Print ISSN: 1312-2622; Online ISSN: 2367-5357
DOI: 10.1515/itc-2015-0003
Realization of a Simulation Model
of SCADA a System for Monitoring
and Control of Sofia Metropolitan
Key Words: SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
systems); metropolitan, simulation model.
Abstract. In this paper, an imitation model of SCADA systems
DISIM-V and DISIM-E, implemented in the Central Dispatcher
Post (CDP) of the Sofia Metropolitan, is elaborated and described.
These contemporary, modern and efficient SCADA systems are in
operation in the subway and cover all technological processes for
monitoring and control of the train traffic and power supply. Its
extensive study is not possible due to the special mode and allow-
ance. Thus a simulator, based on a synthesized imitation model
has been also elaborated. The presence of laboratory models of
these SCADA systems in Todor Kableshkov University of Trans-
port is extremely useful in the learning process and enables the
trainees to penetrate deeply into the core of modern SCADA tech-
nology. This simulation model is used by students and personnel
for training and increasing the qualification of the operational
specialists in the metropolitan, electricity distribution companies
and the railway infrastructure.
1. Introduction
SCADA technologies are perceived as an essential
and increasingly promising method for automated control of
complex dynamic processes in vital and critical areas in
terms of safety and reliability. Many automated control
systems in transport, energy, military, and other spheres are
built on the basis of this method. The application field of
such systems is the automatic monitoring and control of
non-concentrated objects in different sectors of economy.
The term non-concentrated objects means objects which
are territorially separated one from another and from the
control center, but united by a common process and inter-
connected by appropriate means of communication.
A contemporary and efficient SCADA system is in
operation in Sofia Metropolitan and covers all the techno-
logical processes. It consists of several independent sys-
tems, the most important of which are DISIM-V for opera-
tional dispatching of the train traffic and DISIM-E for moni-
toring and control of the electrical equipment and traction
substations [1,6,7].
The extensive study of the modern SCADA systems
DISIM-V and DISIM-E is not possible due to the special
mode and permission of entrance. The access to the infor-
mation about them is very difficult, simply because if such
information is available, it is primarily commercial and adver-
tising. That is why the structural and mathematical models
of these two systems have been made in advance [2]. The
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E. Dimitrova, V. Dimitrov
aim of this paper is to design an imitation model and a
simulator based on these models. The purpose of elabora-
tion of such a simulator is to learn the trainees in functions
and the operation of the dispatchers, as well as to penetrate
into the structure and principles of operation of a SCADA
system.
2. SCADA System for Dispatching
Control of Sofia Metropolitan
The SCADA system DISIM, implemented in Sofia
Metropolitan performs many technological, system and
supplementary functions, as follows:
Technological functions of monitoring and dispatch-
ing control of the train traffic and electrical equipment at
substations. The monitoring functions include continuous
and automatic data collection about the current status of
train movements, tracking elements and electrical devices,
as well as automatic continuous data transmission to CDP.
This information is processed and automatically displayed
on video terminals and light panels. There is a possibility
to print a part of this information on a command by the
operator. Automatic backup in chronological order of infor-
mation for emergencies, dispatching commands and other
events is provided. Dispatching control functions cover
reliably sending by the operator dispatch commands to the
subjects and their implementation, reliable protection and
prevention of illegal and wrong manipulation (password,
incorrectly set or nonexistent command, unable to execute
commands, etc.), automatic tracking of the train number,
automatic interlocking, etc.
System functions of control and internal diagnos-
tics of the system at all the devices, including the software.
These functions include an updated database maintenance
for each object (underground stations, traction substations
and electrical devices), as well as maintenance of the sys-
tem time and date. Internal automatic control and diagnosis
of the conditions of all system devices is provided. Control
of the condition of communication is also ensured. Locat-
ing the site and the nature of any fault is possible. Moni-
toring and diagnostics of the software and the formation of
alarm messages for failures, occurring in the system during
operation are provided.
Additional functions related to events data archiving,
data analysis, preparation of various reports, printing, etc.
They include development of events protocol, alarms and
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non-alarm messages protocol, report of the executed and
outstanding commands, as well as testing of the apparatus,
software and communication channels.
All functions are fully described in [1]. DISIM system
as any other SCADA system consists of three formal levels
[1,3,9,10]:
Upper (Dispatching) level, which is situated in the
CDP and includes servers, video-walls, dispatchers work-
ing places, personal computers, printers, etc.
Communication level, which consists of Ethernet
network in the CDP, optical transmission medium between
the CDP and the object and Ethernet network in any object.
Lower (Object) level these are all underground
stations and their interlocking, track circuits and signaling,
as well as all traction substations and electrical equipment
for power supply.
The structural scheme of DISIM-E system is shown in
figure 1. The object level covers all traction substations
ensuring uninterruptable power supply of the underground
railways. Dispatching and communication levels are inde-
pendent of the number of stations at the object level. Only
one substation is fully described in figure 1, because all
substations are constructed on the same principle.
The connection between CDP and each substation is

VIDEO-WALL

Video-Wall Dispatchers Common

Controller Server Backup Server
CDP
Workplace
Workplace

General
Backup
General

Printer

Ethernet
Switch Substation
Ethernet
OTN node OTN node

Optical transmission medium (OTN)

OTN node OTN node Traction substation

Substation Ethernet

PLC in the Traction Substation

therhet
Disconnector
Switchgear

Switchgear
switchgear

Acc. Batt.
Complex

Charger
825 V

0,4 kV

Tunnel
10 kV

Figure 1. Structural scheme of DISIM-E

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ensured by programmable logic controllers (PLC) Simatic
S7-300, situated at the object level. They have a modular
structure that allows easy configuration and reconfiguration
if necessary (e.g., when there are changes in the object).
The electrical devices connected to the input/output con-
troller modules are the following:
Complex switchgear 10 kV, connected to the PLC
(for example, by Siprotec protection equipment and
PROFIBUS DP). Siprotec is used for line protection of high
voltage networks. The relay performs all functions of backup
protection supplementary to the transformer differential
protection and provides control of the circuit-breaker, fur-
ther switching devices and automation functions.
Switchgear 825 V, connected to the PLC (for ex-
ample, by Sitras PRO and an optical channel). Sitras PRO
combines a DC protective unit for DC railways and a con-
troller.
It protects DC switchgear and contact line systems
against critical operating conditions and detects short-cir-
cuits during the current rise even before the maximum short-
circuit currents are reached.
Switchgear 0.4 kV, connected to the PLC (for ex-
ample, by Simatic ET 200S and PROFIBUS DP). ET 200S is
a multifunctional, highly modular I/O system. Fast I/O mod-
ules, the isochronous mode and an extremely fast internal
data transport increase the performance of ET 200S. Inter-
face modules with an integral CPU transfer the computing
power of S7-300 CPU directly into the I/O device and con-
stitute a local controller. They offload the central PLC, and
permit rapid responses to time-critical signals.
Tunnel disconnectors, connected to PLC (for ex-
ample, by Simatic ET 200S and an optical channel).
Chargers of the accumulator batteries.
The information about the state of the electrical equip-
ment in the substations is transmitted to the CDP through
the communication level by optical channels. Thus the
connection between the object level PLCs and the comput-
ers situated in CDP is ensured.
The object level in DISIM-V system is based on the
same principle. The PLC is connected to the electrical inter-
locking devices. The main controlled elements are points,
traffic lights, track circuits and general alarm and signaling.
Normally the trains run by automatic locomotive signaling
indications for automatic speed regulation (ALS-ASR) in
the cab. In case of failure of one of the elements of ALS-
ASR, the trains run by automatic block system signals.
The data about the track circuits state and the current
status of the station are translated to the CDP by the PLC
through the communication level.
The communication level in both systems is built on
the principle of Optical Open Transport Network (OTN)
[4,5,8]. Its key features are absolute reliability, its openness,
simplicity, the ability to cover very large distances (up to
2000 km), and future-proof design. It offers full connectivity
with all current standards, which makes it very user friendly.
Two optical rings are implemented to assure higher
reliability.
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Operating an OTN involves neither complex routines,
nor extensive parameterizing to program a connection. Each
node has several ports where the peripherals can be plugged
in through interface cards. This fact eliminates the need for
additional converters, codecs or multiplexers. A user-friendly
OTN Management System (OMS) controls the network down
to interface level. This reduces the need for training and the
risk of errors.
The data received from all the objects enter the Train
Dispatcher Server or Power Supply Dispatcher Server,
respectively. There their treatment is carried out according
to the system algorithm.
The main components of these SCADA systems are
PCs and specialized and custom-developed software. IBM
computers with high reliability and extended warranty are
used. DISIM system works in Linux environment and pro-
vides a comfortable and simple dialogue and the opportu-
nity for easy manipulation. The dialogue with the system is
in Bulgarian and performed via a keyboard and a mouse
the standard peripherals of computers. DISIM is running
under control of a complex program structure, which con-
sists of a high standard software package and specialized
applications. Different programming facilities at all the sys-
tem levels are involved [5,11]. The software includes a field
controller program, database development and operator
workstation application software. There is programming
involved at the controller level, the communications level
and the workstation level, which integrates all the elements
of the system and ensures its functional work. The software
has been developed on a modular basis and each module
performs a technological or system function. The standard
software used in the system is: OS LINUX; Graphics up-
grade X-Window System; X.org server; Package manage-
ment windows Metacity; Software to work with a video
wall controller; Software for use with a programmable con-
trollers object level; Standard Java Virtual Machine; Imple-
mentation of the CORBA specification TAO/ACE, omniORB;
Management System database PostgreSQL.
3. Imitation Model of SCADA
Systems DISIM-V and DISIM-E
Based on the developed structural models of the object
levels of the systems for monitoring and control of the train
movement and traction substations and electrical equip-
ment, elaborated in [2], an imitation model of the system for
monitoring and management of the processes in the metro-
politan is synthesized (figure 2). With exception of the
object levels, other fundamental elements of the SCADA
system are the standard modules for automation, which
include the system of maintenance of the human-machine
interface and the software on servers at the CDP, as well as
database for the state of all the objects.
The imitation model of the object levels of the sys-
tems is built by the following main blocks:
Block 1 models of functioning the system for man-
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 Imitation model of the object levels

24 25 10 11

12
16 16 18
17 16 19 20 21 15
6 7

13
23 22 14
9 8
Block 3 Block 1 Block 2

Block 5
Block 4
37 30 32 31

33 34 35 36
27 26 28 29

Operator

Figure 2. An aggregated structural scheme of an imitation model of the system for monitoring and control of the processes in the
metropolitan

agement of the train movement and electrical equipment;
Block 2 models of assessment and analysis of the
state of the train movement, electrical equipment and man-
agement system;
Block 3 models of decision making in the system for
management of the train movements and electrical equip-
ment.
The following subsystems are included in the struc-
ture of Block 1:
6 models of the functioning of the train movement;
8 models of the functioning of the substations and
electrical equipment;
7 a model of the interaction of the components and
subsystems among them;
9 a model of the impact of environmental distur-
bances;
10 an imitation model of the results of the target use
of the management system.
Block 2 is built up by the following modules:
11 models and algorithms of assessment and analy-
sis of the state of the technical devices of the system for
management and control of the train movement;
12 models and algorithms of assessment and analy-
sis of the state of the substations and electrical equipment;
13 models and algorithms of assessment and analy-
sis of the situations.
The following subsystems are included in the struc-
ture of Block 3:
14 models and algorithms of long-term and opera-
tional planning of the operations of interaction in the sys-
tem for management of the train movement, including sched-
ules of trains;
15 models and control algorithms of structures in
the system for management of the train movement and
electrical equipment: topological models of the stations
(Block 16), models of technical devices (Block 17), techno-
logical models of substations and electrical equipment (Block
18), a model of the organizational structure (Block 19), a
model of the structure of specialized software and math-
ematical base (Block 20), a model of the information struc-
ture (Block 21).
22 models and algorithms for the solution of various
occurring situations;
23 algorithm of the switching of the substations and
electrical equipment after assessment of the situation;
24 list of the basic events;
25 list of the alarms and non-alarm messages.
An important element in the imitation model is Block
4 a system for control, joining and interpretation that
makes the connection between the operator and the sys-

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tem. The following blocks are included in its structure:
27 a common dialog system for control of the spe-
cialized software and mathematical base;
30 a block for processing, analysis and interpreta-
tion of the results of the operators management (protocol
of the submitted commands);
26 software for visualization of the state of the
objects of control;
28 software for initialization and visualization of the
alarms and non-alarm messages;
29 a block for making recommendations and pro-
posed solutions;
31 a protocol of the events (records);
32 a train-graph.
Important role in the synthesis plays the information
base (Block 5), the structure of which includes:
33 database for the state of the train movement;
34 database for the state of the substations and
electrical equipment;
35 database for the state of the control system;
36 database for the analytical and imitation models
of functioning and decision making;
37 a system for control of the database.
4. Simulation Model of SCADA
System
The simulator represents a model of the SCADA sys-
tems DISIM-V and DISIM-E. It is installed on five com-
puters one server with two monitors and four stations.
The imitation model (figure 2) is implemented by special
software. The object levels of both systems (Blocks 1, 2,
3 and 5) are installed only on the server. The communica-
tion level consists of Ethernet network only between the
five computers. The dispatcher level (Block 4) is installed
on all computers, but the four stations use the server for
communications with the objects.
The lecturer has to select which system to be started:
DISIM-V or DISIM-E. After the server is working properly
in the selected mode, the rest computers must be also
started in the same mode.
Once DISIM-V system is turned on and running, the
image of the Main dispatcher panel appears at the bottom
of the monitor. This is the status-bar, including the follow-
ing buttons representing several functions: Stations; Sched-
ule; Automatic tracking of the train number; Active events;
Commands; Records (Protocol of events); Train-graph;
Change of the Dispatcher; Instruments.
Six subway stations are included in the simulation
model of DISIM-V. Their track development and signaling
represent the following real stations of the first and second
diameters: Obelya MS with two points, Slivnitsa MS (MS
01 with six points figure 3), Lyulin MS (MS 02 without
points), Lomsko Shose MS (MS201 with two points), Beli
Dunav MS (MS202 without points) and Nadezhda MS
(MS203 without points).
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Except the points, the track circuits and traffic lights,
the following elements are displayed on the schemes: indi-
cators and buttons for Dispatching or Backup Local Control
( or ), buttons to reverse the points (, . 1...
. 6), a main button for annulment (), indicators of the
performance of the automatic block system (), interlocking
(), charger (), etc.
The PLC in the appropriate station is simulated by
tables representing its inputs and outputs. The lecturer
could select between two modes: Real Mode or Emulation
Mode (Emul Mode) using the button Instruments. Real Mode
is used for the simulation of the response of the controller
to a command issued by the system DISIM-V. The trainees
could activate any command in the graphic station image
and watch the appropriate change in the table representing
PLC of the same station. In Emul Mode the trainees can
simulate signals they could activate any bit of the table
representing a PLC station and watch the appropriate change
of the station state. There is a possibility of randomly gen-
erated bits giving the interval (in seconds) and the number
of generated signals per a second.
Registered events and submitted commands can be
reviewed by Records button. It is used to extract the reports
of the system operation. Some filters could also be used.
A menu to select the list of active events for the
station or for the whole system appears, pressing the but-
ton Active Events. Active events are arranged in a table,
sorted by the time of recording. The most previously reg-
istered events are at the top. In the first column the different
color squares define the event: emergency events are col-
ored in purple, warning in orange and informational in
grey. Each event must be confirmed.
The module Automatic tracking of the train number
is a particularly important module of DISIM system since in
a normal operation the dispatcher most often communicates
with it. The functions of this module are as follows:
Automatic and manual numbering of the trains run-
ning on the route.
Ensuring that the trains run on time and reporting
the time delay of each train.
Automatic transmission of the train number.
Generating data for Train-graph module.
The trains move with a different number each course,
but they must retain the route. Therefore, at the beginning
of the course, the new train number is to be determined.
Defining the track circuits are the places, where the module
Automatic tracking of the train number determines the new
train number and where the dispatcher could manually set
the train number based on the active schedule.
Each occurrence of the message Time delay of a train
is an emergency event and the dispatcher must immediately
confirm it and call the train driver to understand the causes.
The module View schedule allows the dispatcher to
view schedules that were included in the simulation model.
The window View schedule consists of the following parts:
List of schedules, which have been introduced into the
system; Buttons of choice of course (next or preview); Course
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 Figure 3. A simulation model of Slivnitsa MS (MS 01)

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 Figure 4. An aggregated view of the four substations (Level II)

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number; Visualization of the time of arrival of the train at and Warning); Grey (the object has not a defined condi-
a selected station, etc. tion). Detailed description of the possibilities of examina-
The dispatcher has to enter the information about the tion of the simulator of DISIM-E system has been done in
damaged track circuits using the button Track circuits out [13].
of control. These track circuits are colored in blue or purple.
The track circuits that are properly working are colored in
black (free), red (occupied) or yellow (locked in route).
5. Conclusions
A detailed description of the possibilities of examina-
The presence of contemporary simulation models of
tion of the simulator of DISIM-V system has been done in
SCADA systems, DISIM-V and DISIM-E at Todor
[12,14].
Kableshkov University of Transport is extremely useful for
In the simulation model of the system DISIM-E, four
the students in the learning process. It reflects the real
stations representing the real models of the traction substa-
monitoring and control of the processes in a complex sys-
tions (TSS) of the second diameter of the Sofia Metropoli-
tem, such as the metropolitan. This elaboration enables the
tan, are included. The aggregated view of these stations is
trainees to deepen their knowledge in the core of modern
shown in figure 4: TSS-34 (-34), adjacent to MS-205
SCADA technology and offers an opportunity for them to
(Maria Louisa underground station); TSS-33 (-33), ad-
gain knowledge of the real application of a system, manag-
jacent to MS-206 (Central railway station underground
ing a highly complex industrial site, of its structure and rich
station); TS-32 (transmission substation -32), adjacent to
functionality. There is not any other simulator with such
MS 207 (Lions Bridge underground station); TSS-31 (-
features, functions and purpose in Bulgaria.
31), adjacent to MS 208 (Serdica II underground station).
The simulator illustrates the implementation of all the
The detailed view of a selected station can be shown
basic functions for dispatching control of the train move-
by clicking on its number. The ability to monitor the state
ments and the electrical equipment. An opportunity for
and management of the facilities in the area has been real-
simulation in several real modes is created:
ized. The topological description of the selected station is
1) Monitoring of the objects of control: the trainees
illustrated by fthe ollowing symbols used in the schemes:
are watching their state and proper working, observing the
squares (with numbers 81, 85, 87, 86, 88, 82 Switchgears
alarms and non-alarm messages, awaiting a confirmation
with a remote control, situated in Complex switchgears 10
and an adequate reaction from them (the dispatcher).
kV; with numbers 71, 72 remotely controlled Switchgears
2) Operational dispatching of the train traffic: the train-
near to the transformers; 61-65 remotely controlled Fast
ees have the opportunity to order the route, to pull out and
Acting Switchgears 825 V); circles (with numbers 80, 171,
introduce track circuits under dispatchers control, to choose
172 remotely controlled disconnectors in the circuits pro-
the operating schedule, to monitor the correct functioning
viding traction power supply; with numbers 31, 32 re-
of the signaling. They are required to make an adequate
motely controlled disconnectors in the circuits providing
solution for any situation, like the train dispatcher on duty.
power supply of the underground station; with numbers 41-
3) Dispatcher monitoring and control of the traction
57 tunnel disconnectors with remote control). Group but-
substations and electrical equipment: the trainees have to
tons to turn On and Off are also provided (Gr. 71,72; .-
perform many switchings to provide uninterrupted power
, ., ..-). There are alarm indicators near to
supply with the necessary voltage, to turn off a substation
any device. Any transmission substation providing 10 kV
or device at failure, and ensure power supply from an ad-
power supply has its own name (Tbilisi, January, Lions
jacent substation, to turn on the repaired devices if neces-
bridge). An emergency button () is provided in any un-
sary. Thus the trainees are required to make adequate so-
derground station.
lutions after assessment of the particular situation, like the
The use of this simulation model is similar to DISIM-
power dispatcher on duty.
V system. It should be noted that the states of the objects
Therefore, this simulation model is very useful for
are much more and the necessary address space of the
training students and specialists in the operation of the
programmable logic controllers is greater. By using the button
underground, railway infrastructure and electricity distribu-
Stations in the Main dispatcher panel, each station can be
tion companies.
displayed on the monitor (Level III) and the state of its
components can be watched (transformers, rectifiers,
switchgears, disconnectors, circuit breakers, alarm indica- References
tors, fuses, buttons, groundings, batteries, etc.)
The state of the electrical equipment can be changed 1. Goranov, E., E. Dimitrova. Remote Control Systems and Man-
by Instruments module in two modes Real and Emulation, agement in Transport. Manual, Todor Kableshkov University of
Transport, Sofia, 2010 (in Bulgarian).
similar to DISIM-V system. Each object on the screen at any
time is colored according to its state at that time, namely: 2. Dimitrova, E. Models of Objects of Control in SCADA System
for Monitoring and Operational Dispatching in Sofia Metropolitan.
Green (the object is off); Red (the object is turned on); Information Technologies and Control, Sofia, 2013, No. 3.
Yellow (the object is grounded); Orange (Active Event 3. Stouffer, K., J. Falco, K. Kent. Guide to Supervisory Control and
Warning); Purple (active event Breakdown or Breakdown

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Data Acquisition (SCADA), and Industrial Control Systems Secu-
rity. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
2006.
4. Technical Documentation of ETR-150 Network Card. OTN
Siemens, 2003.
5. Clarke, G., D. Reynders, E. Wright. Practical Modern SCADA
Protocols. Newness, ISBN 978-0-7506-5799-0, 2004.
6. Technical Documentation of SCADA System DISIM-V, 2012.
7. Technical Documentation of SCADA system DISIM-E, 2012.
8. OTN Systems Dedicated Networks for Critical Environments.
Available on http://www.otn.be/.
9. Bailey, D., E. Wright. Practical SCADA for Industry. Newness,
ISBN 978-0-7506-5805-8, 2003.
10. System Automation in Substation. Available on
Manuscript received on 10.12.2013
Emiliya Dimitrova was born in Sofia.
She received the M.Sc. degree in Tele-
communications and Signalling from the
Higher School of Transport Todor
Kableshkov Sofia. Since 2003 she is
a Lecturer in the Department of Tele-
communications and Signalling at Todor
Kableshkov University of Transport
Sofia. Currently, she is an Assistant Pro-
fessor and Ph.D. student. Her research
interests are in field of contemporary
SCADA systems for automatic monitor-
ing and management of complex technical objects in different sectors
of the economy. Her main researches are aimed at modeling, simu-
lation and optimal control of processes in power supply and trans-
port.
Contacts:
Todor Kableshkov University of Transport Sofia
Faculty of Telecommunications and Electrical Equipment in
Transport
158, Geo Milev St., 1574 Sofia
e-mail: edimitrova@bitex.bg
information technologies
and control
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http://www.roconbg.com/en/engineering-services/system-automation-
in-substation-12.
11. McCrady, S. G. Designing SCADA Application Software A
Practical Approach. Elsevier Inc., ISBN 978-0-12-417000-1, 2013.
12. Dimitrova, E. Laboratory SCADA System for Control on Rail-
way Traffic. XLVIII International Scientific Conference on Informa-
tion, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies ICEST
2013, Proceeding of Papers, 2, 2013, 479-482.
13. Dimitrova, E. Simulator of SCADA System for Remote Control
of Electrical Equipment. Annual Book of the Technical University
Sofia, 63, 2013, No. 5/6, 313-320, ISSN 1311-0829.
14. Dimitrova, E., V. Dimitrov. SCADA System for Control of
Railway Traffic Laboratory Simulator. Scientific Works of the
University of Ruse, 52, 2013, series 3.2, 91-95, ISSN 1311-3321.
Vasil Dimitrov was born in Sofia. He
received the M.Sc. degree in Electrical
Drives Automation from the Technical
University Sofia, Faculty of Automat-
ics, and the Ph.D. degree in adaptive
control on asynchronous drives from
the Todor Kableshkov University of
Transport Sofia, Faculty of Telecom-
munications and Electrical Equipment
in Transport. Since 2006 he is an
Assistant Professor at Todor
Kableshkov University of Transport
Sofia. Now, he is Associate Professor
in the Department of Electric Power
Supply and Electrical Equipment in Transport. His current research
interests are in contemporary automatic control systems applied in
Power Engineering and transport.
Contacts:
Todor Kableshkov University of Transport Sofia
Faculty of Telecommunications and Electrical Equipment in
Transport
158, Geo Milev St., 1574 Sofia
e-mail: vdimitroff@abv.bg
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