(.

)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

Section 2 Structure and Written Expression

Part 1: Sentence Completion [ Directions ]

Questions 1-15 are not complete sentences. One or more words are left out of each
sentence. Try to figure out the one word or phrase that completes the sentence
correctly.
1. With new technology, cameras can take pictures of underwater valleys (C) color.
(A) within (B) for (C) in (D) by

2. (A) the fifth largest among the nine planets that makes up our solar system.
(A) The earth is (B) The earth being (C) That the earth is (D) Being the earth

3. In mathematics, a variable is a symbol (C) some element of a set.

(A) and representing (B) represents (C) that represents (D) represents that

4. (A) actresss life is in many ways unlike that of other women.

(A) An (B) A (C) As the (D) That the

5. About 20 miles from Boston, (B) a little town named Concord that has a rich
history. (A) has (B) there is (C) there are (D) where is

6. An advisor to both Franklin Delano Roosebelt and Harry Truman, (A) of

Bethune-Cookman
College.
(A) Dr.Mary Mcleod Bethune was the founder (B) Dr.Mary Mcleod Bethune, who was the
founder (C) the founder was Dr.Mary Mcleod Bethune (D) did the founder Dr.Mary Mcleod
Bethune

7. Warmth, moisture, and oxygen are three necessary requirements (A) most
seedlings.
(A) for cultivating (B) for cultivate (C) as cultivating (D) can cultivate

8. In the west the birth of a girl is welcomed with an enthusiasm (B) to that of
a boy.
(A) equally (B) equal (C) they are equal (D) and equal

9. A well-known large natural lake is Lake Tahoe, (B) straddles the California-Nevada
border. *straddle ,,,

1
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

(A) and (B) which (C) since (D) for

10. Before (D) , they used horse-drawn wooden carts.

(A) farmers have had tractors (B) tractors owned by farmers
(C) having tractors farmers (D) farmers had tractors
11. Tuna, (C) , may weigh up to 1,000 pounds. *tuna ,(wei/3)
(A) is the sea giant (B) can be giants of the sea
(C) one of the sea giants (D) the sea of the giant

12. Physical fitness exercises can cause injuries (C) the participants are not
careful. (A) that (B) to (C) if (D) with

13. Total weight of all the ants in the world is much greater than (C) .
(A) to all human beings (B) all human beings is that
(C) that of all human beings (D) is of all human beings

14. (A) for overall health.

(A) Extra fiber in ones diet is helpful (B) Extra fiber is ones helpful diet
(C) Helpful ones diet is extra fiber (D) ones diet is helpful in extra fiber.

15. Elephants scratch themselves with sticks (D) .

(A) holding in their trunks (B) in their trunks holding
(C) hold in their trunks (D) held in their trunks

Part 2: Error Identification [ Directions ]

In questions 16-40 each sentences has underlined one word or phrase. Change the one
word or phrase in order for the sentence to be correct.

16. In order to survive, trees rely to the amount of annual rainfall they receive, as well
as
the seasonal distribution of the rain. rely on

17. The purchased of Louisina was one of the biggest events in the history of the United
States.
The purchase

18. A future system of solid waste managements should begin with reduction in the amount
of

2
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

waste. solid waste management

19. The tongue is the principle organ of taste, and is crucial for chewing, swallowed, and
speaking. swallowing

20. The members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate are election by the
citizens
of the United States. are elected by

21. The human ear cannot hear a sound that vibrates less than 16 times the second.
16 times per second[= 16 times a second ]

22. Some tree frogs can alter their colors in order to blend to their environment.
blend with

23. If one is invited out to a diner, it is perfectly proper to go either with or without
no a gift. with or without a gift

24. Some birds, such as quails, can move instant from a resting position to full flight.
move instantly *quail (anchun/12)

25. In 1961, Americas first manned spacecraft was launched out.

was launched

26. Geochemistry includes the study of the movement of elements from one place to another
as a result of processes chemical. chemical processes

27. Fireflies product light through a complex chemical reaction that takes place within
their
abdominal cells. produce *abdominal <look at 30>

28. Wind is the motion that occurs when lighter air rises and cools heavier air replaces
it.
heavier air

29. Under the crust of the Earth are bubbling hot liquids that sometime rise to the
surface.
sometimes

3
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

30. Oceans of the world exerts strong influences on the weather over the Earths surface.
exert *exert ;, < refer to 27>

31. The *Columbine flower can survive in almost any type of gardens condition in
the United
States. * garden condition < 39
>

32. Kiwi birds search the ground with the bills for insects, worms, and snails to eat.
their bills

33. If protect, a solar cell lasts for a long time and is a good source of energy.
If (it is) protected, *cell
34. The growth rate of the Pacific Rim countries is five times fast as comparable areas
during
the Industrial Revolution. five times as fast as
*comparable ,

35. Drug abuse have become one of Americas most serious problems.
has become < refer to 27,30 >

37. Heartburn can best be understood as a symptom causing by acid reflux due to a weak
lower
esophageal sphincter. caused by
*esophageal sphincter *reflux ;;;

38. In 1903, when the Wright brothers announced they had invented a flying machine, his
news
was generally ignored. their
news

39. Lasers are indispensable tools for delicate eyes surgery.

eye surgery < 31 >

40. Alexander Calder, who was originally interested in mechanical engineering, later
became

4
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

a sculpture. a sculptor

Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-12
(1) Surrealism was a movement in graphic art and literature that was founded in Paris , in 1924, by
Andre

Breton. Inspired by another movement in art called Dadaism, the Surrealist movement has been one
of
*dadaism ,;
th
the most influential art movements in the 20 century. It eventually had a worldwide audience,

flourishing notably in the United States during World War. Surrealism focused on the role of the

(5) unconscious in the creative process. In a nihilistic protest, it rejected all aspects of
Western culture.

Surrealist writers, such as Aragon and Soupalt, believed in directly transcribing onto paper anything
their

unconscious mind wished them to. They never altered or revised what they wrote because that would

5
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

have

interfered with the purity of their creation. Surrealist painters, a group that included such famous
names

as Miro, Dali, and Ernst, displayed a wide variety of style and content. Though Breton was the
founder

(10) of this movement, his strong leadership style brought about dissent, which resulted in several of
the

painters officially breaking away from the movement.

1. With what topic is this passage primarily concerned?

--- (B) the Surrealist movement in graphic art and literature < line 1 >

2. As used in line 1, which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase a
movement?
--- (A) a trend

3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word inspired in line 2?

--- (B) influenced
(C)s [stifle ,] is the opposite meaning.

6
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

4. Why does the author mention Dadaism?

--- (B) to give background information about Surrealism. < line 2 >

5. What does it refer to in line 5?

--- (C) Surrealism < line 4 >

6. The word altered in line 7 means

--- (A) changed

7. Which of the following is closest to the meaning of purity in line 8?

--- (A) integrity [ something being whole and untouched ]

8. According to the passage, all of the following are true of Surrealism EXCEPT?
--- (D) Surrealism embraced Western culture. < line 5 >
*embrace

9. The word displayed in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

--- (C) exhibited [= showed, demonstrated ]

10. The word dissent in line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
--- (A) disagreement [= opposition or protest ]

11. The phrase breaking away in line 11 means

--- (B) separating [= detaching oneself from another ]

12. Which of the following statements is best supported by this passage?

--- (D) Andre Breton was a vital part of the Surrealism movement. < line 9-10 >
Questions 13-24 are based on the following passage:
(1)Footracing is a popular activity in the United States.It is seen not only as a competitive
sport but also

as a way to exercise, to enjoy the camaraderie of like-minded people, and to donate money to a
good cause.

Though serious runners may spend months training to compete, other runners and walkers might
not train

7
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

at all.Those not competing to win might run in an effort to beat their own time or simply to
enjoy the fun

(5)and exercise. People of all ages, from those of less than one year (who may be pushed in
strollers) to those

in their eighties, enter into this sport. The races are held on city streets, on college campuses,
through

parks, and in suburban areas, and they are commonly 5 to 10 kilometers in length.

The largest footrace in the world is the 12-kilometer Bay to Breakers race that is held
in San

Francisco every spring. This race begins on the east side of the city near San Francisco Bay and ends
on

(10)the west side at the Pacific Ocean. There may be 80,000 or more people running in this race through
the

streets and hills of San Francisco. In the front are the serious runners who compete to win and
who might

finish in as little as 34 minutes. Behind them are the thousands who take several hours to finish.
In the

back of the race are those who dress in costumes and come just for fun. One year the re was a
group of

men who dressed like Elvis Presley, and another group consisted of firefighters who were tied
together

(15)in a long line and who were carrying a fire hose. There was even a bridal party, in which the
bride was

dressed in a long white gown and the groom wore a tuxedo. The bride and groom threw flowers
to bystanders,

8
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

and they were actually married at some point along the route.

13. The main purpose of this passage is to

(B) describe a popular activity < line 1 >

14. As used in line 1, the word activity is most similar to which of the following?
(A) pursuit [ activity = something that a person pursues or does ]

15. The word camaraderie as used in line 2 could be best replaced by which of the
following?
(B) companionship [= comradery, fellowship, friendship, friendliness, or congeniality
]

16. The phrase to a good cause in line 2 could be best replaced by which of the
following?
(C) for a good purpose

17. Which of the following is NOT implied by the author?

(D) Running is a good way to strengthen the heart. < lines 1-2 >

18. The word beat as used in line 4 could be best replaced by which of the following?
(C) outdo [= exceed, or do better ]

19. As used in line 5, the word strollers refers to

(D) carriages [ A stroller is a carriage for a baby ]

20. In what line does the author give reasons for why people enter footraces?
(A) line 1-5

21. The second paragraph is mainly concerned with which of the following?
(A) a description of the Bay to Breakers race < line 8 >

22. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this passage?

(B) Some runners were ready to put out a fire. < line 11-17 >

9
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

This question is not good.

23. A bystander as used in line 17 refers to which of the following?

(C) a spectator [ bystander = someone who stands by doing nothing ]

24. Which of the following best describes the organization of this passage?
(D) statement and example
Questions 25 to 36 are based on the following passage:

(1) May 7, 1840, was the birthday of one of the most famous Russian composers of nineteenth
century:
Peter Illich Tchaikovsky. The son of a mining inspector, Tchaikovsky studied music as a child
and later
studied composition at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. His greatest period of productivity occurred
between 1876 and 1890, during which time he enjoyed the patronage of Madam von Meck, a woman
(5) he never met, who gave him a living stipend of about $1,000.00 a year. Madame von Meck later
terminated
her friendship with Tchaikovsky, as well as his living allowance, when, she, herself, was
facing financial
difficulties. It was during the time of Madam von Mecks patronage, however, that Tchaikovsky
created
the music for which he is most famous, including the music for the ballets of Swan Lake and The
Sleeping
Beauty . Tchaikovskys music, well known for its rich melodic and sometimes melancholy
passages, was
(10)one of the first that brought serious dramatic music to dance. Before this, little attention had been
given
to the music behind the dance. Tchaikovsky died on November 6, 1893, ostensibly of cholera, though
there are now some scholars who argue that he committed suicide.
*ostensible ,

25. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

(A) the life and music of Tchaikovsky < line 1 >

26. Where is the best place in the passage to add the following sentence?
She had commissioned some works from him and had so admired his music that she
agreed

10
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

to support him.
(B) in line 5 after the words $1,000.00 a year < line 4 >

27. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word productivity in line 3?
(C) creativity [ It is not the best answer but, the best choice of the answers. ]

28. In line 4, the phrase enjoyed the patronage of probably means

(D) was financially dependent upon [ living allowance ]

29. Which of the following could best replace the word terminated in line 5?
(A) discontinued [= ended ]

30. According to the passage, all of the following describe Madame von Meck EXCEPT?
(D) She enjoyed Tchaikovskys music. < lines 4-7 >
[ Though we might assume that she enjoyed Tchakovskys music
since she was supporting him, we are not told that in the passage.]

31. Where in the passage does the author mention Tchaikovskys influence on dance?
(D) lines 9-12

32. According to the passage, for what is Tchaikovskys music most well known?
(C) the richness and melodic drama of the music < line 9 >
BUT (C) should be [the richness of melodic drama of the music], I think.

33. According to the passage, Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty are
(A) dances < line 8 >

34. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

(B) Tchaikovskys unhappiness leading to suicide < lines 11-12 >

11
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

35. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word behind as used in line
11?
(A) supporting [ assisting; helping; back-up ]

36. In line 11, the word ostensibly could be best replaced by

(D) apparently

Questions 37 to 48 based on the following passage:

(1) Since the world became industrialized, the number of animal species that have either become
extinct or

have neared extinction has increased. Bengal tigers, for instance, which once roamed the jungles
in vast

numbers, now number only about 2,300. By the year 2025, it is estimated that they will become
extinct.

What is alarming about the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been
caused almost

(5) entirely by poachers who, according to some sources, are not always interested in material
gain but in

personal gratification. This is an example of the callousness that is contributing to the problem
of

12
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

extinction. Animals such as Bengal tiger, as well as other endangered species, are valuable parts of

the worlds ecosystem. International laws protecting these animals must be enacted to ensure their

survivaland the survival of our planet.

(10) Countries around the world have begun to deal with the problem in various ways. Some
countries,

in an effort to circumvent the problem, have allocated large amounts of land to animal reserves. They
then

charge admission prices to help defray the costs of maintaining the parks, and they often must also
depend

on world organizations for support. This money enables them to invest in equipment and patrols to
protect

the animals. Another response to the increase in animal extinction is an international boycott of
products

(15) made from endangered species. This has had some effect, but by itself it will not prevent
animals from

being hunted and killed. *circumvent ,,,, = prevent

37. What is the main topic of the passage?

(C) endangered species < lines 1-2 >

38. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word alarming in line 4?
(D) distressing [ = disturbing, troubling ]

39. Which of the following could best replace the word case as used in line 4?
(B) Situation [ = instance or example ]

13
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

40. The word poachers as used in line 5 should be best replaced by which of the
following?
(A) illegal hunters [ someone who hunts illegally ]

41. The word callousness in line 6 could best be replaced by which of the following?
(D) insensitivity [= having no feelings for others or being indifferent to
the feelings or thoughts of others. ]
*callous ,,,,,,,

42. The above passage is divided into two paragraphs in order to contrast
(A) a problem and a solution [ This is an organization question. ]
*organization ,,, *to organize an essay

43. What does the word this in line 6 refer to in the passage?
(C) killing animals for personal satisfaction
[The word this generally refers to the preceding noun or phrase.]

44. Where in the passage does the author discuss a cause of extinction?
(B) lines 4-6
45.Which of the following could best replace the word allocated in line 11?
(A) set aside [ allocate = ad + locate = al + locate]
*to allocate funds for housing
*allot , Each speaker is allotted five minutes. .
46. The word defray in line 12 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(C) make a payment on [ use other money or other assets to pay for the cost ]
*defray []
47. What does the term international boycott in line 15 refer to?
(B) refusal to buy animal products worldwide [a form of protest ]
48. Which of the following best describes the authors attitude?
(B) concerned [ worried ] < lines 15-16 >
Questions 49 to 60 are based on the passage:

(1) A balanced diet contains proteins, which are composed of complex amino acids. There are 20 types of

amino acids, comprising about 16 percent of the body weight in a lean individual. A body needs all 20

to be healthy. Amino acids can be divided into two groups: essential and nonessential. There are 9

14
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

essential amino acids. These are the proteins that the body cannot produce by itself, so a healthy
individual

(5)must ingest them. The 11 nonessential amino acids, on the other hand, are produced by the body, so it
is

not necessary to ingest them. Proteins are described as being either high-quality or low-quality,
depending

on how many of the 9 essential amino acids the food contains. High-quality proteins, typically found
in

animal meats, are proteins that have ample amounts of the essential amino acids. Low-quality proteins

are mainly plant proteins and usually lack one or more of the essential amino acids. Since people

(10)who follow a strict vegetarian diet are ingesting only low-quality proteins, they must make
sure that their

diets contain a variety of proteins, in order to ensure that what is lacking in one food is available
in another.

This process of selecting a variety of the essential proteins is called protein complementation. Since
an

insufficient amount of protein in the diet can be crippling, and prolonged absence of proteins can cause

death, it is imperative that a vegetarian diet contain an ample amount of the essential proteins.

15
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

49. With what topic is this passage primarily concerned?

(D) healthy diets for vegetarians < lines 9-11 >

50. The word lean in line 2 could be best replaced by

(A) thin

51. The word ingest in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(B) swallow [ take something into the body by swallowing or absorbing ]

52. The word ample in line 8 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(C) substantial [ a lot, more than enough, or plenty ]
*meager/meagre ,,,

53. Which of the following would NOT be an example of a low-quality protein?

(D) tuna [something that comes from animal sources ]

54. Which lines in the passage best explain why strict vegetarians must make sure to eat a
complement of proteins?
(D) lines 9-11 < refer to the above question 49 >

55. According to the passage, a vegetarian could die from insufficient protein ingestion
if he or she
(A) did not follow a varied and properly protein-complemented diet
< refer to the above questions 49 and 54 >

56. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word crippling as used in line
13?
(C) incapacitating [ the action of stopping or impairing normal activity ]

57. Which of the following words could best replace the word prolonged in line 13?
(D) extended [ = lengthened or continued ]
*hard-hearted ,

58. In line 14, the word imperative can be best replaced by

(A) crucial [ absolutely necessary ]
59. Which of the following best describes the authors tone in this passage?
(A) forceful < Refer to the above question 58 and the line 14. >
60. Which statement best describes the organization of this passage?

16
(.)/ TOEFL test Structure, Expression & Reading

(B) The author moves from a general comment to a specific argument.

17