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Project created on 27.10.2016 18:23.

Report for project Mech/Electrical

experiment

Task created on 27.10.2016 18:26.

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Amplitude modulation experiment
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Amplitude modulation labview

[ 14872572_516432645230876_806672466_n.png-2.png ]
Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 27.10.2016 18:29.

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Task created on 27.10.2016 18:45.

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Needle Shape experiment
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* Needle Shape Experiment Created by Demi Shen on 27.10.2016 18:59.

We proposed three types of needle shape: straight needle, hook shaped needle
and spiral shaped needle. We used paper clip to simulate our needle. We bend the
paper clip to the three shapes and put them into a large piece of pork we bought,
which is suppose to demonstrate the effect of the heart muscle.

Our expectations would be that the spiral shaped needle will take the largest force to
get out while the straight one would be the easiest to remove from the meat.
Indeed, the results matches our expectations.

Some limitations to our experiment are: 1. As we don't have a force meter at home,
we just used our senses, which is not that accurate. However, as the difference
between the force needed for each needle shape differs by a lot (spiral shaped
being much more harder to remove with pulling than a hook-shaped one, and the
straight needle being super easy to remove), we did not feel the need of getting a
force meter. 2. The pork we get is, unlike the beating heart, stationary. There is no
contraction and relaxation movements of the muscle. With an actual heart, it might
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be harder for the needle to stay in. 3. For the force needed to remove the needle,
we only considered the force that is directly perpendicular to the surface of the meat,
in the same direction of the needle getting in. However, we should also consider the
contribution of rotational forces on moving the needle out of place.

Conclusion of the little experiment: Despite the limitations, we think that spiral
needles might be the most stable way of playing the needle.

Comments for result Needle Shape Experiment

Demi Shen on 27.10.2016 at 19:02: In designing for the actual needle for
our final prototype, we need to consider the length we need the needle to
penetrate through as well as the malleability of the metal we used to make
the needle. These factors will contribute a lot to the actual stability of the
cardiac thermometer.
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Project created on 27.10.2016 12:19.

Report for project Research material

Task created on 27.10.2016 20:40.

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Radio Frequency Identification
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Steps for setting up RFID communication [ Technofile1.jpg ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 27.10.2016 20:49.

Components of RFID [ radio-frequency-identification-chip-rfid-8-638.jpg ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 27.10.2016 20:47.

* Wireless Approach: Radio Frequency Identification

Created by Bicong Li on 27.10.2016 20:45.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a FDA-approved technique for patient
monitoring. It is the most commonly used wireless system in clinical settings. It is
comprised of two components: tags and readers. The reader is a device that has
one or more antennas that emit radio waves and receive signals back from the RFID
tag. Tags, which use radio waves to communicate their identity and other information
to nearby readers, can be passive or active. Passive RFID tags are powered by the
reader and do not have a battery. Active RFID tags are powered by batteries.

RFID tags can store a range of information from one serial number to several pages
of data. Readers can be mobile so that they can be carried by hand, or they can be
mounted on a post or overhead. Reader systems can also be built into the
architecture of a cabinet, room, or building. These features make RFI an ideal
technique for our project, which is intended to be used in operational rooms.

However, research showed that it also has the potential of interfering with
pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and other electronic
medical devices. Overall, this has proven the be the safest wireless technique in use
currently.

Task created on 27.10.2016 18:01.

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Temperature sensor
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* Meat Thermometers Created by Demi Shen on 27.10.2016 18:23.

While trying to figure out how a needle temperature sensor works, we come up to
the idea of a meat thermometer, the one which measures the internal temperature
of cooking meets. A typical meat thermometer is designed to ensure the inside of
the meet to reach a certain temperature for killing any pathogens that may be living
inside, hence it usually displays temperatures ranging from 140 degrees F to around
200 degree F. That is from 60 to 94 degrees Celsius, which is way above our range
of interest. However, the concept of having a needle thermometer can be very useful
for us.

Studying the principle under a meat thermometer, we find out that it does actually
have a needle thermometer. The meat thermometer actually has two parts: a display
and a temperature rod. The rod is pushed into the meat by pushing on the dial. As
the meat's internal temperature increases, the rod transfers the heat to the dial,
which keeps track using a small dial. It however, does utilize the fact that different
metals has different thermal expansion coefficient. The rod of the meat thermometer
has two different metals that are bonded together. Hence work as a thermal couple.

Hence, it might be feasible for us to buy the meat thermometer, and take its needle
part for our design.

However, different metals might be needed for our demanded range of temperature.

Task created on 27.10.2016 12:28.

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Methods of stabilizing needles
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Surgical needle types [ surgical-sutures-and-suturing-techniques-27-638... ]

Uploaded by Hehaoyu Zou on 27.10.2016 12:54.

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* Spiral needle evaluation Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 27.10.2016 19:31.

After we carried out an actual mechanical experiment, some afterthoughts came to
us on several possible defects of spiral needle. First, though theoretically it's
undoubtedly the most stable, the way in which it penetrates into the tissue---twist
and turn, could pull on the adjacent areas. In our case of myocardium, the muscle
fibers surrounding the immediate point of contact could all be twirled towards it and
thus the original orientation of fibers could be changed. From the lecture of Dr.
Wagenseil in QP II, we learnt that myocardial fibers are aligned in a certain fashion
that have specific circumferential and longitudinal components. If we were to use a
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spiral needle, those delicate criss-cross of fibers and layers of fiber network might be
disturbed to a certain extent. That may cause invisible collateral damage to deeper
area and more distal area in addition to the area of penetration.

Worse complication might arise when this spiral needle stays in a contracting heart.
As the muscles fibers are doing cross-bridge cycles, the already twisted fibers might
break as their endurance is significantly lower when subjected to mechanical torque
and local ischemia could follow as a result. So the tradeoff between mechanical
stability and medical safety on spiral needle design is still worth pondering. We think
we need to conduct a further experiment on a bumping animal tissue that resembles
myocardium to help decide.

* Spiral needle tip Created by Demi Shen on 27.10.2016 18:31.

In researching for thermocouple, we found that the temperature changes will cause
metals to bend, as well as spiral. Hence, we think that making a spiral shape of the
needle might also work as it is a way to stablise the needle in the heart muscle.

* Inspiration from surgical needles Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 27.10.2016 13:06.

There are different shapes of surgical needles for penetrating tissues of different
mechanical properties. Though these are not temperature probe needles, they are
good prototypes we can borrow from. The smooth curvature at the end definitely will
hook the needle more tightly with the myocardial tissue, and we probably have to
make sure the curvature is not too steep to prevent serious damage to the tissue.
Promising as this might seem, the pliability of thermocouples is a precondition to be
researched on and attested to. The curved design can only be implemented if the
thermocouples could still function in a bent shape.
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Project created on 13.09.2016 13:37.

Report for project Weekly

report/meeting

Task created on 25.10.2016 14:17.

No due date
Week 7
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* Thermocouple type Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 25.10.2016 16:13.

The week after fall break we only had three days. We did a brief research on our
temperature sensor. There are 7 types of thermocouples available. Type K is the
most commonly used one because of it offers acceptable reliability, accuracy and
wide temperature range at a low cost. The last feature might appeal to us because
we have limited budget. However, the reported error could go up to 2.2 degrees,
which is moderately crude for our purpose. Another option best suited for our
purpose would be type T. It is more stable and more accurate in lower temperature
range and is often used in cryogenics, which happens to be one of the alternatives
to maze ablation. We are currently thinking of going for type K to control the cost.
However, we also reserve the option of type T in case the final product yields
unsatisfying accuracy.

* Web Page Design Created by Demi Shen on 25.10.2016 14:24.

Our group created our webpage for the project. The link is: http://myocardial-
temperature-monitor.weebly.com/ The webpage is half done and just need to add
the updates based on the design process. Demi Shen will be in charge of updating
the webpage with the weekly reports and project presentations.