A Mini Project Report

on

VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT USING 555

TIMER
Submitted in partial Fulfilment of the Requirement

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL & ELCTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted By

G. PAVAN,
B15EE132L.
Under the guidance of

Mr. B. MOHAN SIR,

Asst. Professor, Dept. of EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Warangal
(An Autonomous Institute under Kakatiya University, Warangal)
Warangal 506015, Telangana, INDIA
2016-2017
 KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE WARANGAL-15

(An Autonomous Institute under Kakatiya University, Warangal)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of the Mini project work entitled
VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT USING 555 TIMER carried out by G. PAVAN,
Roll.No.B15EE132L, student of B.Tech., Electrical & Electronics Engineering , as part of
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of B. Tech. Degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering for the Academic Year 2016-2017.

B. MOHAN, Prof.V.RAMAIAH
Asst. Prof., Dept. of EEE Professor and Head
Project Guide Dept. of EEE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take the opportunity to acknowledge with heart full thanks and deep sense of
gratitude towards our beloved principal Dr. P. VENKATESHWAR RAO who
extended his cooperation by giving this opportunity in completing the project work.

I express my thanks to Prof. V.RAMAIAH, Head of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering section, KITS, Warangal for his encouraging support in caring out this
project.

I feel thankful to Dr.B.VIJAYKUMAR, project co-ordinator & Assistant

professor in Electrical and Electronics Engineering section, for his insistences of good
technical assistance which helped us to develop a successful project.

I take privilege to feel sense of gratitude and my sincere thanks towards our
project Guide Mr B. MOHAN, Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE for his/her
immense guidance and continue support in nurturing the project and to become
successful project.

I hereby express my sincere regards to all the teaching staff, parents and friends
who extended their helping hand in the accomplished of the project.

Yours sincerely,

G. PAVAN,

B15EE132L,
 DECLRATION

I declare that this dissertation entitled VOLTAGE DOUBLER CIRCUIT USING 555
TIMER is original and bonafide work of my own and is submitted in partial fulfilment for
the award of the degree of B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering department of
Kakatiya Institute Of Technology & Science, Warangal and has not been copied from any
earlier or other reports. The conclusion and results in this report are based on my own work.

G. PAVAN,
B15EE132L,
EEE-1,III YEAR.
 CONTENTS

Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Circuit diagram
3. Components
4. 555 Timer
5. Capacitors
5.1. Types of capacitors
6. Diodes
6.1. Rectification Diode(1N4007)
7. Working
8. Applications
9. Advantages
10.Disadvantages

Conclusion
References

ABSTRACT
GENERALLY, CONVENTIONAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM PROVIDES 230V AC
SUPPLY WHICH IS BEING USED FOR MULTIPLE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
LOADS. BUT, A FEW LOADS OR ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT LIKE CATHODE RAY
TUBES, X-RAY SYSTEMS, ION PUMPS, LASER SYSTEMS, TRAVELLING WAVE TUBE,
AND SO ON REQUIRES A HIGH RATING POWER SUPPLY FOR THEIR OPERATION.
THUS, THE AVAILABLE VOLTAGE HAS TO BE MULTIPLIED USING THE VOLTAGE
MULTIPLIERS. VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER IS AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT COMPRISING OF
DIODES AND CAPACITORS THAT CAN BE USED FOR MULTIPLYING OR INCREASING
THE VOLTAGE AND CONVERT AC TO DC BY MULTIPLYING VOLTAGE AND
RECTIFYING CURRENT. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VOLTAGE MULTIPLIERS
SUCH AS VOLTAGE DOUBLER, VOLTAGE TRIPLER, AND VOLTAGE QUADUPLER.
PRIMARILY, WE ARE GOING TO DISCUSS ABOUT VOLTAGE DOUBLER USING 555
TIMER.

THE VOLTAGE DOUBLER USING 555 TIMER IS A SIMPLE DC VOLTAGE MULTIPLIER

THAT UTILIZES CAPACITORS , DIODES, AND IC 555 TIMER IN ASTABLE MODE.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Generally, conventional power supply system provides 230V AC supply which

is being used for multiple electrical and electronics loads. But, a few loads or
electronics equipment like cathode ray tubes, X-ray systems, Ion pumps,
electrostatic system, laser systems, travelling wave tube, and so on requires a
high rating power supply for their operation. Thus, the available voltage has to
me multiplied using the voltage multipliers. Voltage multiplier is an electrical
circuit comprising of diodes and capacitors that can be used for multiplying or
increasing the voltage and convert AC to DC by multiplying voltage and
rectifying current. There are different types of voltage multipliers such as
voltage doubler, voltage Tripler, and voltage quadrupler. Primarily, we are going
to discuss about voltage doubler circuit diagram and voltage doubler working.

What is a Voltage Doubler? An electronic voltage multiplier circuit that doubles

the voltage by using the charging and the discharging principle of capacitors is
called as a voltage doubler. It consists of major electronics components such as
capacitors and diodes. The simple voltage doubler circuit consists of two
capacitors and two diodes connected as shown in the figure. The voltage
doubler circuit can be a simple rectifier which takes an input AC voltage and
generates an output DC voltage that is approximately twice the input AC
voltage. Even though there are DC to DC voltage doublers, but in these types of
voltage doubler circuits driving circuit is required for switching control. There
are different types of voltage doubler circuits such as a simple voltage doubler
as shown above, voltage doubler using 555 timer, voltage doubler rectifiers like
Villard circuit, Greinacher circuit, etc.

2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 3. COMPONENETS

555 timer IC

Diodes -2 (1N4007)

Resistors- 10k, 33k

Capaciotors- 22uf (2), 0.01uF (2)

Resisters

3-12v Power supply source

 4. 555 TIMER

The IC 555 has three operating modes:

Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger the 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS
pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-free latched
switches.

Monostable mode in this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot" pulse

generator. Applications include timers, missing pulse detection, bounce-free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider, capacitance measurement, pulse-
width modulation (PWM) and so on.

Astable (free-running) mode the 555 can operate as an electronic oscillator.

Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can
be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length (e.g.,
selecting a thermistor as timing resistor allows the use of the 555 in a
temperature sensor and The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a
variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be
used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element.
Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in
1971 by American company Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use due to
its low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in
the original bipolar and also in low- power CMOS types.

5. DIODES

A device having two terminals and has a low resistance to electrical current in one
direction and a high resistance in the other direction. Diode is a two-element device
which passes a signal in one direction only. They are used most commonly to convert
AC to DC, because they pass the positive part of the wave, and block the negative part
of the AC signal, or, if they are reversed, they pass only the negative part and not the
positive part.

5.1 Rectification DIODE (1n4007)

The stripe stamped on one end of the diode shows indicates the
polarity of the diode. The stripe shows the cathode side. The top two
devices shown in the picture are diodes used for rectification. They
are made to handle relatively high currents. The device on top can handle as high as
6A, and the one below it can safely handle up to 1A.However, it is best used at about
70% of its rating because this current value is a maximum rating. The third device
from the top (red color) has a part number of 1S1588. This diode is used for
switching, because it can switch on and off at very high speed. However, the
maximum current it can handle is 120 mA. This makes it well suited to use within
digital circuits. The maximum reverse voltage (reverse bias) this diode can handle is
30V.

The device at the bottom of the picture is a voltage regulation diode with a rating of
6V. When this type of diode is reverse biased, it will resist changes in voltage. If the
input voltage is increased, the output voltage will not change. (Or any change will be
an insignificant amount.) While the output voltage does not increase with an increase
in input voltage, the output current will.

This requires some thought for a protection circuit so that too much current does not
flow. The rated current limit for the device is 30 mA. Generally, a 3-terminal voltage
regulator is used for the stabilization of a power supply. Therefore, this diode is
typically used to protect the circuit from momentary voltage spikes. 3 terminal
regulators use voltage regulation diodes inside.

5.2 Features

Low forward voltage drop.

Diffused Junction

High Current Capability

ROHS Compliant

RESISTANCE

There is always some resistance in every circuit.

A circuit is always made up of some wire, so there will be some resistance

there.

Even the battery has parts that offer resistance to the flow of electrons.

The only circuits that come near to zero resistance are superconductors.
 This resistance that is from the parts of the circuit itself (especially the battery)
is called internal resistance.

This internal resistance is usually drawn into a circuit diagram (schematic) as

shown in Figure 1.

Notice the squiggly line just before the positive terminal of the battery? Thats
to show the internal resistance of the circuit.

That symbol, drawn any other place in the

circuit, represents an actual resistor placed
in the circuit.

A resistor is a device found in circuits that

has a certain amount of resistance. Why
would you ever want to add resistance to a
circuit by using a resistor?

The most common reason is that we need to be able to adjust the current
flowing through a particular part of the circuit.

If voltage is constant, then we can change the resistor to change the current.
I=V R If V is constant and we change R, I will be different.

25000 (notice there are three zeros), or even 2.5 x 102 .

 CAPACITORS

The function of capacitors is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The

capacitor also functions as filter, passing AC, and blocking DC. The capacitor is
constructed with two electrode plates separated by insulator. They are also used
in timing circuits because it takes time for a capacitor to fill with charge. They
can be used to smooth varying DC supplies by acting as reservoir of charge.

The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor

also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct
current (DC). This symbol ( )is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit
diagram. The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each
other but separated by an insulator.

When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each

electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will
stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged.

Commercial capacitors are generally classified according to the dielectric.

The most used are mica, paper, electrolytic and ceramic capacitors.
Electrolytic capacitors use a molecular thin oxide film as the dielectric
resulting in large capacitance values. There is no required polarity, since
either side can be the most positive plate, except for electrolytic capacitors.
These are marked to indicate which side must be positive to maintain the
internal electrolytic action that produces the dielectric required to form the
capacitance. It should be noted that the polarity of the charging source
determines the polarity of the changing source determines the polarity of the
capacitor voltage
 4.1 Types of Capacitors

There are various types of capacitors available in the market. Some of them are
as follows:

Mica Capacitor

Paper Capacitor

Ceramic Capacitor

Variable Capacitor

Electrolytic Capacitor

Tantalum Capacitor

Film Capacitor

Here we used only two types of capacitor i.e. ceramic capacitor & electrolytic
capacitor.

6. WORKING
 We can divide the circuit into two parts, first part consist the 555 time
IC in Astable mode, to generate the square wave and second part
consist 2 diodes and 2 capacitors to double the output voltage.

We have configured 555 Timer IC in Astable multivibrator mode to

generate the square wave of approx. 2KHz, this frequency is decided
by the resistor R1, R2 and capacitor C1. Below is he formulae for the
same:
F = 1.44 / (R1+2*R2) * C1
When the output at PIN 3 of 555 IC is low, Diode D1 get forward biased
and capacitor C3 get charged through the D1. Capacitor C3 get
charged up to the same voltage at the source, in our case 5v.

Now when output at PIN 3 goes high, D1 get reverse biased and blocks
the discharging of the capacitor C3, and at the same time D2 is forward
biased and allow the capacitor C4 to charge. Now the capacitor C4
charges with the combined voltage of Capacitor C3 and the input
source voltage, means 5v of capacitor C3 and 5v of input supply, so it
charges up to 10v (twice the voltage of input source). But in practical we
get output voltage less than the twice of input voltage, like in our case
we get approx. 8.76v instead of 10v.
 7. APPLICATIONS:
Cathode ray tubes.
X- Ray systems.
Lasser systems.
Computer applications.

8. ADVANTAGES
Construction is simple.
Less cost & size.
It doubles input voltage.

9. DISADVANTAGES

However this circuit is very useful to generate higher voltage from a

low power source, but this can only deliver up to 50mA current. So it
should only be used for low current driven applications.

Also the output voltage may be unstable, so a voltage regulator

(IC78XX) of proper rating can be used regulation and smooth output.
But voltage regulator IC itself consume some current, and reduce
the deliverable current (must not exceed 70mA).

CONCLUSION

The 555 timer output voltage is made to pass through the voltage doubler for
producing double output voltage. But, for maintaining good regulation and to
avoid output voltage from falling below the estimated level, we must restrict
the load to less than 5mA. Thus, by eliminating the high current drawing
loads we can avoid the poor voltage regulation. By adding more number of
multiplier stages, we can obtain an output voltage that is equal to three to ten
times the input voltage.

REFFERENCES

1. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/voltage-doubler-circuit-diagram
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_doubler#CITEREFKindFeser2001
3. http://www.electroschematics.com/648/555-voltage-doubler/