Saturday, June 25, 2011

CHAPTER 4

P.P.4.1
i2 12

i1
+
iS 4 vo 8

4 1
By current division, i 2 is is
4 12 8 6
4
v 0 8i 2 i s
3
4
When i s = 30 A, v 0 (30) 40 V
3
4
When i s = 45 A, v 0 (45) 60 V
3

P.P.4.2
v1 12

i
+
+ 5 8
V S = 30 V vo

1 1
Let v o = 1 volt. Then i = and v 1 (12 8) 2.5
8 8
giving v s = 2.5V.

If v s = 40V, then v 0 = (40/2.5)(1) = 16 V

P.P.4.3 Let v 0 = v 1 + v 2 , where v 1 and v 2 are contributions to the 12V and 5A
sources respectively.

3 i 5

+
v1 2 + 12 V

(a)

3 i2 i1 5

+
5A
v2 2

(b)

To get v 1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

(2 + 3 + 5)i 12 = 0 or i = 12/(10) = 1.2 A

v 1 = 2i = 2.4 V

To get v 2 , consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

Since the resistors are equal (5 = 2 + 3) then the current divides equally and
i 1 = i 2 = 5/2 = 2.5 and v 2 = 2i 2 = 5 V

Thus,
v = v 1 + v 2 = 2.4 + 5 = 7.4 V
P.P.4.4 Let v x = v 1 + v 2 , where v 1 and v 2 are due to the 25-V and 5-A sources
respectively.

20 v1

+ 4 0.1v 1
25 V

20 v2 (a)

5A
4 0.1v 2

(b)

To obtain v 1 , consider Fig. (a).

v1 25 v1 0
0.1v1 0 or 0.2v 1 = 25/20 = 1.25 or v 1 = 6.25 V
20 4

For v 2 , consider Fig. (b).

v2 0 v2 0
5 0.1v 2 + 0 or 0.2v 2 = 5 or v 2 = 25 V
20 4

v x = v 1 + v 2 = 31.25 V
P.P.4.5 Let i = i 1 + i 2 + i 3

where i 1 , i 2 , and i 3 are contributions due to the 8-V, 2-A, and 6-V sources respectively.

2
6 2 8 6 8
2A
i1
+ i2
8V

(a) (b)
6 2 8

i3
+
6V

(c)

8
For i 1 , consider Fig. (a), i1 0.5 A
628
2
For i 2 , consider Fig. (b). By current division, i 2 (2) 0.25
2 14

6
For i 3 , consider Fig. (c), i 3 0.375A
16
Thus, i = i 1 + i 2 + i 3 = 0.5 + 0.25 0.375 = 375 mA

6x3
P.P.4.6 Combining the 6- and 3- resistors in parallel gives 6 3 2 .
9
Adding the 1- and 4- resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5. Transforming the left
current source in parallel with the 2- resistor gives the equivalent circuit as shown in
Fig. (a).
 5V
2
+
io

+ 7 5
10V 3A

(a)

io

7.5A 2 7 5 3A

(b)

io

10.5A (10/7) 7

(c)

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage source. Transforming the
15-V voltage source in series with the 2- resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).
Combining the two current sources and the 2- and 5- resistors leads to the circuit in
Fig. (c). Using circuit division,

10
i o 7 (10.5) = 1.78 A
10
7
7
P.P.4.7 We transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a). We combine
the two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b). By the current division principle,

ix
5
0.024 0.4i x i x = 7.059 mA
15

ix

24m A 10 5 0.4i x

(a)

ix

4 0.4i x A 10 5

(b)

P.P.4.8 To find R Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6 6

4 R Th

(a)

+
2A 6 2A 4 V Th

(b)
12x 4
R Th (6 6) 4 3
18
To find V Th , we use source transformations as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

6 6

+
4
+ V Th
24 V

(c)

Using current division in Fig. (c),

4
VTh (24) 6 V
4 12

VTh 6
i 1.5 A
R Th 1 3 1

P.P.4.9 To find V Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5 Ix 3 a

+
+ i2
6V i1 4 V Th

1.5I x
i1 i2
o
b
(a)

0.5I x 3 Ix a
i

5 1.5I x 4 + 1V

b
(b)
Ix = i2
i 2 - i 1 = 1.5I x = 1.5i 2 i 2 = -2i 1 (1)

For the supermesh, -6 + 5i 1 + 7i 2 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2), i 2 = 4/(3)A

V Th = 4i 2 = 5.333V

To find R Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL around the outer loop,

50.5I x 1 3I x 0 I x = -2
1
i I x 2.25
4
1 1
R Th = 444.4 m
i 2.25

P.P.4.10 Since there are no independent sources, V Th = 0

4v x
10
+
+ +
vx 5 15 vo
io

(a)

4v x
10 15
+
+ +
vx 5 i vo +
15i o

(b)
To find R Th , consider Fig.(a). Using source transformation, the circuit is transformed to
that in Fig. (b). Applying KVL, ).
But v x = -5i. Hence, 30i - 20i + 15i o = 0 10i = -15i o
v o = (15i + 15i o ) = 15(-1.5i o + i o ) = -7.5i o
R Th = v o /(i o ) = 7.5 It needs to be noted that this negative resistance indicates we
must have an active source (a dependent source).

P.P.4.11

3 3

6 RN

(a)

5A 3 4A IN

(b)

From Fig. (a), R N = (3 3) 6 3

1
From Fig. (b), I N = (5 4) 4.5A
2
P.P.4.12 2v x
i
+
+ +
6 2 +
vx ix vx 1V

(a)

2v x

+
+
6 2 I sc
10 A vx

(b)

To get R N consider the circuit in Fig. (a). Applying KVL, 6 i x 2 v x 1 0

But v x = 1, 6i x = 3 i x = 0.5
v
i i x x 0 .5 0 .5 1
2
1
R N R Th 1
i

To find I N , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Because the 2 resistor is shorted, v x = 0 and
the dependent source is inactive. Hence, I N = i sc = 10A.

P.P.4.13 We first need to find R Th and V Th . To find R Th , we consider the circuit in

Fig. (a).
 vx vx
+ v0 4 + 4

2 i 2
1 +
1
+ 1V + 9V io V Th

+ +

3v x 3v x

(a) (b)
Applying KCL at the top node gives

1 v o 3v x v o v o

4 1 2

But v x = -v o . Hence

1 vo v
4v o o v o = 1/(19)
4 2
1
1
1 vo 19 9
i
4 4 38
R Th = 1/i = 38/(9) = 4.222

To find V Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

-9 + 2i o + i o + 3v x = 0

But v x = 2i o . Hence,

9 = 3i o + 6i o = 9i o i o = 1A

V Th = 9 2i o = 7V

R L = R Th = 4.222

2
v Th 49
Pmax 2.901 W
4R L 4(4.222)
P.P.4.14 We will use PSpice to find V oc and I sc which then can be used to
find V Th and R th .

Clearly I sc = 12 A

Clearly V Th = I oc = 5.333 volts. R Th = Voc/Isc = 5.333/12 = 444.4 m.

P.P.4.15 The schematic is the same as that in Fig. 4.56 except that the 1-k resistor is
replaced by 2-k resistor. The plot of the power absorbed by R L is shown in the figure
below. From the plot, it is clear that the maximum power occurs when R L = 2k and it
is 125 W.

RL
V Th = 9V, R Th v oc VL
20
P.P.4.16 (9 1) 2.5
VL 8

2.5

+
+
9V VL 10

10
VL (9) 7.2 V
10 2.5
P.P.4.17 R 1 = R 3 = 1k, R 2 = 3.2k
R
R x 3 R 2 R 2 3.2 k
R1

P.P.4.18 We first find R Th and V Th . To get R Th , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20x30 60x 40
R Th 20 30 60 40
50 100
= 12 + 24 = 36

20 30 20 30
a a +
v2
+
V Th
R Th
+ v
1
b b
60 40 60 40

10 V
+

(a) (b)

To find V Th , we use Fig. (b). Using voltage division,

60 20
v1 (16) 9.6, v2 (16) 6.4
100 50

But v 1 v 2 v Th 0 v Th = v 1 - v 2 = 9.6 - 6.4 = 32V

VTh 3 .2
IG 64mA
R Th R m 3.6 1.4