3/3/2017 Researchmaterial|Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 17:19.

Report for project Research material

Task created on 02.03.2017 05:32.

No due date
Order Product
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Hollow Needle [ 31MmYUrFtZL.jpg ] Uploaded by Demi Shen on 03.03.2017 04:09.

Comments for result Hollow Needle

Demi Shen on 03.03.2017 at 04:25: Again. this graph is not to scale.

Thermistor ATH10KR8B [ ATH10KR8B.jpg ] Uploaded by Demi Shen on 02.03.2017 05:50.

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Comments for result Thermistor ATH10KR8B

Demi Shen on 02.03.2017 at 05:51: It would be better if it is shown near a ruler.

* Hollow Needle Created by Demi Shen on 02.03.2017 05:53.

We decided to order some hollow needles with dierent diameter from Amazon.

We ordered 3 dierent sizes of piercing needle in case they do not t the thermistor head well enough.

The order costs about 20 dollars including shipping.

* Thermistor Order Created by Demi Shen on 02.03.2017 05:40.

We decided to order the ATH10KR8B Series Thermistors from the Analog Technologies located in 2352
Walsh Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95051, U. S. A. It is a company specically design and produce thermistors.

We ordered two kinds of thermistor: normal lead ones & leads enclosed by insulator. The normal one
costs $3.43 each, and the insulated one costs $3.63.

We ordered 3 needles of each type to ensure we will have backup if things failed. The order costs
about 36 dollars including shipping.

This is a bead-head thermistor. Its head is 0.8mm wide and 1.4mm long, which can ideally t through
the hollow needle.
It also has a wide temperature range: 55C to 250C. In addition, it has a 1% error, which is good
enough for our design purpose.

Task created on 03.03.2017 14:54.

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Bluetooth modulations
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* Plan-Z Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 03.03.2017 15:10.

In the most unlikely event where all of the common techniques failed, here are our last resorts that are
much rarer and more dicult. Adaptive modulation and coding methods, OFDM, GMSK, QAM, CDMA,
DMT and similar methods are utilized in the areas of wireless, cellular and satellite communication

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systems. These modulations are used in wireless, cellular, wired line and satellite communication
systems. New technologies such as MIMO, BLAST and space-time coding are used in transmission data
communication systems

* Inherent coding Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 03.03.2017 15:08.

Bluetooth has been so predominant and popular for a reason. It has some fairly ingenious coding
inherent in the system that enhances the data transmission. For example, Bluetooth uses Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum technique which is used in spread spectrum signal transmission. During
radio transmission, frequencies are switched repeatedly, to help reducing unlawful access to cross
paths which causes interruptions. FHSS makes Bluetooth communication more robust and secure. The
speed of interferences from other devices will be reduced, though it will not cause the transmission to
stop. Hopefully this inherent defensive system will suce to ward o the interferences from the
surrounding medical devices.

* PSK Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 03.03.2017 15:03.

In contrast with FSK, phase shift keying(PSK) works by shifting the phase of the signal in the
constellation diagram. It is the form of Bluetooth modulation used to enable the higher data rates
achievable with Bluetooth 2 EDR (Enhanced Data Rate). Two forms of PSK are used: /4 DQPSK: This is
a form of phase shift keying known as /4 dierential phase shift keying. It enables the raw data rate of
2 Mbps to be achieved. 8DPSK: This form of Bluetooth modulation is eight point or 8-ary phase shift
keying. It is used when link conditions are good and it allows raw data rates of up to 3 Mbps to be
achieved. The enhanced data rate capability for Bluetooth modulation is implemented as an additional
capability so that the system remains backwards compatible.

* GFSK Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 03.03.2017 14:59.

Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying(GFSK) seems to be the most commonly used technique in Bluetooth
communication.When GFSK is used for the chosen form of Bluetooth modulation, the frequency of the
carrier is shifted to carry the modulation. A binary one is represented by a positive frequency deviation
and a binary zero is represented by a negative frequency deviation. The modulated signal is then
ltered using a lter with a Gaussian response curve to ensure the sidebands do not extend too far
either side of the main carrier. By doing this the Bluetooth modulation achieves a bandwidth of 1 MHz
with stringent lter requirements to prevent interference on other channels. For correct operation the
level of BT is set to 0.5 and the modulation index must be between 0.28 and 0.35.

* The reason for modulation Created by Hehaoyu Zou on 03.03.2017 14:58.

While we were writing validation report this week, the reminders in the instruction brings to out sight
the possibility of failed wireless communication, which we have failed to give enough consideration by
far. So we need to research on widely used modulation techniques specically aimed at Bluetooth
transmission, since we are basing our wireless communication on it. We have to consider the entire
range from the easiest to the hardest, in case that simple ones turn out to be inecient.

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3/3/2017 Mech/Electricalexperiment|Report

Project created on 27.10.2016 23:23.

Report for project Mech/Electrical experiment

Task created on 03.03.2017 14:48.

No due date
Accuracy and range verication plan
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Fitting error in degrees [ Screen_Shot_2017-03-03_at_8.56.24_AM.png ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:56.

[ Screen_Shot_2017-03-03_at_8.56.18_AM.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:56.

Data with articial 0.1 degree errors added [ Screen_Shot_2017-03-03_at_8.55.46_AM.png ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:56.

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Plug in three pairs of values [ Screen_Shot_2017-03-03_at_8.52.48_AM.png ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:53.

Steinhart-Hart Equation [ Screen_Shot_2017-03-03_at_8.52.12_AM.png ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:52.

Typical thermistor curve [ thmstcrv.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:50.

* Articially introduce errors Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:55.

Convert the temperature values to Kelvins, and invert. Take the corresponding measured resistance
values and compute the natural logarithm. Fit the coecients of a third order polynomial in the log-
resistance values to best match the inverse-temperature values.

For the following example, three points are selected, two close to the ends of the operating range and
one near the center. We know that measurements will not be completely accurate, so articial errors
have been inserted into the data to result in temperature errors of magnitude 0.1 degrees C with
alternating sign at the three measured points.

* Thermistor T-R curve Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:51.

The value changes from over 15k ohms to under 100 ohms. The change is most rapid at low
temperatures, giving great resolution for determining the corresponding temperature values there. At
the other end of the range, resistance levels change relatively less with temperature and measurement
resolution is relatively poor.

Curve forms are available that describe the nonlinear shape of the thermistor characteristic quite well.
The most commonly used form is the Steinhart-Hart Equation. The resistance measurement of the
thermistor is not normalized, so just use the measured value of Rt in ohms. As a matter of fact, we will
calibrate these values for better accuracy.

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* Calibrate Thermistors Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:50.

Technicians and engineers often use thermistors to log temperature in applications which require
increased accuracy for more demanding projects. To accomplish this, they use the SteinhartHart
equation to convert a thermistor sensors resistance to temperature. When compared against other
methods, Steinhart-Hart models will give you much more precise readings across the sensors
temperature ranges, often within a few hundredths of a degree of accuracy.

Task created on 03.03.2017 14:58.

No due date
Thermistor Arduino Code
No description

Task tags: No tags

Rewire circuit [ temperature_thermistor_bb2.png ] Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 15:04.

Connect the thermistor with Arduino [ temperature_thermistor_bb.png ]

Uploaded by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 14:59.

* Improved Arduino code Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 15:04.

// which analog pin to connect

dene THERMISTORPIN A0
// how many samples to take and average, more takes longer // but is more 'smooth'

dene NUMSAMPLES 5
// the value of the 'other' resistor

dene SERIESRESISTOR 10000 3/5

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dene SERIESRESISTOR 10000

int samples[NUMSAMPLES];

void setup(void) { Serial.begin(9600); // connect AREF to 3.3V and use that as VCC, less noisy!
analogReference(EXTERNAL); }

void loop(void) { uint8_t i; oat average;

// take N samples in a row, with a slight delay for (i=0; i< NUMSAMPLES; i++) { samples[i] =
analogRead(THERMISTORPIN); delay(10); }

// average all the samples out average = 0; for (i=0; i< NUMSAMPLES; i++) { average += samples[i]; }
average /= NUMSAMPLES;

Serial.print("Average analog reading "); Serial.println(average); // convert the value to resistance

average = 1023 / average - 1; average = SERIESRESISTOR / average;

Serial.print("Thermistor resistance "); Serial.println(average);

delay(1000); }

* Better Readings Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 15:03.

When doing analog readings, especially with a 'noisy' board like the arduino, we found two tricks to
improve results. One is to use the 3.3V voltage pin as an analog reference and the other is to take a
bunch of readings in a row and average them.

The rst trick relies on the fact that the 5V power supply that comes straight from computer's USB
does a lot of stu on the Arduino, and is almost always much noisier than the 3.3V line (which goes
through a secondary lter/regulator stage) It's easy to use, simply connect 3.3V to AREF and use that as
the VCC voltage. Because our calcuations don't include the VCC voltage, we don't have to change your
equation. We do have to set the analog reference but that's a single line of code

Taking multiple readings to average out the result helps get slightly better results as well, since we may
have noise or uctuations, we will use about 5 samples.

* Arduino code Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 15:01.

// the value of the 'other' resistor

dene SERIESRESISTOR 10000

// What pin to connect the sensor to

dene THERMISTORPIN A0
void setup(void) { Serial.begin(9600); }

void loop(void) { oat reading;

reading = analogRead(THERMISTORPIN);

Serial.print("Analog reading "); Serial.println(reading);

// convert the value to resistance reading = (1023 / reading) - 1; reading = SERIESRESISTOR / reading;
Serial.print("Thermistor resistance "); Serial.println(reading);
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delay(1000); }

* Analog voltage reading method Created by Bicong Li on 03.03.2017 15:01.

To measure the temperature, we need to measure the resistance. However, a microcontroller does not
have a resistance-meter built in. Instead, it only has a voltage reader known as a analog-digital-
converter. So what we have to do is convert the resistance into a voltage, and we'll do that by adding
another resistor and connecting them in series. Now you just measure the voltage in the middle, as the
resistance changes, the voltage changes too, according to the simple voltage-divider equation. We just
need to keep one resistor xed.

Say the xed resistor is 10K and the variable resistor is called R - the voltage output (Vo) is: Vo = R / (R +
10K) * Vcc Where Vcc is the power supply voltage (3.3V or 5V) Now we want to connect it up to a
microcontroller. ADC value = Vi * 1023 / Vcc So now we combine the two (Vo = Vi) and get: ADC value =
R / (R + 10K) * Vcc * 1023 / Vcc ADC value = R / (R + 10K) * 1023 Finally, what we really want to do is get
that R (the unknown resistance). So we do a little math to move the R to one side: R = 10K / (1023/ADC -
1)

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