Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lab 4
THEORY
The transistor is a two way junction with three terminal semiconductor
devices which have three regions called the emitter region, the collector
region and the base region. The three regions namely the base, collector and
emitter are the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) regions. Between these
regions are the junctions made up of the types of transistors. There are two
types of transistors. An npn transistor and an pnp transistor. An npn
transistor has an n type emitter, a p type base and an n type collector. Whilst
for a pnp transistor, it has an p type emitter, an n type base and a p type
collector. The base region is thin and lightly doped, the emitter is heavily
doped and the collector is moderately doped and is the largest. The current
in transistor takes place due to both charge carriers- that is the electrons and
the holes and hence they are called BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors).
The transistors are also used as switch in Cut-off (OFF) and saturation (ON)
regions and as an amplifier in Active regions.
INSTRUMENTS
Fi
gure 2: Circuit used to determine the collect characteristics.
- The base current IB was measured using the multimeter and the supply
voltage of VBB was increased from 0V until the base current is
approximately 20. The values for VBB was measured and recorded in
the results sheet.
- The multimeter was then connected and the voltage across the
collector and emitter VCE was measured.
- The value of the VBB found earlier was set and then VCC was adjusted
from increments of 0.5V from 0.0 to 10.0V. The values of VCE was
measured and recorded.
- The multimeter was connected and the collector current IC was
measured. The voltage across RC was measured as the VCE was
measured alternatively and hence those measured values were used to
calculate the IC.
- A graph of V-I characteristics with IC on the y-axis and VCE on the x-axis
was plotted using excel.
- Again the above steps were repeated for IB = 40. From the two
plotted graphs the values for the DC of the BJT was determined.
- DC load line was drawn on the plotted graph and Q-points were
obtained.
The arrows on each of the transistors indicate the direction of the DC current
which flow from either the NPN type or the PNP transistor type. The base
current (Ib) however is a very small current measured in microamps (A) and
for the collector current (Ic) and emitter current (Ie), they are much larger
then base current and are measured in milliamps (mA). The base current for
the PNP transistor flows out of the transistor and for the NPN transistor, its
base current flows into the transistor. Hence, the collector current and the
emitter current both flows in the same direction however, the directions of
their current is determine by the direction of the arrows shown by the two
types of the transistors either it can be a NPN type or a PNP type transistor.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, all three terminals of BJT were identified after this lab has been
carried out and they are called the base region, collector region and emitter
region. This was done without the use of datasheet. That is, to identify the
three terminals of the transistor, the section one side is called the emitter
and the opposite side is called the collector. The middle section is called the
base. Hence, the collector characteristics curve of BJT was determine for this
lab from two graphs plotted for different base currents.
REFERENCE
J. David Irwin, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, (7th Edition), John Wiley and
Sons Inc, 2002
Neudeck, G.W., 1989. The bipolar junction transistor (Vol. 3). Prentice Hall.