Automotive Engines Classification and Operation

PEPM
AEL2501
Automotive Engines
Lecture delivered by:

Prof. Ashok C.Meti
MSRSAS--Bangalore
MSRSAS
1
M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore
PEPM
AEL2501
Session Objectives
To understand the classification of
automotive engines.
Study the constructional features and
arrangement of various parts of IC engines.
Discus the new developments to improve
the low-end performance of an engine
Understand the lubrication system and
cooling system of an IC engine
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Topics
Introduction to automotive engines
4S, Petrol and Diesel engines
Main engine components
Cooling system
Lubrication system
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Introduction to Automotive Engines

An automotive engine is a complex piece
of precision
precision--built machinery.
It provides power to drive the vehicles
wheels.
wheels
In addition, it is also a source of power to
other sub-systems like-
charging,
a/c unit,
hydraulic system for power steering,
suspension, etc.
The engines used in automobiles are also
known as internal combustion engines as Ex: The mHawk Engine
the burning of air and fuel mixture takes
place inside the cylinder
cylinder.
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Engine classification
Some engine classifications include:
Cylinder arrangement Type of aspiration
In-line*, V engine, opposed Naturally aspirated engine
piston / flat engine Turbo* / super charged engine
Type
yp of fuel burned Number of valve / cylinder
Diesel*
2 valves per cylinder*
Petrol
Multi valve engines
CNG / LPG
Valve location
Dual fuel engine
L head engine
Type of ignition
Compression ignition* I head engine ( OHV)*
Spark ignition
Camshaft location
Number of strokes / cycle Overhead cam engine
4 stroke cycle* Cam in the block engine*
2 stroke cycle Combustion chamber design
Cooling system type Shapes: Pancake, wedge,
Water cooled engine* hemispherical, pent roof, pre-
combustion chamber
Air cooled engine
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In-line Engines
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V- Engines
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Horizontally Opposed
PORSCHE 911 Carrera flat 6, 3.8 Lt. 283 kW (380bhp), DFI

120bar multiple injection (at high load and speed<3500rpm), CR
12.5:1, 7 speed DCT,2W/4W, 0-100kmph in 4.3s, VarioCam+
Valve system,
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Four Stroke Petrol Engine Operation
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Four-stroke cycle: Diesel Engine

The four strokes of the engine
operation requires 2 rotations of
the crankshaft.
crankshaft
1 IInduction
1. d ti St Stroke
k
Starting from TDC, the piston
moves downwards.
The inlet valve also opens at the
same time and air is drawn into
cylinder with out restriction by a
throttle valve.
valve
When the piston reaches the
BDC, the cylinder capacity is the
largest.
largest
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2. Compression stroke
The inlet and exhaust valves are
closed.
closed
The pistons upward movement
compresses the air to the degree
d
determined
i d by
b the
h compressioni
ratio (16:1 to 24:1).
The air, in this process, heats up to
9000C.
Near the completion of the
compression stroke, the fuel-
injection system injects the fuel at
high pressure (as much as 2000
bar in modern engines) in to hot
compressed air in the CC.
When the cylinder reaches the
TDC, the cylinder capacity is at its
minimum.
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3. Ignition stroke
After the ignition lag (a few
degrees of C/s rotation) the
ignition stroke begins.
The finely atomized and easily
combustible
b ibl diesel
di l fuel
f l
spontaneously ignites and burns.
As a result, the cylinder charge
heats up even more and pressure
in the cylinder rises.
The mass of the fuel injected
(quality based control) determines
the amount of energy released.
The pressure forces the piston
downwards. The C/s drive
translates the KE of the piston into
torque.
torque 12
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4. Exhaust stroke
Just before the piston reaches
the BDC,, the exhaust valve
opens.
opens
The hot pressurized gases flow
out of the cylinder.
The upwards movement of the
piston forces the remaining
exhaust gas out of the cylinder.
cylinder
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Piston Assembly
The piston converts the potential
energy of the combustion gases, into
the kinetic energy that turns the
crankshaft.
The piston is a cylindrical shaped Diesel Engine Piston
hollow part that moves up and down
inside the engine's cylinder.
It has grooves around its perimeter
near the top where rings are placed.
The wrist pin connects the piston to
the connecting rod. The connecting
rod comes up through the bottom of
the piston.
The wrist pin is inserted into a hole
( b
(about half
h lf way up)) that
h goes through
h h
the side of the piston, where it is
attached to the connecting rod.
Pistons are usually made of aluminum
alloy, because it is light and a good
heat conductor.
Petrol Engine Piston
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Pistons perform several functions.

Transmit the driving force of combustion to
the crankshaft. This causes the crankshaft
to rotate.
Also acts as a moveable gas-tight plug that
keeps the combustion in the cylinder.
Acts as a bearing for the small end of the
connecting-rod.
The piston head or "crown
crown" is the top
surface against which the explosive
force is exerted. It may be flat,
concave, convex or any one off a great
variety of shapes to promote turbulence
or help control combustion.
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Crank Shaft AEL2501
The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into a

turning (rotary) motion.
The crankshaft is usually either alloy steel or cast iron.
The crankshaft is connected to the pistons by the connecting-rods.
Some parts of the shaft do not move up and down; they rotate in the
stationary main bearings. These parts are known as journals.
There are usually five journals in a four cylinder engine
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Engine Block
Typical Cummins Engine Block
A metal casting containing the cylinders and cooling ducts of an

engine
engine.
All other sub-systems are bolted to the block.
Cast Iron or Aluminum alloys are used to build the blocks.
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Cylinder sleeves or liners

They are inserts that fit
into the cylinder block
They
h act as cylinder
li d wallsll
for the piston to
reciprocate
Many vehicles use
aluminum or CI cylinder
blocks with cast iron, wet
sleeves
l
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Engine Head
The cylinder head is the metal part of the
engine that encloses and covers the
cylinders.
Bolted on to the top of the block, the
cylinder
y head contains combustion
chambers (petrol engine), water jackets
and valves (in overhead-valve engines).
The head gasket seals the passages within
the head-block connection, and seals the Typical Diesel Engine Heads
cylinders as well.
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Typical School
M.S Ramaiah Petrol Engine HeadStudies - Bangalore
of Advanced
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Diesel combustion chambers
Indirect Injection:
In indirect injection, the fuel is injected into a separate chamber that is connected to the
main chamber above the piston by a narrow passage-way.
When the piston rises toward top-dead-center, the air is forced through the connecting
passage att high
hi h velocity
l it into
i t the
th small ll chamber,
h b calledll d a swirl
i l chamber.
h b
The high velocity air rotates at high velocity in the chamber as fuel is injected.
A glow plug inserted into the chamber helps during cold starting.
This type of system relies on the high velocity air swirl to mix the air so the fuel
injection system can operate at lower pressures and be less expensive.
After the fuel ignites, the combusting mixture pushes back out through the passage-way
where the rise in pressure does work on the piston.
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Direct Injection:
In the direct injection diesel engine, the
fuel is sprayed into the combustion
chamber directly above the piston.
The ppiston usuallyy has a recess or bowl
that is designed to confine the air into a
region that matches the fuel spray
trajectory.
This type of system relies primarily on
the momentum of the fuel spray to mix
the fuel and air.
The indirect injection (IDI) engine is less
efficient than the direct injection (DI)
engine
engine.
This is because the high velocity air
motion in the combustion chamber causes
high heat transfer rates resulting in greater
loss of fuel energy.
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Valve Train
The valve train consists of the valves
and a mechanism that opens and closes
them.
The opening and closing system is
made upp of a camshaft and rocker
arms.
arms
The camshaft has lobes on it that move
the valves up and down. Diesel Engine Cam shaft
Poppet valves
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Common valve mechanisms
Overhead cam engine with OHV
Valve in block or L-head Cam-in-block / I head

(pushrod valve M/sm
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Valve Timing Diagram Petrol Engine
(Advanced inlet gives more top end power at the expense of low end power, and vice-versa) 25
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Valve Timing Diagram Diesel Engine
SOC- start of combustion

IO- Inlet open
IC- Inlet close
IP- Injection point
EO-Exhaust open
EC-Exhaust close
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Flywheels
A flywheel is bolted to the
crankshaft flange
The flywheel is also fitted
with a ring
w g ge
gear to
owwhich
c thee
starter pinion meshes while
cranking the engine using
starter.
The clutch cover with the
clutch disc are bolted to the
flywheel.
y
In certain diesel engines used
on light vehicle, the flywheel
will be replaced with a DMF
for smoother, vibration free
operation.
operation 27
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Engine Cooling System
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Cooling System: Introduction

In a typical gasoline engine,
about 33% of the total heat
input is lost to the coolant.
The cooling system is
responsible for dissipating
this heat to the atmosphere
The cooling system used in
engines can be
Liquid cooled system used
in engines used in cars and
trucks
Heat loss in an engine
Air cooled system used in
smaller engines like two-
wheelers
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Functions of cooling system

Cooling system has several functions:
Removing excess heat from engine
The combustion of the fuel produces tremendous amount of heat
Combustion flame temperatures can reach approx 2500 degree Centigrade- enough to melt the metal
parts
Part of this is removed by the cooling system fluid to protect the metal parts from damage
Maintaining a constant operating temperature
Engine operating temperature is the temperature the engine coolant reaches under normal running
conditions
Typically, an engines operating temperature is in the range of 80 100 degree Centigrade
This temperature ensures that all part clearances are correct after expansions.
Also ensures proper combustion, emission output levels and engine performance
Increase the temperature of a cold engine quickly
An engine
g must warm upp rapidlyp y to prevent
p ppoor combustion,, ppart wear,, oil contamination,, reduced
fuel economy, increased emissions and other problems.
Too much of clearances
Oil in a cold engine can be thick- increased wear
Improper vaporization of fuel improper combustion
Provide a means for warming the passenger compartment
A cooling system commonly circulates coolant to the vehicles heater.
The engine coolant is warm, its heat can be used to warm the passenger compartment.
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Liquid cooling system

Circulates coolant (a solution of
water and cooling fluid) through
water jackets.
The coolant then collects excess
heat and carries it out of the
engine
Liquid cooling:
more precise control of the engine
temperature
Less temperature variations in side
the engine
g
Better temperature control leading
to reduced ehaust emissions
Improved heater operation for Engine water jackets
warming the passenger space
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Coolants
Ethylene glycol based engine coolant concentrate
40 to 70 percent concentration in water
Effective during both winter and summer in
automotive
i vehicle
hi l cooling
li systems to provide
id
protection against freezing, boiling and corrosion.
A typical coolant fluid used in cooling system
consists essentially of:
ethylene glycol
corrosion inhibitors,
a foam
f suppressor,
sufficient water to dissolve the additives
Can be poured at temperatures as low as zero
degrees -17.8 degrees C.
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Cooling system components
Conventional coolant flow type

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Water pump:
A centrifugal pump forces coolant through
the engine block, cylinder head, intake
manifold, hoses and radiator
It is often driven by engine crankshaft
through belt
Radiator
Transfers coolant heat to the outside air
Normally mounted in the front of the engine
Scorpio water pump
Consists:
Radiator core
Radiator tanks
Radiator filler neck
Transmission oil cooler
Radiator drain cock
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Radiator Types
Availability of space generally dictates the choice of the radiator.

Both cross flow and down flow radiators are used
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Radiator Pressure Cap
Closed system
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Thermostat
Senses engine temperature and
controls the coolant flow through
the radiator.
It reduces the coolant flow when W pellet
Wax ll t type
t thermostat
th t t operation
ti
engine is cold and increases as the
engines gets warmer
Wax pellet type is commonly used.
When heated, the pellet expands and
pushes the valve open.
As the pellet and the thermostat cool,
the spring tension overcomes pellet
expansion
i andd the
th valve
l closes
l
The rating of the thermostat is its
operating temperature which is
normally 82 91 degree Centigrade
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Engine Lubrication System
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Lubrication system functions

Important functions of
lubricating systems. The
system:
Reduces friction and wear and
tear between moving parts
Helps transfer heat away from
engine parts
Cleans the inside of the engine
by removing contaminants
(metal, dirt, plastic, rubber and
other particles)
Cuts power loss and increases
fuel economy
Absorbs shocks between
moving parts to quiet engine
operation and increase engine
life
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Engine Oil Classifications:

American Petroleum Institute (API)
API established a classification system for
the designation of gasoline and diesel engine
oils which reflects the quality,
oils, quality performance,
performance
and suitability of the oils for various
engines.
These classifications are arranged into two
different groups,
For automotive gasoline engine service
For commercial diesel engine service.
The former is listed in "S" or "Service"
categories (*presently SA through SM)
The later is listed in "C" or "Commercial"
categories (*presently CA through CI-4 PLUS). # Energy conserving reduce friction,
Friction modifiers and other additives.
1.5% / 2.7%
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SAE Classification
A higher viscosity oil is very thick and resists flow and
vise versa
SAE has established an oil viscosity classification system.
It is a numeric rating in which higher the number,
number higher
the viscosity.
Single-viscosity oil:
Rated and designated for a limited range of operating temperatures.
Its viscosity is not stable as multiviscosity oil
Multiviscosity oil:
Will exhibit operating characteristics of a thin oil light oil when
cold and a thicker, heavier oil when hot.
Although single
single--viscosity oils are available, most engine
oils are multiviscosity oils.Ex:
oils SAE 10W-30
To specify engine oil, both the API service designation and
the SAE viscosity grade are required.
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Components of Lubricating Systems

Main components of a typical
lubricating systems:
Oil pump
Oil pump pick-up
i k
Oil pan or sump
Pressure relief valve
Oil filter
Engine oil passage or galleries
Oil pressure indicator
Dipstick
Oil cooler
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Typical heavy duty diesel engine lubrication circuit
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Oil pump:
Most commonly used oil pumps:
Rotor type
Gear type
Both are positive displacement type
pumps.
The output volume is proportional to
the speed of the pump.
Pump is directly or indirectly driven by
the cam shaft or a gear at the front of
the crankshaft.
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Engine oil galleries:
The oil galleries consist of interconnecting passages
that have been drilled completely through the engine
block during manufacturing.
The oil is routed through these passages to various parts
of the engine
engine.
The crankshaft also contains oil passages to route the
oil from the main bearing to the connecting rod bearing
surfaces.
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Oil filters
All the oil that leaves the pump is directed to the oil filter (Full-flow filter).
This is to ensure that very small particles of dirt and metal carried by the oil
will not reach the close-fitting engine parts.
From filter, oil flows into engines main oil gallery
gallery.
Full-flow filtration system
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Example: Commercial vehicle engine
Specifications 6.12TCA 6.12TCE
Euro III, capability for Euro III, capability for
Emissions
Euro IV Euro IV
Configuration 6, Inline 6, Inline
Valves / Cylinder 4 4
Displacement Lts 7.2 7.2
Bore x Stroke mm 105 x 137 105 x 137
Combustion system Direct Injection Direct Injection
Injection system Mechanical Common Rail
Thecombustiontechnologywith4valveper 180 - 210 (132.5 - 260 - 315 (190 - 232)
cylinderandoptimised fuelinjectionsystem Power Output hp (kW) @ rpm
154.5) @ 2200 @ 2200
helpsinachievingthestringentBSIII
emissionswithoutanyaftertreatmentand 97.8 - 112 (960 -
Peak Torque kgf-m (Nm) @ rpm 89.7 (880) @ 1400
notevenEGRsystem. 1100) @ 1250 - 1500
Thesuperiorcombustiontechnology Weight (Dry) kg 540 570
enablestomeetthefuturisticemission
normsofBSIValsowithoutanyafter Dimensions mm
treatmentlikeSCRorCatalyticconvertors. Length 1100 1100
Width 734 734
Height 985 985
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Summary
The classification of IC engines based on various
parameters, and engine applications have been
explained.
The constructional details of the main parts of an
engine like piston assembly, block, head and
valve mechanisms including the recent
developments have been discussed.
The lubrication system and cooling systems of an
IC engine has been explained
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Automotive Engines Classification and Operation

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Automotive Engines Classification and Operation

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PEPM

Lecture delivered by:

Introduction to Automotive Engines

PORSCHE 911 Carrera flat 6, 3.8 Lt. 283 kW (380bhp), DFI

Four Stroke Petrol Engine Operation

Four-stroke cycle: Diesel Engine

Pistons perform several functions.

Crank Shaft AEL2501

The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into a

Typical Cummins Engine Block

A metal casting containing the cylinders and cooling ducts of an

Cylinder sleeves or liners

Diesel combustion chambers

Common valve mechanisms

Overhead cam engine with OHV

Valve in block or L-head Cam-in-block / I head

Valve Timing Diagram Petrol Engine

Valve Timing Diagram Diesel Engine

SOC- start of combustion

Engine Cooling System

Cooling System: Introduction

Functions of cooling system

Liquid cooling system

Cooling system components

Conventional coolant flow type

Availability of space generally dictates the choice of the radiator.

Radiator Pressure Cap

Engine Lubrication System

Lubrication system functions

Engine Oil Classifications:

Components of Lubricating Systems

Typical heavy duty diesel engine lubrication circuit

Full-flow filtration system

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