Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4 JAN2003 (R2008)
Heating, Ventilating and Cooling Greenhouses
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T ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of
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engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents
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needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural eld equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil
and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering,
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ANSI/ASAE EP406.4 JAN2003 (R2008)
Revision approved February 2003; reaffirmed February 2008 as an American National Standard
Developed by the Greenhouse Engineering Practices Subcommittee of inside and outside the greenhouse. Infiltration rate is generally expressed
the ASAE Environment of Plant Structures Committee; approved by the in terms of internal air volume changes per unit of time (e.g., air
ASAE Structures and Environment Division Standards Committee; exchanges per hour).
adopted by ASAE April 1981; reconfirmed December 1985, December 3.9 fan ventilation: Air exchange through side wall and/or roof
1986, December 1987, December 1988; revised April 1990, February openings, which occurs when fans are used to move air into, and
1995; approved as an American National Standard October 1995; exhaust air out of, the greenhouse. Fans may be located either at the
revised December 1997; revision approved by ANSI March 1998; revised inlet end (positive pressure) or the exhaust end (negative pressure);
January 2003; revision approved by ANSI February 2003; reaffirmed by however, the most common location is at the exhaust end.
ASABE and ANSI February 2008.
3.10 natural ventilation: Air exchange which occurs in response to
Keywords: Coding, Greenhouses, Heating, Ventilation temperature and pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse.
These variations are created and maintained by solar energy, internal
heat sources, and/or wind.
1 Purpose and scope 3.11 ridge and furrow: A type of greenhouse construction where
This Engineering Practice presents design information for heating, modular units are connected at the gutters to cover large ground areas;
ventilating and cooling greenhouses. Generally accepted methods of also called gutter-connected greenhouses.
heating, ventilating and cooling are presented and the important design 3.12 ventilation: The process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse
features of typical systems are indicated. with outside air to control temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide
levels.
2 Normative references 3.12.1 ventilation rate: The volume of air exchanged per unit of time
per unit floor area. Ventilation rate is often expressed as m3/(sm2)
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in
this text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, (cfm/ft2) of greenhouse floor area.
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision,
and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the 4 Principles of heating and heat loss determination
standards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of
4.1 Most undesirable heat loss from a greenhouse occurs by long-wave
currently valid standards.
radiation, conduction and convection ( q rc ) and by infiltration ( q i ).
ANSI/AMCA 210-99, Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Heating requirements are determined by calculating the sum of q rc and
Aerodynamic Rating q i based upon the guidelines in 4.6 and 4.7.
ANSI/ASAE S493 NOV98, Guarding for Agricultural Equipment
ASAE D271.2 DEC99, Psychrometric Data 4.2 The heat loss by radiation, conduction and convection, q rc , (W or
ASAE EP460 DEC01, Commercial Greenhouse Design and Layout Btu/h) can be determined by:
3 General definitions
q rc UA c t i t o (1)
3.1 air circulation: The process of moving or mixing air within a
greenhouse to control temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide
distribution.
3.2 aspirate: To circulate air continuously across or through an object, where:
such as a temperature sensor.
3.3 cooling: Generally, the removal of heat from the interior of the
greenhouse; however, the term may also be applied to the conversion U is overall heat transfer coefficient (table 1), W/(m2 C)
from sensible to latent energy, as in evaporative cooling (see 3.4).
(BTU/[hft2 F]);
3.4 evaporative cooling: The addition of moisture to air (usually
Ac is area of the cover, m2 (ft2);
ventilation air) to reduce its dry bulb temperature. Sensible energy is
converted to latent energy with negligible change in the enthalpy of the ti is greenhouse air temperature, C (F);
air. to is outside air temperature, C (F).
3.5 glazing: The transparent or translucent covering of a greenhouse; 4.3 Greenhouse heat loss by infiltration, q i , (W or Btu/h) can be
e.g., glass, plastic film, rigid plastic panels, etc. estimated by considering that the total exchange will be the sum of the
3.6 heating: The addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from sensible and latent energy exchanges:
any energy source, including the sun.
3.7 horizontal air circulation: A system utilizing fans to generate a
horizontal air circulation pattern above and through the plant canopy.
q i i NV c p i t i t o h fg W i W o (2)
3.8 infiltration: Uncontrolled air exchange which occurs through small,
uncontrolled openings in the greenhouse covering, such as gaps around
doorways, utility service entrances and between cover sections. These
exchanges are driven by wind pressure and/or temperature differentials where:
acceptable temperatures within the greenhouse. Its suitability as a
primary means of cooling must be judged based on local environmental Q v A f c p ex
conditions, type of crop grown and the design of the greenhouse. 1 E IA f UA c t i t o t ex t inlet (4)
v ex
6.2 Natural ventilation may be used to advantage in moderately warm
climates or in hot, arid climates, depending upon the availability and where:
dependability of the wind. Crops capable of high rates of transpiration
should be chosen to maximize evapotranspiration cooling. E is evapotranspiration coefficient, dimensionless;
6.3 Naturally ventilated greenhouses are typically provided with vent is solar transmissivity of cover, dimensionless;
openings on both sides of the ridge and on both sidewalls. Vent I is solar radiation, W/m2 (Btu/[hft2]) of floor area;
operation should be such that the leeward vents are opened to produce Af is floor area, m2 (ft2);
a vacuum at the top of the ridge. Opening of the windward vents
produces a positive pressure in the house which is typically less efficient v ex is specific volume of air leaving greenhouse,
than vacuum operation. m3/kgair (ft3/lbair);
6.4 Pressure gradients are typically small so that large vent openings Qv is ventilation rate, m3/(sm2) (ft3/[minft2]) of floor area;
are necessary to provide adequate ventilation. The combined sidewall c p ex is specific heat of air leaving greenhouse, J/(kgC)
vent area should equal the combined ridge vent area, and each should
be at least 15 to 20% of the floor area. (Btu/[lbF]);
6.5 Ridge vents should be top-hinged and should run continuously the t ex is temperature of exhaust air leaving greenhouse,
full length of the greenhouse. The vents should form a 60 deg angle with C (F);
the roof when fully open. t inlet is temperature of air entering greenhouse, C (F).
6.6 Open roof designs may eliminate the need for side or end wall roof 7.1.5 The terms U , A c , t i , and t o in equation 4 are the same as in
vents when more than 50% of the roof area is open. equation 1. The inside air temperature, t i , can be taken to be the
6.7 Any natural ventilation system should have the means to open average of the inlet and outlet temperatures, or ( t ex t inlet) /2. The
partially or fully in response to inside temperature, with automatic control overall heat transfer coefficient, U , may be obtained from table 1. The
of such systems highly recommended. Incremental opening and closing specific volume, v ex , and specific heat, c p ex, of the air leaving the
should also be possible.
greenhouse may be determined from the psychrometric relationships
6.8 Automatic vent systems should be equipped with rain and wind presented in ASAE D271.2. If evaporative pads are used, inlet air
sensors to permit closing during periods when crop or ventilator damage temperature, t inlet , should be that just inside the pads (see 7.2.1),
might occur. otherwise it is simply t o . Outside dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures for
a given location can be estimated using the procedures outlined in the
ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.
7 Fan ventilating and cooling systems
7.1.6 Solar transmissivity, , can be estimated from the
7.1 Basic considerations photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance values published
7.1.1 The emphasis of this section is on the design and specification of in ASAE EP460 or, alternatively, 0.88 can be assumed for single layer
covers or 0.79 for double layer covers with little error. Direct normal temperature, t inlet , were chosen to be typical of the upper southeastern
incidence values of will approximate summertime conditions over most U.S. The curves plotted with heavy lines are intended to be
of the U.S.; values at other times of the year, and for other locations, representative of cooling without evaporative pads for a moderately full
should be adjusted downward according to the expected solar incidence greenhouse approximately 3 times as much leaf area as floor area while
angles at midday. It should be noted that approximating the net solar those with thin lines are typical of cooling with evaporative pads for the
radiation entering the greenhouse by I neglects the energy reflected out same conditions.
of the house by the structure. A more correct analysis would include an 7.1.10 Exhaust fans should be sized to deliver the required flow rate at
appropriate correction factor; however, little information exists to suggest
0.015 kPa (0.060 in. H2O) static pressure when all guards and louvers
how such a factor should depend upon the various types of structures
are in place, unless specific design criteria require delivery at higher
available. Observations suggest that the net solar gain can be as little as
static pressures; e.g., insect screens or evaporative pads (see 7.2.2).
50% of that incident on a horizontal surface outside for older
greenhouses with numerous structural and heating members positioned 7.1.11 Fans should be spaced no more than 7.6 m (25 ft) apart along the
overhead. However, until better information is developed, designers walls or ends of the greenhouse. When possible, fans should be located
should be aware that equation 4 will likely over-predict ventilation on the leeward sides or ends. If the fans must be located on the
requirements. windward sides, ventilation capacity should be increased by at least 10%.
Summertime prevailing wind directions can be estimated from climatic
7.1.7 Solar radiation, I , can be estimated from tables presented in the data tabulated in the ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals.
ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals. For a given latitude, the radiation
(identified as solar intensity in ASHRAE) on a horizontal surface at solar 7.1.12 A distance of 4 to 5 fan diameters should be maintained between
noon on July 21, corrected for atmospheric clearness, will provide a the fan discharge and any nearby obstructions. Fans may be mounted in
reasonable compromise between the generally higher solar levels during the roof if obstructions interfere with other mountings; however, the
June and the generally hotter temperatures during August. following trade-offs should be considered before selecting this option. In
cold climates, roof mounted fans increase infiltration rates because of air
7.1.8 The evapotranspiration coefficient, E , in equation 4 may vary leakage through the louvers, and the possibility exists that the fans will
between 0.0 and 1.0, depending upon the type, amount, age, health, become inoperable due to sealing of the louvers through frozen
and/or stress level of the crop, the humidity ratio of the ventilation air at condensate and/or precipitation. Roof mounted fans also generally
the inlet, and the amount of moisture available for evaporation from increase the chances of the fans will become inoperable due to sealing
non-plant sources within the house. Very young plants without fully of the louvers through frozen condensate and/or precipitation.
established root systems, stressed plants, very old, or diseased plants, precipitation leakage and shading.
plants that exhibit low daytime transpiration rates (e.g., most succulents),
7.1.13 In order to reduce friction losses, the fan louvers should be
and high inlet humidity ratios will all tend to decrease E . Evaporative pad
installed upstream of the fans (i.e., on the inside of the fan-louver
cooling reduced E by increasing inlet humidity ratio. Water evaporated
system). The louvers should open freely and completely when the fans
within the house from wet floors, free standing water, and/or fog cooling
are turned on, but should close tightly when the fans are turned off to
must be accounted for by increasing E . Decreasing the humidity ratio of
prevent unwanted air exchange.
the inlet air will increase E. For a healthy, stress-free mature plant
canopy cooled with very low humidity inlet air, E can exceed 1.0, 7.1.14 Air inlet louvers or shutters should open outward. They should be
resulting in a decrease in air temperature from inlet to exhaust. motorized and wired to open during fan operation. Louver area should be
at least 1.25 to 1.50 times the area of the fan, unless additional criteria
7.1.9 Figure 1 illustrates air temperature rise, t ex t inlet , as a function (see 7.2) require otherwise.
of ventilation rate, Q v , and transpiration coefficient, E , as determined by
equation 4. Solar energy, I , outside temperature, t o , and inlet