The contingency table below was constructed using data from a

sample of Penn State employees. Use this table to answer the

following questions.
Position
Faculty Staf
Female 25 72
Biological Sex
Male 39 60

A. Compute the row and column totals:

Position
Faculty Staf Total
Biologica Female 25 72 97
l Sex Male 39 60 99
Total 64 132

B. Compute the expected value for the female faculty cell by

hand (i.e., do NOT use Minitab Express).

The expected value will be given by

64*97/196

=31.67

C. How would you interpret the value that you computed in

part B for a friend with no knowledge of statistics?

This is the expected value. The value a researcher would expect to get before the research. But
after the research a different value might be observed which is known as the observed value.

D. Are biological sex and position independent? Use the five-

step hypothesis testing procedure.

Step 1: Hypotheses.

H0: there is no association between the variables.

Ha: there is association between the variables

Step 2: test statistics

observed working Expected frequency

25 97*64/196 31.67

72 97*132/196 65.33

39 99*64/196 32.33

60 99*132/196 66.67

observed expected (o-e)2/e

25 31.67 1.406072

72 65.33 0.681732

39 32.33 1.377667

60 66.67 0.66796

=4.1334

Chi square is= 4.1334

Step 3: critical value

Critical value for 0.05 significant level and (2-1) (2-1) significant level is

=4.1334

Step 4: decision

The calculated chi square is more than the critical chi square we therefore do reject the null
hypotheses.

Step 5 conclusion

We therefore conclude that there is an association between the variables.