ASME B31.1 (2008)
8 (2007)
Power piping: typically found in electric power generating
stations, in heating and cooling systems
Applicable: boiler external piping from first joint up to and
including first block valve for boilers where:
steam or vapor is generated over 100 kPa
high temperature water over 1103 kPa and/or
temperatures of 120 Celsius
Excluding: fatigue due to pressure cycling
Allowable stress:
as per tables in Appendix A
shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below
160% of allowable stress
basis are same as ASME section II Part D Appendix
1 except for cast iron and ductile iron
Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be
used for pressure containing components
ASME B31.3 (2008)
Process piping: typically found in petroleum refineries,
chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and paper plants
Exclusions:
piping systems pressure above 0 and less 105 kPa
nonflammable, nontoxic and not damaging to human
tissues
power boilers covered in BPV code and external
piping covered in B31.1
tubes, tube headers, crossovers and manifolds of
fired heaters
pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps
Including: fatigue due pressure cycling and thermal cycling
Allowable stress:
as per Table A-1 and A-2
shear to remain below 80%, bearing to remain below
160% of allowable stress
basis for bolting, cast iron, other material
flanges due to leakage below 75%
allowable stress of unlisted material (not conforming
323.1.2) cannot be used.
Materials: material of unknown specification shall not be
used for pressure containing components
ISO13623
Petroleum and natural gas industries: Pipeline
Transportation systems
Exclusions:
Flexible pipeline or those constructed from other
materials, such as glass-reinforced plastics.
Materials for use in the pipeline and primary piping shall
have the mechanical properties, such as strength and
toughness, necessary to comply with the design
requirements of 6.4;
have the properties necessary to comply with the
requirements for corrosion control of Clause 9;
be suitable for the intended fabrication and/or
construction methods.
Material requirements for secondary piping are addressed in ISO
15649.
Line Pipe:
Line pipe made of C-Mn steel shall conform to ISO
3183;
Stainless steel and non-ferrous metallic line pipe may
ASME B31.
Gas transportation and distribution systems: piping
transporting products, predominantly gas
Exclusions:
pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps
metal temperatures below -28.88 Celsius (-20 F) or
over 232.22 Celsius (450 F)
piping beyond customer's meter set assembly
piping in refineries, natural gasoline extraction, gas
treating plants
vent piping to substantially atmospheric pressures
wellhead assemblies
proprietary items such as equipment
liquid petroleum transportation systems, slurry
transportation, carbon dioxide and liquefied natural gas
piping systems
Allowable stress:
as per table Appendix D times temperature derating
factor in table 841.116A
Materials: material only as per Appendix A
1
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)

be welded or seamless pipe;

Carbon steel line pipe shall conform to ISO 3183.

Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and Quality factor E: depending type of weld, radiography and
material material material

Factor y: factor depending Ferritic, Austenitic, Nickel and

design temperature

Factor W: weld strength reduction factor Factor W: weld strength reduction factor

Factor f: stress range factor

Factor F: design factor

Factor T: temperature derating factor, compensate material

allowable stress values for temperature, Table 841.166A

Pipe under internal pressure (104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in Pipe under internal pressure (304.1.2): Hoop stress calculation Pipe under fluid pressure (6.4.1.1): Pipe under internal pressure (841.11):
creep)):

pid = internal design pressure

pod = minimum external hydrostatic pressure

Do = nominal outside diameter of pipe

P = internal design pressure tmin = specified minimum wall thickness P = internal design pressure

P = internal design pressure D = outside diameter of pipe NOTE: The specified minimum wall thickness is the nominal D = nominal outside diameter of pipe
wall thickness less the allowance for manufacturing per the
D0 = outside diameter of pipe S = stress value for material S = specified minimum yield strength
applicable pipe specification and corrosion.
SE = maximum allowable stress, including quality factor E = quality factor E = longitudinal joint factor, table 841.115A
For clad or lined pipelines (see 8.2.3), the strength contribution
tm = minimum required thickness t = pressure design thickness of the cladding or lining is generally not included. t = wall thickness

y = coefficient table 104.1.2A y = coefficient, also from table 304.1.1 F = design factor from table 841.114A

A = additional thickness to compensate threading, provide W = Weld strength reduction factor T = Temperature derating factor from table 841.116A
additional strength, corrosion allowance

W = Weld strength reduction factor when in creep range, is 1

outside creep range (table 102.4.7)

Bend under internal pressure (102.4.5): Bend under internal pressure (304.2.1): Bend under internal pressure (841.231):

For cold bends the deflection of longitudinal axis and the

radius is limited according table in paragraph 841.231

2
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:
and I for the extrados is:
and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend
Elbows under internal pressure (102.4.5):
Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table
126.1 are suitable for use at the pressure-temperature
ratings specified by such standards.
Elbows not according above standards or for which design
formulas and not given in the code shall be based on
calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code.
These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more of
the means stated in A B C or D of 104.7.2 (Does this mean
or allow that an elbow can be calculated according a bend
with uniform thickness? Refer B31.3)
Miter bends under internal pressure (104.3.3):
1. Only straight pipe calculations required if:
2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 kPa if:
or
and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe
3. Pressure shall be limited to 700 kPa if:
and
and thickness is not less than required for straight pipe
4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof test, FEA, etc required
ASME B31.3 (2008)
pipe under internal pressure where I for intrados is:
and I for the extrados is:
and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend
Elbows under internal pressure (304.2.1):
Elbows manufactured according standards listed in Table
326.1 are suitable for use at the pressure-temperature
ratings specified by such standards.
Elbows not according above standards or for which design
formulas and not given in the code shall be based on
calculations consistent with the design criteria of this code.
These calculations shall be substantiated by one or more of
the means stated in A B C or D of 304.7.2, or the elbow can
be calculated according the Bend calculation, refer 304.2.2.
Miter bends under internal pressure (304.2.3):
1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure
shall be the lesser of (t = T - c):
and
2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. allowable pressure shall
calculated as (t = T - c):
ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)
Hot bends are to be designed and manufactured according
ASME B16.49, the internal pressure rating shall not be less
than that which is calculated for straight seamless pipe and the
intrados wall thickness should be:
where the t the wall thickness of the pipe is
Elbows under internal pressure (841.231?):
No specific design rules are listed for fabricated elbows
(Does this mean or allow that an elbow can be calculated
according a bend with uniform thickness? Refer B31.3)
Miter bends under internal pressure (841.232):
1. If system hoop stress > 40% of specified minimum yield
strength miter bends are not permitted. Deflections caused by
misalignment up to 3 deg are not considered as miters.
2. If 10% < hoop stress < 40% SMYS the deflection of each
miter shall not exceed 12.5 deg.
3. If hoop stress < 10% SMYS the total deflection angle shall
not exceed 90 deg.
4. If hoop stress > 10% SMYS the distance measured at the
crotch shall not be less than one pipe diameter
3
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
with a defined minimum for closely spaced and widely
spaced miter bend
Reducer under internal pressure (104.6):
1. Flanged reducer according Table 126.1 are considered
suitable at the specified pressure temperature ratings.
2. Where butt welding reducers are made to a nominal pipe
thickness, the reducers shall be considered suitable for use
with pipe of the same nominal thickness.
3. Components not covered by the standards listed in Table
126.1 shall be based on calculation consistent with this code. 3. Eccentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 are qualified
Calculations are to be substantiated by one of:
- extensive, successful service experience
- experimental analysis
- proof test
- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)
Stubon under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)):
Required reinforcement area is
= angle between branch and run
with A is additional thickness for corrosion
and tolerances, tmh from straight pipe calculation (104.1.2)
header excess area, with
ASME B31.3 (2008)
For all miter bends the R1 shall not be less than:
with A:
(T-c) =< 13 mm A = 25
13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm A = 2(T-c)
(T-c) > 22 mm A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30
Reducer under internal pressure (304.6.1(b)):
1. Reducers according Table 326.1 shall be considered
suitable for use at established pressure-temperature ratings
or corresponding straight pipe with 87.5% of nominal wall
thickness.
2. Concentric reducers not listed in Table 326.1 may be
designed according closures as per ASME VIII div.1
as unlisted components and shall be designed and
documented substantiated by one of:
- extensive, successful service experience
- experimental analysis
- proof test
- detailed stress analysis, such as finite element analysis
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 acceptable?)
Stubon under internal pressure (304.3.3):
Required reinforcement area is
= angle between branch and run
excess header, with
ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)
Reducer under internal pressure (831.373):
1. Steel butt welded fittings shall comply with ASME B16.9 or
MSS Standard Practice and shall have pressure and
temperature ratings based on stresses for pipe of the same of
equivalent material (831.31b)
2. Other pressure containing components shall be designed
the according design philosophy of this code substantiated by
one of:
- extensive, successful service experience
- experimental analysis
- proof test
- engineering calculations
3. Closure heads such as flat, ellipsoidal, spherical or conical
heads are allowed for use under this code. Such items may be
designed in accordance with ASME VIII div.1 (UG32).
Stubon under internal pressure (831.4 and app. F):
Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):
reinforcement by header
reinforcement by branch with
attached reinforcement, weld area and other area
Assessment:
Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable
working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para.
831.4(f))
4
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)

branch excess attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

Assessment:
tr is reinforcement pad thickness Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable
working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para.
weld area
304.3.3(f3))
area reinforcement ring

area saddle on right angle connections If then

assess
Assessment:
If then
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of
allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is assess
1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (304.3.4): Tee (extruded outlet) under internal pressure (831.4 ref.
(104.3.1(G)): App. F):
Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is

K = 1.0 when
K = 1.0 when K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when 0.15 < d/D <= 0.60

K= when
K= when K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15
K = 0.7 when
K = 0.7 when reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

reinforcement by header
reinforcement by header
reinforcement by branch with
reinforcement by branch with excess branch area

Assessment:
excess branch area
excess branch area
Assessment:
Assessment:
If then assess

If then assess

5
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)

Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (104.3.1(D)): Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (304.3.3): Weldolet (branch) under internal pressure (831.4 ref. App.
F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement area is (Fig. F-5):

reinforcement by header, with reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch with

attached reinforcement, weld area and other area

reinforcement by branch with reinforcement by branch with Assessment:

Area A2 and A3 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable

working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para.
with with
831.4(f))
= thickness pad or height of 60 deg angle fitting with in = thickness pad or a height of 0
reinforcement material
= area provided by deposited weld metal and attached
= area provided by deposited weld metal reinforcement

excess weldolet area in reinforcement zone Assessment:

Assessment: Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied by the ratio of allowable

working stress, maximum multiplication factor is 1.0 (para.
Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be multiplied by the ratio of 304.3.3(f3))
allowable working stress, maximum multiplication factor is
1.0 (para. 104.3.1(D.2.3))

Cap under internal pressure (104.4.1(B)): Cap under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)): Cap under internal pressure (831.372 and 831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4 Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG-32 app.1-4

L = radius dish L = radius dish

L = radius dish r = radius knuckle r = radius knuckle

r = radius knuckle

or or

or

Flat closure under internal pressure (104.4.1(b)): Flat closure under internal pressure (304.4.1(b)): Flat closure under internal pressure (831.373):

Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34 Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34 Can be calculated with ASME VIII div.1 UG 34

6
 ASME B31.1 (2008)
Flange under internal pressure (104.5.1(B)):
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using
B31.3 allowable stresses and temperature limits with:
= design gauge pressure
= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature
= bolt design stress at design temperature
= product SE
Blind flange under internal pressure (104.5.2(B)):
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:
= sum of allowances
= internal design gauge pressure
= product SE
= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34
Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(B)):
= sum of allowances
= inside diameter of gasket
http://www.red-bag.com/engineering-guides/254-rb-eg-ue301-comparison-asme-b31-1-b31-3-and-b31-8.html
ASME B31.3 (2008) ISO13623 ASME B31.8 (2007)
Flange under internal pressure (304.5.1(b)): Flange under internal pressure (831.2):
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 app. 2 using Allowed to use:
B31.3 allowable stresses and temperature limits with:
ASME B16 series as listed in Appendix A such as B16.5.
= design gauge pressure Also MSS SP-44.
= bolt design stress at atmospheric temperature For slip-on welding flanges reference is made to ASME VIII
div.1 design.
= bolt design stress at design temperature
= product SEW
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used for calculation?
Blind flange under internal pressure (304.5.2(b)): Blind flange under internal pressure:
Can be calculated according ASME VIII div.1 UG-34 with:
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?
= sum of allowances
= internal design gauge pressure
= product SEW
= pressure design thickness as per ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34
Blanks (spade) under internal pressure (304.5.3(b)): Blanks (spade) under internal pressure:
Can ASME VIII div.1 be used?
= sum of allowances
= inside diameter of gasket