1 1

Organic Integrated Pest Management

How to Avoid Problems
Good Pest Management is Based on Healthy Soils
Healthy soils contain many Having a variety of flowering plants on the
different organisms that farm provides food pollen & nectar and
compete with pest organisms, refuge for numerous beneficial insects.
keeping them in check
Healthy soils contain many organisms that feed & protect plants.
Maintain the Diversity and Healthy soil 7
protects and feeds
2 Fertility of the Soil plant roots.
By using compost The plant
on the left
By planting cover crops and green manures grew in
By rotating crops in the field better soil.

Its Important to Care for the Beneficial Organisms

Both Above and Below the Soil Surface.

Keep a diversity of plants in the field

Tachinid parasitic fly on to feed and shelter the beneficial organisms
California buckwheat that help fight pests.

4 5 First year 6
3 Ladybugs perennial hedgerow
overwintering
in deergrass

Flowering annuals
in crop rows
Perennial native hedgerow

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2
Providing Habitat for Beneficial Organisms
Keeping a diversity of plants on the farm helps with pest control
Hedgerows and Plant Habitat Provide: Flowering annual plants attract beneficial insects
Habitat for beneficial Food, fruit, nuts, & aromatic herbs Planted with the crops
organisms and wildlife Beautiful landscape
Windbreaks to slow erosion
Dust barriers
Pesticide barriers Bats Eat Insect Pests
between conventional and
organic fields
Protection from soil loss by 4
water erosion 5
2 3 Bats are nocturnal, like the Or planted around
a water source
moths (armyworm and
7 Bats cutworm adults) that
need spaces plague many crops.
one-inch deep
which can be One colony of bats can
created by simple consume as many as 11
modifications of 100,000 insects such as
1 walls or roofbeams of cucumber beetles and
farm buildings 10
Trees and moths in a single season.
6
bushes offer
protection 8 Perennial hedgerow 9
from the wind,
and perches for
birds that eat
insect pests
Nest boxes can be made for
owls. These night hunters eat
many insects and rodents.

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 3
3
Protect these Beneficial Insects that Eat Insect Pests!
Life Cycle of Lady Bugs 6 What do they eat? Where do they live?
5
Eggs 1 2
4 Actual Larvae & adults eat: In plants of
size Adults
Aphids the carrot family
Actual Mealy bugs fennel, dill,
Pupas
size Mites Queen Annes lace.
3
Soft scale Also yarrow and sunflowers.
Eggs of insect pests. Deergrass and other clumping
grasses are excellent habitats
Larvae
7 for overwintering ladybugs.

Life Cycle of Lacewings Pupa 9 What do they eat? Where do they live?
Eggs Larva emerging
The larvae eat soft- In plants of
8 from egg the carrot family
bodied insects
including aphids, fennel, dill, Queen Annes
11 12 Adult Brown Lacewing thrips, mealy bugs, lace. Also yarrow,
Larva
devouring a soft scale, worms, and sunflowers, buckwheat,
mites. California buckwheat,
Adult Green Lacewing worm
corn, amaranth,
The adults eat pollen
Actual ActualLARVA holly leaf cherry,
& nectar.
size 10 size
alyssum, coyote brush.

Life Cycle of Syrphid Flies What do they eat? Where do

Actual they live?
14 Actual The larvae eat
size 13 Pupa In plants of the carrot family
Larvae size aphids.
15 fennel, dill, Queen Annes lace.
The adults eat Also yarrow, sunflower,
pollen & nectar. buckwheat, alyssum,
coyote brush,
Adult 16 and other flowering plants.
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4
Protect these Beneficial Insects that Eat Insect Pests!

Life Cycle of Damsel Bugs

What do Where do
1 Eggs Adult Actual they eat? they live?
4
2 size
Nymphs & adults eat: Yarrow
Aphids Alfalfa
Mites Goldenrod
Nymph 3 Thrips
Worms Plants of the
Lygus bugs sunflower family.
Adult devouring a Lygus Bug Leafhoppers

Life Cycle of Big-Eyed Bugs

5 Nymph 6 What do they eat? Where do they live?
Nymphs & adults eat Cool season
9 many insects including: cover crops
Aphids (berseem clover &
7
Mites subterranean clover)
Adults
8 Thrips and common
Nymph Worms knotweed
Actual Flea beetles
size Insect eggs

Tachinid Flies What do they eat? Where do they live?

10 11 In plants of
Actual Adult Trichopode The larvae parasitize many
pennipes the carrot family
size (Big Foot Fly),
worms, Japanese beetles,
fennel, dill,
a parasite of and some bugs.
Queen Annes lace.
squash bugs.
Adults eat pollen & nectar. Also yarrow, sunflowers,
Actual
Adult buckwheat, alyssum,
size coyote brush.
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 5
Protect these Beneficial Insects that Eat Insect Pests!
Life Cycle of Pirate Bugs
2 5 Actual size What do Where do they live?
Located on the central 1
vein of the bottom leaf
they eat? In plants of
surface Adults the carrot family
Nymphs & adults eat: fennel, dill,
Eggs Thrips
3 Queen Annes lace.
Mites Also yarrow, sunflowers,
4 Leafhoppers buckwheat,
Small worms alyssum, coyote brush,
Insect eggs alfalfa, corn,
Nymphs clover, & vetch.

Life Cycle of Assassin Bugs

6 Nymph What do Where do
7
9 Adult eating worm
they eat? they live?
Actual
Eggs size Nymphs & adults eat: In permanent plantings
Many insects such as hedgerows, which
8 Adult including provide shelter and food.
large insects
and worms

Spiders 11 13 What do Where do they live?

Actual
Jumping Spider they eat? One of the best ways
size to increase the
Crab Spiders eat
12 number of spiders
Spider a great variety of pests,
is to use straw mulch and
including aphids,
maintain undisturbed
14 flea beetles,
habitat strips, such as
Actual Ground cucumber beetles,
10 hedgerows.
size Spider leafhoppers, & many others.
Wolf Spider
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 6 Important
Insectos PlagasInsect Pests
de la Costa Central
Why Is It Important to Understand the Life Cycles of Pests?
1. To understand what these insects are like in all 2. To understand the various stages and forms that 3. To manage the insects by
phases of their life cycles. Many juveniles do not these insects take, and to manage the places they live varying planting dates, and using
look at all like the adults and can live in completely whether on the undersides of leaves, in the soil, or trap crops, and sticky traps.
different kinds of places. other locationsto decrease their populations.

Cucumber Beetles (Diabrotica sp.) Damage Caused by Cucumber Beetles

Actual Size Larva Damage from beetles eating leaves, flowers, fruit, and roots

1
2
Spotted
5
3 4
Actual Size Larva 6 7 8
These beetles can transmit
How to Manage Cucumber Beetles diseases such as bacterial wilt and
mosaic virus of squash
Set aside or create habitat for beneficial insects and bats.
Striped Delay planting to avoid the time when the beetles lay their eggs.
(Beware: this could cause you to miss an early marketing window.)
Preferred Hosts of Cucumber Beetles Use row covers or paper cones to protect the young plants.
1 (Beware: this may interfere with weeding.)
Most Susceptible to Damage
Number one is highly susceptible and Thick mulch prevents pest insects from laying their eggs in the soil
at the base of the stems.
number seven is least susceptible. 9
3 Trellis the plants to get them up off the ground.
1. Cucumber 2 Cultivate and eliminate crop residues. Grow Crops
2. Cantaloupe Monitor the pest populations twice a week when the plants have less These Beetles Dont Eat
3. Honeydew Melon than five leaves: Check five plants in five different parts of the field. If
5 you find more than five beetles per plant, some treatment is called for. Try to grow the varieties that are LEAST
4. Casaba Melon 4 Use trap crops, bait, and sticky traps. attractive to cucumber beetles:
5. Winter Squash Consider using protective substances and organically approved Summer Squash
6. Summer Squash insecticides. Yellow Squash: Sunbar, Slender Gold
7. Watermelon Be aware that the following varieties are extremely susceptible to Straightneck: Seneca Prolific, Goldbar.
6 7 damage: Zucchini: all varieties. Crookneck: Yellow Crookneck
Also:
Other squash: Cocozelle, Caserta. Scallop: Peter Pan
Corn Potatoes Butternut Squash: Early Butternut, Waltham. Winter Squash
Tomato Fruit Beans Buttercup: Honey Delight, Buttercup Burgess, Ambercup. Acorn: Table Ace, Carnival, Table King
Cabbage Lettuce Pumpkins: Happy Jack, Big Max, Baby Boo. Pumpkins: Baby Pam, Munchkin
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 Important Insect Pests 7

Lygus Bugs Crops Affected by Lygus Methods of Controlling Lygus

2 Create habitat for beneficial insects
1 Strawberries Dry Beans
Adult Damage Eliminate weeds
Green Beans Alfalfa Monitor plantings for beneficial insects
Cotton Fruit Plant trap crops (alfalfa & radish)
Lettuce Botanical pesticides as a last resort
Damage in strawberries 5 Beneficial Organisms that
Damsel Bug 6 Attack Lygus
3 4 devouring Lygus
Fungus: Beauveris bassiana
Nymphs (MycotrolTM)
The parasitic wasps Anaphes ioles
& Peristenus sp.
Damsel Bugs, Big-Eyed Bugs,
Assassin Bugs, Lacewings, Spiders

Caterpillars of Moths & Butterflies Methods of Controlling Caterpillars

Egg Corn ear worm Pirate bug eating worm Create habitat for
12
7 8 Cutworm 10 beneficial predators
9
and parasites
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Cabbage looper Botanical pesticides
Cabbage Pheromone trap Repellents: dilute garlic,
13 Pupa 14 11 onion or chilis with water
Pheromones

butterfly Every night a 19 20

Peach Twig Borer 16 colony of bats
will eat
Parasitized
17 18 caterpillar
21
Wasp
Cabbage Codling THOUSANDS parasitizing
worm moth worm of moths an egg
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 8 Important Insect Pests
Aphids Methods of Control Natural Enemies
Aphids Predators
1 2 Root Lacewing 4
Create habitat for such as
3 Aphids
larva
Lacewings,
beneficial insects
Control ants devouring Syrphid
aphid Flies
Repellents: Dilute garlic, onion & Ladybugs
or chilies with water 9
Parasites
5 Insecticidal soaps Diseases
6 Diatomaceous earth
Damage Damage Tan aphids are 10
7 Vegetable oils infected by a
Botanical Insecticides (Neem) fungus
Physical (water sprays) Aphid mummies,
showing exit holes
Ant & Aphids of parasitic wasps
11
12 8 Actual Parasitic wasps
Aphids & Damage
Aphids & size
Damage
Ants tend aphids, harvesting 13
the juice they exude. 14

Leaf Miners Mines Some Affected Crops

Methods of Control
15 16 Actual size 17
Parasitic wasp (Diglyphus
(Diglyphus isaea)
Row covers Use sticky traps
Don
Dont plant next to infected crops
Use botanical pesticides (on adults)
22 Use Neem
Neem (for larvae)
larvae)
Pupa Adult Wasp parasite Sanitation
Mulches
18 19
Larva Mines
23 Wasp pupa
21

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 Important Insect Pests 9

Mites Affected Plants Biological Control of Mites

Mites & Eggs 1 Eggs 2 More than 300 host plants Predatory mites
attacking
Beneficial Mites
100s are cultivated crop plants
spider mite Predators:
Strawberries, cotton, peppers, Pirate Bugs &
chiles, tomatoes, tree fruit, Big-Eyed Bugs
& various ornamental plants Lacewings
3 Thrips
Ladybugs
Damage 4 5 Other Controls for 7
6
Damage in beans Mites
Sulfur Soaps
Vegetable Oil
Citric Acid or
Lemon Juice
Some Botanical Predatory mite
Webs Insecticides attacking spider mite

Cultural Controls for Mites

They jump like fleas and chew
Flea Beetles numerous holes in plant leaves.
They can transmit diseases.
8 between roads and fields
Controls
Adult
Row covers
Beneficial nematodes
Sticky traps located every 15 to 30
feet along the rows
Actual Repellents: Dilutions of garlic,
size onion, or chilies with water
Botanical Insecticides
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The most important practice:
Eliminate dust by 9
Creating hedges and windbreaks
Sprinker
Using cover crops or mulches
and leaving crop residues after irrigation
harvest
10 Watering the road
Wetting down roads
Giving crops sufficient moisture
Using sprinkler irrigation
Planting cover crops
Remember to apply only materials
accepted by your certifier!
 10
Plant Diseases
1 2 3

Fungal Damage:
Damage: Viral Damage: Cucumber Mosaic
Fungal Damage:
Damage: Powdery Mildew
Botrytis What causes diseases in plants?
Many times they are caused by microscopic organisms such as:
as:

Fungi 4 Bacteria 5 Bacterial wilt transmitted by 7

6
Fungi cause soil-borne Bacterial damage on
diseases such as:
as: cucumber
Damping off
Root rots
Fungal Damage Black rot on cabbage
the cucumber beetle
They cause diseases above ground
on the plant such as: Resistant varieties Prevention of bacterial diseases Some copper fungicides
Powdery Mildew
Mildewsquash and cucumbers Sanitation; removal
Crop rotation Irrigation management
Downy Mildew
Mildewlettuce and spinach of prunings
Nutrient management Spacing, air circulation.
Botrytis
Botrytisstrawberries and grapes

Virus 8 Virus examples 9 Viral damage Nematodes 10 Worm-like microscopic animals

on beans that live in soil and water.
Tobacco
Some are parasites to animals and
mosaic virus
plants but most are beneficial.
Cucumber
Viral Nematodes are only visible by microscope.
mosaic virus
symptoms 11 12
Lettuce Big
on lettuce Vein virus
Root nodules caused
by nematodes

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 11
An ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure.
How to prevent plant diseases.
When pathogens are present in the
CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT field, damage can be reduced by
Pathogen manipulating one of these three points:
STRENGHEN YOUR CROPS 1. Strengthen the plant: use resistant
1 2 cultivars, manage for healthy soil
2. Make environment friendlier to
plant or less friendly to pathogen
Good drainage: Environ-
Don
Plant 3. Reduce pathogen load (crop
Dont let water stand in ment
your field rotation & sanitation)
Drip irrigation
SOIL MANAGEMENT: CROP ROTATION AND
provides desired
GOOD NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
amounts of water
and nutrients, 5 7 Crop Rotation
keeping the foliage Crop Diversity
Good air flow between plants
dry and preventing
diseases.

The wheat crop on the left

3
followed cotton. The wheat on 6
4
the right followed wheat.

Sanitary practices that exclude or remove pests

(or residues that may contain pests) from the
field or orchard.
Selection of well-adapted varieties that are
resistant to pests.
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1-800-346-9140
12 Sclerotinia or White Mold Controls for Sclerotinia
Resistant varieties
This disease is caused by a soil fungus and its symptoms are a moist rot 5
covered by white cottony mycelium. Drip irrigation
Rotate with grains and
other grasses
1 4
3 Control weeds and
2
increase air circulation
Solarization with clear
plastic (warm inland areas)
Biological control options:
Serenade
Serenade
Intercept

Powdery Mildew Control Options for Powdery Mildew

Caused by one or two fungi: 6 Resistant varieties Sulfur (garlic)
Erysiphe sp. and/or Plant in full sun with good
Sphaerotheca sp. drainage
These fungi primarily infect Don
Dont crowd plants (this
(this
leaves & stems of cucumber, reduces air circulation)
squash, melon & watermelon Don
Dont over fertilize
plants . Cull infected plants or prune
Damage consists of weakening infected plant parts
& killing the plants. Irrigate in the morning
Vegetable oil
Bicarbonate of soda
recipe:
recipe:
- 4 Tbls/ gallon of water
- 8 drops of liquid
soap per gallon
- 4 Tbls hydrogen
peroxide per gallon

Diseases: Mosaic Virus Prevention

Compost teas
Yeast & sugar solutions
8 Control insects that
7 Milk (10% milk/water mix
vector the virus (aphids)
or more by volume)
Harvest by hand
(without a knife that Biological Controls:
transmits the virus from Ampelomyces quisqualis
plant to plant ) Serenade
Serenade
Wash hands
Do not smoke For more information call the
ATTRA project toll free at
There are no controls 1-800-346-9140
 Botrytis or Gray Mold Botrytis Life Cycle 13
Botrytis Management Options:
3
1 2 Avoid wounding plants
Good water, drainage &
fertilization management
Good ventilation (plant
spacing & leaf thinning in
vineyards)
Crop rotation
4 Cull infected plants &
prune plant parts
Botrytis is a fungus Bicarbonate of soda
that rots stems, Compost tea
buds, leaves, Botrytis attacks numerous crops: Botrytis infects Nettle tea
flowers and fruit. flowers, strawberries, raspberries, through wounds, Vegetable oil
grapes, apples, cherries, kiwis, preferring new tender
pears, lettuce, asparagus, onions succulent growth of Biological controls
and many others. stems and leaves.

Root Nematodes Symptoms of root Nematode Controls

7
5 knot nematode Botanical Controls:
Infected 6 Resistant Varieties
Healthy Caraway oil & seed
Root Cover Crops:
root fennel
Castor bean
mint or oregano
Chrysanthemum
Sesame and marigolds
Red plastic mulch Biological Controls:
Cysts of root knot Solarization Ditera
Ditera
nematode
Prospernema
Deny
Beneficial
Root nematodes are miniscule eel-like animals less than 1 mm long in the adult stage, only visible with a
Nematode:
microscope. They possess a stylet that penetrates cell walls in order to absorb their content. The plant
plants
Steinernema sp.
roots form tiny nodules or cysts that are visible to the naked eye.

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14 Organic Integrated Weed Management
One Year Seeding is Seven Years Weeding
1 How to Prevent Weed Damage
2

Plant clean or certified seed

Early control saves $$$ A crop covered by weeds
3 4 Remove the weed before it
produces seed. It is easier to
weed one plant today than
1,000 weeds next year.
The soil is a reservoir of
seeds, a seed bank.
Early weed competition reduces quality and yields
Avoid importing manure or
compost that has not been
well composted or
decomposed
Crop rotation decreases the
seeds of weeds that grow well
with certain crops

Ground Covers 7
8
5 Textiles 6 Plastic
Cardboard

Newspapers

9 10 11
Bark and sawdust

Cover crops
Straw
For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at 1-800-346-9140.
 Organic Integrated Weed Management 15
4
1 Pre irrigation 3

Tractor mowers

Transplants
Before planting, a pre-irrigation 5 give your crop a head start.
followed by a cultivation 2
can reduce weeds.

Hand mowers Hand hoeing weeds

Flamers 7 8 Solarization

This works better in warm regions. Cover moist soil with 1 or 2

layers of clear plastic for 6 to 8 weeks during the summer. It will
sterilize 4 to 6 inches deep, destroying weeds seeds and other pests.

Flamers on Tractors
10 11

For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at

1-800-346-9140.
16 Organic Integrated Weed Management
1 Mechanical Cultivation 2 Implements
3
Lilliston

5 6
4

Rotary
Cultivator

Flexible Tooth Cultivator

Weed with Animals Sheep 11

9 10 Can be used to
Squirrel Cages Chickens clean up fields
after harvest
7 8

Chickens graze pastures or clean up after harvest if they are

confined to mobile cages known as chicken tractors.

12 Geese
Goats 13
Good for
brush &
Prefer grass but will eat some noxious
Manual Cultivators weed
broadleaves ideal for orchards
or vineyards. management

For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at 1-800-346-9140 .
 Organic Integrated Vertebrate Management 17

Gophers Gopher Controls PREDATION

Exclusion Birds of prey
1
Repellents (non-synthetic) Owls
Keep areas
weed- free Blood meal Eagles
Traps Hair Hawks
Flooding Rotten eggs in tunnels Coyotes & Foxes
(if practical) Predator scents (urine) Snakes
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Dogs & Cats

3 4

Gopher mound 2
McAbee Trap

How to find
tunnels Gopher Traps
Box Traps

How to Place Traps

Moles dig tunnels in search of 5 6 Box Traps 7 McAbee Traps
insects, they do not feed on roots.

tunnel tunnel

The tunnels cause plants to dry out.

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18 Organic Integrated Vertebrate Management
PROTECT these nocturnal hunters
Owls hunt many An owl can consume 155 gophers per year,
vertebrate pests and it also eats rats and mice.
A pair of owls can have a clutch of 5 to 6
chicks.
One nest for every 10 acres is needed if the
1 9 problem is severe, one nest every 20
acres if the pest pressure is average.
3 PVC nest for owls

Box nests for owls

5 6

Owls hunt rodents: 7

8
Gophers Rats
Rabbits & Jackrabbits Mice
Ground Squirrels and For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at
1-800-346-9140.
Tree Squirrels
 Organic Integrated Vertebrate Management 19

Squirrels Squirrel Controls Squirrel Traps

1
Traps 2 3
Repellents
Remove obstacles like trash, rocks
and tree trunks
Pellet or squirrel gun (use with
caution)
Predators: hawks, owls, eagles,
snakes, coyotes, foxes & dogs
Vitamin D-3 Cholecalciferol

Deer Deer Controls

5
4 Fencing electric Dogs
Row covers Repellents
Scare devices - Rotting meat
- Sound - Soap
- Lights - Hair
High powered rifle Repellent plants
(use with caution)

Feral Pigs Feral Pig Controls

7

6
Fencing Traps
Hunting Dogs

For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at 1-800-346-9140.
20 Organic Integrated Vertebrate Management

Rabbits and Hares

Rabbit & Hare Controls
1
Fencing 4 feet high and Dogs & cats
buried 6 inches Eagles, hawks and owls
2 Traps Coyotes & foxes
Repellents- Wild cats & pumas
egg whites Vitamin D3
Hunting at dawn and dusk (Cholecalciferol)
(use caution)

Birds Bird Controls

3
Scare Devices 4

Sound
Lights
Mylar tape
Bird netting
Row covers
Repellents
Shotgun (use with
caution) Scarecrow
Nets protect against birds in this vineyard.
Other animals
For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at 1-800-346-9140.
 Organic Integrated Vertebrate Management 21

Rats 2
Roof rats travel by way of
trees, powerlines and roofs.
Rat Controls
Cleanliness & sanitation Traps place baits on
Limit access to homes & trigger, using meat,
1 nuts or dried fruits.
warehouses
Vitamin D3
Owls (Cholecalciferol)
Cats
Snakes
Norwegian rat
How to place rat traps
Differences between
4 5
Norwegian rats and roof rats
3

Mice 8 Vole or field mouse Mice Controls

Cleanliness & Traps Hawks
House mouse sanitation Repellents Owls
7
Eliminate weeds Coyotes & foxes Gulls
Fencing 1 foot high Cats
and buried 6 to 10
inches Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

For more information call the ATTRA project toll free at 1-800-346-9140.
 Organic Integrated Pest Management for
Some Agricultural Pests
Adapted from a series of workshops sponsored by
OFRF (Organic Farming Research Foundation) and
NCAT (National Center for Appropriate Technology)
by Ann Baier, Rex Dufour, Martn Guerena, Karen Van Epen
Many thanks to the following institutions and individuals
who amiably gave permission to use their photographs
Page 1 1: USDA Forest Service, Soil Ecology Society. 2, 3, 6: Rex Dufour, NCAT.
4: Martn Guerena, NCAT. 5: Kasey Dufour. 7: Steve Diver, NCAT.
Page 2 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8: Rex Dufour, NCAT.
2: <http://sunsite.tus.ac.jp/multimed/pics/animals/bat.jpg> 9: www.tu.ac.th/usr/bird/pic17.htm.
10: The Barn Owl Centre of Gloucester, www.barnowl.co.uk. 11: Martn Guerena, NCAT.
Page 3 1, 2, 4, 5: UC IPM (University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program,
see below) 3, 6: OSU Potato (Oregon State University IPM on Potato, see below)
7: Kasey Dufour. 8, 16: Rex Dufour, NCAT. 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15: OSU Mint (Oregon State University
IPM on Peppermint, see below) 12: UFL (University of Florida, see below)
Page 4 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7: OSU Mint. 6, 8, 9: UC IPM. 10, 11: Rex Dufour.
Page 5 1: Unattributed. 2: TAMU (Texas A & M University, see below), (W. Sterling).
3: Mid-Atlantic Orchard Monitoring Guide, copyright 1995 (Photographer: J.P. McCaffrey).
4: OSU Mint. 5: Mark S. Hoddle, Dept. of Entomology, University of California, Riverside.
6, 7, 8: UC IPM. 9: TAMU (W. Sterling). 10, 11, 12, 13, 14: Department of Entomology, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln (Cangrejo spider: David Keith. Other spiders: Jim Kalisch.)
Page 6 1, 3: Rex Dufour, NCAT. 4: TAMU (Drees). 6: University of Georgia.
5, 9: Cornell University Vegetable MD Online (see below) 2, 7, 8, 9: Unattributed.
Page 7 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21: UC IPM. 2: North Dakota State University.
4, 12, 20: TAMU (W. Sterling). 6: OSU IPM Mint. 16: Ohio State University, www.ag.ohio-
state.edu/%7Ebygl/images/enlt/enlt-52.jpeg 18: www.defenders.co.uk/traps.htm.
19: <http://sunsite.tus.ac.jp/multimed/pics/animals/>
Page 8 1, 5, 15: University of Vermont. 2: UFL (J. Castner). 3, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19, 22: UC IPM.
12: UC IPM (R.F. Norris). 13: IPM of Alaska (Max Badgley, Entomological Photography Ltd).
17: discoverlife.com (John Pickering). 21: UFL (J. Lotz). 23: UC IPM (Earl Oatman).
Page 9 1, 2, 3, 7: OSU IPM Mint. 5, 6, 8: Rex Dufour. 9, 10: Unattributed.
Page 10 1: www.pv.fagro.edu.uy/fitopato/cursos/fitopato/practicas/3/botrytis03.jpg.
2: UC IPM. 3: Cornell Vegetable MD Online. 5: Cornell University (M.T. McGrath).
6, 7: Cornell University (T.A. Zitter). 8: UC IPM. 9: Cornell University (R. Provvidenti). 10: UC IPM.
11: Sugarbeet cyst nematode juvenile: www.mactode.com (Micael McClure). 12: Lesion nematodes
penetrating a root: www.mactode.com (Ulrich Zunke).
Page 11 1, 7: Unattributed. 3: N. Carolina Coop Extension, www.ces.ncsu.edu.
2, 4: Martn Guerena, NCAT. 5: www.wwcu.mis.coventry.ac.uk. 6: TAMU (Harold Kaufman).
Page 12 1, 4, 6: UC IPM. 2: Ohio State University, <vegnet.osu.edu/reports/pumwk2c.htm>
3: www.bejo.com/images/sclerotinia%20rot.jpg.
5: <http://plant-protection.massey.ac.nz/171_284/cs_notes/learnpst/module3/sclero.htm>
7: University of Arizona. 8: Cornell Vegetable MD Online.
Page 13 1. www.pv.fagro.edu.uy/fitopato/cursos/fitopato/practicas/3/botrytis03.jpg.
2: UC IPM. 3: Drawing by Martn Guerena, NCAT. 4: www.gartenratgeber.de.
5, 6, 7: www.redepapa.org.
Page 14 1: UC IPM. 2, 6: Rex Dufour, NCAT. 3: Mount Allison University, New Brunswick,
Canada (Robert Thompson). 4: UC IPM. 5, 10: Unattributed. 7, 9: University of Washington
Restoration Ecology Network. 8: University of Minnesota. 11: University of California Sustainable
Agriculture Education Program, www.sarep.ucdavis.edu.
Page 15 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Unattributed. 6: Sustainable Ag Farm of Minnesota. 7: UC IPM.
9: Flame Weeders, Glenville, WV. 10, 11: Larry Deleers, Saukville Tractor Corporation.
Page 16 1, 2: Bainer, R., R.A. Kepner and E.L. Barger, 1955, Principles of Farm Machinery, p.261 &
265, John Wiley & Son, Inc., N.Y. 3, 6: PAV Lelystad, The Netherlands. 4, 8: Unattributed.
5: www.tuff-bilt.com. 7: Roger Samson, REAP-Canada. 10, 11, 12, 13: USDA.
Page 17 1, 2, 5: UC IPM. 3: Illustration from Salmon, T. P., and R. E. Lickliter. 1984. Wildlife Pest
Control around Gardens and Homes. Univ. of Calif. Agric. & Natural Resources Publ. 21385.
4, 7: Univ. of Florida Inst. of Food & Ag. Science, Southeast Pocket Gopher by W.H. Kern, Jr.,
<http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw081> 6: Drawing by Martn Guerena, NCAT.
Page 18 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9: The Barn Owl Centre of Gloucester, www.barnowl.co.uk
4, 7, 8: Irene Lindsey, <http://kaweahoaks.com/html/barn_owl_house.html>
Page 19 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: UC IPM. 6: www.uwecschmitt.de:808/170.htm. 7: Unattributed.
Page 20 1, 2: UC IPM. 3: Rex Dufour, NCAT. 4: www.wildbirdmart.com.
Page 21 1: Unattributed. 2, 7: UC IPM. 3: R.Z. Brown, US Department of Health, Education and
Welfares Communicable Disease Center. 4, 5: From Bjornson, B.F., and C.V.Wright, 1960, Control of
Domestic Rats & Mice, Center for Disease Control, USDHEW, Public Health Service (Publ. 563).
6: From Storer, T.I., 1960, How to Control Rats & Mice, Calif. Ag Experiment Station Extension Service
(Leaflet 127). 8: USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, WS.
Cornell University Vegetable MD www.vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu
OSU Mint Integrated Pest Management on Peppermint- IPMP3.0 [online], by Berry, R.E., and
L.B. Cooper (2000), Publication No. IPPC E.01-01-1, <http://mint.ippc.orst.edu>
OSU Potato Identification and Management of Major Pest & Beneficial Insects in Potato [online],
by Berry, R.E., G.L. Reed, and L.B. Cooper (2000), Publication No. IPPC E.04-00-1,
<http://ippc2.orst.edu/potato>
Both OSU Mint and OSU Potato from Oregon State University, Department of Entomology and
Integrated Plant Protection Center, Corvallis, OR. All OSU photos here from the Ken Gray Slide
Collection, Extension Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
TAMU Texas A & M University:
Department of Plant Pathology, <http://plantpathology.tamu.edu> and
Department of Entomology, <http://entowww.tamu.edu>.
UC IPM University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program,
UC Regents. All UC IPM photos are by Jack Kelly Clark, unless otherwise noted.
Web site: <http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu>
UFL University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures,
<http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu>
2004 National Center for Appropriate Technology
Offices in Arkansas, California, and Montana
www.ncat.org
For more information, call ATTRA
(The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service)
at 1 800 346-9140. Or visit www.attra.ncat.org
Para ms informacin en Espaol,
Llmenos al proyecto ATTRA
(El Centro Nacional de Informacin de la Agricultura Sostenible)
al 1 800 411-3222. La llamada es gratis.
O visita nuestro sitio Web www.attra.ncat.org/espanol/