CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to conduced the project of air hybrid cycle designed by
mechanical group of Haryana engineering college Jagadhri.

One of the major problems most developing countries facing today is air pollution and
the major source of which is automobiles running on road. To reduce the worlds
pollution problems there is no one optimum solution, but one thing is for sure; the
automobile must clean up its act. Automobile factors like an increase in fossil fuel
consumption eventually emissions of HC, and CO2 will be increased in accordance with
these factors. The huge number of vehicles in the developing countries will give a serious
environmental load and therefore current technologies like engine control and catalyst
should be transferred to developing countries to minimize automobile emissions.

The CO2 emission ratio during actual use is extremely large compared to other process.
Therefore; it would be very effective to develop high fuel economy and low fuel
consumption from CO2 emission point of view. Concerning resource availability there has
been a strong warning indicating that petroleum resources may be depleted in the relative
near future.

Gasoline which has been the main source of fuel for the history of cars is becoming more
and more expensive and impractical, especially from an environmental standpoint. In the
process of burning gasoline, it produces carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides and unburned
hydrocarbons which are the main pollutants and are responsible for bad effects of
pollution.

There comes need to think about alternatives such as Biodiesel and natural gas, Electric
cars, Hybrid cars, Hydrogen fuel cells but, these alternative fuels also have some
drawbacks which are discussed in detail in chapter 4 as comparative study.

One possible alternative fuel is the compressed air. There are ongoing projects that are
developing a new type of cycle that will run on compressed air. In this project report of

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we will learn about the technology behind compressed air cycle being developed and how
these cycle are best options providing most comprehensive answer to todays .

The secret of the working of Air hybrid cycle is simply to - decompress the air in stages
and in so doing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.This process is
repeated as many times as possible to extract the maximum energy efficiency from the
compressed air. This system is free from pollution because there is no any use of fuel in
this system .in this system only compressed air is used as in the form of fuel . Air storage
tank store air in it by compressor in this system for opening and closing of air tank ball
valves is used . ball valves is connected to 3/2 control valves by 16 mm dia of pipe and
control valves is connected wuth pneumatic cylinder .

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 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENT USED

Various components used in this projects are :

1. Cycle
2. ratchet
3. pneumatic cylinder
4. pressure gauge
5. ball valves
6. air storage tank
7. pipe
8. air pump
9. control valves
10. elastic

2.1 Cycle

A bicycle, often called a bike or cycle, is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track

vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is
called a cyclist, or bicyclist.

Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century in Europe and as of 2003, more than 1
billion have been produced worldwide, twice as many as the number of automobiles that
have been produced. They are the principal means of transportation in many regions.
They also provide a popular form of recreation, and have been adapted for use as
children's toys, generalfitness, military and police applications, courier services,
and bicycle racing.

The basic shape and configuration of a typical upright or "safety bicycle", has changed
little since the first chain-driven model was developed around 1885. But many details
have been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided
design. These have allowed for a proliferation of specialized designs for many types of
cycling.

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The bicycle's invention has had an enormous effect on society, both in terms of culture
and of advancing modern industrial methods. Several components that eventually played
a key role in the development of the automobile were initially invented for use in the
bicycle, including ball bearings, pneumatic tires, chain-driven sprockets, and tension-
spoked wheels.

Frame

Fig. 2.1 Diagram of a bicycle.

The great majority of today's bicycles have a frame with upright seating that looks much
like the first chain-driven bike. These upright bicycles almost always feature the diamond
frame, a truss consisting of two triangles: the front triangle and the rear triangle. The front
triangle consists of the head tube, top tube, down tube, and seat tube. The head tube
contains the headset, the set of bearings that allows the fork to turn smoothly for steering
and balance. The top tube connects the head tube to the seat tube at the top, and the down
tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket. The rear triangle consists of the seat
tube and paired chain stays and seat stays. The chain stays run parallel to the chain,
connecting the bottom bracket to the rear dropout, where the axle for the rear wheel is
held. The seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (at or near the same point as the top
tube) to the rear fork ends.

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2.2 Ratched

A ratchet is a mechanical device that allows continuous linear or rotary motion in only
one direction while preventing motion in the opposite direction. Ratchets are widely used
in machinery and tools. Though something of a misnomer, "ratchet" is also often used to
refer to ratchetingsocket wrenches, a common tool with a ratcheting handle.

Fig. 2.2 Retched

Theory of operation
A ratchet moving in its "forward" direction.

A ratchet consists of a round gear or linear rack with teeth, and a pivoting, spring-loaded
finger called a pawl that engages the teeth. The teeth are uniform but asymmetrical, with

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each tooth having a moderate slope on one edge and a much steeper slope on the other
edge.

When the teeth are moving in the unrestricted direction , the pawl easily slides up and
over the gently sloped edges of the teeth, with a spring forcing it (often with an audible
'click') into the depression between the teeth as it passes the tip of each tooth. When the
teeth move in the opposite (backward) direction, however, the pawl will catch against the
steeply sloped edge of the first tooth it encounters, thereby locking it against the tooth
and preventing any further motion in that direction.

Backlash

Because the ratchet can only stop backward motion at discrete points (i.e., at tooth
boundaries), a ratchet does allow a limited amount of backward motion. This backward
motion which is limited to a maximum distance equal to the spacing between the teeth is
called backlash. In cases where backlash must be minimized, a smooth, toothless ratchet
with a high friction surface such as rubber is sometimes used. The pawl bears against the
surface at an angle so that any backward motion will cause the pawl to jam against the
surface and thus prevent any further backward motion. Since the backward travel
distance is primarily a function of the compressibility of the high friction surface, this
mechanism can result in significantly reduced backlash.

2.3 Pneumatic Cylinder

Pneumatic cylinder(s) (sometimes known as air cylinders) are mechanical devices which
use the power of compressed gas to produce a force in a reciprocating linear motion.

Like hydraulic cylinders, something forces a piston to move in the desired direction. The
piston is a disc or cylinder, and the piston rod transfers the force it develops to the object
to be moved.[1] :85 Engineers sometimes prefer to use pneumatics because they are quieter,
cleaner, and do not require large amounts of space for fluid storage.

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Because the operating fluid is a gas, leakage from a pneumatic cylinder will not drip out
and contaminate the surroundings, making pneumatics more desirable where cleanliness
is a requirement. For example, in the mechanical puppets of the Disney Tiki Room,
pneumatics are used to prevent fluid from dripping onto people below the puppets.

Fig. 2.3 pneumatic cylinder

Compressibility of gasses

One major issue engineers come across working with pneumatic cylinders has to do with
the compressibility of a gas. Many studies have been completed on how the precision of a
pneumatic cylinder can be affected as the load acting on the cylinder tries to further
compress the gas used. Under a vertical load, a case where the cylinder takes on the full

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load, the precision of the cylinder is affected the most. A study at the National Cheng
Kung University in Taiwan, concluded that the accuracy is about , which is still within a
satisfactory range but shows that the compressibility of air has an effect on the system.[2]

Single-acting cylinders

Single-acting cylinders (SAC) use the pressure imparted by compressed air to create a
driving force in one direction (usually out), and a spring to return to the "home" position.
More often than not, this type of cylinder has limited extension due to the space the
compressed spring takes up. Another downside to SACs is that part of the force produced
by the cylinder is lost as it tries to push against the spring.

The force of air to move in both extend and retract strokes. They have two ports to allow
air in, one for outstroke and one for in stroke. Stroke length for this design is not limited,
however, the piston rod is more vulnerable to buckling and bending. Additional
calculations should be performed as well.

2.4 Pressure Gauge

Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure and display pressure in an integral unit are called pressure
gauges or vacuum gauges. A manometer is a good example as it uses a column of liquid
to both measure and indicate pressure. Likewise the widely used Bourdon gauge is a
mechanical device which both measures and indicates, and is probably the best known
type of gauge.

A vacuum gauge is an absolute pressure gauge used to measure the pressures lower than
the ambient atmospheric pressure.

Other methods of pressure measurement involve sensors which can transmit the pressure
reading to a remote indicator or control system

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 Fig 2.4 Pressure gauge

Everyday pressure measurements, such as for vehicle tire pressure, are usually made
relative to ambient air pressure. In other cases measurements are made relative to a
vacuum or to some other specific reference. When distinguishing between these zero
references, the following terms are used:

Absolute pressure is zero-referenced against a perfect vacuum, using an absolute scale,

so it is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure.

Gauge pressure is zero-referenced against ambient air pressure, so it is equal to absolute

pressure minus atmospheric pressure. Negative signs are usually omitted. To distinguish a
negative pressure, the value may be appended with the word "vacuum" or the gauge may
be labeled a "vacuum gauge." These are further divided into two subcategories: high and
low vacuum (and sometimes ultra high vacuum). The applicable pressure ranges of many
of the techniques used to measure vacuums have an overlap. Hence, by combining
several different types of gauge .

2.5 Ball Valve

A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting
ball to control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and
closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle. The handle lies flat in

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alignment with the flow when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for
easy visual confirmation of the valve's status.

Ball valves are durable, performing well after many cycles, and reliable, closing securely
even after long periods of disuse. These qualities make them an excellent choice for
shutoff and control applications, where they are often preferred to gates and globe valves,
but they lack their fine control in throttling applications.

The ball valve's ease of operation, repair, and versatility lend it to extensive industrial
use,depending on design and materials used. Sizes typically range from 0.2 to 48 inches
(0.5 cm to 121 cm). Valve bodies are made of metal, plastic, or metal with a ceramic;
floating balls are often chrome plated for durability. One disadvantage of a ball valve is
that they trap water in the center cavity while in the closed position. In the event of a
freeze, the sides can crack due to expansion of ice forming. Some means of insulation or
heat tape in this situation will usually prevent damage.Another option for cold climates is
the "freeze tolerant ball valve". This style of ball valve incorporates a freeze plug in the
side so in the event of a freeze up, the freeze plug ruptures, (acts as a sacrificial disk),
thus making for an easy repair. Now instead of replacing the whole valve, just screw in a
new freeze plug.

In the case that a ball valve is used for cryogenics or product that may expand inside of
the ball, there is a vent drilled into the upstream side of the valve. This is referred to as a
vented ball. Safety is the number one concern when engineers specify a vented ball.

A ball valve should not be confused with a "ball-check valve", a type of check valve that
uses a solid ball to prevent undesired backflow.

Other types of quarter-turn valves include the butterfly valve and plug valve and freeze
proof ball valve.

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 fig 2.5 ball valves

2.6 Compressed Air storage Tank

Compressed air storage tank there capacity is 145.50 psi. air tank is a way to store
energy generated at one time for use at another time using compressed air. At utility
scale, energy generated during periods of low energy demand (off-peak) can be released
to meet higher demand (peak load) periods. Small scale systems have long been used in
such applications as propulsion of mine locomotives. Large scale applications must
conserve the heat energy associated with compressing air; dissipating heat lowers the
energy efficiency of the storage system.

Storage

The storage system of a CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) is one of the most
interesting characteristics of this technology, and it is strictly related to its economic
feasibility, energy density and flexibility. There are a few categories of air storage vessels,
based on the thermodynamic conditions of the storage, and on the technology chosen:

1. Constant Volume Storage (Solution mined caverns, aboveground vessels, aquifers,

automotive applications, etc.)

2. Constant Pressure Storage (Underwater pressure vessels, Hybrid Pumped Hydro -

Compressed Air Storage)

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Constant Volume Storage

This storage system uses a chamber with rigid boundaries to store large amounts of air.
This means from a thermodynamic point of view, that this system is a Constant Volume
and Variable Pressure system. This causes some operational problems to the compressors
and turbines operating on them, so the pressure variations have to be kept below a certain
limit, as do the stresses induced on the storage vessels.

The storage vessel is often an underground cavern created by solution mining (salt is
dissolved in water for extraction)or by utilizing an abandoned mine; use of porous rock
formations(rocks which have holes through which liquid or air can pass) such as those in
which reservoirs of natural gas are found has also been studied.

In some cases also an above ground pipeline was tested as a storage system, giving some
good results. Obviously the cost of the system is higher, but it can be placed wherever the
designer chooses, while an underground system needs some particular geologic
formations (salt domes, aquifers, depleted gas mines..etc.)

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 Fig 2.6 air storage tank

2.7 Pipe

Choosing the right type and size compressed air pipe from the beginning is very
important, as it can save you lots of headaches in the future. Which compressed air pipe
is right for you? That depends on a few things.First, the air flow through your system.
Look at the specifications of your compressor, it should tell you the capacity (in
liters/minute for example).Second, it depends how far away your compressor is located
from your equipment. If its just a few meters, you can use smaller pipes compared to
when its a hundred meters.Third, any other special requirements. For example, if there is
oil in your air, you cant use some types of plastic piping. On the other hand..if your air is
oil-free, you can get rust-problems with steel piping.

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If you cant decide between two sizes of pipe, always choose the bigger one. Yes, it will
be more expensive. But you will have less pressure drop and less future problems,
saving you money in the long run.The topic of pipe-sizing and pressure drop is covered
in detail on our compressed-air-pipe-sizing page.
Plastic compressed air pipe
The big advantage of plastic pipes is that it is so easy to process. You dont need any
special tools, or know how to weld, to install the piping.
Many plastic pipes are part of a system. That is, you can buy matching bends, valves,
quick-connects etc. Its just a matter of plug-and-play. Usually you dont even need glue,
just cut the pipe and plug it in the quick-connect couplings.

Fig 2.7 pipe

2.8 AIR PUMP

An air pump is a device for pushing air. Examples include a bicycle pump, pumps that
are used to aerate an aquarium or a pond via an airstone; a gas compressor used to power
a pneumatic tool, air horn or pipe organ; a bellows used to encourage a fire; a vacuum
cleanerand a vacuum pump.

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Pumps and compressors use very similar mechanisms, and basically perform the same
action, but in different fluid regimes. At some point there is a crossover point in
terminology, but here are some stereotypes

Compressors operate on compressible fluids, typically gases. Pumps operate on fluids,

typically liquids, approximated as incompressible. Compressors are intended to develop
a very high pressure rise against a closed system; pumps are designed to develop
relatively little pressure against a free-flowing system with minimal backpressure.
Pumps are often used in continuous-flow operation, while many lower-end compressors
must have intermittent duty cycles. Compressors usually have a feedback sensor to shut
off when they reach a desired pressure; pumps have a fixed design and operate freely
across their performance curve as conditions changing .In 1649, Otto von
Guericke invented the spool vacuum air pump. This pump was called air pump in 19th
century lexicons. The first effective air pump constructed in England for scientific
purposes was made in 1658 by Robert Hooke for Robert Boyle.

Fig 2.8 air pump

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2.9 Control Valves

control valves(3/2)carry pressure ( 0.16-0.8)mpa are one of the most fundamental parts
in hydraulic machinery as well as pneumatic machinery. They allow fluid flow into
different paths from one or more sources. They usually consist of a spool inside a
cylinder which is mechanically or electrically controlled. The movement of the spool
restricts or permits the flow, thus it controls the fluid flow.

The spool (sliding type) consists of lands and grooves .The lands block oil flow through
the valve body. The grooves allow oil or gas to flow around the spool and through the
valve body. There are two fundamental positions of directional control valve
namely normal position where valve returns on removal of actuating force and other
is working positionwhich is position of a valve when actuating force is applied. There is
another class of valves with 3 or more position that can be spring centered with
2 working position and a normal position.They are generally specified using the
number of ports and the number of switching positions. It can be represented in general
form as where is the number of ports connected to the direction control valve and the
number of switching positions.

In addition, the method of actuation and the return method can also be specified. A
hypothetical valve could be specified as 3-way, 2-position direction control valve or 3/2
DCV since there are four ports and three switching positions for the valve. In this
example, one port is called the pressure port which is connected to the pump; one port is
the tank port and is connected to the tank (or reservoir); and the two remaining ports are
called working ports and are connected to the actuator. Apart from characteristics of
valve the fluid suitable for valve,working temperature and viscosity also thought upon
before selecting a particular type of valve.

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 fig

fig 2.9 control valves

2.10 ELASTIC

A rubber elastic , also known as elastic, is usually straight shaped and commonly used
to hold multiple objects together. The rubber was patented in England on March 17,
1845 by (such as Aztecs and Mayans) were using natural rubber products by 1600 B.C.;
they mixed latex with other materials to get desired properties. In 1839, Charles
Goodyear developed vulcanization which is used to make rubber today.Most rubber
bands are manufactured out of natural rubber. Rubber bands come in a variety of
sizes.Manufacturing

Rubber bands are made by extruding the rubber into a long tube to provide its general
shape, putting the tubes on mandrels, curing the rubber with heat, and then slicing it
across the width of the tube into little bands. Thus causes the tube to split into multiple
sections, creating a rubber band.

Material

While other rubber products may use synthetic rubber, most rubber bands are primarily
manufactured using natural rubber because of its superior elasticity.

Natural rubber originates from the latex of the rubber tree, which is acquired by tapping
into the bark layers of the rubber tree. Rubber trees belong to the spurge family
(Euphorbiaceae) and live in warm, tropical areas. Once the latex has been "tapped" and is
exposed to the air, it begins to harden and become elastic, or "rubbery". Rubber trees only

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survive in hot, humid climates near the equator and so the majority of latex is produced in
the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia,

Fig 2.10 elastic

Advantages

Air hybrid cycle is works pollution free

Easy to use
Easy to maintain
We can ride the cycle with less effort

Disadvantages

Even though the designed stracture has a lot of advantages ,it has cirtainlimitation.

1. The cycle cannot move backword because two ratchet are used
2. It can not carry weight more than 80 kg

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19
 CHAPTER-3

PROJECT WORK

3.1 WORKING OF AIR HYBRIDCYCLE

3.1.1 Basic principle:

Air at 10 bar pressure is used as a fuel. When this air is allowed to expand at atmospheric
conditions its volume is increased many times this energy produced is used to pneumatic
cylinder of air hybrid cycle.

3.1.2About working cycle:

The secret of the working of Air hybrid cycle is simply to - decompress the air in stages
and in so doing efficiently release energy at each point in the chain.This process is
repeated as many times as possible to extract the maximum energy efficiency from the
compressed air. This system is free from pollution because there is no any use of fuel in
this system .in this system only compressed air is used as in the form of fuel . Air storage
tank store air in it by compressor in this system for opening and closing of air tank ball
valves is used . ball valves is connected to 3/2 control valves by 16 mm dia of pipe and
control valves is connected wuth pneumatic cylinder .

When the ball valve is open then the air start flow through the pipe from air tank in to
control valves . when the push button valves is pushes down then the system which are
arrange internally in control valves becomes open and air goes to pneumatic cylinder by
another pipe ,and pneumatic cylinder goes forward and the ratchet of left side of cycle
start work and when the push button valves push up then the motion of pneumatic
cylinder comes in to back ward due to internally closed of valves the air becomes exhaust
. due to continues push up and down of push button valve the motion of the pneumatic
cylinder becomes continuous and hence it gives continuous running condition of cycle ..

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 CHAPTER-4

COST ANALYSIS

Sno. Item Units Cost per unit Total cost

1. Cycle 1 2500 2500

2. Air tank 1 700 700
3. Air tank 1 100 100
4. Pneumatic cylinder 1 1200 1200
5. 3/2 Control valve 1 1200 1200
6. Pipe 16 mm 1 300 300
7. Pipe 8 mm 1 200 200
8. Elastic 1 `60 60
9. Ball valve 1 230 230
10. Pressure gauge 1 450 450
Total 7040

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 CHAPTER-5

SPECIFICATION

1. Cycle = 20 inch
2. Dia of pipe (1) =16 mm
3. Length of pipe = 130 cm
4. Dia of pipe (2) =8 mm
5. Length of pipe (2) = 120 cm
6. Capacity of air tank (1) = 10 bar
7. Dia of ratchet (1) = 75mm
8. Dia of ratchet (2) =75 mm
9. Elastic
10. Pneumatic cylinder = 40*160
11. Dia of 3/2 Control valves = 10 mm
12. Dia of ball valve = inch

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 CHAPTER-6

RESULT OF PROJECT

After successfully test run we have achived our design requirement as expected. While
riding in normal condition of bicycle it has to be seen that without any obstacle wheels
are running in continuous and it gives work output.

When the air is storage at 4 bar in air hybrid cycle it can run 1.5 km/7 minute .it can carry
load of 65 kg

Main advantage of this project is when the load is reduce the speed of cycle is increse
and when the load is increase speed of cycle becomes slightly reduce

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 PROJECT PHOTO

Fig 6.1 Side view of project

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Fig 6.2 front view of project

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 CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

It can be conclude that the air hybrid cycle is work properly. And can be use for carry
load without any obstacle .

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 REFERENCES

http://www.aircycle.com/
https://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi6-
Mzji6XQAhUGqo8KHXmQDu4QFgg3MAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircycle.co.nz
%2Fimprove-circulation%2F&usg=AFQjCNEyHNVcxEeadVsxTp4QpSb2vQi8fg
https://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi6-
Mzji6XQAhUGqo8KHXmQDu4QFggpMAE&url=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.aircycle.co.nz%2F&usg=AFQjCNFINmOC7ISKQYud5AQYql-_xMNgcA

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