sin 2( )
2 4
2 cos sin sin( ) ----------(27d)
(c) For +<<- ---------(28)
D = cos(2+-)-2cossin-sin+sin ----------(28a)
E ( ) cos sin sin ----------(28b)
1 1
F= ( 2 )(1 2 cos 2 ) 3 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 .sin 2
2 4
2 cos (sin 2 cos .sin ) ----------(28c)
1 2 1
G= ( )(1 2 cos ) (sin 2 3 sin 2 ) 2 cos . sin
2 4
-------(28d)
For cases (a), (b) and (c) above
cos cos
C ---------(29)
1 np D npE
c(cos cos )
S ---------(30)
cos cos
e 1 np F npG
cos ---------(31)
r 1 np D npE
mp
np ----------(32)
1 - p
2. Neutral axis outside section.
1 1
I= ( 2 ) (2 cos 2 .sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 )
2 4
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 28 OF 89
sin sin 2 cos . sin 2
2
---------(33)
x sin sin 2 cos . sin

1 ---------(34)
r 2
1 1 1 e X X
C ( ( 1 )(1 cos ))
2(1 np) 2 I r r r
----------(35)
Vertical stress in concrete due to axial load and moment
C.W
fc ---------(36)
r t(1 - p)
Maximum vertical stress in concrete due to axial load and moment when
neutral axis lies within the section.
t
fc(max) = fc 1 2rcos (cos cos ) ----------(37)

Maximum vertical stress in steel due to axial load and moment

W
fs Sm ----------(38)
rt (1 p )
3. Location of Neutral Axis.
The neutral axis will lie within a section for such values of the ratio e/r
when the corresponding values are less than - . The e/r ratio at which
= - for different and opening half angles are given in table below.
For given opening half angles, if the actual e/r value is greater than the
corresponding value given in table below, then the neutral axis will lie
within the section.
TABLE 2 e/r Values for = -
00 150 200 250 300

00 0.500 0.403 0.365 0.324 0.280
150 0.515 0.419 0.381 0.340 0.297
200 0.525 0.430 0.392 0.352 0.308
250 0.537 0.443 0.406 0.365 0.323
300 0.551 0.458 0.421 0.381 0.339
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 29 OF 89
From the above table, check whether the neutral axis at a given section
falls within or outside the section. If the neutral axis falls within the
section, then by trial and error, find the value of such that the ratio e/r
calculated using equation 26 or 27 or 28 is equal to the actual e/r for that
section (i.e., M/Pxr). With this value of obtained, calculate the stresses
in concrete and steel using equations 36, 37 and 38.
In case the neutral axis falls outside the section, then calculate the stress in
concrete using equations 33, 34, 35 and 36.
9.4.2 Vertical stresses due to temperature alone(Refer fig 6)
The vertical stresses in concrete and steel due to temperature alone can be
calculated using the formulae given below.
Maximum compressive stress in concrete

= fc = n x x Tx x Ec ----------(39)
Compressive stress in steel on hot face

fsh = x Tx x Es (a + n 1). ----------(40)
Tensile stress in steel on cold face

fsc = x Tx x Es (a n). ----------(41)
Where
2 2
n = -mp + m p 2mp a(1 k) k(1 a) ----------(42)
9.4.3 Vertical stresses due to axial load, moment and temperature
The vertical stresses in concrete and steel due to combined effect of

load, moment and temperature can be calculated using the formulae given
below.
Ec T x
Fictitious Stress ft = ----------(43)
2
(a) Leeward Side
(i) Neutral axis within section (ft > fc). ---------(44)
Compressive stress in concrete fc = fcomb ----------(44a)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 30 OF 89
fsh = {fcomb 2ft (1-a)} x m ----------(44b)
Tensile stress in steel on cold face

fsc = {2aft fcomb} x m ----------(44c)
Where
2 fc
fcomb = 2ft mp mp 2mp k(1 a) a(1 k) (1 mp)
f' t
----------(44d)
(ii)Neutral axis outside section (ft < fc) ----------(45)
Compressive stress in concrete fc = (fcomb ft). -------(45a)

fsh = (fcomb 2ft(1-a)) x m ----------(45b)
Compressive stress in steel on cold face

fsc = (fcomb 2aft) x m ----------(45c)
Where
f' t1 2mp(k(1 a) a(1 k))

fcomb = fc + ----------(45d)
1 mp
(b) Windward side.
(i) Neutral axis within section (fs < mft). ----------(46)
Maximum tensile stress in steel

fsc = m(2aft fcomb). ----------(46a)
Where
pfs
fcomb = 2ft mp mp 2mp k (1 a) a(1 k )
2
---(46b)
f 't
(ii)Neutral axis outside section (mft < fs) ----------(47)
Maximum tensile stress in steel

fsc = fs + 2mk ft (2a-1). ----------(47a)
9.4.4 The maximum circumferential compressive stress in concrete due to

temperature alone, CTC, can be calculated by the formula
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 31 OF 89
CTC = LK Tx Ec ----------(48)
where
K = -pm + pm (pm + 2Z) ----------(49)
p = ratio of cross sectional area of the circumferential reinforcing steel

per unit of height to the cross sectional area of the chimney shell per unit of
height and
Z = ratio of distance between the inner surface of the chimney shell and
the circumferential reinforcing steel to the total shell thickness t
9.4.5 The maximum circumferential tensile stress in steel due to temperature

alone STC can be calculated by the formula
STC = L (Z K) Tx Es ----------(50)
9.4.6 The maximum circumferential tensile stress in concrete due to wind induced
ring moment cwct can be calculated by formula
cwct = 2 x 10-4 Wp r/t ----------(51)
9.4.7 The maximum circumferential compressive stress in concrete due to wind

induced ring moment, cwcc can be calculated by formula
cwcc = 2 x 10-4 Wp r/t ----------(52)
9.4.8 The maximum circumferential tensile stress in steel due to wind induced
ring moment swct can be calculated by formula
swct = 4 x 10-3 Wpr/As t1 ----------(53)
NOTE : In 9.4.9, 9.4.10 and 9.4.11 r, t and t 1 are in Cm, Wp in kg/m and
in kg/cm
9.4.9 Circumferential stresses in steel and concrete due to combined effect of

wind induced ring moments and that due to temperature can be calculated
by algebraic addition of stresses due to individual cause.
9.4.10 If the circumferential tensile stress in concrete, as calculated in clause 9.4.6,

exceeds the stress limits specified in clause 8.0, then design the shell as a
cracked section using the following formulae:
(a) Maximum circumferential compressive stress in concrete due to wind

induced ring moments fcwc
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 32 OF 89
M 1
fcwc = --- x K x t x ----------------------------------------------
t K + np [(K-1+Z) C + (Z-K) ]
3
----------(54)
where
M = circumferential ring moment calculated as per clause 5.3.3
t = thickness of the shell at the section considered
K = -pn (C+1) + [pn (C+1)] + 2pn [Z+C(1-Z)] --(55)
p = ratio of the cross sectional area of the circumferential

outside face reinforcing steel per unit of height to the cross
sectional area of the chimney shell per unit of height
C = ratio of inside face circumferential reinforcing steel area to

the outside circumferential reinforcing steel area
Z = ratio of the distance between the inner surface of the

chimney shell and circumferential outside face
reinforcing steel to the total shell thickness, t
n = ratio of modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement to the

modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(b) The maximum tensile stress in circumferential reinforcement due to

wind induced ring moments fswc
fswc = nfcwc [ Z 1 ] ----------(56)

K
9.5 Design Procedure
The following procedure may be followed for using the formulae:
(a) Compute the bending moment M due to wind or earthquake force

acting above the section under consideration.
(b) Compute the dead load W of the portions, of chimney, above the
section under consideration
(c) Determine e = M/W
(d) Determine e/r
(e) Assume p at the section under consideration
(f) Select the value of m for concrete grade to be used
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 33 OF 89
(g) Determine
(h) Determine stresses
(i) Calculate temperature stress in steel and concrete
(j) Calculate stress in steel and concrete due to wind induced moments
(k) Check combined stresses
(l) Check stresses due to corbel moments
(m) If stresses exceed the corresponding permissible stress limits, increase
shell thickness or reinforcement or both and repeat the steps.
9.6 Deflection
As per clause 8 of IS 4998 (Part 1) 1975, permissible deflection shall not

exceed 1/500 of height above top of foundation subject to the provisions in
clause C-1.1.3 of the above code. In case of self supported linings, chimney
deflection due to wind should be checked to ensure that shell does not
come into contact or exert pressure on the lining.
For the 3 sec. wind load, static modulus of elasticity of concrete shall be
used for deflection check. For the HMW with gust, dynamic modulus of
elasticity of concrete shall be used.
9.7 Detailing Practice and Requirements
The clear concrete cover over the vertical reinforcement in the shell shall
not be less than 50 mm. For other detailing requirements refer the standard
specification.
10.0 CHIMNEY PROGRAM
An in-house program called CHMND (Program No. TCE.M6-CV-AMC-

400) has been developed for the analysis and design of chimney shell. This
program can be used for the complete analysis and design of chimney shell
for both single flue and multiflue chimney.
11.0 DESIGN EXAMPLE
Example: A 150m tall RC chimney (single brick flue) for Jojobera thermal
power plant has been analysed and designed. The details of the structure are
as follows:
i) Shell profile
E.L. of ground level 0.000m

E.L. of chimney top 150.000m
E.L. of chimney bottom (-) 2.000m
Shell thickness at E.L. 150.000 0.3m
Inner diameter of chimney at E.L. 150.000 4.6m
Outside taper of chimney from E.L.150.000
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 34 OF 89
to E.L.100.000 1 in 500
Shell thickness varies linearly from E.L.150.000 to
E.L. 100.000
Outside taper of chimney from E.L.100.000
to E.L. (-) 2.000 1 in 40
Shell thickness varies linearly from E.L.100.000 to E.L.10.000
Shell thickness at E.L. (-) 2.000 0.55m
Shell thickness is constant from E.L.10.000 to E.L. (-) 2.000
ii) Shell material properties
Density of concrete 25 kN/m3

Concrete grade from E.L.150.000 to E.L.50.000 M25
Concrete grade from E.L.50.000 to E.L.10.000 M30
Concrete grade from E.L.10.000 to E.L. (-) 2.000 M35
iii) Opening details
3.05m wide opening from E.L.5.150 to E.L.8.85 at 90 and 270

1.1m wide opening from E.L.0.000 to E.L.2.100 at 270
1.2m wide opening from E.L.148.850 to E.L.149.450 at 0, 90,
180, 270
iv) Additional concentrated loads
These are due to brick lining, external platforms, hopper, internal

platforms etc. and have been considered as 260, 345, 345, 335, 345,
455, 360, 370, 555, 575, 720, 885, 900, 910, 640 and 110kN at
E.L.147.000, 137.000, 127.000, 117.000, 107.000, 97.000, 87.000,
77.000, 67.000, 57.000, 47.000, 37.000, 27.000, 17.000, 12.000 and
5.000 respectively.
v) Temperature data
A constant temperature gradient of 55C across shell thickness has been

considered for the entire chimney height.
vi) Wind data
Basic wind speed 47 m/s

Mean probable design life for shell only condition 25 years
Mean probable design life for lined condition 100 years
Terrain category number 2
Topography factor 1
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 35 OF 89
Damping as a percentage of critical damping 1.6

Strouhal number 0.2
Magnification factor due to closeness of two 1.75
chimneys
Drag coefficient for entire chimney height 0.8
(It is assumed that strakes are not provided. If strakes are provided C d
shall be modified as per Table 1 of IS:4998(Part 1)-1992)
vii) Seismic data
Damping as a percentage of critical damping 5

Seismic zone number 2
Structure importance factor 1.75
Soil-foundation system factor 1
Performance factor 1
viii) Others
Exit diameter of brick flue 3.6m

Grade of reinforcement Fe 415D
Effective cover to vertical reinforcement 72mm
Effective cover to circumferential reinforcement 56mm
Number of chimneys 2
Spacing between chimneys 67.5m
The following sheets give the geometry and the loads considered for the analysis and design of
chimney shell
UNITS FOLLOWED FOR VARIOUS ITEMS
----------------------------------------
SL NO. ITEM UNIT
----------------------------------------
1 ELEVATION m
2 THICKNESS/DIA m
3 WIDTH/HEIGHT m
4 AREA Sq.m
5 MOMENT OF INERTIA m^4
6 UNIT WEIGHT kN/Cu.m
7 WEIGHT kN
8 VOLUME Cu.m
9 CONCRETE STRENGTH N/Sq.mm
10 ELASTIC MODULUS kN/Sq.m
----------------------------------------
SHELL PROFILE
-------------
TOP LEVEL OF CHIMNEY = EL+ 150.000

CLEAR INNER DIA. AT TOP = 4.600
NO. OF SHELL GROUPS = 14
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 36 OF 89
ELEVATION SHELL THICK SLOPE INTERVAL
150.000 0.300 0.300

1 IN500.000 1.000
147.000 0.306 0.306
1 IN500.000 10.000
100.000 0.400 0.400
1 IN 40.000 3.000
97.000 0.405 0.405
1 IN 40.000 10.000
57.000 0.472 0.472
1 IN 40.000 7.000
50.000 0.483 0.483
1 IN 40.000 3.000
47.000 0.488 0.488
1 IN 40.000 10.000
17.000 0.538 0.538
1 IN 40.000 5.000
12.000 0.549 0.549
1 IN 40.000 2.000
10.000 0.550 0.550
1 IN 40.000 2.000
6.000 0.550 0.550
1 IN 40.000 1.000
5.000 0.550 0.550
1 IN 40.000 1.000
4.000 0.550 0.550
1 IN 40.000 2.000
0.000 0.550 0.550
1 IN 40.000 2.000
-2.000 0.550 0.550
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
-------------------
UNIT WEIGHT OF SHELL = 25.000
NO.OF GRADES = 3
ELEVATION TO ELEVATION CONCRETE MODULAR E-STATIC E-DYNAMIC

RATIO
150.000 50.000 M 25. 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08

50.000 10.000 M 30. 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
10.000 -2.000 M 35. 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
DETAILS OF OPENINGS
-------------------
NO. OF OPENINGS = 7
-------------------------------------------------------
ELEVATION TO ELEVATION WIDTH ALPHA
-------------------------------------------------------
OPENING 1 5.150 8.850 3.05 90.00
OPENING 2 5.150 8.850 3.05 90.00
OPENING 3 0.000 2.100 1.10 90.00
OPENING 4 148.850 149.450 1.20 0.00
OPENING 5 148.850 149.450 1.20 90.00
OPENING 6 148.850 149.450 1.20 90.00
OPENING 7 148.850 149.450 1.20 180.00
------------------------------------------------------------
DETAIL OF CONCENTRATED LOADS
----------------------------
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 37 OF 89
------------------------------
NO. ELEV LOAD
------------------------------
1 147.000 260.0
2 137.000 345.0
3 127.000 345.0
4 117.000 335.0
5 107.000 345.0
6 97.000 455.0
7 87.000 360.0
8 77.000 370.0
9 67.000 555.0
10 57.000 575.0
11 47.000 720.0
12 37.000 885.0
13 27.000 900.0
14 17.000 910.0
15 12.000 640.0
16 5.000 110.0
------------------------------------------------------------
*********************************
* TABLE OF SECTIONAL PROPERTIES *
*********************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV SHELL SHELL DIAMETER AREA MOM OF BRICK LINING AREA M of I
THICK OUTER MEAN INERTIA THICK MEANDIA AT MID_LEVELS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 150.000 0.300 5.200 4.900 4.618 13.912

4.634 13.967
2 149.000 0.302 5.204 4.902 3.186 9.624
4.667 14.078
3 148.000 0.304 5.208 4.904 4.684 14.134
4.700 14.189
4 147.000 0.306 5.212 4.906 4.716 14.245
4.880 14.804
5 137.000 0.326 5.252 4.926 5.045 15.369
5.210 15.942
6 127.000 0.346 5.292 4.946 5.376 16.520
5.543 17.106
7 117.000 0.366 5.332 4.966 5.710 17.698
5.878 18.296
8 107.000 0.386 5.372 4.986 6.046 18.902
6.165 19.329
9 100.000 0.400 5.400 5.000 6.283 19.761
6.414 20.760
10 97.000 0.405 5.550 5.145 6.546 21.795
6.995 25.521
11 87.000 0.422 6.050 5.628 7.457 29.694
7.932 34.345
12 77.000 0.438 6.550 6.111 8.419 39.510
8.919 45.222
13 67.000 0.455 7.050 6.595 9.432 51.519
9.957 58.438
14 57.000 0.472 7.550 7.078 10.495 66.018
10.872 71.693
15 50.000 0.483 7.900 7.417 11.254 77.719
11.423 80.432
16 47.000 0.488 8.050 7.562 11.593 83.214
12.168 93.000
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 38 OF 89
17 37.000 0.505 8.550 8.045 12.756 103.610

13.356 115.088
18 27.000 0.521 9.050 8.529 13.968 127.479
14.594 140.829
19 17.000 0.538 9.550 9.012 15.232 155.185
15.592 163.088
20 12.000 0.549 9.800 9.251 15.956 171.287
16.056 174.205
21 10.000 0.550 9.900 9.350 16.156 177.157
16.242 180.007
22 8.000 0.550 10.000 9.450 12.912 109.308
12.999 111.425
23 6.000 0.550 10.100 9.550 13.086 113.568
13.130 114.650
24 5.000 0.550 10.150 9.600 16.588 191.716
16.631 193.215
25 4.000 0.550 10.200 9.650 16.674 194.721
16.760 197.757
26 2.000 0.550 10.300 9.750 16.240 186.477
16.327 189.428
27 0.000 0.550 10.400 9.850 16.413 192.410
17.106 210.216
28 -2.000 0.550 10.500 9.950 17.192 213.411
==================================================================================
********************
* TABLE OF WEIGHTS *
********************
NOTE:THE CUM. WT. AT TOPMOST NODE IS FICTITIOUS-A WEIGHT OF 10 HAS BEEN PUT TO
AVOID ZERO LOAD CONDITION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV CORBEL GALLERY LANDING SLAB SHELL LINING WT.
WITHOUT LINING WT.WITH LINING
NODAL CUM NODAL CUM
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 150.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.9 10.0

115.9
2 149.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 116.3 115.9
116.7
3 148.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 117.1 232.5
117.5
4 147.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 668.7 350.0
1219.9
5 137.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1261.2 1570.0
1302.4
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 39 OF 89
6 127.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1344.0 2872.4

1385.6
7 117.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1427.5 4258.0 1469.3
8 107.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1274.1 5727.3
1078.8
9 100.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 779.9 6806.1
481.1
10 97.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1115.1 7287.2
1749.2
11 87.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1866.3 9036.3
1983.3
12 77.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2106.8 11019.7
2230.2
13 67.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2360.0 13249.9
2489.7
14 57.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2196.2 15739.6 1902.7
15 50.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1379.7 17642.3
856.8
16 47.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1949.6 18499.1
3042.4
17 37.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 3190.9 21541.5
3339.3
18 27.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 3494.1 24880.9
3648.9
19 17.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2799.0 28529.8
1949.0
20 12.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 1375.9 30478.8
802.8
21 10.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 807.4 31281.6
812.1
22 8.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 816.4 32093.7
820.7
23 6.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 617.2 32914.4
413.6
24 5.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 414.7 33328.0
415.8
25 4.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 626.9 33743.8
838.0
26 2.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 842.3 34581.8
846.7
27 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 851.0 35428.5
855.3
28 -2.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36283.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
===============================================================================
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
-------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
NODE ELEV CONCRETE MODULAR E-STATIC E-DYNAMIC
RATIO
--------------------------------------------------------------
1 150.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08

2 149.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
3 148.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
4 147.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
5 137.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
6 127.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 40 OF 89
7 117.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08

8 107.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
9 100.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
10 97.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
11 87.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
12 77.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
13 67.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
14 57.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
15 50.000 M 25.00 10.98 0.19120E+08 0.32000E+08
16 47.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
17 37.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
18 27.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
19 17.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
20 12.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
21 10.000 M 30.00 9.33 0.22500E+08 0.33500E+08
22 8.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
23 6.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
24 5.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
25 4.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
26 2.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
27 0.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
28 -2.000 M 35.00 8.12 0.25860E+08 0.35000E+08
============================================================
QUANTITIES OF CONCRETE:MIXWISE
*******************************
----------------------------------
NO. MIX WEIGHT VOLUME
----------------------------------
In wind shield/outer shell :-
1 M 25. 17642.3 705.7

2 M 30. 13639.3 545.6
3 M 35. 5002.2 200.1
TOTAL 36283.8 1451.4
============================================================
AIR GAP AREA & SIZE OF AIR INLET OPENING
Refer fig. 7
Clause C 1.1.2 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975 states that
Total area of air gap or air inlet openings should not be less than two-thirds
of the area of minimum air gap.
Minimum air gap is provided at EL 147.000
Outer dia of air space = Inner dia of shell = 4.6 m
Inner dia of air space
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 41 OF 89
= Outer dia of flue = (1.8+0.115+0.025+0.115)x2 = 4.11 m
Mean dia of air space = 4.6 + 4.11 = 4.355 m

2
Width of air space = 4.6 4.11 = 0.245 m

2
Area of air gap = x 4.355 x 0.245 = 3.352 m
2/3 area of air gap = 2/3 x 3.352 = 2.235 m
Provide 300 mm dia air inlet openings at base.
Number of openings required = 2.235 x 4 = 31.62

x 0.3
Provide 32 nos. of 300 mm dia air inlet openings.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 42 OF 89
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 43 OF 89
AIR GAP AT CORBEL LEVELS
The critical level is at EL 147.000. From fig. 8

Inside dia of concrete shell = 4.6 m
a = 2 x 2.3 x 30 _ - 0.012 0.175 x 2 = 0.8422 m

360
b = 2 x 2.055 x 30 _ - 0.012 0.175 x 2 = 0.714 m

360
Area of hatched portion = (0.8422 + 0.714) x 0.245

2
= 0.19063 m
Total opening area at EL 147.000
= 0.19063 x 12 = 2.2876 m > 2.235 m
Hence maximum width of corbel that can be provided = 175 mm
As per clause D-2.2.3.1 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1975 the value of rq can be

taken equal to 0.5 only when
a) the distance between the lining and the chimney shell is not less than
100 mm and
b) air inlet openings are provided at the bottom having an area in cm

equal to twenty times the inside diameter of chimney shell (in cm) at
the top.
The minimum distance provided between the lining and chimney shell is 245
mm > 100 mm
Twenty times inside dia of chimney shell = 20 x 460 = 9200 cm
Area of air inlet provided = 2.262 m = 22620 cm
> 9200 cm Hence okay
AIR OUTLET AT TOP
Provide 8 nos. of 0.6 m x 0.6 m opening at top for air outlet

Area provided = 8 x 0.6 x 0.6 = 2.88 m
> 2.262 m provided for air inlet
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 44 OF 89
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT CALCULATION ACROSS

CONCRETE SHELL
As shown earlier, the number and size of openings in the chimney wall and
at each corbel satisfies clause C-1.1.2 and D-2.2.3.1 of IS:4998 (Part-1)
1975. Hence the chimney is treated as lined chimney with ventilated air
space between the lining and shell.
The temperature gradient for lined chimneys with ventilated air space is
given by equation 24
Calculation at a typical level (EL 97.000) is presented below. Similarly

calculation of temperature gradient at other levels are carried out.
At EL 97.000
Thickness of concrete shell t = 0.405 m

Thickness of lining tb = 0.115 m
Internal dia of brick flue Dbi = 3.88 m
Coeff. of thermal conductivity of concrete Cc = 1.488 kcal/mhC
Coeff. of thermal conductivity of lining Cb = 1.25 kcal/mhC
Inner dia of chimney concrete shell Dci = 4.74 m
Mean dia of shell Dc = 4.74 + 0.405 = 5.145 m
Max. temp. of gas inside chimney T = 145C
Min.temp. of air outside chimney To = 3.9C
Ratio of heat transmission rq = 0.50
Film coeff for T = 145C and V = 21 m/sec K1C = 37 kcal/mhC
Film coeff for D = 388 cm and T = 145C K1r = 10 kcal/mhC
Mean dia of lining Db = 3.88 + 0.115 = 3.995 m
Coeff. of heat transfer Ks = 0.0586 x 145 + 1.0 = 9.497
Coeff. of heat transfer K2 = 58.590
K1 = K1c + K1r = 37 + 10 = 47 kcal/mhC
Dci (Dbi + 2tb) 4.74 (3.88 + 2 x 0.115)

Air gap G = ---------------------- = ------------------------------
2 2
G = 0.315 m
Mean dia of air space Ds = Dci G = 4.74 0.315 = 4.425 m
Outside dia of chimney Dco = Dci + 2t = 4.74 + 2 x 0.405 = 5.55 m
1 1
Factor A1 = -------- = ------------ = 0.0426 0.043
rq K1 0.5 x 47
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 45 OF 89
t b Dbi 0.115 x 3.88

Factor A2 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.1787 0.179
rq CbDb 0.5 x 1.25 x 3.995
Dbi 3.88
Factor A3 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.092
Ks Ds 9.497 x 4.425
tD bi 0.405 x 3.88
Factor A4 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.205
CcDc 1.488 x 5.145
Dbi 3.88
Factor A5 = -------- = ---------------------- = 0.0119 0.012
K2 Dco 58.59 x 5.55
A4 x (T To)
Tx = ---------------------------------
(A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5)
0.205 x (145 3.9)

Tx = ----------------------------------------------- = 54.5C
(0.043 + 0.179 + 0.092 + 0.205 + 0.012)
Similarly temperature gradient is calculated at other levels.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 46 OF 89
FREE VIBRATION AND SEISMIC ANALYSIS
The above analysis of the concrete shell has been done on STAAD-III. This
analysis is done for unlined condition (i.e. shell only condition). Similar
procedure shall be adopted for lined condition (shell + lining condition).
For the seismic analysis, the following parameters are considered
(a) Seismic zone = 2

(b) % of critical damping = 5
(c) Structural importance factor = 1.75
(d) Soil foundation system factor = 1.0
(e) Performance factor = 1.0
(f) Number of modes considered = 5
Seismic forces are computed by Response Spectrum method as per IS:1893
For the analysis, the shell is treated as a cantilever and the masses are
lumped at node points. The base is assumed to be fixed.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF CHIMNEY
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 47 OF 89
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* RESEARCH ENGINEERS, Inc. *
* Date= SEP 20, 1999 *
* Time= 15:29:54 *
* *
* USER ID: TCE, BANGALORE *
**************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE - SHELL ONLY CONDITION

2. UNIT MET KNS
3. JOINT COORD
4. 1 0 -2 ; 2 0 0 ; 3 0 2 ; 4 0 4 ; 5 0 5
5. 6 0 6 ; 7 0 8 ; 8 0 10
6. 9 0 12
7. 10 0 17
8. REPEAT 3 0 10
9. 14 0 50
10. 15 0 57
11. REPEAT 4 0 10
12. 20 0 100
13. 21 0 107
14. REPEAT 4 0 10
15. 26 0 148 ; 27 0 149 ; 28 0 150
16. MEMBER INCI
17. 1 1 2 27 1 1
18. MEMBER PROP
19. 27 PRIS AX 4.634 IZ 13.967
20. 26 PRIS AX 4.667 IZ 14.078
21. 25 PRIS AX 4.700 IZ 14.189
22. 24 PRIS AX 4.880 IZ 14.804
23. 23 PRIS AX 5.210 IZ 15.942
24. 22 PRIS AX 5.543 IZ 17.106
25. 21 PRIS AX 5.878 IZ 18.296
26. 20 PRIS AX 6.165 IZ 19.329
27. 19 PRIS AX 6.414 IZ 20.76
28. 18 PRIS AX 6.995 IZ 25.521
29. 17 PRIS AX 7.932 IZ 34.345
30. 16 PRIS AX 8.919 IZ 45.222
31. 15 PRIS AX 9.957 IZ 58.438
32. 14 PRIS AX 10.872 IZ 71.693
33. 13 PRIS AX 11.423 IZ 80.432
34. 12 PRIS AX 12.168 IZ 93
35. 11 PRIS AX 13.356 IZ 115.088
36. 10 PRIS AX 14.594 IZ 140.829
37. 9 PRIS AX 15.592 IZ 163.088
38. 8 PRIS AX 16.056 IZ 174.205
39. 7 PRIS AX 16.242 IZ 180.007
40. 6 PRIS AX 12.999 IZ 111.425
41. 5 PRIS AX 13.130 IZ 114.650
42. 4 PRIS AX 16.631 IZ 193.215
43. 3 PRIS AX 16.760 IZ 197.757
44. 2 PRIS AX 16.327 IZ 189.428
45. 1 PRIS AX 17.106 IZ 210.216
46. CONSTANTS
47. E .32E8 MEM 14 TO 27
48. E .335E8 MEM 8 TO 13
49. E .35E8 MEM 1 TO 7
50. CUTOFF MODE SHAPE 5
51. SUPPORT
52. 1 FIXED
53. LOADING 1
54. JOINT LOAD
55. *1 FX 3.92
56. 2 FX 851
57. 3 FX 842.3
58. 4 FX 626.9
59. 5 FX 414.7
60. 6 FX 617.2
61. 7 FX 816.4
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 48 OF 89
62. 8 FX 807.4
63. 9 FX 1375.9
64. 10 FX 2799
65. 11 FX 3494.1
66. 12 FX 3190.9
67. 13 FX 1949.6
68. 14 FX 1379.7
69. 15 FX 2196.2
70. 16 FX 2360
71. 17 FX 2106.8
72. 18 FX 1866.3
73. 19 FX 1115.1
74. 20 FX 779.9
75. 21 FX 1274.1
76. 22 FX 1427.5
77. 23 FX 1344
78. 24 FX 1261.2
79. 25 FX 668.7
80. 26 FX 117.1
81. 27 FX 116.3
82. 28 FX 57.9
83. MODAL CALCULATION
84. SPECTRUM SRSS X 0.15 ACC DAMP 0.05 SCALE 9.81
85. 0 0.09; 0.04 0.16; 0.08 0.19; 0.12 0.20
86. 0.16 0.20; 0.20 0.20; 0.30 0.20
87. 0.40 0.185; 0.50 0.163; 0.60 0.147
88. 0.80 0.127; 1.0 0.107; 1.20 0.095
89. 1.40 0.08; 1.60 0.07; 1.80 0.06
90. 2.0 0.057; 2.3 0.05; 2.6 0.045; 3.0 0.04
91. PERFORM ANALYSIS
P R O B L E M S T AT I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 28/ 27/ 1

ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH = 1/ 1
TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 81
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 486 DOUBLE PREC. WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.05/ 2096.6 MB, EXMEM = 2.0 MB
++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 15:29:56

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 15:29:56
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 15:29:56
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 15:29:57
++ Calculating Eigensolution. 15:30: 0
CALCULATED FREQUENCIES FOR LOAD CASE 1
MODE FREQUENCY(CYCLES/SEC) PERIOD(SEC)
1 0.368 2.71470
2 1.413 0.70796
3 3.550 0.28172
4 6.829 0.14644
5 11.037 0.09061
++ Calculating Response Spectrum Displacements. 15:30:16
MASS PARTICIPATION FACTORS IN PERCENT BASE SHEAR IN KNS

-------------------------------------- ------------------
MODE X Y Z SUMM-X SUMM-Y SUMM-Z X Y Z
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 49 OF 89
1 40.59 0.00 0.00 40.591 0.000 0.000 634.17 0.00 0.00

2 22.13 0.00 0.00 62.726 0.000 0.000 1081.15 0.00 0.00
3 10.60 0.00 0.00 73.321 0.000 0.000 759.90 0.00 0.00
4 5.71 0.00 0.00 79.026 0.000 0.000 409.19 0.00 0.00
5 3.83 0.00 0.00 82.857 0.000 0.000 264.66 0.00 0.00
---------------------------
TOTAL SHEAR 1544.66 0.00 0.00
++ Calculating Member Forces. 15:30:16
92. PRINT ANALYSIS RESULT
JOINT DISPLACEMENT (CM RADIANS) STRUCTURE TYPE = PLANE

------------------
JOINT LOAD X-TRANS Y-TRANS Z-TRANS X-ROTAN Y-ROTAN Z-ROTAN
1 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 1 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 1 0.0032 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 1 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 1 0.0057 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 1 0.0094 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8 1 0.0139 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
9 1 0.0191 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
10 1 0.0354 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
11 1 0.0816 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
12 1 0.1458 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
13 1 0.2280 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
14 1 0.2560 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
15 1 0.3281 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
16 1 0.4476 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
17 1 0.5870 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
18 1 0.7477 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
19 1 0.9313 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
20 1 0.9910 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
21 1 1.1392 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002
22 1 1.3705 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
23 1 1.6211 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
24 1 1.8855 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
25 1 2.1584 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
26 1 2.1860 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
27 1 2.2136 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
28 1 2.2412 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
SUPPORT REACTIONS -UNIT KNS MET STRUCTURE TYPE = PLANE

-----------------
JOINT LOAD FORCE-X FORCE-Y FORCE-Z MOM-X MOM-Y MOM Z
1 1 231.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12950.72
MEMBER END FORCES STRUCTURE TYPE = PLANE

-----------------
ALL UNITS ARE -- KNS MET
MEMBER LOAD JT AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z TORSION MOM-Y MOM-Z
1 1 1 0.00 231.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 12950.72

2 0.00 231.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 12553.44
2 1 2 0.00 231.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 12553.44
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 50 OF 89
3 0.00 231.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 12160.88
3 1 3 0.00 231.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 12160.88

4 0.00 231.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 11773.62
4 1 4 0.00 231.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 11773.62

5 0.00 231.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 11582.20
5 1 5 0.00 230.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 11582.20

6 0.00 230.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 11392.36
6 1 6 0.00 230.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 11392.36

7 0.00 230.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 11017.77
7 1 7 0.00 229.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 11017.77

8 0.00 229.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 10650.67
8 1 8 0.00 227.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 10650.67

9 0.00 227.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 10291.87
9 1 9 0.00 224.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10291.87

10 0.00 224.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9435.39
10 1 10 0.00 212.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 9435.39

11 0.00 212.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 7926.03
11 1 11 0.00 187.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 7926.03

12 0.00 187.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 6713.24
12 1 12 0.00 162.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 6713.24

13 0.00 162.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 5764.07
13 1 13 0.00 145.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 5764.07

14 0.00 145.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 5522.17
14 1 14 0.00 135.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 5522.17

15 0.00 135.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 5015.66
15 1 15 0.00 119.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 5015.66

16 0.00 119.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 4395.37
MEMBER END FORCES STRUCTURE TYPE = PLANE

-----------------
ALL UNITS ARE -- KNS MET
MEMBER LOAD JT AXIAL SHEAR-Y SHEAR-Z TORSION MOM-Y MOM-Z
16 1 16 0.00 104.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 4395.37

17 0.00 104.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 3843.61
17 1 17 0.00 94.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 3843.61

18 0.00 94.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 3321.11
18 1 18 0.00 84.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 3321.11

19 0.00 84.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 2799.76
19 1 19 0.00 78.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 2799.76

20 0.00 78.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 2639.99
20 1 20 0.00 75.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 2639.99

21 0.00 75.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 2251.07
21 1 21 0.00 73.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 2251.07

22 0.00 73.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 1654.22
22 1 22 0.00 68.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1654.22

23 0.00 68.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 1027.03
23 1 23 0.00 61.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1027.03

24 0.00 61.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 426.76
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 51 OF 89
24 1 24 0.00 40.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 426.76

25 0.00 40.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.23
25 1 25 0.00 13.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.23

26 0.00 13.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00
26 1 26 0.00 8.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.00

27 0.00 8.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83
27 1 27 0.00 2.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.83

28 0.00 2.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
************** END OF LATEST ANALYSIS RESULT **************
93. FINISH
*************** END OF STAAD-III ***************
**** DATE= SEP 20,1999 TIME= 15:30:19 ****
WIND LOAD CALCULATIONS AS PER IS 4998 (PART 1) 1992
Top 1/3 height of chimney is from EL 150.000 to EL 100.000
Outer diameter of chimney at EL 150.000 = 5.2 m
Outer diameter of chimney at EL 100.000 = 5.4 m
Av diameter from EL 150.000 to EL 100.000 = 5.2 + 5.4 = 5.3 m

2
Effective diameter d = Average diameter = 5.3 m
Aerodynamic Interference Cl A-1.1
Centreline distance between two chimneys = 67.5 m
3 times the effective diameter = 3 x 5.3 = 15.9 m
Since the centreline distance is greater than 3 times effective diameter, there
is no aerodynamic interference.
Unsteady forces on single chimney Cl. A-1.2.2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 52 OF 89
Diameter of chimney at top = 5.2 m
Wall thickness at top = 0.3 m
75 times wall thickness = 75 x 0.3 = 22.5 m
Since the diameter of chimney at top is less than 75 times wall thickness,
ovalling oscillation need not be examined.
From Clause A-1.2.4
Diameter of chimney at 2/3 height i.e. EL 100.000 = 5.4 m
20 times the diameter = 20 x 5.4 = 108 m
Centreline distance between chimneys = 67.5 m
Since the spacing of the chimneys is less than 20 times the diameter, the
amplitudes of oscillation of the downstream chimney will be magnified. This
magnification can be suppressed by providing strakes. In this case, we
propose to design the chimneys for magnified amplitudes of oscillation
instead of providing strakes.
Critical diameter of shell at 2/3 height = 5.4 m
Spacing factor = Spacing of chimney = 67.5 = 12.5

Diameter 5.4
From Clause A 5.3
dav = average diameter over top half of chimney
diameter at EL 150.000 = 5.2 m
diameter at EL 75.000 = 6.55 m
dav = 5.2 + 6.55 = 5.875 m

2
Taper of chimney = 2 (dav dtop) = 2 (5.875 5.2)
H 150
= 9 x 10-3 = 1 in 111
Chimney is considered as a straight cylinder
Magnification factor from Fig.1 of IS:4998(part 1)- 1992 = 1.75
Along wind load calculation by simplified method

(Cl. A-4.1 of IS 4998 (Part 1) 1992)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 53 OF 89
This calculation has been done for shell only condition. Similar procedure
shall be adopted for shell + lining condition also
Along wind load per mt. height Fz = pz . Cd . dz
Basic wind speed Vb = 47 m/sec
Return period for shell only condition (Table 1, IS 875 (Part 3)) = 25 years
Terrain category = 2
Damping as per percentage of critical damping = 1.6
Strouhal number = 0.2
Class of structure = C
Force at EL 150.000 (Refer fig 9)
Risk coefficient (Table 1, IS 875 (Part 3)) K1 = 0.907
{K1 = 0.907 has been calculated using the formula given in Table 1. K1 =
0.90 can also be used, as indicated in Table 1}
Height factor (Table 2, IS 875 (Part 3)) K2 = 1.210
Design wind speed Vz = K1 K2 K3 Vb = 0.907 x 1.210 x 1.00 x 47
= 51.55 m/sec
Design wind pressure pz = 0.6 x (51.55) = 1594.61 N/m
Along wind force = 1594.61 x 0.8 x 5.2 x 10-3 = 6.63 kN/m
Force at EL 149.000
Using the same procedure
K1 = 0.907 ; K2 = 1.209 ; Vz = 51.51 m/sec ; pz = 1591.97 N/m2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 54 OF 89
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 55 OF 89
Force at EL 148.000
K1 = 0.907 ; K2 = 1.208 ; Vz = 51.47 m/sec ; pz = 1589.34 N/m
Refer fig.9
Force on element (1) = (6.63 + 6.63) x 1 = 6.63 kN

2
Force on element (2) = (6.63 + 6.62) x 1 = 6.625 kN

2
Nodal force at EL 150.000 = 6.63 / 2 = 3.315 kN
Nodal force at EL 149.000 = 6.63 + 6.625 = 6.63 kN

2 2
Shear force at EL 150.000 = 0 kN
Shear force at EL 149.000 = 3.315 kN
Shear force at EL 148.000 = 3.315 + 6.63 = 9.945 kN
Bending moment at EL 150.000 = 0 kNm
Bending moment at EL 149.000 = 3.315x1 = 3.315 kNm
Bending moment at EL 148.000 = 3.315x2+6.63x1 = 13.26 kNm
In a similar way, the element force, nodal force, shear force and bending
moment are calculated at other levels. (Refer table 2)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 56 OF 89
TABLE 2- Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) -1992, Cl : A-4.1
Shear Force and Bending Moment by SIMPLIFIED METHOD :
Shell only Condition

Height of chimney above G.L. = 150.0
Probability factor k1 = 0.907
Basic wind speed Vb (m/sec) = 47.00
Class of C
Structure
Elev. k2 Vz Pz Cd dz Nodal Element load Shear Cum. Shear Moment

Load
150.00 1.210 51.55 1594.61 0.80 5.200 6.63 3.32 3.3 0.0
149.00 1.209 51.51 1591.97 0.80 5.204 6.63 6.631 6.63 9.9 3.3
148.00 1.208 51.47 1589.34 0.80 5.208 6.62 6.625 6.62 16.6 13.3
147.00 1.208 51.47 1589.34 0.80 5.212 6.63 6.624 36.35 52.9 29.8
137.00 1.200 51.13 1568.36 0.80 5.252 6.59 66.083 65.89 118.8 559.0
127.00 1.192 50.79 1547.52 0.80 5.292 6.55 65.706 65.51 184.3 1747.2
117.00 1.184 50.44 1526.81 0.80 5.332 6.51 65.322 65.13 249.5 3590.5
107.00 1.176 50.10 1506.25 0.80 5.372 6.47 64.930 55.06 304.5 6085.0
100.00 1.170 49.85 1490.92 0.80 5.400 6.44 45.199 32.36 336.9 8216.7
97.00 1.166 49.68 1480.74 0.80 5.550 6.57 19.523 43.69 380.6 9227.3
87.00 1.152 49.08 1445.40 0.80 6.050 7.00 67.851 69.89 450.5 13033.0
77.00 1.138 48.49 1410.48 0.80 6.550 7.39 71.933 73.85 524.3 17537.6
67.00 1.124 47.89 1375.99 0.80 7.050 7.76 75.758 77.54 601.8 22780.6
57.00 1.110 47.29 1341.93 0.80 7.550 8.11 79.329 68.42 670.3 28799.1
50.00 1.100 46.87 1317.86 0.80 7.900 8.33 57.519 41.27 711.5 33491.0
47.00 1.091 46.48 1296.38 0.80 8.050 8.35 25.016 54.35 765.9 35625.7
37.00 1.061 45.20 1226.06 0.80 8.550 8.39 83.675 83.64 849.5 43284.5
27.00 1.028 43.80 1150.98 0.80 9.050 8.33 83.597 82.69 932.2 51779.7
17.00 0.982 41.84 1050.28 0.80 9.550 8.02 81.786 60.48 992.7 61101.9
12.00 0.946 40.30 974.69 0.80 9.800 7.64 39.164 27.13 1019.8 66065.3
10.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 9.900 7.46 15.102 15.05 1034.9 68105.0
8.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.000 7.54 14.997 15.07 1049.9 70174.7
6.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.100 7.61 15.147 11.39 1061.3 72274.6
5.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.150 7.65 7.630 7.65 1069.0 73335.9
4.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.200 7.69 7.668 11.56 1080.5 74404.9
2.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.300 7.76 15.449 15.52 1096.1 76566.0
0.00 0.930 39.62 941.99 0.80 10.400 7.84 15.599 11.72 1107.8 78758.1
-2.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.80 10.500 0.00 7.837 3.92 1111.7 80973.7
Along wind load calculation by Random Response method
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 57 OF 89
(Cl A-5.1 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1992)
This calculation has been done for shell only condition. Similar procedure
shall be adopted for shell + lining condition also.
(i) Force due to Hourly Mean Wind (HMW)

_
Along wind load per mt. height Fzm = pz . Cd . dz
Force at EL 150.000 (Refer fig 10)
Risk coefficient (Table 1, IS:875 (Part 3)) k1 = 0.907

_
Height factor (Table 33, IS:875 (Part 3)) k2 = 0.960
_ _
Design wind speed Vz = k1 k2 k3 Vb
= 0.907 x 0.96 x 1 x 47 = 40.9 m/sec

_ _
Design wind pr pz = 0.6 Vz = 0.6 x (40.9) = 1003.75 N/m
Force at EL 149.000

_ _ _
k1 = 0.907 ; k2 = 0.959 ; Vz = 40.86 m/sec ; pz = 1001.66 N/m
Force at EL 148.000

_ _ _
k1 = 0.907 ; k2 = 0.958 ; Vz = 40.82 m/sec ; pz = 999.57 N/m
(4.176 + 4.17)
Force on element (1) = ------------------- x 1 = 4.173 kN
2
(4.17 + 4.165)
Force on element (2) = ------------------- x 1 = 4.167 kN
2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 58 OF 89
Nodal force at EL 150.000 = 4.173 / 2 = 2.087 kN
Nodal force at EL 149.000 = 4.173 + 4.167 = 4.17 kN

2 2
Shear force at EL 150.000 = 0 kN
Shear force at EL 149.000 = 2.087 kN
Shear force at EL 148.00 = 2.087 + 4.17 = 6.257 kN
Bending moment at EL 150.000 = 0 kNm
Bending moment at EL 149.000 = 2.087 x 1 = 2.087 kNm
Bending moment at EL 148.000 = 2.087x2+4.17x1 = 8.34 kNm
In a similar way, the element force, nodal force, shear force and bending
moment are calculated at other levels. (Refer table 3)
(ii) Calculation of gust factor as per clause A-5.2 of IS:4998 (Part 1) -

1992
This calculation is done for shell only condition. Similar procedure shall
be adopted for shell + lining condition also.
Refer equations (12) to (19)
f1 = natural frequency = 0.37

_
V10 = hourly mean wind speed in m/sec. at 10 m above
ground level
_
= Vb . k2 = 47 x 0.67 = 31.49 m/sec.
H = height of chimney above G.L. = 150 m
S = size reduction factor
-0.88
S = 1 + 5.78 0.37_ 1.14
x 150 0.98
31.49
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 59 OF 89
S = 0.208
E = measure of available energy
123 x 0.37_ x 150 0.21

31.49
E = -------------------------------- = 0.076
1 + 330x0.37 x 150 0.42 0.83
31.49
B = background factor
B = [ 1 + (150/265)0.63 ]0.88 = 0.627
r = twice the turbulence intensity
r = 0.622 0.178 log10 150 = 0.2346
3600 x 0.37
vT = ----------------------- = 1041.83
1 + 0.627 x 0.016 1/2
0.208 x 0.076
gf = peak factor
gf = (2 loge 1041.83) + _ 0.577_____ = 3.883

(2 loge 1041.83)
G = 1 + 3.883 x 0.2346 x 0.627 + 0.208 x 0.076

0.016
G = 2.158
(iii) Forces due to fluctuating component of wind
From equation (11)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 60 OF 89
Fzm . z. dz is the bending moment due to HMW at ground level

o
= 48251.65 kNm
Along wind force at EL 150.000
Fzf = 3 (2.158 1) x 150 x 48251.65 = 7.45 kN/m

150
Fzf = 3 (2.158 1) x 149 x 48251.65 = 7.40 kN/m

150
Fzf = 3 (2.158 1) x 148 x 48251.65 = 7.35 kN/m

150
The element force, nodal force, shear force and bending moment is then
calculated using the same procedure as done for forces due to HMW.
(Refer table 4)
The design along-wind force due to Random Response method will

than be Fz = Fzm + Fzf at each level.
TABLE 3 - Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) - 1992, Cl : A-5.1
Shear Force and Bending Moment due to Hourly Mean Wind by RANDOM RESPONSE
METHOD :

Probability factor k1 = 0.907
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 61 OF 89

Class of C
Structure
Elev. k2 Vz Pz Cd dz Nodal Load Element load Shear Cum. Shear Moment

150.00 0.960 40.90 1003.75 0.80 5.200 4.176 2.09 2.09 0.00
149.00 0.959 40.86 1001.66 0.80 5.204 4.170 4.173 4.17 6.26 2.09
148.00 0.958 40.82 999.57 0.80 5.208 4.165 4.167 4.17 10.42 8.34
147.00 0.958 40.82 999.57 0.80 5.212 4.168 4.166 22.83 33.25 18.77
137.00 0.950 40.48 982.95 0.80 5.252 4.130 41.489 41.30 74.55 351.27
127.00 0.942 40.13 966.46 0.80 5.292 4.092 41.108 40.91 115.46 1096.77
117.00 0.934 39.79 950.12 0.80 5.332 4.053 40.722 40.53 155.99 2251.41
107.00 0.926 39.45 933.91 0.80 5.372 4.014 40.332 34.16 190.15 3811.32
100.00 0.920 39.20 921.85 0.80 5.400 3.982 27.986 20.02 210.17 5142.37
97.00 0.916 39.03 913.85 0.80 5.550 4.057 12.060 26.90 237.07 5772.88
87.00 0.902 38.43 886.13 0.80 6.050 4.289 41.732 42.84 279.91 8143.57
77.00 0.888 37.83 858.83 0.80 6.550 4.500 43.946 44.95 324.86 10942.64
67.00 0.874 37.24 831.97 0.80 7.050 4.692 45.963 46.88 371.74 14191.25
57.00 0.860 36.64 805.53 0.80 7.550 4.865 47.788 41.11 412.85 17908.62
50.00 0.850 36.21 786.90 0.80 7.900 4.973 34.435 24.67 437.52 20798.56
47.00 0.841 35.83 770.33 0.80 8.050 4.961 14.901 32.10 469.62 22111.11
37.00 0.811 34.55 716.35 0.80 8.550 4.900 49.304 48.83 518.45 26807.30
27.00 0.778 33.15 659.24 0.80 9.050 4.773 48.364 47.26 565.71 31991.83
17.00 0.732 31.19 583.59 0.80 9.550 4.459 46.157 33.73 599.45 37648.96
12.00 0.690 29.40 518.54 0.80 9.800 4.065 21.310 14.62 614.07 40646.20
10.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 9.900 3.872 7.938 7.86 621.93 41874.34
8.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.000 3.911 7.784 7.82 629.75 43118.20
6.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.100 3.950 7.862 5.91 635.66 44377.70
5.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.150 3.970 3.960 3.97 639.63 45013.37
4.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.200 3.990 3.980 6.00 645.63 45653.00
2.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.300 4.029 8.018 8.06 653.69 46944.27
0.00 0.670 28.55 488.91 0.80 10.400 4.068 8.096 6.08 659.77 48251.65
-2.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.80 10.500 0.000 4.068 2.03 661.81 49571.20
TABLE 4 - Along wind load calculation as per IS : 4998 (Part 1) - 1992, Cl : A-5.1
Shear Force and Bending Moment due to Fluctuating Wind by RANDOM

RESPONSE METHOD :
Gust factor = 2.158
Mean moment at Ground Level = 48252
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 62 OF 89
Elev. Nodal Element Shear Cum. Moment

Load load Shear
150.00 7.45 3.71 3.7 0.0
149.00 7.40 7.425 7.40 11.1 3.7
148.00 7.35 7.376 7.35 18.5 14.8
147.00 7.30 7.326 38.93 57.4 33.3
137.00 6.80 70.527 68.04 125.4 607.2
127.00 6.31 65.560 63.08 188.5 1861.5
117.00 5.81 60.594 58.11 246.6 3746.6
107.00 5.31 55.627 45.81 292.4 6212.9
100.00 4.97 35.984 25.33 317.8 8259.9
97.00 4.82 14.677 30.19 347.9 9213.1
87.00 4.32 45.694 43.21 391.2 12692.5
77.00 3.82 40.727 38.24 429.4 16604.1
67.00 3.33 35.760 33.28 462.7 20898.0
57.00 2.83 30.794 24.70 487.4 25524.8
50.00 2.48 18.600 12.91 500.3 28936.4
47.00 2.33 7.227 14.04 514.3 30437.2
37.00 1.84 20.860 18.38 532.7 35580.5
27.00 1.34 15.893 13.41 546.1 40907.5
17.00 0.84 10.927 7.26 553.4 46368.7
12.00 0.60 3.601 2.35 555.7 49135.5
10.00 0.50 1.093 0.99 556.7 50247.0
8.00 0.40 0.894 0.79 557.5 51360.4
6.00 0.30 0.695 0.48 558.0 52475.5
5.00 0.25 0.273 0.25 558.2 53033.5
4.00 0.20 0.224 0.26 558.5 53591.7
2.00 0.10 0.298 0.20 558.7 54708.7
0.00 0.00 0.099 0.00 558.7 55826.1
-2.00 -0.10 -0.099 -0.05 558.7 56943.5
Across-wind loads by Simplified method

(Cl. A-4.2 of IS:4998 (Part 1) : 1992)
Calculation of peak tip deflection has been done for shell only condition.
Similar procedure shall be adopted to calculate peak tip deflection for shell
+ lining condition also.
Effective diameter of chimney shell = 5.3 m
Design velocity at 5/6 height = EL 125.000 = 50.7 m/sec
Limiting design wind speed = 50.7 x 1.1= 55.77 m/sec
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 63 OF 89
For the first mode of vibration
0.37 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 9.81 m/sec. < 55.77 m/sec
0.2
For the second mode of vibration
1.41 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 37.37 m/sec. < 55.77 m/sec
0.2
For the third mode of vibration
3.55 x 5.3
Vcri = ------------ = 94.1 m/sec. > 55.77 m/sec
0.2
Hence vortex shedding will occur in first and second mode only.
For first mode,
me1 = equivalent mass per unit length = 14185 kg/m (refer table 5)
Ks1 = mass damping factor = 84.61 (Refer table 5)
H
dz z dz = 283.36 9Refer table 5)
o
H
z dz = 30.641 (Refer table 5)
o
Peak tip deflection oi = 283.36 x 0.16 _ _ = 0.0348

30.641 4 (0.2) x 84.61
Magnified peak tip deflection oi = 1.75 x 0.0348 = 0.0609
Sectional force at (Refer table 5)
EL 150.000 = Fzoi = 4 x x 0.37 x 0.0609 x 5.91 x 1 = 1.94 kN
EL 149.000 = Fzoi = 4 x x 0.37 x 0.0609 x 11.85 x 0.9883= 3.86 kN
EL 148.000 = Fzoi = 4 x x 0.37 x 0.0609 x 11.94 x 0.9765= 3.84 kN
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 64 OF 89
Shear force at
EL 150.000 = 1.94 kN
EL 149.000 = 1.94 + 3.86 = 5.80 kN
EL 148.000 = 5.80 + 3.84 = 9.64 kN
Bending moment at
EL 150.000 = 0 kNm
EL 149.000 = 1.94 x 1 = 1.94 kNm
EL 148.000 = 1.94 x 2 + 3.86 x 1 = 7.74 kNm
Similarly sectional force, shear force and bending moment are calculated at
other sections.(Refer table 5)
Along wind velocity at 2/3 H = EL 100.000 = 49.85 m/sec.
Corresponding along wind moment at

9.81
EL 150.000 = ------- x 0 = 0 kNm
49.85

9.81
EL 149.000 = ------- x 3.3 = 0.13 kNm
49.85

9.81
EL 148.000 = ------- x 13.3 = 0.52 kNm
49.85
Resultant moment at
EL 150.000 = ( 0 + 0 ) = 0 kNm
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 65 OF 89
EL 149.000 = (1.94 + 0.13 ) = 1.95 kNm
EL 148.000 = (7.74 + 0.52 ) = 7.76 kNm
Similarly the shear and bending moments are calculated at other loads.
(Refer table 6)
Across wind loads by Random Response method

Clause A-5.3 of IS:4998 (Part 1) 1992
Taper of chimney = 1 in 111 which is less than 1 in 50
Hence as per Clause A-5.3(a), peak tip deflection for first mode of vibration
1.25 x 0.12 x 5.3 x 1.0 x 1.2 x x 1.0 _ 1/2

x 150 1/2
2 (28.302+2) 2x0.04
oi = -------------------------------------------------------------------------
14185 x [30.641 (0.016 0.5 x 1.2 x 5.32) ]
14185
= 0.01487
Magnified peak tip deflection = 1.75 x 0.01487 = 0.0260
Using the value of oi calculate the sectional force, shear force and bending
moment due to across wind at all sections.(Refer table 5)
Corresponding along wind velocity at 2/3 H = EL 100.000 = 39.20 m/sec.
Using this velocity, calculate the corresponding along wind moment
9.81 2
= ------- x (Fzm + Fzf) and the resultant moment at all levels.
39.20
(Refer table 6)
Repeat all the above calculations for second mode of vibration also.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 66 OF 89
TABLE 5 - CALCULATION OF ACROSS WIND FORCES
SHELL ONLY CONDITION

Height of chimney = 150.000 Modification factor = 1.75 Critical Vel=
Dia at 1/3 ht from top = 5.300 Mode of vibration = First 9.748
Natural frequency = 0.3678 Vel at critical elevation= 49.85
Vel at critical elevation= 39.20
IS formula 2
Elev. Shell Lining Nodal Shear Mom.
wt Wt mz dz dz
d z dz dz mz Force Fzoi Mzoi
dz
150.00 57.9 0.0 5.91 5.200 1.0000 2.60 0.5000 5.91 0.82 0.8 0.0
149.00 116.3 0.0 11.85 5.204 0.9883 5.14 0.9767 11.58 1.63 2.5 0.8
148.00 117.1 0.0 11.94 5.208 0.9765 5.09 0.9536 11.38 1.62 4.1 3.3
147.00 668.7 0.0 68.17 5.212 0.9648 27.66 5.1196 63.45 9.15 13.2 7.3
137.00 1261.2 0.0 128.56 5.252 0.8478 44.53 7.1876 92.41 15.16 28.4 139.5
127.00 1344.0 0.0 137.00 5.292 0.7320 38.74 5.3582 73.41 13.95 42.3 423.3
117.00 1427.5 0.0 145.51 5.332 0.6194 33.03 3.8366 55.83 12.54 54.9 846.5
107.00 1274.1 0.0 129.88 5.372 0.5127 23.41 2.2343 34.14 9.26 64.1 1395.1
100.00 779.9 0.0 79.50 5.400 0.4432 11.97 0.9821 15.62 4.90 69.0 1843.9
97.00 1115.1 0.0 113.67 5.550 0.4150 14.97 1.1195 19.58 6.56 75.6 2051.0
87.00 1866.3 0.0 190.24 6.050 0.3281 19.85 1.0765 20.48 8.68 84.3 2806.8
77.00 2106.8 0.0 214.76 6.550 0.2526 16.55 0.6381 13.70 7.54 91.8 3649.4
67.00 2360.0 0.0 240.57 7.050 0.1882 13.27 0.3542 8.52 6.30 98.1 4567.5
57.00 2196.2 0.0 223.87 7.550 0.1345 8.63 0.1538 4.05 4.19 102.3 5548.5
50.00 1379.7 0.0 140.64 7.900 0.1031 4.07 0.0531 1.49 2.02 104.3 6264.5
47.00 1949.6 0.0 198.74 8.050 0.0911 4.77 0.0539 1.65 2.52 106.8 6577.5
37.00 3190.9 0.0 325.27 8.550 0.0568 4.86 0.0323 1.05 2.57 109.4 7645.7
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 67 OF 89
27.00 3494.1 0.0 356.18 9.050 0.0311 2.81 0.0097 0.34 1.54 110.9 8739.7
17.00 2799.0 0.0 285.32 9.550 0.0132 0.95 0.0013 0.05 0.52 111.5 9849.0
12.00 1375.9 0.0 140.25 9.800 0.0070 0.24 0.0002 0.01 0.14 111.6 10406.3
10.00 807.4 0.0 82.31 9.900 0.0051 0.10 0.0001 0.00 0.06 111.7 10629.5
8.00 816.4 0.0 83.22 10.000 0.0034 0.07 0.0000 0.00 0.04 111.7 10852.8
6.00 617.2 0.0 62.92 10.100 0.0021 0.03 0.0000 0.00 0.02 111.7 11076.2
5.00 414.7 0.0 42.27 10.150 0.0016 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11187.9
4.00 626.9 0.0 63.90 10.200 0.0012 0.02 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11299.6
2.00 842.3 0.0 85.86 10.300 0.0005 0.01 0.0000 0.00 0.01 111.7 11523.1
0.00 851.0 0.0 86.75 10.400 0.0001 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 111.7 11746.5
-2.00 0.0 0.0 0.00 10.500 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.00 111.7 11970.0
35856.2 0.0 3655.07 283.36 30.641 434.64
me = 14185 Ksi = 84.61

oi = 0.0260 (by IS method formula 2)
oi = 0.0609 (by IS method formula 1)
TABLE 6 - CALCULATION OF ACROSS WIND FORCES
Formula 1 Formula 2
IS formula 1 Corres. Corres. Corres. Corres.

Nodal Shear Mom Al Wind Comb. Al Wind Comb. Al Wind Al Comb. Comb.
Wind
Force Fzoi Mzoi Mom Moment shear Shear Mom shear Moment Shear
1.9 1.9 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.13 1.92 0.00 0.36 0.00 0.90
3.8 5.7 1.9 0.13 1.92 0.38 5.74 0.36 1.07 0.90 2.68
3.8 9.5 7.7 0.51 7.67 0.63 9.54 1.43 1.79 3.57 4.45
21.4 30.9 17.2 1.14 17.21 2.02 30.97 3.22 5.61 8.02 14.36
35.4 66.4 326.3 21.38 326.96 4.54 66.51 59.29 12.37 151.60 30.96
32.6 99.0 989.8 66.81 992.07 7.05 99.22 182.98 18.80 461.14 46.31
29.3 128.3 1979.5 137.33 1984.28 9.54 128.64 370.99 24.90 924.25 60.25
21.7 149.9 3262.4 232.70 3270.64 11.64 150.39 620.00 29.85 1526.67 70.73
11.5 161.4 4311.9 314.23 4323.36 12.88 161.91 828.93 32.65 2021.70 76.35
15.3 176.7 4796.1 352.85 4809.08 14.55 177.34 926.88 36.18 2250.72 83.79
20.3 197.0 6563.5 498.40 6582.40 17.23 197.79 1288.71 41.50 3088.52 93.93
17.6 214.7 8533.9 670.64 8560.20 20.05 215.62 1703.75 46.65 4027.54 102.98
14.7 229.4 10680.7 871.14 10716.17 23.01 230.56 2170.25 51.61 5056.87 110.85
9.8 239.2 12974.8 1101.32 13021.41 25.63 240.57 2686.32 55.68 6164.60 116.46
4.7 243.9 14649.1 1280.75 14705.02 27.21 245.43 3076.06 58.00 6979.01 119.35
5.9 249.8 15380.9 1362.36 15441.10 29.29 251.51 3250.07 60.86 7336.62 122.94
6.0 255.8 17878.9 1655.25 17955.35 32.49 257.86 3858.63 65.01 8564.22 127.26
3.6 259.4 20437.0 1980.11 20532.70 35.65 261.85 4508.76 68.77 9834.15 130.52
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 68 OF 89
1.2 260.6 23031.1 2336.60 23149.35 37.96 263.39 5196.42 71.30 11135.78 132.31
0.3 261.0 24334.3 2526.43 24465.10 39.00 263.85 5552.93 72.35 11795.17 133.00
0.1 261.1 24856.2 2604.44 24992.29 39.58 264.08 5697.64 72.90 12060.22 133.34
0.1 261.2 25378.4 2683.56 25519.89 40.15 264.25 5843.43 73.43 12325.94 133.67
0.0 261.2 25900.8 2763.87 26047.83 40.59 264.36 5990.30 73.83 12592.28 133.90
0.0 261.3 26162.0 2804.44 26311.89 40.88 264.43 6064.13 74.09 12725.66 134.05
0.0 261.3 26423.3 2845.32 26576.01 41.32 264.52 6138.21 74.48 12859.19 134.28
0.0 261.3 26945.8 2928.00 27104.42 41.92 264.63 6287.17 74.99 13126.68 134.57
0.0 261.3 27468.4 3011.83 27633.01 42.36 264.70 6437.14 75.37 13394.71 134.78
0.0 261.3 27991.0 3096.53 28161.73 42.51 264.73 6587.87 75.49 13663.15 134.85
DEFLECTION CALCULATION IN CHIMNEY SHELL FOR ALONG WIND FORCES
(SIMPLIFIED METHOD)
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Date= OCT 7, 1999 *
* Time= 11:12:22 *
* *
**************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. UNIT MET KNS
3. JOINT COORD
4. 1 0 -2 ; 2 0 0 ; 3 0 2 ; 4 0 4 ; 5 0 5
5. 6 0 6 ; 7 0 8 ; 8 0 10
6. 9 0 12
7. 10 0 17
8. REPEAT 3 0 10
9. 14 0 50
10. 15 0 57
11. REPEAT 4 0 10
12. 20 0 100
13. 21 0 107
14. REPEAT 4 0 10
15. 26 0 148 ; 27 0 149 ; 28 0 150
16. MEMBER INCI
17. 1 1 2 27 1 1
18. MEMBER PROP
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 69 OF 89
19. 27 PRIS AX 1 IZ 13.967

20. 26 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.078
21. 25 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.189
22. 24 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.804
23. 23 PRIS AX 1 IZ 15.942
24. 22 PRIS AX 1 IZ 17.106
25. 21 PRIS AX 1 IZ 18.296
26. 20 PRIS AX 1 IZ 19.329
27. 19 PRIS AX 1 IZ 20.76
28. 18 PRIS AX 1 IZ 25.521
29. 17 PRIS AX 1 IZ 34.345
30. 16 PRIS AX 1 IZ 45.222
31. 15 PRIS AX 1 IZ 58.438
32. 14 PRIS AX 1 IZ 71.693
33. 13 PRIS AX 1 IZ 80.432
34. 12 PRIS AX 1 IZ 93
35. 11 PRIS AX 1 IZ 115.088
36. 10 PRIS AX 1 IZ 140.829
37. 9 PRIS AX 1 IZ 163.088
38. 8 PRIS AX 1 IZ 174.205
39. 7 PRIS AX 1 IZ 180.007
40. 6 PRIS AX 1 IZ 111.425
41. 5 PRIS AX 1 IZ 114.650
42. 4 PRIS AX 1 IZ 193.215

43. 3 PRIS AX 1 IZ 197.757
44. 2 PRIS AX 1 IZ 189.428
45. 1 PRIS AX 1 IZ 210.216
46. CONSTANTS
47. E .1912E8 MEM 14 TO 27
48. E .225E8 MEM 8 TO 13
49. E .2586E8 MEM 1 TO 7
50. SUPPORT
51. 1 FIXED
52. LOADING 1 - SHELL ONLY
53. JOINT LOAD
54. 1 FX 3.92
55. 2 FX 11.72
56. 3 FX 15.52
57. 4 FX 11.56
58. 5 FX 7.65
59. 6 FX 11.39
60. 7 FX 15.07
61. 8 FX 15.05
62. 9 FX 27.13
63. 10 FX 60.48
64. 11 FX 82.69
65. 12 FX 83.64
66. 13 FX 54.35
67. 14 FX 41.27
68. 15 FX 68.42
69. 16 FX 77.54
70. 17 FX 73.85
71. 18 FX 69.89
72. 19 FX 43.69
73. 20 FX 32.36
74. 21 FX 55.06
75. 22 FX 65.13
76. 23 FX 65.51
77. 24 FX 65.89
78. 25 FX 36.35
79. 26 FX 6.62
80. 27 FX 6.63
81. 28 FX 3.32
82. LOADING 2 - SHELL + LINING
83. JOINT LOAD
84. 1 FX 5.50
85. 2 FX 16.45
86. 3 FX 21.79
87. 4 FX 16.22
88. 5 FX 10.74
89. 6 FX 15.99
90. 7 FX 21.16
91. 8 FX 21.12
92. 9 FX 38.09
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 70 OF 89
93. 10 FX 84.89
94. 11 FX 116.07
95. 12 FX 117.4
96. 13 FX 76.28
97. 14 FX 57.93
98. 15 FX 96.05
99. 16 FX 108.85
100. 17 FX 103.66
101. 18 FX 98.11
102. 19 FX 61.32
103. 20 FX 45.43
104. 21 FX 77.29
105. 22 FX 91.42
106. 23 FX 91.96
107. 24 FX 92.50
108. 25 FX 51.03
109. 26 FX 9.30
110. 27 FX 9.30
111. 28 FX 4.65
-----------------------------------

++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 11:12:23

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 11:12:23
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 11:12:23
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 11:12:23
++ Calculating Member Forces. 11:12:24

------------------
1 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 1 0.0030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0041 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0169 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
4 1 0.0272 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0382 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
5 1 0.0370 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0519 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
6 1 0.0488 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0685 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
7 1 0.0797 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.1119 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
8 1 0.1186 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.1665 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
9 1 0.1639 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.2300 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
10 1 0.3075 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
2 0.4316 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0005
11 1 0.7289 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0005
2 1.0232 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0007
12 1 1.3315 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0007
2 1.8691 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0010
13 1 2.1205 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009
2 2.9766 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0012
14 1 2.3932 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009
2 3.3594 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0013
15 1 3.1065 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0011
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 71 OF 89
2 4.3607 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0015

16 1 4.3229 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0013
2 6.0682 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0019
17 1 5.7719 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0016
2 8.1021 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0022
18 1 7.4544 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0018
2 10.4639 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
19 1 9.3682 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0020
2 13.1504 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0028
20 1 9.9847 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0021
2 14.0157 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0029
21 1 11.4955 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0022
2 16.1365 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0031
22 1 13.7932 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 19.3619 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0033
23 1 16.1997 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 22.7399 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
24 1 18.6644 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
2 26.1997 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0035

------------------
25 1 21.1516 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025

2 29.6910 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0035
26 1 21.4006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
2 30.0406 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0035
27 1 21.6497 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
2 30.3903 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0035
28 1 21.8988 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
2 30.7399 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0035
DEFLECTION CALCULATION IN CHIMNEY SHELL FOR ALONG WIND FORCES
(RANDOM RESPONSE METHOD)
**************************************************
* *
* S T A A D - III *
* Revision 22.0 *
* Date= OCT 7, 1999 *
* Time= 11:12:59 *
* *
**************************************************
1. STAAD PLANE
2. UNIT MET KNS
3. JOINT COORD
4. 1 0 -2 ; 2 0 0 ; 3 0 2 ; 4 0 4 ; 5 0 5
5. 6 0 6 ; 7 0 8 ; 8 0 10
6. 9 0 12
7. 10 0 17
8. REPEAT 3 0 10
9. 14 0 50
10. 15 0 57
11. REPEAT 4 0 10
12. 20 0 100
13. 21 0 107
14. REPEAT 4 0 10
15. 26 0 148 ; 27 0 149 ; 28 0 150
16. MEMBER INCI
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 72 OF 89
17. 1 1 2 27 1 1
18. MEMBER PROP
19. 27 PRIS AX 1 IZ 13.967
20. 26 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.078
21. 25 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.189
22. 24 PRIS AX 1 IZ 14.804
23. 23 PRIS AX 1 IZ 15.942
24. 22 PRIS AX 1 IZ 17.106
25. 21 PRIS AX 1 IZ 18.296
26. 20 PRIS AX 1 IZ 19.329
27. 19 PRIS AX 1 IZ 20.76
28. 18 PRIS AX 1 IZ 25.521
29. 17 PRIS AX 1 IZ 34.345
30. 16 PRIS AX 1 IZ 45.222
31. 15 PRIS AX 1 IZ 58.438
32. 14 PRIS AX 1 IZ 71.693
33. 13 PRIS AX 1 IZ 80.432
34. 12 PRIS AX 1 IZ 93
35. 11 PRIS AX 1 IZ 115.088
36. 10 PRIS AX 1 IZ 140.829
37. 9 PRIS AX 1 IZ 163.088
38. 8 PRIS AX 1 IZ 174.205
39. 7 PRIS AX 1 IZ 180.007
40. 6 PRIS AX 1 IZ 111.425
41. 5 PRIS AX 1 IZ 114.650
42. 4 PRIS AX 1 IZ 193.215

43. 3 PRIS AX 1 IZ 197.757
44. 2 PRIS AX 1 IZ 189.428
45. 1 PRIS AX 1 IZ 210.216
46. CONSTANTS
47. E .3200E8 MEM 14 TO 27
48. E .335E8 MEM 8 TO 13
49. E .3500E8 MEM 1 TO 7
50. SUPPORT
51. 1 FIXED
52. LOADING 1 - SHELL ONLY
53. JOINT LOAD
54. 1 FX 2.03
55. 2 FX 6.08
56. 3 FX 8.26
57. 4 FX 6.26
58. 5 FX 4.22
59. 6 FX 6.39
60. 7 FX 8.61
61. 8 FX 8.85
62. 9 FX 16.97
63. 10 FX 40.99
64. 11 FX 60.67
65. 12 FX 67.21
66. 13 FX 46.14
67. 14 FX 37.58
68. 15 FX 65.81
69. 16 FX 80.16
70. 17 FX 83.19
71. 18 FX 86.05
72. 19 FX 57.09
73. 20 FX 45.35
74. 21 FX 79.97
75. 22 FX 98.64
76. 23 FX 103.99
77. 24 FX 109.34
78. 25 FX 61.76
79. 26 FX 11.52
80. 27 FX 11.57
81. 28 FX 5.80
82. LOADING 2 - SHELL + LINING
83. JOINT LOAD
84. 1 FX 2.85
85. 2 FX 8.53
86. 3 FX 11.59
87. 4 FX 8.80
88. 5 FX 5.94
89. 6 FX 9.00
90. 7 FX 12.14
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 73 OF 89
91. 8 FX 12.49
92. 9 FX 23.97
93. 10 FX 58.02
94. 11 FX 86.03
95. 12 FX 95.55
96. 13 FX 65.70
97. 14 FX 53.61
98. 15 FX 94.02
99. 16 FX 114.72
100. 17 FX 119.34
101. 18 FX 123.67
102. 19 FX 82.14
103. 20 FX 65.36
104. 21 FX 115.31
105. 22 FX 142.35
106. 23 FX 150.20
107. 24 FX 158.05
108. 25 FX 89.29
109. 26 FX 16.66
110. 27 FX 16.74
111. 28 FX 8.39
-----------------------------------

++ Processing Element Stiffness Matrix. 11:13: 0

++ Processing Global Stiffness Matrix. 11:13: 1
++ Processing Triangular Factorization. 11:13: 1
++ Calculating Joint Displacements. 11:13: 1
++ Calculating Member Forces. 11:13: 1

------------------
1 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

2 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 1 0.0029 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0041 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 1 0.0117 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0169 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
4 1 0.0266 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0382 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
5 1 0.0362 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0521 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
6 1 0.0477 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0001
2 0.0687 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
7 1 0.0781 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.1125 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
8 1 0.1164 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.1676 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
9 1 0.1608 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0002
2 0.2315 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
10 1 0.2996 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0003
2 0.4314 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0005
11 1 0.7017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0005
2 1.0104 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0007
12 1 1.2749 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0007
2 1.8362 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009
13 1 2.0285 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0008
2 2.9219 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0012
14 1 2.2900 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0009
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 74 OF 89
2 3.2988 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0013

15 1 2.9710 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0010
2 4.2802 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0015
16 1 4.1219 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0013
2 5.9392 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0018
17 1 5.4867 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0015
2 7.9069 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0021
18 1 7.0704 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0017
2 10.1909 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
19 1 8.8748 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0019
2 12.7935 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0028
20 1 9.4570 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0020
2 13.6334 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0028
21 1 10.8861 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0021
2 15.6952 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0030
22 1 13.0650 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0022
2 18.8389 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0032
23 1 15.3521 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0023
2 22.1391 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
24 1 17.6980 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 25.5243 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034

------------------
25 1 20.0666 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024

2 28.9425 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
26 1 20.3039 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 29.2848 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
27 1 20.5411 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 29.6272 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
28 1 20.7784 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0024
2 29.9696 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0034
Vertical stress calculation in chimney shell
The vertical stress calculation has been done at three levels, so that
different types of shell profile are covered.
(I) Consider EL.137.000 of the shell where there is no opening. Let
(a) Vertical load w = 2175 kN
(b) Moment M = 2104 kNm.
(c) Outer dia of shell OD = 5.252 m
(d) Shell thickness t = 0.326 m
(e) Modular ratio m = 10.98
(f) Percentage steel p = 0.25%.
Eccentricity e = M/W = 2104 / 2175 = 0.967 m; ratio e/r =

0.967
0.392
2.463
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 75 OF 89
From Table 2 for = = 0, actual e/r is less than 0.50. Hence, neutral axis
will lie outside the section and the whole section is under compression.
From equation 33, 34, 35 and 36,
1 1
I= ( 0 0 0) ( 2 x cos 0 x sin 0 sin 0 sin 0)
2 4
(sin0 sin0 2xcos0xsin0)2

000
I = /2 = 3.14/2 = 1.57.
x sin0 sin0 2xcos0xsin0

1 1
r 000
10.98x0.00 25
np = (1 0.0025)
0.0275
1 1 1
c= (0.392 1 1)(1 cos0 1)
2(1 0.0275) 000 1.57
c = 0.2764
3
0.2764x217 5x10
Compressive stress in concrete fv = 2463x326(1 0.0025)
= 0.75 N/mm2
(ii)Consider El 67.00 of the shell, where there is no opening.
(a) Vertical load W = 16620 kW
(b) Moment M = 52196 kNm.
(d) Shell thickness t = 0.455 m
(f) Percentage steel p = 0.30%.
Eccentricity e = m/W = 52196 / 16620 = 3.14 m.
Ratio = e/r = 3.14 / 3.2975 = 0.952.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 76 OF 89
From table 2 for = = 0, actual e/r is greater than 0.50. Hence, neutral
axis lies inside the section.
D = Cos 76.5 (0+0-1.335) 2Cos0 x sin0 sin0 + sin 76.5.
D = 0.6607.
E = ( - 0 1.335) cos 76.5 sin0 + sin 76.5.
E = 1.3941.
F = (1.335 0 0) (1+2 x cos 2 76.5) - {3 sin 153 + 0 + 0}. + 2 x cos

76.5 x (0+0).
F = 0.3997.
G = (-0-1.335)(1+2 x cos2 76.5) (0-3 sin 153) 2 x cos 76.5 x

0.
G = 1.3422.
10.98x0.00 3
np = (1 0.003)
0.033
cos0 cos76.5
C = 2 1 0.033 x0.6607 0.033x1.3941 0.6021
0.6021x(cos76.5 cos0)
S= 0.9688
cos0 cos76.5
e (1 0.033)x0.3 997 0.033x1.34 22

cos76.5
r (1 0.033)x0.6 607 0.033x1.39 41
e/r = 0.952
This is equal to the actual value of e/r. Hence, the assumption that =
76.5 is correct.
Vertical stress in concrete fc =

3
0.6021x166 20x 10 2
6.69N/ mm
3297.5x455 x(1 0.003)
Maximum vertical stress in concrete
455 2
fCmax = 6.69x 1 7.30 N / mm
2x3297.5xcos0(cos0 cos76.5)
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 77 OF 89
Maximum vertical stress in steel
fs = 0.9688 x 10.98 x 16620 x 103/(3297.5 x 455 x (1-0.003))

= 118.2 N/mm2.
(iii) Consider EL 8.000 of the shell, where there are two openings
diametrically opposite to each other.
(a) Vertical load W = 40094 kN
(b) Moment M = 138967 kNm
(d) Shell thickness t = 0.55m
(f) Percentage steel p = 1.05%
(g) Angular distance of opening = = 18.830
Eccentricity e = M/W = 138967 / 40094 = 3.466 m.
Ratio e/r = 3.466 / 4.725 = 0.7336.
From table 2 for = = 18.830, e/r ~ 0.392. Actual e/r is greater than
0.392. Hence, neutral axis lies inside the section.
From equation 28 and assuming = 970
D = cos97 (0+0.3286-1.693) 2 cos0sin0 sin18.83 + sin 97.
D = 0.8360
E = ( - 0.3286 1.693) cos 97 sin 18.83 + sin 97
E = 0.5333
F = (1.693 0 0.3286)(1+2cos297)- {3sin194 + sin37.66+0}
+ 2 cos97 (sin 18.83 + 0).
F = 0.6525
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 78 OF 89
G = ( -0.3286 1.693)(1+2cos297) (sin 37.66 3 sin 194) -2

cos97 sin 18.83.
G = 0.3211.
8.12x0.010 5
np = (1 0.0105)
0.0861
e (1 0.0861)x0. 6525 0.0861x0.3 211

cos97
r (1 0.0861)x0. 8360 0.0861x0.5 333
= 0.7322.
This is approximately equal to the actual e/r. Hence, the assumption that
= 970 is correct.
cos18.83 cos97
C =
2 1 0.861 x0.8360 0.0861x0.5 333
0.6196
0.6196(cos 97 cos18.83)
S = (cos18.83 cos97)
0.4782
Vertical stress in concrete fc =

3
0.6196x400 94x 10 2
9.66N/ mm
4725x550x(1 0.0105)
Maximum vertical stress in concrete.
550
fcmax = 9.66 1
2x4725xcos 18.83(cos1 8.83 cos97)
= 10.22 N/mm2.
Maximum vertical stress in steel
3
40094x 10 2
fs = 0.4782 x 8.12 x 6055N/ mm
4725x550x(1 0.0105)
(iv) Vertical stress due to combined effect of axial load, moment and
temperature at EL 8.000.
(a) Effective cover to reinforcement C=0.072 m
(b) Static modulus of elasticity Ec=25860 N/mm2.
(c) Co-efficient of thermal expansion =11 x 10-6 / 0C.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 79 OF 89
(d) Temperature gradient Tx=550C.
a = t-c / t = 0.55 - 0.072 / 0.55 = 0.869.
k = percentage ratio = 0.50.
ft = 11 x 10-6 x 25860 x 55 / 2 = 7.82 N/mm2.
fc = Vertical stress in concrete = 9.66 N/mm2.
fst = Tensile stress in steel = 60.55 N/mm2.
On leeward side
As ft < fc, neutral axis is outside section.
7.821 2x8.12x0.0105(0.5(1 0.869) 0.869(1 0.5))

fcomb = 9.66 +
1 8.12x0.010 5
= 17.48 N/mm2.
Maximum compressive stress in concrete = fcomb = 17.48 N/mm2.
Stress on steel on hot face.
2
fsh = 17.48 2x7.82(1 0.869) x8.12 125.30N/
mm
Stress in steel on cold face.
fsc = (17.48-2x0.869x7.82)x8.12 = 31.58 N/mm2.
On Windward side
mft = 8.12 x 7.82 = 63.50 N/mm2.
As mft > fst, Neutral axis lies inside section.
Fcomb=2*7.82*{-8.12*0.0105+
60.55
2x8.12x0.0105x 0.5 1 0.869 0.869(1 0.5) 0.0105x
2
(8.12x0.0105)
7.82
}
= 0.32 N/mm2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 80 OF 89
Maximum tensile stress in steel fsc = 8.12 x (2 x 0.869 x 7.82 0.32) =

107.76 N/mm2.
Calculation of circumferential stresses in chimney shell
At EL 150.000, the design wind speed, treating the chimney as Class A

structure will be
Vz = 1.07 x 1.28 x 1.00 x 47 = 64.37 m/sec.
Design wind pressure pz = 0.6 x 64.372 = 2486.2 N/m
From equation (23)
Ovalising moment M = 0.33 x 2486.2 x 2.45 = 4.93 kNm/m
Let percentage of steel provided p = 0.20 ; m = 10.98 and ratio of inside

face reinforcement to outside face reinforcement = 1.00
From equation (55)
300 - 56
Z = ---------- = 0.8133
300
0.002 0.002
k' * 10.98 * (1.0 1) ( * 10.98 * (1 1)) 2 2 * 0.002 * 10.98 * 0.5 * (0.8133
2 2
k = 0.1278
From equation (54)

Circumferential compressive stress in concrete
4.93e6 1
f ' ' cwc 3
* 0.1278 * 300( 3
300 0.1278
10.98 * 0.002((0.1278 1 0.8133 (0.8133
3
= 1187.8 kN/m = 1.19 N/mm
From equation 56
Circumferential tensile stress in steel
fswc = 10.98 x 1.19 x [ 0.8133 1 ] = 70 N/mm

0.1278
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 81 OF 89
Assuming a temperature gradient of 55C, circumferential temperature

stress in concrete
From equation (48) and (49)
-0.002
k = --------- x 10.98 + 0.002 x 10.98 x (0.002x10.98 + 2x0.8133)
2 2 2
= 0.1231
CTC = 11 x 10-6 x 0.1231 x 55 x 0.1912 x 108 = 1424 kN/mm
= 1.43 N/mm2
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 82 OF 89
12.0 DESIGN OF STRAKES
As mentioned earlier in section 6.3.6, the across wind oscillations can be

suppressed by providing discrete strakes on the outer surface of the
chimney. Clause A-7 of IS 4998 (Part I), 1992 gives the details of
strakes. Given below is example on the design of strakes.(Refr fig 11, 12
and 13)
The strake between stiffeners is a plate fixed along three edges and fourth
side free.
The forces in the plate are obtained using Moodys charts.
P = 4053 N/m2
a = 200 mm.
b = 1300 mm.
a/b = 0.154.
The charts are available for a/b = 0.125 and a/b = 0.25.
The values are interpolated for a/b = 0.154.
From figure 1, Sh 13
For a/b = 0.125.
Max. Mx = 0.0052 Pb2
Max. Rx = 0.125 Pb
For a/b = 0.25
Max. Mx = 0.0209 Pb2.
Interpolation for a/b = 0.154.
Max M = 0.0088 Pb2
= 0.0088 x 4053 x 1.32
= 60.28 Nm/m = 60.28 Nmm/mm
Max. R = 0.1545 pb
= 0.154 x 4053 x 1.3
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 83 OF 89
= 814 N/m = 0.814 N/mm.
Allowable bending stress in the plate = 165 N/mm2
Let t be the thickness of the plate.
165 x t2/6 = 60.28. t = 1.48mm
However, 8 mm thick plate is provided considering corrosion allowance

shear stress = 0.814/1 x 2 = 0.407 N/mm2.
DESIGN OF BOLTS FOR STRAKES

(Refer fig 13)
Wind pressure on strake = 4053 N/m2

Max. contributing height for bolts (for extreme bolts) = 200 mm.
Shear force at the junction of strake and embedment = 4053 x 0.2 x 1.3 =
1054 N.
Moment at the junction of strake and embedment = 1054 x 1.3/2 = 685.1

Nm.
Shear force for each bolt = 1054 / 2 = 527 N.
Tension / Compression for bolt = 685.1 / 0.22 = 3114 N.
Assuming 16 dia bolts.
Shear stress on bolt = 527/201 = 2.62 N/mm2 < 80 N/mm2 O.K. Ref. Table
8.1 in IS 800
Tensile / compressive stress in bolt = 3114 / 157 = 19.83N/mm2
< 120 N/mm2 Refer Table 8.1
Combined shear and tension.
Tvf Cal tf .Cal

1.4 Refer cl.8.9.4.5 of IS 800
Tvf tf
2.62 19.83
0.198 O.K.
80 120
Design of stiffener plate :
Wind load = 4053 x 0.4 = 1621.2 N/m.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 84 OF 89
Moment at the fixed end.
= 1621.2 x 1.32/2 = 1370 Nm.
1/6 x 300 x t2 x 165 = 1370 x 103.
t = 12.9 mm.
However 20 thick plate is provided taking corrosion into consideration.
Corrosion allowance = 5 mm. Min.
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 85 OF 89
FORM NO. 120R2

SHEET 86 OF 89
FORM NO. 120R2

M6 CV RC G 007 (R2)

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TCE Consulting Engineers Limited SECTION: TITLE

SHEET iOF iii

DESIGN GUIDE FOR RC CHIMNEYS

FILE NAME: TCE.M6-CV-RC-G-007(R2) . DOC

INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN INITIALS SIGN

PPD.BY VTK Sd/- KSS Sd/- KSS

CKD.BY SNM Sd/- MSCN Sd/- BRR R2

APP.BY MRR Sd/- MGK Sd/- SMP

DATE 1981-03-12 2000-02-15 30-10-2009

SECTION TITLE SHEET NO

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES AND BOOKS 1

4.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 5

5.0 INPUT DATA 6

7.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS 23

8.0 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES 24

9.0 DESIGN PROCEDURE 25

10.0 CHIMNEY PROGRAM 34

11.0 DESIGN EXAMPLE 34

12.0 DESIGN OF STRAKES 85

REVISION STATUS SHEET

REV.NO. DATE DESCRIPTION

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES AND BOOKS

(a) IS 4998 (Part 1) : 1975* : Criteria for design of reinforced

(b) IS 4998 (Part 1 ) : 1992* : Criteria for design of reinforced

(c) IS 456 : 1978 : Code of practice for plain and

(d) IS 1893 : 1984 : Criteria for earthquake resistant

(e) IS 875 : 1987 : Code of practice for design loads

(i) Part 1 : Dead loads

(f) ACI 307 : 1979** : Specification for the design and

(g) Tall chimneys : Design & Construction

(h) Reinforced concrete chimneys & towers G.M.Pinfold

FORM NO. 120R2

FZ = Along wind load or drag force per unit height.

FORM NO. 120R2

FORM NO. 120R2

sy = Yield or proof stress of steel in kg/cm2

P1 = Ratio of circumferential steel area to total shell area per unit

FORM NO. 120R2

C = Ratio of inside face circumferential reinforcing steel area to

4.0 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

A reinforced concrete chimney is usually of two types

(a) Single flue - when one chimney serves one boiler

In case of multiflue chimneys with brick lining, the lining is supported on a

Design of steel flue is covered in M6-CV-034

5.0 INPUT DATA

The following information is required before proceeding with the design of

5.1 Data from Mechanical Department

(i) Height of the chimney

FORM NO. 120R2

5.2 Data from Electrical and Instrumentation Department

(i) Location and number of Aviation warning lights

5.3 Project Data

(i) Maximum and minimum ambient temperatures

(a) Dead loads

6.1 Dead Loads

6.2 Imposed Loads

FORM NO. 120R2

However, for design of individual structural elements such as platforms,

6.3 Wind Loads

The method of estimating wind loads is given in Annex A of IS 4998 (Part

Grade of Concrete Modulus of Elasticity (N/m)

M25 3.20 x 1010

Wind effect on chimney shell are