Ocean

Engineering Notes.

Compiled
by

Ian S. Coote

Part 3

Ocean Cable Engineering.

Volume 3

Cable Working Vessels,

Cable Handling Systems,
and
Working of Cables and Ropes.
 1st. Edition

This compilation

Copyright 2009 by Ian S. Coote.

Neither Ian S. Coote, or any of his associates

makes any warranty, express or implied,
or assumes any legal liability or responsibility
for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of
any information, apparatus, product or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not
infringe privately-owned rights.
 Page i

Contents.

Page No.

1. Introduction. 1

2. Cable Working Vessels. 2

2.1 Types of Cable Working Vessels. 2

2.2 Bow Working Cable Ship. 2
2.2.1 General. 2
2.2.2 Cable Machinery and Supporting Equipment 4
( Foredeck )
2.2.3 Cable Tanks, Cable Working Deck and Supporting 6
Equipment Rooms.
2.2.4 Cable Handling Equipment Stowage. 6
2.2.5 Navigation System. 10
2.2.6 Propulsion System. 10
2.3 Bow and Stern Working Cable Ships. 14
2.4 Stern Working Cable Ships. 14
2.5 Auxiliary Cable Ships. 18
2.6 Ships of Opportunity. 18
2.7 Cable Handling Systems for Cable Ships. 21
2.7.1 General. 21
2.7.2 Cable Engines. 21
2.7.2.1 Drum Type Cable Engines. 21
2.7.2.2 Linear Cable Engines. 27
2.7.2.3 Bow Sheaves. 29
2.7.2.4 Stern Sheaves and Chutes. 29
2.7.2.5 Cable Transporters. 32
2.7.2.6 Cable Tanks, Working Deck and Repeater Stowage. 32
2.8 Portable Handling Systems for Ships of Opportunity. 34
2.8.1 General. 34
2.8.2 Portable Cable Engines. 34
2.8.3 Portable Sheaves and Roller Fairleads. 39
2.8.4 Portable Cable Tanks. 40

3. Auxiliary Vessels. 41

3.1 Types and Usage of Auxiliary Vessels. 41

3.2 Towing a Barge or Lighter. 41
3.3 Cable Machinery for Auxiliary Vessels. 43
3.4 Navigation Equipment and Electronics. 45

4. Working Cable In and Out of Cable Tanks. 46

4.1 Safety in Working in Cable Tanks. 46

4.2 Stowage Capacity of Cable Tanks. 46
4.3 Coiling Volume of Ocean Cables. 49
4.4 Coiling Direction. 51
4.5 Coiling Cable into a Cable Tank. 51
4.6 Paying Out Cable from a Cable Tank. 53
Page ii

Contents ( Continued ).

Page No.

4.7 Loading Cable from the Shore. 53

4.8 Loading Cable from a Ship. 56
4.9 Loading Cable from a Drum. 57
4.10 Loading Cable onto a Barge or Lighter. 58
4.11 Coiling of Cable During Repair Operations. 58

5. Working of Grapnel and Buoy Ropes and Chain. 60

5.1 Wire Construction Grapnel and Buoy Ropes. 60

5.1.1 Safety in Working Wire Construction Grapnel and 60
Buoy Ropes.
5.1.2 Coiling Volume for Wire Construction Grapnel and 60
Buoy Ropes.
5.1.3 Coiling Direction. 61
5.1.4 Working In and Out of Stowages. 61
5.2 Synthetic Buoy Rope ( Braided Nylon or Similar ). 61
5.2.1 Safety in working Synthetic Buoy Ropes. 61
5.2.2 Stowage Volumes for Synthetic Buoy Ropes. 62
5.2.3 Coiling Direction. 62
5.2.4 Working In and Out of Stowages. 62
5.3 Chain. 63
5.3.1 Safety in Working Chain. 63
5.3.2 Stowage Volumes for Chains. 63

Appendices.

A. Lights, Daymarks and Signals for Vessels Engaged in A1

Cable Working Operations.

B. Cable Handling Equipment. A3

 Page iii

Figures.

Page No.

2.2.1(a) Representative bow working cable ship. 3

2.2.2(a) Arrangement of bow cable machinery and supporting 5

equipment.

2.2.3(a) Arrangement of cable tanks and cable working deck. 7

2.2.3(b) Arrangement of supporting equipment spaces. 8

2.2.4(a) Arrangement of stowage for cable handling equipment. 9

2.2.5(a) Arrangement of navigation equipment and related spaces. 11

2.2.5(b) Block diagram of typical integrated navigation system. 12

2.2.6(a) Arrangement of propulsion system. 13

2.3(a) Bow and stern working cable ship ( Cable layer ). 15

2.3(b) Bow and stern working cable ship, drum cable machinery 16
both ends ( USNS Zeus ).

2.4(a) Stern working cable ship. 17

2.5(a) Arrangement of typical auxiliary cable ship. 19

2.6(a) Typical arrangements of cable laying equipment on ships of 20

opportunity ( such as offshore work boats ).

2.7.2.1(a) Arrangement of drum cable machinery with fleeting knives. 23

2.7.2.1(b) Arrangement of drum cable machinery with fleeting rings. 24

2.7.2.1(c) Arrangement of self fleeting drum cable machinery with 25

fleeting modules.

2.7.2.1(d) Arrangement of self fleeting drum cable machinery with 26

fleeting staves.

2.7.2.2(a) Tracked linear cable engine for over the stern laying 28
( Western Gear Corp. ).

2.7.2.2(b) Tired linear cable engine for over the stern laying ( Dowty ). 28

2.7.2.3(a) Three sheave arrangement with whiskers. 30

Page iv

Figures ( Continued ).

Page No.

2.7.2.3(b) Single narrow sheave and split wide sheave arrangement 30

with whiskers.

2.7.2.3(c) Single split wide sheave arrangement with whiskers. 30

2.7.2.4(a) Stern chute arrangement. 31

2.7.2.4(b) Two stern sheave arrangement with whiskers. 31

2.7.2.6(a) Cable tank(s), cable working deck and repeater/equalizer 33

stowage.

2.7.2.6(b) Cable tank arrangement with repeaters stowed around tank. 34

2.8.2(a) Arrangement of portable drum cable engine ( Simplex Wire 35

and Cable ), 7 ft - 2.1 m dia. drum, 40000 lbf - 18000 Kgf pull.

2.8.2(b) Arrangement of portable tracked linear cable engine 36

( Western Gear ).

2.8.2(c) Arrangement of portable tired linear cable engine ( Dowty ). 37

2.8.2(d) Arrangement of portable belted linear cable engine 38

( Western Space & Marine ).

2.8.3(a) Arrangement of portable sheave. 39

2.8.3(b0 Arrangement of portable roller fairlead. 40

3.2(a) Towing lighter from ahead. 41

3.2(b) Towing lighter from alongside. 42

3.2(c) Towing lighter using winches on shore. 42

3.3(a) Laying cable from a drum mounted on a lighter. 43

3.3(b) Harbor brake. 44

3.3(c) Arrangement of harbor brake on lighter. 44

4.2(a) Cable tank dimensions for calculating stowage capacity. 47

4.2(b) Cable tank dimensions with divider fitted, for calculating 48

stowage capacity
 Page v

Figures ( Continued ).

Page No.

4.2(c) Elongated cable tank dimensions for calculating stowage 49

capacity.

4.5(a) Arrangement of feather edges each side of a lay out or lay 52

in of a bight of cable.

4.7(a) Dummy repeater or coupling for mechanical continuity between 54

sections of cable during loading.

4.7(b) Loading cable at a finger wharf. 54

4.8(a) Suspended gantry made up of flexible sections with roller 56

guides for loading cable from a ship ( Note: Can also be used
for loading cable from the shore ).

4.9(a) Arrangement of cable drum on turntable for loading cable into 57

a cable tank.

4.9(b) Arrangement of cable drum suspended from a crane for loading 57

cable into a cable tank.

4.10(a) Coiling cable on the deck of a lighter. 58

A(a) Cable laying underway, daytime. Also for surveying, picking A1

up navigation mark and underwater operations.

A(b) Cable laying underway, night-time. Also for surveying, picking A1

up navigation mark and underwater operations.

A(c) Cable laying anchored, daytime. Also for surveying, picking A2

up navigation mark and underwater operations.

A(d) Cable laying anchored, night-time. Also for surveying, picking A2

up navigation mark and underwater operations.
Page vi

Tables.

Page No.

5.1.2(a) Coiling Volumes of New Wire Construction Grapnel and 61

Buoy Ropes.

5.2.2(a) Coiling Volumes of Synthetic Buoy Ropes. 62

B(a) List of Cable Handling Equipment. A4

B(b) List of Cable Rigging Equipment. A11

 Page vii

Sources of Material Used.

The following are the identifiable sources from which the material used in this volume has
been derived.

Chapters, Section

Text Book on Cable Engineering. Ed. J. H. Stephens, 1927. 4.2, 4.3, 4.5

Bell System Technical Journal, July 1964. 2.2.3, 2.3, 2.4, 4.5,
4.6

AT&T Technical Journal, January/February 1995 2.3, 2.6

p 64, 66.

Handbook of Ocean and Underwater Engineering, Meyers, 2.6.2

Holm and McAllister, 1969.

Simplex Wire and Cable Co. publications. 2.6.3, 4.10

SMD Hydrovision. 2.7.2.1

Marine Technology, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 1983, 2.3, 2.7.2.1

pp 272-282.

Sea Technology, October 1982, pp 29- 37. 2.3

Sea Technology, May 1994, pp 10-14. 2.6

The Naval Architect, November 1995, pp E627, E628 2.3

Marine Log, December 1994, p 34. 2.3

Tyco Telecommunications, Reliance Class Vessels, 2004 2.3

Notes: Chapters and sections without defined sources are from my work, trade literature and
sources too diverse to effectively define.
Page viii

Sources of Material Used ( Continued ).

Some of the company names used in this text are no longer current, having either changed
name, or been taken over. The following list gives the company name used in the text and the
name of the company, or parent company, as it is now on best available information.

Company name in text. Company name as of now.

Western Gear Corp. Westech Heavy Machinery Division.

Simplex Wire and Cable Co. Tyco Integrated Cable Systems.

Dowty. Parkburn Precision Handling Systems.

Bell Labs ( AT&T ). Bell Labs., Alcatel-Lucent.

 Page 1

1. Introduction.

This part of the handbook contains descriptions of the various forms of cable working vessels,
the cable machinery, cable handling equipment, and the working of cables, ropes and chain in
and out of storage.
Page 2

2. Cable Working Vessels.

2.1 Types of Cable Working Vessels.

Cable working vessels broadly fall into three categories, purpose built cable ships, ships of
opportunity, and specialized vessels. Only the first two categories are pertinent to this part of
the handbook, as the specialized vessels are intended to install systems not capable of being
laid by normal cable working equipment.

Purpose built cable ships can be further divided into three types depending on the layout of
the cable machinery, bow working cable ships, bow and stern working cable ships, and stern
working cable ships. Cable ships carry out two types of work, system installation ( laying) and
system repair. Bow working cable ships are mainly used for repair, but are also used for
smaller system installations. Bow and stern working cable ships are used for both system
installation and repair. Stern working cable ships fall into two groups, those which are used
only for system installation and have minimal repair capability, and those which are used for
system installation and repair. Auxiliary cable ships tend to be small bow working cable
ships.

Ships of opportunity can be any suitable vessel, but tend to be offshore work boats as these
have large open decks on which portable cable tanks and cable machinery can be mounted for
the task to be done. They are generally used only for installation of systems.

2.2 Bow Working Cable Ship.

2.2.1 General.

Bow working cable ships were originally developed to repair cable systems. Repairing over the
bow was done as this kept the cables and ropes clear of the ships propellers and rudders. In
the early cable ships there were no thrusters to help control the vessel and ships had twin
screws to help them maneuver. Modern bow working cable ships often only have a single screw
and use thrusters to maneuver and hold position. Working over the bow has advantages when
there is a significant current as the ship can lie bow or stern on to the current, and in a
seaway the ship can often work with sea on a quarter to help reduce motion.

The outboard view of a representative bow working cable ship is shown in figure 2.2.1(a). This
ship is a forecastle type design with the cable working deck on the deck below. Many bow
working cable ships have the cable working deck on the same level as the forecastle.

This representative cable ship will be used to illustrate many of the cable working
procedures. To do this she has a comprehensive set of equipment which would allow normal
cable laying and repair operations including plows and ROVs, and also be able to install and
repair ranges and other specialized systems. An (*) indicates equipment or systems that may
not be normally fitted to most cable ships.
Fig. 2.2.1(a) Representative bow working cable ship.
Page 3
Page 4

2.2.2 Cable Machinery and Supporting Equipment ( Foredeck ).

The layout of the cable machinery and supporting equipment on the foredeck of the cable ship
is shown in figure 2.2.2(a) .

A brief description of the cable machinery and supporting equipment is:

(i) Bow sheaves, whiskers and observation platforms: Three bow sheaves, outer sheaves of Vee
form for cables, center sheave of modified Vee form with flat tread for grappling and mooring.
Sheaves are set in whiskers to control minimum bending radius of cables being worked, with
upper part of whiskers forming observation platforms P & S.

(ii) Bow gantry and hoist: A gantry is fitted over bow sheaves with powered traveling hoist for
handling anchors, grapnels, housings, etc. over bow sheaves. Gantry also provides points for
suspending bosun's chairs for working over the bow.

(iii) Deck padeyes: Four deck padeyes of compatible load rating with cable machinery for
stoppering off cables, ropes, etc.

(iv) Buoy recovery sheaves and capstans*: Buoy recovery sheaves are fitted P & S for use in
recovering balloon buoys without need to bring them up under the bow sheaves where damage
to cable being worked could be done by buoy or its mooring. Capstans fitted inboard of
recovery sheaves for use during recovery and also for use during berthing of the ship, etc.

It should be noted that most cable ships do not have buoy recovery sheaves.

(v) Dynamometers: Table top dynamometers are fitted P & S for measuring tension in cables,
ropes, etc. being worked. Inertia compensated to remove the effects of ship motion.

(vi) Fairleads*: Fairleads are fitted P & S to control cable, ropes, etc., leaving or entering the
cable drums to ensure proper spooling.

(vii) Cable engines: Drum type cable engines are fitted P & S. Driven by electric ( or electric -
hydraulic ) motors via two speed gear boxes. Each motor/gearbox able to drive either drum.

(viii) Holdback and draw-off engines: Linear holdback and draw-off engines are fitted P & S
behind each drum to provide the back tension. Also used for loading and unloading cable.

(ix) Cable machinery control cab: Manual control position for controlling all cable machinery.

(x) Cable slack control console: Fitted in drum room, controls cable slack during laying with
taut wire information from navigation system.

(xi) Cable tension, distance and speed readouts: Fitted at bow sheaves, cable control cab,
bridge, drum room, and test room for P & S cable machinery to provide data for control of
cable laying, repair, etc.

(xii) Main hatch and chain pipes: Main hatch fitted just aft of cable machinery to provide
access to hold and cable working deck., Chain pipes fitted each side of main hatch to provide
direct access to chain bins in lower hold.

(xiii) Rope pipes: Fitted P & S to provide direct access to rope stowage for grapnel and buoy
ropes handling.
 CTDSR - Cable tension, distance, and speed readout
CTDSR - nav. bridge

Cable slack control

console - drum room
Crane

Capstan C/L
Cable machinery control cab
Hold back and draw off engine P & S
Drum type cable machinery P & S

Capstan P & S

Deck padeyes (4)

Bow gantry&
CTDSR - test room
travelling hoist
Rope pipes P & S
Observation
platform P & S
Buoy skids P & S
Chain pipes P & S and main hatch

Buoy recovery sheave P & S

CTDSR - bow gantry P & S

Bow sheaves (3) & whiskers

Fig. 2.2.2(a) Arrangement of bow cable machinery and supporting equipment.

Page 5
Page 6

(xiv) Buoy skids and capstan: Buoy skids are fitted P & S for stowage and launching of balloon
buoys. The capstan on centerline between buoy skids is used for working balloon buoys on and
off buoy skids.

(xv) Crane: Crane is fitted on centerline, plumbing the hatch to the hold and the buoy skids, to
handle balloon buoys, anchors, large housings, etc. The crane can also be used for handling
ROVs and other equipment over the side, and for loading stores.

In addition there are stern davits, stern sheave, winch platform, and aft crane, which are used
with cable plows for cable burial or other burial equipment. The crane can also be used for
loading stores. For normal operations the stern davits can be removed.

2.2.3 Cable Tanks, Cable Working Deck and Supporting Equipment Spaces.

The layout of the cable tanks and the cable working deck follow normal practice for a modern
cable ship designed to lay repeatered systems.

Figure 2.2.3(a) shows the three cable tanks and the cable working deck. The cable tanks are
connected to the cable working deck by slots in their roofs, which also extend down the aft
wall of the tank to allow cable bights to go up to the cable working deck. Aft of each slot on the
cable working deck is a bay for the stowage of repeaters, equalizers and housings.

At its forward end, the cable working deck is connected to the hold and the foredeck by
hatches. A hoist is fitted, able to traverse the length of the cable working deck, for moving
repeaters, equalizers, housings, portable cable hauler and equipment. The portable cable
hauler is used on the cable working deck to move cable between cable tanks and in the loading
and unloading of cables.

Along the side of the cable working deck, as shown in figure 2.2.3(b), are the supporting
equipment spaces. From forward to aft they are: the jointers-workshop for stowage of cable
jointing equipment, the darkroom for processing X-ray photographs of joints and photographs
from underwater cameras used for bottom survey work, and the test room with the electronics
used for laying and repair operations. The darkroom and test room are isolated from the cable
working deck by airlocks to prevent the ingress of dust from the cables.

2.2.4 Cable Handling Equipment Stowage.

The cable handling equipment stowage is split into three main areas, as shown in figure
2.2.4(a).

The grapnel and buoy ropes are stowed in the rope store with access to the foredeck by rope
pipes P & S. For stowage of grapnel rope two rope bins are provided, directly below the rope
pipes, to allow easier handling and coiling of the longer lengths. Synthetic buoy ropes and
messengers are stowed in the remainder of the rope store as well as spare lengths of grapnel
rope.

The hold is split into upper and lower sections, with heavy equipment such as chain, grapnels,
balloon buoys being stowed in the lower hold. The upper hold is used to stow smaller
equipment and tools. Access to the hold is by hatches to the cable working deck and foredeck,
with chain pipes from the foredeck to the lower hold.

The forward store is for stowing small light equipment and is intended primarily as a ready
use store.
 Cable slots

Cable working deck

Repeater/housing stowage

No. 3 cable tank

No. 2 cable tank

No. 1 cable tank

Fig. 2.2.3(a) Arrangement of cable tanks and cable working deck.

Page 7
 Page 8

Jointers workshop

Test room

Dark room

Fig. 2.2.3(b) Arrangement of supporting equipment spaces.

 Rope pipes P&S

Rope bin P&S

Upper hold
cable and Bosuns
stores

Grapnel and buoy rope store

Chain pipes P&S

Lower hold and buoy stowage

Foreward store

Fig. 2.2.4(a) Arrangement of stowage for cable handling equipment.

Page 9
Page 10

2.2.5 Navigation System.

The function of the navigation system is to provide navigation data for normal transit; accurate
position and bathymetric data during survey works; accurate track, bathymetric and 'taut
wire' ( distance along track and speed ) data during the laying of trunks; and precision
position data during working on sites.

These functions are provided by a integrated navigation system. Large scale navigation ( world
wide ) data is obtained by satellite navigation, integrated gyro compass and motion sensors. In
suitable areas, long range radio navigation aids may also be used. For more localized
navigation near the shore, differential satellite navigation, and short range radio navigation
aids can also be used.

For precision underwater navigation on sites, acoustic transponders* can be used, with the
surveying in of the acoustic transponders being done with multiple fixes from from the
surface navigation system to ensure the necessary accuracy.

Bathymetric data is provided by a standard 12 kHz 300 beam echo sounder system for coarse
data and normal navigation, while fine scale data is provided by a stabilized, high frequency
narrow beam echo sounder system, or a stabilized multi-beam echo sounder.

The navigation system uses general purpose computer to integrate the navigation equipment
outputs with the primary output being graphics displays, with a flat bed plotter to produce
hard copies of track plots and bathymetric charts from survey work. Figure 2.2.5(a) shows the
arrangement of the equipment in the representative cable ship and figure 2.2.5(b) gives a
block diagram of a typical integrated navigation system.

2.2.6 Propulsion System.

The propulsion system shown in figure 2.2.6(a), caters for the three modes of operation:
transit, laying of trunks, and working cables during repair or installation on sites. For transit
and the laying of trunks, the main propulsion is used, with twin rudders in the propeller
races to give a high degree of maneuverability. For repair and site operations, the low speed
maneuverability and ability to maintain position in cross currents and winds is aided by bow
and stern thrusters.

To provide the degree of control needed, all propulsors are capable of operating from zero to
full thrust continuously. In the representative cable ship this is done using AC/DC electric
drive on all units, with bridge control for normal operations and for site work the option of
control from the navigation system. Due to the command of the bridge no bow control was
included in the representative cable ship.

Control of the ship while on a site is provided by a position control system which takes data
from the integrated navigation system and adjusts the main propulsion and thrusters to hold
the ship in the desired position, or move her along a desired track.
 3 cm and 10 cm radar antennae Radio navaid antenna(e)
Navigation bridge Satellite navigation
antennae
Flat bed plotter

Stabilized narrow beam

echo sounder console

Drum room

Integrated navigation system console

Stabilized narrow beam echo sounder transducer

Transponder transducer

Standard echo sounder transducer ( 12 KHz )

Transponder store and workshop

Fig. 2.2.5(a) Arrangement of navigation equipment and related spaces.

Page 11
 To slack centroid console
Page 12

To position control console

( Track, distance and ships speed )

Satellite
navigation
Ships Uninterruptible system
power power supply
Vertical
gyro

Standard Radio
Central
echo sounder navigation
Computer
console system(s)

Gyro
compass
Narrow beam
echo sounder Acoustic
console transponder
navigation
system

Depth Graphics Flat bed Position

Printer
display(s) computers plotter display(s)

Fig. 2.2.5(b) Block diagram of typical integrated navigation system.

 Steering flat

Motor room Twin rudders

Engine room

Bow thruster

Twin screw main propulsion

Stern thruster

Fig.2.2.6(a) Arrangement of propulsion system.

Page 13
Page 14

2.3 Bow and Stern Working Cable Ships.

Bow and stern working cable ships are generally known as cable layers, and are typically
large cable ships intended for laying long lengths of trunk cable, and maintain cable systems.
The bow cable machinery is basically the same as in bow working cable ships to allow full
working of ocean cables. To facilitate the laying of long lengths of cable at higher speeds, a
specialized cable engine is located near the stern of the ship. The general configuration is
shown figure 2.3(a). In addition, the standard arrangement for stowing and handling repeaters
for paying out aft is that the slots are in the forward side of the cable tanks and the repeaters
and equalizers are also stowed forward of their respective cable tank. There are often
auxiliary cable tanks for storing repair cable. Grapnel and buoy rope is often stored in the
hold as there is sufficient room in vessels of this size to allow this stowage.

Cable is normally paid out over a shute in the stern and the specialized cable machinery is
now of the linear type, either of tracked or multi-tyred design. These units have replaced the
old five sheave design.

Many of this type of cable ship have the ability to handle a cable plow over the stern. There is
a range of handling equipment, the figure shows the davit style. This equipment may be
permanently fitted or removable.

There is another layout for a bow and stern working cable ship and this has bow type cable
machinery fitted at both bow and stern, i.e. drum cable engines. The USNS Zeus has this
arrangement and is shown in figure 2.3(b).

Some cable ships use the bow drum cable engines for laying over the stern. The cable comes in
the normal way from the cable tank to the cable engine. However, instead of being taken from
the top of the drum forward to the bow sheaves, it comes off the bottom of the drum and goes
aft to a stern sheave.

2.4 Stern Working Cable Ships.

The development of cable ships that only work over the stern came about in the 1990s. It is
likely that this development was influenced by the stern working offshore work boats. The
offshore work boats developed into large vessels with powerful thrusters and position holding
systems, able to handle a large range of work. The stern working cable ships follow the same
design concept but with a hull designed for cable working.

One of the reasons that the stern working was adopted is that the working area could be better
protected from the weather by maneuvering the ship to keep the stern away from the weather.
It is interesting to note that the bow and stern working cable layers passed cable to the bow
for working, as it was considered that working over the stern posed risks from the main
propulsion system to the cable(s). Hence, working over the stern requires that the ship be
continuously maneuvered to keep the cable(s) away from the main propulsion system. Also the
space for a hold at the stern is limited.

There are three distinct designs at this time. The first has a single drum cable engine and a
linear cable engine, and is intended to lay cable trunks with minimum repair capability. The
second design has two drum cable engines, similar in concept to a bow working cable ship, and
is intended to primarily carry out repair work with a lesser capability to lay trunks. The
third design has two drum cable engines and a linear cable engine and is intended to lay
trunks and carry out repair work. This third design requires a large ship in order to provide
sufficient beam for the three sets of cable machinery. The general arrangement of a stern
working cable ship is shown in figure 2.4(a)
 Repeaters Repeaters Linear holdback &
draw-off engine ( P&S )
Cable plow Dynamometer Crinoline Tank cone
davit

Dynamometer ( P&S )

Bow sheaves

Stern chute

Linear cable Hold Bow thrusters

engine
Stern thrusters Cable tanks Drum cable
engines ( P&S )

Fig 2.3(a) Bow and stern working cable ship ( Cable layer ).
Page 15
 Page 16

Linear holdback & Repeater Linear holdback &

Dynamometer/ draw-off engine ( P&S ) stowage draw-off engine ( P&S )
cable fairleader ( P&S ) Dynamometer/
Linear
cable fairleader ( P&S )
Cable plow cable hauler
davit

Bow
Stern
sheaves
sheaves

Stern Main Repair Hold Bow

thrusters cable tanks (2) cable tanks (3) thrusters

Self-fleeting drum cable Self-fleeting drum cable

engines ( P&S ) engines ( P&S )

Fig. 2.3(b). Bow and stern working cable ship, drum cable machinery both ends ( USNS Zeus ).
 Cable plow Hold Linear cable Repeaters
davit ROV davit
engine ( 1 or none )

Stern sheaves

Stern thrusters Drum cable engines Bow thrusters

Cable tanks
( 1 or 2 )
with linear holdback
& drawoff engines

Fig. 2.4(a) Stern working cable ship.

Page 17
Page 18

2.5 Auxiliary Cable Ships.

Auxiliary cable ships are diminutives of normal cable repair ships and are generally used for
working in shallow water, or where work being done does not require the use of a larger cable
ship, or where a large cable ship cannot go.

Auxiliary cable ships are either conversions of small cargo ships or are specially built. Cable
machinery consists normally of dual drum type cable engines with a maximum pull varying
from about 10000 lbf to 45000 lbf - 4500 Kgf to 20400 Kgf, the latter giving a maximum
working depth of about 1 n. mile. Drum and bow sheave diameter varies from about 4 feet to 7
feet - 1.3 m to 2.1 m. Holdback and draw-off engines have been of the Vee-sheave or jockey
wheel design as the need to handle housings is not as demanding, though new ships have linear
engines.

Cable is stored in cable tanks or in portable tanks in a hold. Many auxiliary cable ships have
a hold for cable handling equipment and a single cable tank, with the hold also being used to
stow cable when needed. Larger ships normally have two cable tanks as well as a hold to allow
more effective working of cables, particularly during repair.

Navigation equipment is limited to that needed for the work done. Being close to the shore,
this can catered for by short range radio navigation systems or by differential GPS. Slack can
be controlled by plotting on prepared graphs of cable distance versus distance traveled with
nomograms for ascent and descent laying, or using a small computer.

Figure 2.5(a) shows the arrangement of a typical auxiliary cable ship of the more capable
type.

2.6 Ships of Opportunity.

In many cases for smaller systems, such as underwater ranges, the use of a cable ship is not
warranted, and in some cases, unsuitable. In these cases it is often practical to use a ship of
opportunity that is available near the site for the system installation. These days the
standard ship of opportunity is an offshore work boat, as these have the space for the cable
tanks, and cable machinery, and the necessary navigation systems and control of ships
position, that make them suitable. The crews are also used to working under exacting
conditions.

There is now a substantial range of portable cable machinery available, along with portable
cable tanks that can be used on these vessels. For some systems it will be necessary to design
and build specialized handling systems.

Figure 2.6(a) shows two possible arrangements cable laying equipment on offshore work boats.
 Radio navigation system
and differential GPS

Drum cable machinery,

dynamometers,and holdback
and draw-off gear ( P & S )

Deck Buoy
padeyes skids
(P&S) Main
propulsion
Crane
Area for
working cables

Gantry or Space for electronics and

gallows jointing workshop
Cable tanks

Hold

Bow thruster
Bow sheaves (3)
and whiskers

Fig. 2.5(a) Arrangement of typical auxiliary cable ship.

Page 19
Page 20

Navaid
console
Portable cable
Sea crane engine -
Portable drum type
stern sheave

Stern thrusters Modular on-deck Bow thrusters

cable tanks

Navaid
console

Portable Sea crane

stern chute Containerized
linear cable
engine

Stern thrusters Below deck Bow thrusters

cable pans
( tanks )

Fig. 2.6(a). Typical arrangements of cable laying equipment on ships

of opportunity ( such as offshore work boats ).
 Page 21

2.7 Cable Handling Systems for Cable Ships.

2.7.1 General.

Cable handling systems for cable ships include cable engines, bow and/or stern sheaves or
chutes, cable transporters, cable tanks with repeater stowage. The need for reliability in
handling ocean cable systems means that the all parts of the cable handling system must work
effectively together, and be of robust construction.

2.7.2 Cable Engines.

2.7.2.1 Drum Type Cable Engines.

Drum type cable engines are the general purpose cable engines, capable of laying cable,
recovering cable, grappling, and in some cases towing cable plows. The maximum pull for drum
type cable engines varies from about 60,000 lbf to 100,000 lbf - 27,000 Kgf to 45,000 Kgf,
nominally 30 ton/Tonnes to 50 ton/Tonnes. Drum diameters vary from about 10 ft to 15 ft - 3m
to 4.6 m, this is an increase in diameter from older systems to cater for optical fiber ocean
cables, and allow repeaters to pass around the drum.

To provide a back tension on the drum, a holdback and draw-off engine is required. These are
a linear cable engine of the tracked or multi-tired type. These are mounted behind the drum
and can be traversed across the full width of the drum to control the point at which cable
enters or leaves the drum. The linear design allows repeaters to transit the holdback and
draw-off engine. The maximum back tension depends on the pull of the drum cable engine, its
type and the number of turns on the drum. Tracked holdback and draw-off engines can exert a
back tension of up to 3000 lbf - 1360 Kgf, tired engines are not as powerful. Tracked engines
also can pass unusually shaped packages on the cable whereas tired engines are best suited to
inline cylindrical packages, and can handle small diameter flexible cables and ropes which
may cause problems with the tired type engine.

Tension is measured by a dynamometer between the drum and the bow or stern sheaves. The
standard designs are the table top which has a curved surface over which the cable runs, and
the roller type which has a series of rollers over which the cable runs. The latter have lower
friction and the cable can be bent over a large angle than the table top type. Normally a pair of
tandem load cells is used for reliability. Some designs are inertia compensated to remove the
effect of the pitching of the ship from the measurement.

Some drum cable engines layouts also include a cable fairleader between the drum and the
dynamometer to aid controlling the cable.

Drum cable engines come in two basic types, those with smooth drums, and those with self
fleeting drums.

The first smooth drum type cable engine uses two sets of fleeting knives mounted below the
drum. The major disadvantages of this system of fleeting knives, is that the control of the
spooling of the cable is over a short distance and requires care to control the cable when a
repeater is required to transit the drum. It is however the simplest of the drum cable engines.
This arrangement is shown in figure 2.7.2.1(a) complete with holdback and draw-off engine
and dynamometer.

The second smooth drum type cable engine uses two fleeting systems. The first is the fleeting
rings. These form the flanges of the drum and rotate with the drum. They are angled so that
they are further apart at the top of the drum than at the bottom. Depending on whether the
cable is being paid out or picked up, the cable will lie against one fleeting ring or the other.
Page 22

This controls the spooling of the cable in a less rough manner than fleeting knives. The
angle of the fleeting rings can be controlled to allow for different cable diameters. The second
fleeting system is a retractable fleeting knife which is used when a repeater is to transit the
drum. When the repeater approaches the drum, the fleeting knife moves the turns of the cable
away from the active fleeting ring, and the retracts. At the same time the holdback and draw-
off engine or dynamometer are traversed to direct the oncoming lead of cable onto the drum so
that the repeater clears the cable on the drum. At the completion of this transit, the cable
turns are once again against the active fleeting ring. This arrangement is shown in figure
2.7.2.1(b) complete with holdback and draw-off engine and dynamometer.

The first self fleeting drum type cable engine uses a set of modules around the circumference
of the drum. Each module has a segmented belt which moves across the drum surface as the
drum rotates, carrying the cable. Each modules is driven by a drive shaft connected to a
pinion gear. The pinion gears are driven as the drum rotates by a ring gear mounted on the
stub axle that supports the drum. The surface of the belt is curved to provide the necessary
bending radius for the cable. The advantage of this design is that no action is needed to pass a
repeater. The downside is that there is a limit on repeater diameter and there are only three
wraps of cable around the drum, which requires a higher back tension. The full cable engine is
shown in figure 2.7.2.1(c), with a cutaway showing the module and its drive shaft. In this
design the two cable drums are mounted on a central pedestal ( not shown ) with the
gearbox/motors fore and aft. This arrangement allows each gearbox/motor to drive either
drum, giving redundancy in case of gearbox/motor problems. The figure also shows the
holdback and draw-off engines, fairleads and dynamometers.

The second self fleeting drum type cable engine has the surface of the drum made of
transverse staves. The drum is divided into several sectors around the circumference, fixed
relative to the drum mounting. As each stave traverses a sector, it moves across the drum
carrying the cable with it. At the end of each sector, the stave returns back across the drum to
begin the process again. This fleeting pitch is infinitely variable and can changed while the
cable engine is in use and may be computer controlled. When a repeater is to transit the drum
the fleeting is adjusted to make a space for the repeater. This arrangement is shown in figure
2.7.2.1(d) complete with holdback and draw-off engine and dynamometer.
 Roller
dynamometer
Cable wraps
on drum
Cable constrained ( shown
between separated for
fleeting knives clarity )

Drum
Multi-tired linear
holdback and draw-off
engine
Traversing gear

Traversing gear

Fleeting knives Forward fleeting

fore and aft knives

Aft fleeting
knives

Fig. 2.7.2.1(a) Arrangement of drum cable engine with fleeting knives.

Page 23
 Roller
Page 24

dynamometer

Fleeting rings
Inner fleeting ( rotate with
ring support drum )
Cable wraps
( non-rotating )
on drum
( shown
separated for
clarity )
One cable
Drum Traversing gear
diameter
Multi-tired linear
holdback and draw-off
engine

Traversing gear

Outer fleeting
Fleeting ring support
rings ( non-rotating )

Retractable fleeting knife

for handling housings
(normally retracted )

Fig. 2.7.2.1(b) Arrangement of drum cable engine with fleeting rings.

 Fleeting
belts Linear tracked holdback
and draw-off engines
Bull ( P&S )
Self fleeting drums
gear
( P& S )
Control
console
Fairlead ( P&S )

Traversing
gear
Table top
dynamometers
( P&S )
Traversing
Traversing gear
gear

Hydraulic
Forward motor
power pack
( Electric or
hydraulic )

Aft
gearbox Aft motor
( Electric or
Forward
hydraulic )
gearbox

Pinion gear Fleeting Fleeting module

(P) module drive shaft
( 15 per
drum )

Fig. 2.7.2.1(c) Arrangement of self fleeting drum cable engine with fleeting modules.
Page 25
 Page 26

Table top
dynamometer
Cable wraps
on drum
Drum

Fleeting
staves

Multi-tired linear
Holdback and draw-off
engine
Traversing
gear

Motion (exaggerated ) of
fleeting staves as they
rotate through the
sectors around the drum
Traversing
to give the fleeting action
gear

Fig. 2.7.2.1(d) Arrangement of self fleeting drum cable engine with fleeting staves.
 Page 27

2.7.2.2 Linear Cable Engines.

Linear cable engines are primarily used for laying cable over the stern, though they can be
used for recovering cable.

The first linear cable engine capable of handling both the cable and the repeaters at laying
speed was developed in the early 1960s, and is shown in figure 2.7.2.2(a). This was a linear
tracked design and was designed to handle the SD coaxial cable and its repeaters. It was later
used for larger coaxial cables ( SF and SG ) and for optical fiber cables ( SL ). In high gear it
was capable of 9 knots payout speed and up to 8000 lbf - 3600 Kgf pull, and in low gear 2
knots payout speed and up to 16000 lbf - 7300 Kgf pull. The maximum static pull on the brake
was 40000 lbf - 18000 Kgf. The maximum repeater diameter was 14 in - 36 cm and length up
to 12 ft - 3.65 m. The advantages of this design is that the cable is gripped over a long length
as it passes through the engine and repeaters are handled automatically, the disadvantage is
the complexity of the tracks.

Shortly after, Dowty and the BPO developed a multi tired linear cable engine, shown in figure
2.7.2.2(b). It was designed to handle the BPO light weight cable and the BPO repeaters, and
was similar in performance to the tracked cable engine, but initial versions had to slow down
for the passing of a repeater and tire wear was a problem. This type of linear cable engine has
been developed by several manufacturers and current versions can pass the repeater at laying
speed. The advantages of this design is that the cable engine is situated on one deck and is
modular so that it can readily be modified to suit various requirements, the disadvantages are
that the cable is gripped over short lengths as it passes through the engine and the design is
still complex and repeater handling requires precision control. This type of linear cable
engine is now the standard on most cable layers.
Page 28

Fig. 2.7.2.2(a) Tracked linear cable engine for over the stern laying
( Western Gear Corp. ).

Fig. 2.7.2.2(b) Tired linear cable engine for over the stern laying
( Dowty ).
 Page 29

2.7.2.3 Bow Sheaves.

Bow sheaves come in several configurations and are set in whiskers. The whiskers are
structures that not only support the bow sheaves but provide bending protection for the cable.

The first is the classic three Vee sheave layout, shown in figure 2.7.2.3(a). The arrange
shown in the figure has the outer sheaves with a Vee shaped tread with a rounded bottom, for
cables, and the center sheave has a Vee shaped tread with a flat bottom, for grappling and
mooring. Grapnels generally cannot be bought inboard with this layout.

The second is a combination of one Vee sheave and a split wide flat sheave and is shown in
figure 2.7.2.3(b). The split wide flat sheave is really two sheaves each capable of rotating
independently of one another so that two cables or ropes can be worked together. The outer
edge of each sheave normally has a Vee form. Smaller grapnels can generally be bought inboard
over the flat sheave. ( The arrangement shown in the figure can be reversed with the Vee
sheave on the port side. )

The third is a single split wide sheave layout shown in figure 2.7.2.3(c). This configuration is
well suited to smaller vessels with limited freeboard forward. Some versions of this layout
have the sheaves able to slide athwartships so that in normal operation the Vee edges are
hidden. When required, the sheaves are slid to the port or starboard to bring the required Vee
edge into use. Smaller grapnels can generally be bought inboard over the flat sheave.

The Vee form is required on the sheaves so that when picking up cable, or rope, it is possible
to impart a twist into the cable, or rope, to allow it to coil in the cable tank, or rope bin. This
is done by allowing the cable, or rope, to tend to starboard and as it rides on the Vee form of
the bow sheave it is twisted. This is described in Volume 2, Section 4.4.

Above the bow sheaves is normally a gantry, this may be as simple as a gallows frame or can be
a large structure containing traveling hoists. There is often a walkway on top of the gantry to
allow access for rigging equipment, such as bosuns chairs, and maintenance.

2.7.2.4 Stern Sheaves and Chutes.

Stern chutes and sheaves also come in several configurations, with the sheaves being set in
whiskers.

A typical stern chute is shown in figure 2.7.2.4(a). The floor of the chute is flat and has a
radius at least as great as for a sheave suitable for the cables to be laid.

The stern sheave arrangement is shown in figure 2.7.2.4(b) for a two sheave arrangement. This
is typical of a stern working cable repair ship or cable ship designed for laying trunks. For
stern working cable ships that carry out trunk laying and repair there are typically three
stern sheaves of the same pattern as in the figure. The tread of these sheaves is flat and
smaller grapnels can generally be bought inboard.

The USNS Zeus has a different stern sheave arrangement, basically the same as the three
sheave arrangement for the bow, in keeping with the double ended layout of this vessel.
Page 30

Flat or vee
sheave
Starboard Port
inboard inboard
whisker whisker

Starboard Port
outboard outboard
whisker whisker

Vee
sheaves

Fig. 2.7.2.3(a) Three sheave arrangement and whiskers.

Starboard
inboard
whisker

Starboard Port
outboard whisker
whisker

Vee Split flat

sheave sheave

Fig. 2.7.2.3(b) Single narrow sheave and split wide flat sheave
arrangement and whiskers.

Starboard Port
whisker whisker

Split flat
sheave

Fig. 2.7.2.3(c) Single split wide flat sheave arrangement and whiskers.
 Page 31

Stern

Chute

Fig. 2.7.2.4(a) Stern chute arrangement.

Center
whisker

Port Starboard
whisker whisker

Sheaves

Fig. 2.7.2.4(b) Two stern sheave arrangement and whiskers.

Page 32

2.7.2.5 Cable Transporters.

Cable transporters are used to move cable between cable tanks and when loading or landing
cable. They are normally small linear cable engines and may be permanently fixed in position,
or able to relocated as required.

2.7.2.6 Cable Tanks, Cable Working Deck and Repeater Stowage.

The standard cable tank is cylindrical in form with a central cone, as shown in figure
2.7.2.6(a). There is a long narrow slot between the top of the cable tank and the cable working
deck, extending from the center of tank forward to the tank wall and down the forward wall of
the tank ( or aft wall if the cable ship works only over the bow ). The slot is protected by a net
suspended just above the slot, which allows cable and repeaters to move freely under the net.
The net also serves as a restraint on the bight as it is pulled from the cable tank.

The slot in the forward ( or aft ) wall of the cable tank has cable holders to support the cable
is it runs from the tank to the repeater stowage. These cable holders must have enough grip to
hold the cables in place, but when the cable bight is pulled out of the tank, they must not
restrain the cable too strongly, otherwise a small radius bend in the cable may result.

The crinolines purpose is to restrain and control the cable as it moves from the tank during
payout at high speeds. The slot in the crinoline matches that in the roof of the tank. The
crinoline is normally kept at about 6 to 7 ft. - 1.8 to 2.1 m. above the top flake for best
results.

Cable tanks require good ventilation as the ashphaltic compounds used with armored cables
can cause non-life supporting gasses. Also cable tanks need to be able to be cooled when power
is applied to the cable to remove the heat generated and to control temperature for
measurements. This can be done by flooding the tank to just below the top flake and
circulating water slowly through the tank.

An alternative arrangement for stowing repeaters is to store them around the cable tank, as in
the Kuroshio Maru. In this ship the cable tank is square with a the cable stored in a circular
bin in the center. The repeaters are stored in stacks at each of the four corners of the tank.
The central cone in the tank is cushioned so that when the repeater is laid and comes into
contact with the central cone, the shock is reduced. This arrangement is shown in figure
2.7.2.6(b). The table lifters are used to position repeaters in the stack and for splicing in
repeaters.

The CS Monarch series of cable repair vessels use a portable cable pan system. The ship has
what are essentially two holds, each capable of holding two pans. Above the holds are full
length hatches, through which the pans are loaded and removed. The pans can be loaded with
various cable types and kept in storage until needed. The use of pre-loaded pans cuts the time
it takes to load, or unload, cable onto the ship significantly.
 Repeater/equalizer
in stowed position

Cable slot

To cable
machinery

Crinoline
Cable tank
Cone

Fig. 2.7.2.6(a) Cable tank(s), cable working deck and repeater/equalizer stowage.
Page 33
Page 34

Table Central
Padding
lifter cone

Cable
Repeater
stack

Repeater

Fig. 2.7.2.6(b) Cable tank arrangement with repeaters stored around tank.

2.8 Portable Handling Systems for Ships of Opportunity.

2.8.1 General.

The increasing use of ships of opportunity has resulted in a significant range of portable
handling systems, many of which have been containerized for easy of shipment and protection
of the equipment.

2.8.2 Portable Cable Engines.

Portable cable engines for ships of opportunity are of the same type as used for full cable
ships, i.e. drum and linear cable engines. The major difference from cable ships is that
normally on one cable engine is fitted. This means that there should be a capstan to aid in
some operations, and for emergencies.

Portable drum cable engines are of the form shown in figure 2.8.2(a). This unit has a vee
sheave/jockey wheel holdback and draw-off engine and the cable/rope enters and leaves at the
top of the drum. This arrangement is well suited to handle cables and ropes, but if housings
must pass through the engine then a small linear holdback and draw-off engine can be used.
Many portable drum cable engines have the cable/rope enter and leave at the bottom of the
drum. The capabilities of portable drum cable engines vary, with pulls of 20000 to 40000 lbf
 Page 35

- 9000 to 18000 Kgf, drum diameters of 5 to 7 ft - 1.5 to 2.1 m. They can handle ocean cables,
ropes ( including light grapnel rope ), chain ( with care ), and suitable housings able to pass
around the drum. Portable drum cable engines are not normally containerized.

Hydraulic motor,
gearbox and
pinion gear drive
Band brake ( hidden from view )

To sheave or
Electrohydraulic fairlead
power pack

Drum

Holdback and
draw-off engine
- Vee sheave/jockey
wheel ( shown ) or
linear track, tired
or belt type

Forward
fleeting
knife

Base

Aft
fleeting
knife

Fig. 2.8.2(a) Arrangement of portable drum cable engine

( Simplex Wire and Cable ), 7 ft - 2.1 m dia.
drum, 40000 lbf - 18000 Kgf pull.
Page 36

There are three types of portable linear cable engines, track, tire, and belt. The selection of
type to use is generally determined by the system to be laid. If the system has concentric
housings then all three are suitable, but if the housings are offset or would cause side forces
passing through tires, the the track or belt type would be more suitable.

Portable tracked linear cable engines are of the form shown in figure 2.8.2(b). Capabilities of
portable tracked linear cable engines vary, with pulls of 2000 to 20000 lbf - 900 to 9000 Kgf.
They can handle ocean cables, ropes ( including light grapnel rope ), and housings able to pass
through the engine. The larger engines can be used by themselves, but smaller engines can be
used in multiples to get required pulls, and can be containerized along with their
electrohydraulic power packs and controls.

Rubber gripping surface

Upper track support
arm and main squeeze
ram
Hydraulic motor,
gearbox and brake
one for each track

Upper track
Lower track

Support rollers
for tracks,
lower on squeeze
arms
Adjustable
drag boards Base
Main frame

Fig. 2.8.2(b) Arrangement of portable tracked linear cable engine

( Western Gear ).
 Page 37

Portable linear tired cable engines are of the form shown in figure 2.8.2(c). Capabilities of
portable linear tired cable engines vary with pulls up to 3000 lbf - 1360 Kgf. They can handle
ocean cables, some ropes ( including light grapnel rope with care ), and concentric housings
able to pass through the engine. They are generally used in multiples to get required pulls,
and can be containerized along with their electrohydraulic power packs and controls.

Squeeze ram,
one for each tire

Hydraulic motor and

brake, carried on
pivoted arm,one for Base
each tire

Main frame

Tires (6)
special radial
type

Adjustable
drag boards

Fig. 2.8.2(c) Arrangement of portable tired linear cable engine

( Dowty ).
Page 38

Portable linear belt cable engines are of the form shown in figure 2.8.2(d). Capabilities of
portable linear belt cable engines vary. with pulls up to 1500 lbf - 680 Kgf. They can handle
ocean cables, ropes ( including light grapnel rope ), and housings able to pass through the
engine. They can be used in multiples to get required pulls, and can be containerized along
with their electrohydraulic power packs and controls.

Tensioning
pulley

Upper belt

Hydraulic motor,
gearbox and brake,
one for each belt

Cable guides

Cable guides
Support rollers
for belts

Tensioning
pulley
Lower belt

Base

Fig. 2.8.2(d). Arrangement of portable belted linear cable engine

( Western Space & Marine ).
 Page 39

2.8.3 Portable Sheaves and Roller Fairleads.

To ensure that the cable does not suffer too small a bend radius as it goes over the edge of the
deck, it is necessary to use a sheave or roller fairlead, as shown in figures 2.8.3(a) and
2.8.3(b) respectively. These sheave or roller fairlead assemblies may be welded in place or
bolted to pads welded to the hull and deck. The arrangement shown in the figures has the
sheave or roller fairlead clear of the hull, which will allow the cable to be kept well clear of
the hull, but requires a more complex structure and attachment. An alternative is to place the
edge of the sheave or fairlead just outboard of the deck edge which results in a more compact
arrangement. The strength of the sheave or fairlead should be sufficient to support the
maximum pull on the cable from the cable engine(s), with the cable vertical.

Davit
Sheave - Vee form or flat tread
diameter to suit cables

Whiskers

Work platforms and

support structure

Fig. 2.8.3(a) Arrangement of portable sheave.

Page 40

Diameter over
Davit rollers to
suit cables

Whiskers
( cheek plates )

Rollers

Work platforms and

support structure

Fig. 2.8.3(b) Arrangement of portable roller fairlead.

2.8.4 Portable Cable Tanks.

Portable cable tanks can take many forms, from a pre-loaded cable pan, to built up structures
on the deck, or in the hold. It also must have the supporting structures, such as a bellmouth,
to control the cable as it leaves the cable tank during the laying. If the cable has housings
along its length, then there must also be included in the supporting structure storage for the
housings and a way of handling the housings as they are laid. If the cable tank(s) are on the
deck, then consideration must be given to providing protection to the cable, and housings,
from water coming inboard in rough seas, particularly if there is a long transit from the
loading site to the laying site.
 Page 41

3. Auxiliary Vessels.

3.1 Types and Usage of Auxiliary Vessels.

The general purpose auxiliary vessel in normally a vessel diverted from other work when
required for cable work. Such vessels can be used to assist a cable ship in laying a shore end,
making repairs in shallow water, laying simple systems where the expense of a cable ship, or
ship of opportunity, is not warranted and laying cable in enclosed waters.

Typical vessels used are landing craft, barges, lighters and sometimes double ended whale
boats. Barges and lighters are normally propelled with the aid of a tug, although the advent of
outboard propulsion units suitable for installation on barges and lighters may reduce the
need for the tug.

3.2 Towing a Barge or Lighter.

The normal method of propelling a barge or lighter being used to work cable is by a tug or
similar vessel.

When using a tug, it is possible to tow from ahead as shown in figure 3.2(a). This has the
advantage of keeping the tug well clear of the barge or lighter but severely limits the control,
and is really only suitable for laying cable where there is no significant currents or cross
winds.

Tug

Bridle

Tow wire - short for

cable working, long
for towing to and
from site , length Lighter
adjusted so tug and
lighter ride over
waves together

Fig. 3.2(a). Towing lighter from ahead.

The more practical method which allows a high degree of control and is suitable for laying,
recovery and repair, is to tow the barge or lighter with the tug alongside, as shown in figure
3.2(b). The limitation of this method is that it in suitable for low sea states only. The tug
should also be of conventional design to lesson the risk to cables or ropes from the
propeller(s). Tugs with Voith-Schneider or Cycloidal propulsion should not be used.
Page 42

Forward bitt
Bow line
Tow line
Capstan
Tug
Lighter

Quarter bitts
Fenders
Stern line

Fig 3.2(b) Towing lighter from alongside.

However in laying cable across an estuary or narrow waterway, it in possible to use a tow line
strung across the water and pull the barge or lighter across using winches on the shore, as
shown in figure 3.2(c). This is only possible if there is no significant current.

Winch or deadman
( alternative if shore
end being laid is
moored tug or cable
ship ) Sternline ( Polypropylene )
paid out as bowline winched in,
to prevent lighter drifting
offline

Cable laying lighter

Bowline
( Polypropylene )

Shore

Winch ( alternative
arrangement may be
deadman, sheave and
tractor )

Fig. 3.2(c) Towing lighter using winches on shore.

 Page 43

3.3 Cable Machinery for Auxiliary Vessels.

The cable machinery for auxiliary vessels can vary immensely and is really determined by the
type of work being done.

The simplest form of cable machinery is to stow the cable on drums and to pay out directly
from these, using a brake to control the speed, as shown in figure 3.3(a). This method is
suitable for laying cable across estuaries and in bays.

Fig. 3.3(a) Laying cable from a drum mounted on a lighter.

If the cable cannot be stowed on a drum due to its construction or the length is too long, then
it can be stowed in a portable cable tank and the laying controlled using a harbor brake (
figures 3.3(b) and 3.3(c) ). The harbor brake can be used for paying out cable from a hold or
cable tank in shallow water. It can be made to suit the cable size. Tension is controlled by
raising or lowering the upper beam, thus decreasing or increasing the angle or wrap around
the shoes and hence the friction.
Page 44

Upper
Adjusting beam
wheel

To hold or
cable tank

Slide
Dragboards

Base

Upper shoes (2)

Lower shoes (3)

To sheave

Fig. 3.3(b) Harbor brake.

Cable coiled in hold

or on deck ( not on a
drum )
Cable guide ( bellmouth )
over center of cable coils

Harbor
brake

Lighter
( or barge )
Cable
being
Sheave
laid

Fig. 3.3(c) Arrangement of harbor brake on lighter.

 Page 45

For a higher degree of control or if the cable has housings along its length, it is necessary to
use some form of portable powered cable machinery, of the type in section 2.8.2. This also
provides the ability to recover and grapple.

If cable repairs are to be done, it is advantageous to have a powered capstan for working ropes
and bollards or bitts for securing ropes.

For very shallow water, it is possible to pay out directly over the edge of the barge or lighter,
as shown in figure 3.3(a), However for higher tensions cables with conductors sensitive to
bending radius and for repair operations it in necessary to incorporate a portable sheave of
suitable diameter or a roller fairlead, of the type in section 2.8.3.

3.4 Navigation Equipment and Electronics.

Navigation equipment and electronics for auxiliary vessels is determined by the work being
done.

Navigation equipment can vary from theodolites, tellurometers, differential GPS, to short
range radio navigation systems. For laying shore end cables and cables estuaries and where
the cable is laid in a straight line, a single theodolite is normally sufficient.

Electronics equipment is normally limited to simple cable test gear, that is resistance and
reflectometers. Only if the system requires to be powered during laying is other equipment
necessary.
Page 46

4. Working of Cable In and Out of Cable Tanks.

This chapter contains the techniques for working ocean cables in and out of cable tanks during
loading, picking-up and laying. It also includes the methods for calculating capacities of cable
tanks and coiling volumes of ocean cables.

4.1 Safety in Working in Cable Tanks.

During the laying of cable, men in the cable tank must be careful when standing inside the
coils of cable leaving the tank as the cable may whip or move quickly if a coil catches and then
lets go. In the case of very fast cable pay-out, such as a runaway, the men should go to the
outside of the tank, or if possible, stand on the crinoline.

During picking-up, the same care must be taken, as it is possible for for the cable to suddenly
pay out, either to reduce tension or from a runaway.

To provide communications between the cable tank(s) and other cable working areas, a
telephone handset should be used as a minimum. In addition, for emergency signaling, several
men in the tank should have whistles on a lanyard.

Ocean cables of conventional construction, that is with the outer servings of ashphaltic
impregnated jute or polypropylene, can present additional safety problems. When new, the
ashphaltic compounds can attack the skin, hence it is wise for the men working the cable to
wear proper clothing such as coveralls and gloves to minimize contact with the cable. In
addition, the fumes given off by new cable are non-life supporting and can irritate the mucous
membranes, hence cable tanks must be well ventilated and men should be rotated in and out of
the cable tanks during working so that they are not exposed to the fumes for long periods.

Old ocean cable, particularly if wet, also gives off non-life supporting gases and requires the
same precautions as for new cable. In addition, if the cable has been on the bottom for a long
time, exposure to air may cause deterioration to set in and this will result in very strong,
unpleasant odors being given off.

4.2 Stowage Capacity of Cable Tanks.

The capacity of cylindrical cable tanks is defined as the volume of the part of the tank used to
stow the cable ( coiling volume ). This volume excludes the central cone and the headroom left
on top of the cable when the tank is full to allow men to work on top of the coils.

The volume V of a typical cylindrical cable tank of the form shown in figure 4.2(a), given the
outside diameter of the tank D , the coiling height H and the mean diameter of the central
cone d , is:

! 2 2
V =H
4
(D " d )
= 0.7854 H (D2 " d 2 )
 Page 47

Headroom

H 2

H Cable d
Cone H 2

Fig. 4.2(a) Cable tank dimensions for

calculating stowage capacity.

E x a m p l e : Find the total stowage volume of a cable ship with three cable tanks of diameters
31 feet, 40 feet and 40 feet. Maximum coiling height in all three is 12 feet and the central
cone has a mean diameter of 9 feet.

Cable tank number 1

V1 = 0.7854#12# ( 312 "9 2 )

= 8293cub. ft.
$8300 cub. ft.

Cable tanks number 2 and number 3

V23 = 0.7854#12# ( 40 2 " 9 2 )

= 14316cub. ft.
$14300 cub. ft.

Total volume

V =V1 + V23 +V23

= 8300+ 14300 + 14300
= 36900 cub. ft.

Note: Values are normally rounded off in practice.

Cable tanks may have dividers fitted to allow stowage of two types of cable in the one tank with
direct access to both, as shown in figure 4.2(b). In this case the coiling volumes for both the
inner and outer sections are calculated, using the same method as for the whole tank.
Page 48

Divider

Outer Inner HD 2
HD section section dI
Cone HD 2

DI
dO
DO

Fig. 4.2(b) Cable tank dimensions with divider

fitted, for calculating stowage capacity.

E x a m p l e : The first cable tank in the previous example can have a divider inserted at the 22
feet diameter, with a coiling height reduced to 9 feet. What are the capacities of the inner and
outer sections of this tank? ( Width of the divider is ignored. )

Inner section:

V1a =0.7854# 9# ( 22 2 "9 2 )

= 2848 cub. ft.
= 2850 cub. ft.

Outer section:

V1b =0.7854# 9# ( 312 " 222 )

= 3371cub. ft.
= 3350 cub. ft.

Hence the number 1 cable tank would be described as having a coiling volume of 8300 cubic
feet, and with the 22 foot diameter divider ring, 2850 cubic feet in the inner section and 3350
cubic feet in the outer sect ion.

For cable tanks with cylindrical ends and a straight center section, as shown in figure 4.2(c),
the ends are treated as before, that is:

Va =0.7854 H ( D2 " d 2 )

and the center section is given by:

Vb = 2H L ( D" d )
 Page 49

and the total volume is then:

V =Va +V b

D
2
d
2

Coiling height H

Fig. 4.2(c) Elongated cable tank dimensions for

calculating stowage capacity.

4.3 Coiling Volume of Ocean Cables.

The coiling volume of an ocean cable is used to determine either the size of the cable tank(s)
required to hold a given length of cable, or the amount of a given cable or cables that can be
stowed in cable tank(s).

In calculating the coiling volume of an ocean cable, it is considered that interleaving of the
layers of the cable does not occur. Hence the volume of 1 n. mile of cable of diameter dc in
inches, is given by:

dc 2
V =6076 #
144
= 42.194 dc 2 cub. ft. / n.mile
Page 50

and for dc in millimeters:

6076 d c 2
V= #
3.28 10 6
= 1.8524dc 2 cub.m. / n.mile

This volume assumes 100% coiling efficiency. In practice this cannot be achieved and a factor
for coiling efficiency is is used to allow for the type of coiling and the inability to pack coils
with total contact. Hence the coiling volume V of a given ocean cable is given by:

2
Vc = 42.194 dc f c cub. ft. / n. mile
= 1.8524dc 2 f c cub. m. / n. mile

For out-in in-out coiling, fc is taken as 0.92, while for out-in coiling it is 0.84.

Example: (a) Find the coiling volumes for SD List 1 and SD List 3A cables with diameters of
1.25 inches and 2.2 inches respectively. List 1 cable is coiled out-in in-out.

Vc 1 = 42.194# 1.25 2 0.92

=71.66
=72 cub. ft. / n.mile

Vc 3A = 42.194# 2.2 2 0.84

= 243.1
= 243cub. ft / n.mile

(b) For the cable tanks number 2 and number 3 of the previous example ( Section 4.2 ), find
the length and weight of SD List 1 cable able to be stowed ( List 1 cable weighs 2.36 tons/n.
mile )

Volume of cable tanks:

= 14300+ 14300
= 28600 cub. ft.

Length of SD List 1 cable:

= 28600 72
= 397 n. miles

Weight of SD List 1 cable:

= 2.36 # 397
= 937tons
 Page 51

(c) Given that the 937 tons in the maximum weight that can be stowed in these two cable tanks,
find the length and volume of SD List 3A cable that could be stowed in these two tanks. ( SD
List 3A cable weighs 14.28 tons/n. mile )

Length:

= 937 14.28
= 65.6 n. miles

Volume:

= 243# 65.6
= 15940cub. ft.

That is, each tank would be a little over half full.

4.4 Coiling Direction.

It in generally easier to coil a cable in a direction such that the twist imparted to the cable by
coiling it, is in a direction to open or unlay the armor. For this reason multiple layer armor,
with reversed direction of lay can be coiled and figured only with difficulty.

The twist imparted to single layer of armor in coiling tends to open, or cage, the armor
slightly. If the jacket or outer servings will not allow the armor to open, the cable must
elongated one length of the armor lay for each turn of coiling. This elongation can provide
enough strain to break the core if it cannot also elongate. For these reasons, it is sometimes
advisable to coil in a direction to tighten the outer armor. This coiling is more difficult unless
the core allows some compression to compensate for the shortening of the lay caused by
twisting the armor.

For conventional armored and armorless ocean cables, which have a left hand lay of the armor
wires, the cable is coiled down in a clockwise direction. Armorless cables with torque
balanced strength member are also coiled down in the same direction. Most cable ships with
cable tanks configured to allow repeater stowage on the cable working deck, have the slot in
the roof of the cable tank and the crinoline arranged for the clockwise coiling.

4.5 Coiling Cable into a Cable Tank.

The technique for coiling a length of ocean cable into a cable tank is the same for loading and
for picking up.

Prior to commencements the crinoline is hoisted to the roof of the tank and the men are
positioned in the tank.

The inner end of the cable is secured on the cable working deck and the bight of the cable
lowered down the slot in the tank roof and secured into the slot in the tank wall ( see figure
2.7.2.6(a) ). If it is the first coil in the tank or the first in a layer, or flake, the cable in coiled
against the outer wall of the tank. If not, then the bight is run to the edge of the previous coil
in the layer and coiling continued.

The most effective way to coil is to position men around the tank, and as the cable, guided by
one man walking around, passes them they handle it in turn, and place it next to the previous
coil to ensure efficient packing. To even out the work load, each man takes turn in walking the
Page 52

cable around.

When the outer end of the length of cable nears the tank, coiling is stopped, and the outer end
is secured on the cable working deck. Coiling then continues until the remainder of the length
of cable is in the tank and the bight to the cable working deck and outer end is in the slot in
the tank wall. If another length is to be coiled into the tank, the process is begun again.

If the cable is coiled conventionally that is, from the outer wall inwards to the cone and then
laid out for the next layer to begin at the outer wall, it is necessary to place feather edges
each side of the lay-out to prevent the weight of the cable above from crushing it and causing
damage. The feather edging is shown in figure 4.5(a). This must also be done for the bights
between the cable tank and the cable working deck where they cross the layer of cable.

Feather edges each

Lay out or side ( wood )
lay in

Previously coiled
layers of cable

Fig. 4.5(a) Arrangement of feather edges each

side of a lay out or lay in of a bight
of cable.

If the cable can be coiled 'out-in in-out', that is, it is coiled from the outer wall inwards to the
cone and then for the next layer it is coiled from the cone outwards to the outer wall, and so
on, it will be necessary to use feather edges only on the bights of cable between the cable tank
and the cable working deck. Out-in in-out coiling is normally limited to plastic covered
cables which will not catch on the coil inside the one being laid as it is dragged over it.

The arrangement of bights between the cable tank and the cable working deck and lay-outs
should be carefully spaced around the tank to level up the coils. If unevenness or springiness
does take place, feather edges should be placed to rectify it. Care must also be taken to ensure
that where the bights from the cable tank to the cable working deck leave the coils, they do not
support upper coils otherwise damage can occur.

When the level of the coiling becomes either dished or coned, such as caused by different
cable diameters, short coiling can be used to level up the coils. This is a partial layer or
layers placed in the section where the level is depressed, to build up the level to flat again.

When loading conventional armored cable with ashphaltic impregnated jute in the outer
servings, each layer should be white washed to prevent possible sticking between layers.
 Page 53

4.6 Paying Out Cable from a Cable Tank.

The paying out of ocean cable from a cable tank in basically simple. Only a small number of
man are required in the tank, and as the cable pays out they remove the feather edges as they
are exposed so that they will not catch in the coils. Also in the rare case of a coil catching on
another coil, they carry out the necessary action to free it. When the tank is fitted with a
crinoline, this is lowered as the level drops to keep it a constant height above the coils to
prevent whipping occurring. This height is found from experience for the different types of
ocean cable. For very low pay out speeds, up to about 2 knots, the crinoline is not necessary.
Feather edges are normally removed from the tank as the paying out continues to prevent them
from getting in the way.

When repeaters or similar units are in the lay, the paying out of cable is slowed down or, if
necessary, stopped as these units traverse the cable machinery and are worked outboard of the
bow sheaves, or stern sheave. Care must be taken to ensure that as the unit moves along the
cable working deck, that the bights of cable on either side of it move smoothly out of the tank
and do not catch, particularly in the slot in the tank wall. It is not possible to lay down a
procedure for this operation as there are too many variations in ship layout, types of unit and
cables. To ensure that this operation will go smoothly it is prudent to make up a dummy unit
and cable and practice paying this out.

4.7 Loading Cable from the Shore.

This is the most commonly used method for loading a cable ship, with the cable coming either
directly from the cable factory storage, or from portable cable pans. The method described is
for loading part of, or a full system, however the loading of repair cable follows basically the
same pattern except the lengths of cable are normally shorter, there are generally no
repeaters or similar units in the cable, and the cable ship's cable tanks may be fitted with
dividers to allow direct access to different types of cable.

The loading of cable requires careful planning as the possibility for confusion is
considerable. Extreme care must be taken to prevent locked turns and crosses which could
make it impossible to get the cable out without cutting and splicing. Good practice is to work
out a schedule for each loading, showing the order of cable sections to be loaded, which cable
tank these sections will go into, and for repeaters or similar inline units, their position in
each of the relevant stowages. A log should be kept during the loading as a check.

In so far as possible, the cable is loaded in a single continuous length and mechanical
continuity is never broken. This in possible only if a single load line is used, larger cable
ships may use two or more load lines to reduce the loading time, and in this case each tank is
loaded with a single mechanically continuous length. Depending on the type of system,
repeaters, or similar units, may not be loaded with the cable, but are brought onboard
separately and spliced in at the stowage racks on the cable working deck. To give mechanical
continuity between sections of the cable, a dummy repeater as shown in figure 4.7(a) is
used. These devices not only provide mechanical continuity, but also serve as a convenient
device for positioning cable ends at the stowage racks and protecting the pigtails. In other
types of systems, the repeaters, or similar units, are spliced into the ocean cable at the cable
factory and are loaded with the cable.

Prior to the commencement of loading, if necessary, the cable is made up into continuous
length(s) by joining the sections in the storage cable tanks or pans together. From this storage
area, there is a line of rollers or sheaves to support the cable all the way to the ship out along
the wharf. A turning sheave or rollers is placed on the foredeck, or quarterdeck, to bring the
cable around to allow loading into the ship cable tanks. Where the repeater is loaded with the
cable, the arrangement of the rollers, etc., must be such as to provide the necessary support to
Page 54

Fig. 4.7(a) Dummy repeater or coupling connector for

mechanical continuity between sections of
cable during loading.

Portable
cable
Roller guides, hauler
trays or
sheaves for
cable support Cable
end
Turning
sheave
or rollers Cable tank
loading
complete
Cable tank
being
loaded
Roller cable supports from
cable stowage to ship

To cable stowage

Fig. 4.7(b) Loading cable at a finger wharf.

 Page 55

the repeater as it moves along the line to prevent damage being caused to the repeater or cable.
At the slot to the cable tank being loaded, a portable cable hauler is positioned to pull the
cable onboard. If the cable is liable to rub on sections of the ship, cable trays or roller guides
are placed to prevent this. Figure 4.7(b) shows a typical arrangement for loading a cable ship
at a finger wharf.

The distance between the cable storage onshore and the ship's cable tanks should be kept
reasonably long. This is because as each coil is paid out from the shore tank it puts a turn in
the cable while the coiling into the ships tank puts a reverse turn in each coil. These two
twists are generally some distance apart, but would neutralize each other if the cable could be
loosely suspended between the cable tanks. In practice this in not possible and because of the
different diameters of the coils being paid out from the shore and coiled down in the cable
ship tank, there are normally an unbalanced number of turns in the length between them, and
hence this length serves as a buffer.

To commence loading, a light line is reeved through the rollers, sheaves, etc., that support the
cable during loading. One end is placed through the portable cable hauler and the other
attached to the end of the cable. Using this light line, the cable is slowly pulled onboard until
the end of the cable is through the cable hauler. The light line is removed and the cable end is
tied down in a suitable place, normally a repeater stowage area, and connected to the test
equipment. When this is done, the loading of the cable can commence.

The loading operation is carried out as described in section 4.5 and 4.6 for the ship's cable
tanks and the storage tanks respectively. If repeaters or similar units are in the system, then
for systems where the repeaters are spliced in after loading, as the end of each section is
reached and the dummy repeater is brought to the stowage rack, the ends of the cable on
each side of it are tied together with a length of rope, and positioned in the rack. This tie is
not removed until the repeater or other unit is spliced between the two cable sections. The
dummy repeater is opened and tests are made on the section of cable that has just been loaded
to check that it has not been damaged during loading.

As soon as the area is clear of loading work, the repeaters or other units are moved into place
on the rack and the work of joining the unit to the cable ends begun.

For systems where the repeater, or similar unit, is spliced into the ocean cable in the cable
factory, then the repeater is part of the cable loading process. When the repeater reaches the
stowage area, the loading stops while the repeater is positioned in the rack and the cable is
properly positioned between the slot in the cable tank and the rack. Additional care needs to
be taken during the loading process to ensure safe transit of the repeater. Testing is carried
out at regular intervals throughout the loading process.

For a cable without repeaters or similar units along it, testing is done at regular intervals
during the loading the check the cable.

During the loading, checks are made on the level of the load in the cable tank(s) and compared
to the predicted level(s) for the length(s) of cable loaded, so that the effectiveness of the
packing can be monitored and the draft of the ship at the bow and stern is watched to allow
trim to be corrected using ballast tanks.

When a tank is fully loaded, the cable end in either passed into the next tank, or if it is the
and of the load, it is taken to a suitable place and secured, generally in a repeater stowage
area.

The speed at which coiling can be done varies somewhat with the system configuration,
however line speeds of up to 4 knots can be achieved, though when allowances are made for the
Page 56

time to secure ends and bring the bights into the tanks, dress them into position and fit
feather edges to them and, if used, lay-outs, the average speed is of the order of 2-1/2 knots.
For large cable tanks, typical of a cable layer, about 25 men are required to coil down the
cable in each shift. Smaller tanks require proportionately fewer men.

Fig. 4.8(a) Suspended gantry made up of flexible

sections with roller guides for loading
cable from a ship. ( Note: Can also be
used for loading cable from the shore. )

4.8 Loading Cable from a Ship.

This method is used in remote areas where the cable ship cannot carry the complete system in
a single load, and suitable shore sites for cable stowage and loading are not available.

The method is the same as for loading from the shore. The two ships must be moored fore and
aft to stop then swinging, and be close to one another. To support the cable, a suspended
gantry made up of flexible sections with roller guides, is made up between the,two ships, such
as shown in figure 4.8(a). This forms the same function as the roller guides along the wharf.
 Page 57

4.9 Loading Cable from a Drum.

This method is used only for short lengths of cable that can be supplied on a drum. It is
normally only used for small systems or for repair cable.

The cable wound on a drum has no twist in its while the coiling of cable into a tank requires
one twist per coil. To insert the required twist, the cable drum is mounted on a turntable with
its axis verticals as shown in figure 4.9(a). It can also be suspended from a crane on a swivel
as shown in figure 4.9(b). As the cable is paid out from the drum, every now and then as twists
are required in the tank to allow the cable to coil, a turn is dropped or lifted from the drum,
to insert the required twist.

Cable drum

Lift off turns

to induce twist To cable
( Note: Direction tank
of twist imparted
must match
coiling in tank )
Turntable

Fig. 4.9(a) Arrangement of cable drum on turntable

for loading cable into a cable tank.

Crane hook

Ball bearing
Drum
swivel

Drop off turns

to induce twist
( Note: Direction
of twist imparted To cable
must match coiling tank
in tank )
Drum
carrier

Fig. 4.9(b) Arrangement of cable drum suspended from

crane for loading cable into a cable tank.
Page 58

4.10 Loading Cable onto a Barge or Lighter.

If the barge or lighter has a cable tank of some type, either on the deck or in the hold, then
loading cable proceeds as for a cable ship. However, for much work it is not necessary to have
a tank and the cable can be coiled directly on the deck. Coiling is done the same way as for a
tank, but to ensure that the layers are stable, each layer is coiled so that its width is slightly
less than the layer below. That is, the diameter of the inner most coil is increased for each
Page 58

additional layer and the diameter of the outer coil is decreased. Figure 4.10(a) shows the
coiling of cable onto a lighter.

Fig. 4.10(a) Coiling cable on the deck of a lighter.

4.11 Coiling of Cable During Repair Operations.

When picking up cable during repair operations, where there is insufficient time for stowing
repeaters or similar units in the stowage racks on the cable working deck if they are
recovered, as described in section 4.5, the method of coiling cable into the tank is slightly
changed.

If the repeater or unit is relatively small or articulated, then after it comes inboard it is
allowed to enter the cable tank where it is placed against the outer wall of the tank and the
lay-out and lay-in are quickly dressed into position to allow picking up to continue with
minimum disruption.

If the repeater or unit is large, then after it comes inboard, it should be placed in a suitable
position near the slot to the cable tank and secured. As the unit will not be reused in the
repair, then the dressing of the bights of cable on either side of the unit can be done with less
regard for minimum bending radius than for loading, so that the picking up can continue with
again minimum disruption.
 Page 59

During repair it is not normal practice to use feather edges as the amount of cable picked up
is normally small and the crushing forces due to upper layers is small.
Page 60

5. Working of Grapnel and Buoy Ropes and Chain.

This chapter contains the techniques for working wire construction grapnel and buoy ropes,
synthetic buoy ropes and chain in and out of stowages. It also includes the methods for
calculating capacities of stowages and coiling volumes.

5.1 Wire Construction Grapnel and Buoy Ropes.

5.1.1 Safety in Working Wire Construction Grapnel and Buoy Ropes.

Because of their springy nature, care must be taken when working this kind of rope,
particularly in the stowage areas. Grapnel rope has been known to snap into a tight coil,
trapping a man. To allow immediate stopping of the cable machinery in the case of something
like this happening, a good system of signaling is required, such as whistles.

If the grapnel rope is brought from its stowage to the working deck by a rope pipe, a man
should be stationed at the top of the rope pipe, so that he can watch the grapnel rope in the
pipe and can signal if it jams or becomes a danger to personnel.

5.1.2 Coiling Volume for Wire Construction Grapnel and Buoy Ropes.

The coiling volume is calculated in the same manner as for ocean cables, that is:

dr2 1
Vr = L cub. ft.
144 f r

where L the length of the rope is in feet, dr the rope diameter is in inches and fr is the
coiling efficiency, and

d r2 1
Vr = L 6 cub.m.
10 f r

where L the length of the rope is in meters, dr the rope diameter is in millimeters and fr is
the coiling efficiency.

If coiled in a rope bin, out-in in-out coiling can be used and for new rope a coiling efficiency
of 0.92 can be used. When coiled in a cable tank, out-in coiling is more commonly used and the
coiling efficiency 0.84 can be used. As these ropes are worked, they do not coil down as well
and coiling efficiencies drop somewhat from the above.

When coiled on a deck, allowance must be made for the battens under the coils which allow the
water to drain away and air to circulate to prevent rotting.

Table 5.1.2(a) shows the coiling volumes of these grapnel and buoy ropes.
 Page 61

Table 5.1.2(a)

Coiling Volumes of New Wire Construction Grapnel and Buoy Ropes.

Coiling volume ( cubic feet - cubic meters )

Rope Nominal Out-in in-out coiling Out-in coiling
Size Diameter 600 ft - l n. mile 600 ft - 1 n. mile
183 m 183 m
______________________________________________________________________

9x5 2 3/8 in - 60 mm 25.6 - 0.73 255.5 - 7.24 28.0 - 0.79 279.8 - 7.93
9x4 2 3/32 in - 53 mm 19.9 - 0.57 198.5 - 5.63 21.8 - 0.62 217.5 - 6.16
8x3 1 5/8 in - 41 mm 12.0 - 0.34 119.6 - 3.39 13.1 - 0.37 131.0 - 3.71
7x3 1 1/2 in - 38 mm 10.2 - 0.29 101.9 - 2.89 11.2 - 0.32 111.6 - 3.16
6x3 1 3/8 in - 35 mm 8.6 - 0.25 85.6 - 2.43 9.4 - 0.27 93.8 - 2.66

4x3 1 1/8 in - 29 mm 5.7 - 0.16 57.3 - 1.62 6.3 - 0.18 62.8 - 1.78
3x3 7/8 in - 22 mm 3.5 - 0.10 34.7 - 0.98 3.8 - 0.11 38.0 - 1.08
______________________________________________________________________

5.1.3 Coiling Direction,

As the wire construction grapnel and buoy ropes have a left hand lay of the strands, they are
coiled clockwise.

5.1.4 Working In and Out of Stowages.

Wire construction grapnel and buoy ropes are coiled down in the same manner as for ocean
cables, though when out-in coiling is used, no feather edges are required for lay-outs. Link-
thimbles and joining shackles are normally coiled in the pack and the slight unevenness is
accepted.

Paying out is straight forward with no special requirements.

5.2 Synthetic Buoy Rope ( Double Braided Nylon or Similar ).

5.2.1 Safety in Working Synthetic Buoy Ropes.

Synthetic buoy ropes are relative soft and benign. However if twisted it is possible that they
can form into a tight coil which can catch personnel and care must be taken with the
appropriate safety measures as for grapnel rope. The fittings on these ropes tend to be heavy
and could cause injury if they were to hit men working the rope, requiring a degree of caution
when in the vicinity of personnel.

Synthetic ropes are easily cut through compared to wire ropes and these ropes must not pass
over rough or sharp edges or protrusions. If the rope is cut through under tension, it will tend
to snake rather than move in an arc like ocean cables or grapnel rope.

Synthetic rope must not be allowed to slip on drums or capstans for prolonged periods as the
fibers may melt and cause damage to the rope and loss of strength.
Page 62

These ropes are considered to be worn out when the outer braid is damaged to the point where
its strength is obviously reduced. When this happens, the damaged section must be cut out or
if the damage is along most of the length of the rope, the whole rope discarded. A rope with the
inner braid exposed must not be used, even though 90% of the strength is in this braid.

5.2.2 Stowage Volumes for Synthetic Buoy Ropes.

If synthetic buoy rope is coiled down in a circular bin or tank, the same calculations as for
grapnel ropes is used ( section 5.1.2 ). Normally out-in in-out coiling can be used and thus
the coiling efficiency can be taken as 0.92. Table 5.2.2(a) shows coiling volumes for various
synthetic buoy ropes.

The other technique for stowing these ropes in to loose flake them into a stowage. Because the
flexibility of these ropes decreases with increasing diameter, it is not possible to give a
calculation for find stowage volumes, however a figure for the volume of rope able to be stowed
in a space being about 80% of the volume can be used as a guide.

Table 5.2.2(a)

Coiling Volumes of Synthetic Buoy Ropes

Rope Nominal Coiling volume ( cub ft- cub m )

Size Diameter Out-in in-out coiling
600 ft - l n. mile
183 m
_____________________________________________________

3-3/4 in 1.194 in - 30 mm 6.5 - 0.18 64.5 - 1.83

5 in 1.592 in - 40 mm 11.5 - 0.33 114.7 - 3.25
6 in 1.910 in - 49 mm 16.5 - 0.47 165.2 - 4.68

8-1/2 in 2.7l0 in - 69 mm 33.2 - 0.94 331.5 - 9.39

_____________________________________________________

5.2.3 Coiling Direction.

As the synthetic buoy ropes used in cable work are of a balanced construction, they may be
coiled in either direction. However it is normal practice to coil them in the same direction as
ocean cables, that in clockwise.

5.2.4 Working in and out of Stowages.

If the rope is to be coiled down then it is done in the same manner as for ocean cables and
grapnel rope. Alternatively if it is to be loosed flaked, it is simply allowed to fall into the
stowage under its own weight.

There are no special requirements for paying out from a stowage for synthetic buoy ropes.
 Page 63

5.3 Chain.

5.3.1 Safety in Working Chain.

Chain is both highly flexible and relatively heavy for its strength. When moving a length of
chain around the dock or from one stowage to another, unless it is a small size, chain hooks
should be used. Pulling by hand is not advised for larger chains as it possible for the links of
the chain to close around the hand and cause injury.

If it is necessary to lift chain between decks, it should be done by placing on a pallet and
using a crane or if this is not possible it should be lowered or raised in a way where the
weight of the suspended portion of the chain can be taken, in a controlled manner.

5.3.2 Stowage Volume for Chains.

The stowage volume for chain is given by

Vc = 2.1L d 2 cub. ft. for open chain.

Vc = 4.5 L d 2 cub. ft. for cross studded chain.

where L the length of the chain is in feet, and d the chain size in inches, and

Vc = 0.000303L d 2 cub.m. for open chain.

Vc = 0.000649 L d 2 cub. m. for cross studded chain.

where L the length of the chain is in meters, and d the chain size in millimeters

As chain is highly flexible, the full volume of a stowage can be considered available for chain,
To obtain the full use of this stowage volume, it may be necessary to level the chain as it
enters using chain hooks.
Page 64
Appendices.
 Page A1

A. Lights, Daymarks and Signals for Vessels Engaged in Cable

Working Operations.

The following rules are for vessels engaged in cable working operations ( laying or picking-up
cable or navigation marks, cable repair, surveying or underwater operations ). Figures A(a),
(b), (c) and (d) show the arrangement of lights and daymarks.

Cable working - underway.

Daytime: Vessel hoists two round red shapes with white diamond shape between them, visible
for 360 degrees.

Night time: Vessel displays, in lieu of steaming lights, two red lights with a white light
between them, visible for 360 degrees.

Low visibility: In addition to the above, vessel sounds at intervals of not more than one
minute, one long blast followed by two short blasts.

Red round
White diamond

Fig. A(a) Cable laying underway, daytime. Also for surveying,

picking up navigation mark and underwater operations.

Red lights
White light

Fig. A(b) Cable laying underway, nighttime. Also for surveying,

picking up navigation mark and underwater operations.
Page A2

Cable working - anchored.

Daytime: Vessel hoists the same shapes as for underway, with a black ball hoisted in the
forepart of the vessel,

Night time: Vessel displays the same lights as for underway in addition to her normal anchor
lights.

Low visibility: In addition to the above, the vessel rings her bell rapidly for about 5 seconds
in every minute. If vessel is more than 350 feet in length, the bell is sounded in the forepart
and a gong or other instrument similarly in the afterpart.

In addition, the vessel may sound one short, one prolonged and one short blast to give varying
of her position and of the possibility of collision to an approaching vessel.

Red round
White diamond
Black ball
forward

Fig. A(d) Cable laying anchored, nighttime. Also for surveying,

picking up navigation mark and underwater operations.

Red lights Normal anchor

White light light(s)

Fig. A(d) Cable laying anchored, nighttime. Also for surveying,

picking up navigation mark and underwater operations.
 Page A3

B. Cable Handling Equipment.

To work ocean cables, a cable ship must carry a range of cable handling equipment. The cable
handling equipment is presented in two lists. The first list, table B(a), details the equipment
available from normal suppliers, the second list, table B(b), details equipment made up for the
cable ship, either onboard or at a shore facility.

Two allowances are given for the equipment, the first for a cable ship with cable engines with
a nominal 50 ton/tonne pull, and the second for cable engines with a nominal 30 ton/tonne
pull. The allowances given are indicative of what would normally be carried, however, for a
given cable ship the allowances may vary considerably based on the requirements of the work
to be done, and may include items not in this list and alternatives. Also many items have the
allowance given as as required ( as req. ) indicating the flexibility needed for the area being
worked. Weights are approximate, as items from varying sources may differ slightly in weight.

The lengths in the second list, table B(b), are for the representative cable ship described in
Volume 5. Each cable ship must determine the proper lengths for these items based on the
layout of her cable machinery and cable working areas.

These lists are for cable ships that carry out cable repair in all water depths. Cable ships that
primarily lay cable would not need as much equipment, and similarly, cable ships that only
work in shallower waters would not need as much grapnel and buoy rope.
Page A4

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment.

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Anchor, marine fluked Danforth 1000 lb 1 each 1 each 1000 - 455

Anchor, mushroom 1 cwt. 5 each 5 each 125 - 57

Anchor, mushroom 4 cwt. 5 each 5 each 450 - 205

Buoy, balloon 6.5 ton number 0-0 as req. as req. 4350 - 1977

Buoy, balloon 4 ton number 0 as req. as req. 3250 - 1477

Buoy, balloon 3 ton number 1 as req. as req. 2900 - 1318

Buoy, balloon 2 ton number 2 1 each 1 each 1980 - 900

Buoy, balloon 1.25 ton number 3 3 each 3 each 1250 - 568

Buoy, balloon 13 cwt. number 4 3 each 3 each 950 - 432

Buoy lamp 6 each 6 each 25 - 11

Buoy slip hook 6 each 6 each 10 - 5

Chain, bridle 1" dia. alloy 30 ft long 5 each 5 each 295 - 134
(end link each end)
Chain, bridle 7/8" dia. alloy 30 ft long 5 each 5 each 225 - 102
(end link each end)
Chain, bridle 3/4" dia. alloy 30 ft long 5 each 5 each 180 - 82
(end link each end)
Chain, riding 1" dia. alloy 20 ft long 5 each 5 each 195 - 87
(end link each end)
Chain, riding 7/8" dia alloy 20ft long 5 each 5 each 150 - 68
(end link each end)
Chain, riding 3/4" dia alloy 20ft long 5 each 5 each 120 - 55
(end link each end)
Chain, buoy 1" dia alloy 60ft long 10 each 10 each 585 - 266
(end link each end)
Chain, buoy 7/8" dia alloy 60ft long 10 each 10 each 585 - 266
(end link each end)
Chain, buoy 3/4" dia alloy 60ft long 10 each 10 each 355 - 161
(end link each end)
 Page A5

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Chain, alloy 1" dia general use 60ft long 4 each 4 each 585 - 266

Chain alloy 3/4" dia general use 60ft long 4 each 4 each 324 - 147

Chain, ground 1-1/2" dia alloy 90 ft long 5 each 2035 - 925

Chain, ground 1-1/4" dia alloy 90 ft long 5 each 5 each 1415 - 643

Cutter, power, cable small, with spares 2 each 2 each 50 - 23

Cutter, power, cable large, with spares 2 each 2 each 50 - 23

Cutter, wire rope, hand operated, 2 each 2 each 35 - 16

hydraulic.
Cutter, wire rope, electric/hydraulic. 1 each 1 each 100 - 45

Fitting, link-thimble 3x3 grapnel rope as req. as req. 7-3

Fitting, link-thimble 6x3 grapnel rope 10 each 10 each 12 - 5

Fitting, link-thimble 8x3 grapnel rope 20 each 20 each 16 - 7

Fitting, link-thimble 9x5 grapnel rope 10 each 42 - 22

Fitting, link-thimble 3-3/4" circum. double 10 each 10 each 5-2

braided nylon rope
Fitting, link-thimble 5" circum. 10 each 10 each 14 - 6
double braided nylon rope
Fitting, link-thimble 6" circum. 10 each 10 each 25 - 11
double braided nylon rope
Fitting, link-thimble 8-1/2" circum. 10 each 60 - 27
double braided nylon rope
Floats, balloon, double nylon and rubber 50 each 50 each 5-2

Floats, 12" dia. rubber, inflatable, as req. as req. 5-2

international orange
Grapnel, Batfish as req. as req. 1600 - 727

Grapnel, chisel prong, medium as req. as req. 336 - 153

Grapnel, chisel prong, long 1 each 1 each 560 - 255

Page A6

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Grapnel, 5 prong common, short as req. as req. 252 - 115

Grapnel, 5 prong common, medium as req. as req. 336 - 153

Grapnel, 5 prong common, long as req. as req. 560 - 255

Grapnel, common cutting 14", with spares 1 each 1 each 550 - 250

Grapnel, cut and hold, incl. spares and 1 each 1 each 5500 - 2500
support equipment ( various ) (max.)
Grapnel, cutting, power, incl. spares and 1 each 1 each 4000 - 1818
support equipment ( various ) (max.)
Grapnel, detrenching ( various ) as req. as req. 8500 - 3864
(max.)
Grapnel, flatfish, commercial 2 each 2 each 400 - 182

Grapnel, flatfish, combination incl. spares 1 each 1 each 300 - 136

Grapnel, Gifford, 30 ton 4 sets 4 sets 224 - 102

Grapnel, Gifford, 50 ton 3 sets 1 set 450 - 205

Grapnel, Gifford Vee-jaw, 30 ton 1 set 1 set 224 - 102

Grapnel, jamming, 30 ton 3 sets 3 sets 200 - 91

Grapnel, Rennie, 30 ton 4 sets 4 sets 324 - 147

Grapnel, Rennie, 50 ton 3 sets 1 set 690 - 314

Grapnel, Rouillard as req. as req. 896 - 407

Grapnel, sand, light as req. as req. 253 - 115

Grapnel, sand, medium as req. as req. 396 - 180

Grapnel, sand, heavy 1 each 1 each 550 - 250

Grapnel, sliding prong, short 2 sets 2 sets 504 - 229

Grapnel, sliding, spare prongs, short 4 each 4 each 70 - 32

Grapnel, sliding, spare prongs, long 4 each 4 each 90 - 41

 Page A7

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Grapnel, spear point, medium as req. as req. 336 - 153

Grapnel, spear point, long as req. as req. 560 - 255

Grapnel, marine ( hand ) 6 each 6 each 4-2

Holding plate, ground chain 4 each 4 each -

Link, detachable, 1-1/2" - 1-7/16" 20 each 15 - 7

Link, detachable, 1-1/4" - 1-3/16" 30 each 30 each 8.5 - 4

Link, detachable 1" - 15/16" 30 each 30 each 4.5 - 2

Link, detachable 7/8" - 13/16" 30 each 30 each 3.5 - 1.6

Link, detachable 3/4" - 11/16" 20 each 20 each 2.0- 0.9

Link, detachable, pear shaped, 10 each 60 - 27

2" - 1-5/8"
Link, detachable, pear shaped, 10 each 10 each 48 - 22
1-9/16" - 1-1/4"
Link, detachable, pear shaped, 10 each 10 each 14 - 6
1-3/16" - 1"
Link, detachable, pear shaped, 10 each 10 each 7 - 3.2
15/16" - 3/4"
Link, pear shaped 2" dia. stock 10 each 29 - 13

Link, pear shaped 1-1/2" dia. stock 10 each 10 each 12 - 5.5

Link, pear shaped 1-1/4" dia. stock 10 each 10 each 7 - 3.2

Link, pear shaped 1" dia. stock 15 each 15 each 3.5 - 1.6

Link, pear shaped 7/8" dia. stock 15 each 15 each 2.5 - 1.1

Link, pear shaped 3/4" dia. stock 10 each 10 each 1.5 - 0.7

Mast, buoy, aluminum 10 each 10 each 30 - 14

Rope, grapnel, 3x3, 3000 ft. length as req. as req. 1370 - 623

Rope, grapnel, 6x3, 3000 ft. length 15 each 15 each 3080 - 1400
Page A8

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Rope, grapnel, 8x3, 3000 ft. length 10 each 16 each 4110 - 1868

Rope, grapnel, 9x5, 3000 ft. length 6 each 7700 - 3500

Rope, dble. braided nylon, 3-3/4" circ., 5 each 5 each 1420 - 645
3000 ft. length
Rope, dble. braided nylon, 5" circ., 10 each 10 each 2490 - 1132
3000 ft. length
Rope, dble. braided nylon, 6" circ., 10 each 10 each 3650 - 1660
3000 ft. length
Rope, dble. braided nylon, 8-1/2" circ., 10 each 7320 - 3327
3000 ft. length
Rope, manila, 9 thread, 600 ft. coil 5 coils 5 coils 18 - 8.2

Rope, manila, 15 thread, 600 ft. coil 10 coils 10 coils 32 - 18

Rope, manila, 21 thread, 600 ft. coil 10 coils 10 coils 45 - 20

Rope, manila, 2" circ., 600 ft. coil 2 coils 2 coils 80 - 36

Rope, manila, 3" circ., 600 ft. coil 2 coils 2 coils 160 - 73

Rope, manila, 4" circ., 600 ft. coil 2 coils 2 coils 290 - 132

Rope, manila, 5" circ., 600 ft. coil 2 coils 2 coils 450 - 205

Rope, polypropylene yellow, 5" circ., 2 coils 2 coils 290 - 132

600 ft coil
Saw, circular, shock proof with spares 1 each 1 each 40 - 18

Saw, portable, band, with spares 1 each 1 each 25 - 11

Serving tool, application 6 each 6 each -

Serving mallet 12 each 12 each -

Shackle, round screw pin c.s., 6x3, long, 40 each 40 each 9-4
certified
Shackle, round screw pin c.s., 8x3, long, 60 each 60 each 16 - 7.3
certified
Shackle, round screw pin c.s., 9x5, long, 20 each 39 - 18
certified
 Page A9

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 1/2" diameter 30 each 30 each 0.75 - 0.3

Shackle, screw pin, anchor, 1/2" diameter, 10 each 10 each 0.75 - 0.3
stainless steel
Shackle, screw pin, anchor 5/8" diameter 20 each 20 each 1.2 - 0.5

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 3/4" diameter 40 each 40 each 2.1 - 0.95

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 7/8" diameter 50 each 50 each 3 - 1.4

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 1" diameter 40 each 40 each 4.4 - 2

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 1-1/2" dia. 40 each 40 each 14 - 6.4

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 2" diameter 20 each 20 each 35 - 16

Shackle, screw pin, anchor 2-1/2" dia. 10 each 10 each 60 - 27

Sheave, Oldman, small, 7" x 4-3/4" 20 each 20 each 16 - 7.3

Stoppers, BTL, 7/16" dia.. wires 20 each 20 each 110 - 50

Stoppers, BTL, 5/16" dia.. wires 20 each 20 each 45 - 20

Stoppers, BTL, 1/4" dia.. wires 6 each 6 each 25 - 11

Stopper, chain, certified, 3/4" diameter 8 each 8 each 55 - 25

Stopper, chain, certified, 7/8" diameter 8 each 8 each 110 - 50

Stopper, preformed cable, various to suit as req. as req. -

cables being worked
Stopper, assembly chain 1-1/4" 4 each 4 each 120 - 55

Stopper, assembly chain 1-1/2" 2 each 2 each 180 - 82

Swivel, underwater, 35 ton ball bearing 4 each 4 each 78 - 35

Swivel, underwater, 15 ton ball bearing 10 each 10 each 39 - 18

Swivel, underwater, 10 ton ball bearing 6 each 6 each 37 - 17

Swivel, underwater, 5 ton ball bearing 6 each 6 each 8.5 - 3.9

Page A10

Table B(a).

List of Cable Handling Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Target, radar reflector 10 each 10 each 25 - 11

Thimbles, wire rope 3/4" 50 each 50 each -

Thimbles, sail makers, large 10 each 10 each -

Wire rope, 6x19 ips. 7/16" dia., fiber 1 reel 1 reel 192 - 87
core, 600 ft reel
Wire rope, 6x19 ips. 1/2" dia., fiber 1 reel 1 reel 252 - 115
core, 600 ft reel
Wire rope, 6x19 ips. 3/4" dia., fiber 2 reels 2 reels 570 - 259
core, 600 ft reel
Yarn, polypropylene 300 each 300 each -
 Page A11

Table B(b).

List of Cable Rigging Equipment.

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Buoy rope, grapnel 6x3 1500 ft. length, 2 each 2 each 1540 - 700
link - thimble each end
Buoy rope, grapnel 8x3 1500 ft. length, 2 each 2 each 2060 - 937
link - thimble each end
Buoy rope, grapnel 8x3 600 ft. length, 2 each 2 each 830 - 377
link - thimble each end
Buoy rope, grapnel 8x3 300 ft. length, 2 each 2 each 420 - 191
link - thimble each end
Buoy rope, grapnel 8x3 60 ft. length, 2 each 2 each 90 - 41
link - thimble each end
Bridle, rope, grapnel 6x3, 390 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 410 - 186
link - thimble each end
Bridle, rope, grapnel 8x3, 390 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 540 - 245
link - thimble each end
Messenger, rope, grapnel 6x3, 320 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 340 - 155
link - thimble each end
Messenger, rope, grapnel 8x3, 320 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 440 - 200
link - thimble each end
Side rope, grapnel 3x3 140 ft length, 2 each 2 each 70 - 32
link - thimble each end
Side rope, grapnel 8x3 140 ft length, 5 each 5 each 200 - 91
link - thimble each end
Side rope, grapnel 8x3 90 ft length, 2 each 2 each 130 - 59
link - thimble each end
Side rope, dble. braided nylon, 2 each 2 each 80 - 36
3-3/4" circ., 140 ft length,
link - thimble each end
Side rope, dble. braided nylon, 2 each 2 each 150 - 68
5" circ., 140 ft length,
link - thimble each end
Side rope, dble. braided nylon, 2 each 2 each 230 - 105
6" circ., 140 ft length,
link - thimble each end
Side rope, dble. braided nylon, 2 each 470 - 214
8-1/2" circ., 140 ft length,
link - thimble each end
Page A12

Table B(b).

List of Cable Rigging Equipment ( Continued ).

Allowance Unit weight

Item
50t 30t lb - Kg

Span, rope, grapnel, 6x3, 11 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 20 - 9

link - thimble each end
Span, rope, grapnel, 8x3, 11 ft length, 2 each* 2 each* 30 - 14
link - thimble each end
Static messenger, rope, grapnel 6x3, 2 each* 2 each* 50 - 23
43 ft length, link - thimble each end
Static messenger, rope, grapnel 8x3, 2 each* 2 each* 65 - 30
43 ft length, link - thimble each end
Stopper, rope, 3" circ. manila, 6 ft long 4 each 4 each -

Stopper, Siemen's, 7/16" dia., 6x19 ips 6 each 6 each 40 - 18

fiber core rope, each strand canvas
covered, length assembled 10 ft
Transfer rope, grapnel 8x3, 48 ft. length, 3 each 3 each 75 - 34
link - thimble each end

Note: each* - either 6x3 or 8x3 grapnel rope size may be carried, or both.