1) What is OFDM?

Ans: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a broadband multicarrier

modulation method that offers superior performance and benefits over older, more traditional
single-carrier modulation methods because it is a better fit with todays high-speed data
requirements and operation in the UHF and microwave spectrum.
2) 2) How does OFDM work?
Ans: OFDM is based on the concept of frequency-division multiplexing (FDD), the method of
transmitting multiple data streams over a common broadband medium. That medium could be
radio spectrum, coax cable, twisted pair, or fiber-optic cable. Each data stream is modulated
onto multiple adjacent carriers within the bandwidth of the medium, and all are transmitted
simultaneously. A good example of such a system is cable TV, which transmits many parallel
channels of video and audio over a single fiber-optic cable and coax cable.

3) 3) Why has there been all the interest in OFDM in the past few years?

Ans: OFDM has been adopted as the modulation method of choice for practically all the new

wireless technologies being used and developed today. It is perhaps the most spectrally

efficient method discovered so far, and it mitigates the severe problem of multipath

propagation that causes massive data errors and loss of signal in the microwave and UHF

spectrum.

4) 4) Name some of the wireless technologies that use OFDM?

Ans: The list is long and impressive. First, it is used for digital radio broadcasting. It is used in

TV broadcasting.You will also find it in wireless local-area networks (LANs) like Wi-Fi. The

wideband wireless metro-area network (MAN) technology WiMAX uses OFDM. And, the almost

completed 4G cellular technology standard Long-Term Evolution (LTE) uses OFDM. The high-

speed short-range technology known as Ultra-Wideband (UWB) uses an OFDM standard set by

the WiMedia Alliance. OFDM is also used in wired communications like power-line networking

technology. One of the first successful and most widespread uses of OFDM was in data

modems connected to telephone lines. ADSL and VDSL used for Internet access use a form of

OFDM known as discrete multi-tone (DMT). And, there are other less well known examples in

the military and satellite worlds.

5) 5) How is OFDM implemented in the real world?

Ans: OFDM is accomplished with digital signal processing (DSP). We can program the IFFT and

FFT math functions on any fast PC, but it is usually done with a DSP IC or an appropriately

programmed FPGA or some hardwired digital logic. With todays super-fast chips, even

complex math routines like FFT are relatively easy to implement. In brief, we can put it all on

a single chip.
6) 6) What are the benefits of using OFDM?

Ans: The first reason is spectral efficiency, also called bandwidth efficiency. What that term

really means is that you can transmit more data faster in a given bandwidth in the presence of

noise. The measure of spectral efficiency is bits per second per Hertz, or bps/Hz. For a given

chunk of spectrum space, different modulation methods will give you widely varying maximum

data rates for a given bit error rate (BER) and noise level. Simple digital modulation methods

like amplitude shift keying (ASK) and frequency shift keying (FSK) are only fair but simple.

BPSK and QPSK are much better. QAM is very good but more subject to noise and low signal

levels. Code division multiple access (CDMA) methods are even better. But none is better than

OFDM when it comes to getting the maximum data capacity out of a given channel. It comes

close to the so called Shannon limit that defines channel capacity C in bits per second (bps) as

C = B * log2(1 + S/N)Here, B is the bandwidth of the channel in hertz, and S/N is the power

signal-to-noise ratio. With spectrum scarce or just plain expensive, spectral efficiency has

become the holy grail in wireless.

7) 7) What else makes OFDM so good?

Ans: OFDM is highly resistant to the multipath problem in high-frequency wireless. Very short-

wavelength signals normally travel in a straight line (line of sight, or LOS) from the transmit

antenna to the receive antenna. Yet trees, buildings, cars, planes, hills, water towers, and

even people will reflect some of the radiated signal. These reflections are copies of the original

signal that also go to the receive antenna. If the time delays of the reflections are in the same

range as the bit or symbol periods of the data signal, then the reflected signals will add to the

direct signal and create cancellations or other anomalies. The result is what we usually call

Raleigh fading.

8) 8) What are the downsides to OFDM?

Ans: Like anything else, OFDM is not perfect. It is very complex, making it more expensive to

implement. However, modern semiconductor technology makes it pretty easy. OFDM is also

sensitive to carrier frequency variations. To overcome this problem, OFDM systems transmit

pilot carriers along with the subcarriers for synchronization at the receiver. Another

disadvantage is that an OFDM signal has a high peak to average power ratio. As a result, the

complex OFDM signal requires linear amplification. That means greater inefficiency in the RF

power amplifiers and more power consumption.

 9) 9) What is OFMDA?

Ans: The A stands for access. It means that OFDM is not only a great modulation method, it

also can provide multiple access to a common bandwidth or channel to multiple users. You are

probably familiar with multiple access methods like frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and

time division multiplexing (TDM). CDMA, the widely used cellular technology, digitally codes

each digital signal to be transmitted and then transmits them all in the same spectrum.

Because of their random nature, they just appear as low-level noise to one another. The digital

coding lets the receiver sort the individual signal out later. OFDMA permits multiple users to

share a common bandwidth with essentially the same benefits.

10) Is there anything better than OFDM?

Ans: Not right now. What makes OFDM even better is MIMO, the multiple-input multiple-

output antenna technology.

1. What is the need for cyclic prefix in OFDM systems

There should a guard time for every OFDM symbol to remove the inter block
interference. However if we fill up this extra guard samples with a cyclic prefix,
we can equalize at the receiver with less complexity.

2. What is the minimum length of cyclic prefix in OFDM systems

There should a guard time for every OFDM symbol to remove the inter block
interference. However if we fill up this extra guard samples with a cyclic prefix,
we can equalize at the receiver with less complexity.

3. What is the maximum length of an OFDM symbol

OFDM symbol depends on the number of subcarriers. In general it is better to
increase this value. However, it can be increased to an extent where the
OFDM symbol duration is less than coherence time. Else, the channel
response will tend to change in the ofdm symbol itself. This contradicts the
aim to divide the data symbols to N streams so that each stream experiences
flat fading.

4. What is the condition for deciding the number of subcarriers in

OFDM systems
OFDM symbol depends on the number of subcarriers. In general it is better to
increase this value. However, it can be increased to an extent where the
OFDM symbol duration is less than coherence time. Else, the channel
response will tend to change in the ofdm symbol itself. This contradicts the
aim to divide the data symbols to N streams so that each stream experiences
flat fading.

7. What is the relationship between BER of BPSK and QPSK. Why

BPSK and QPSK has the same BER. This comes from the fact that QPSK can
be assumed to be a combination of two BPSK constellations each orthogonal
to each other. Hence, there is no effect of one BPSK constellation on another.

9. What is the relation between baseband bandwidth and passband

bandwidth
passband bandwidth is twice that of baseband bandwidth.

13. Is OFDM a modulation

No. OFDM is a multiplexing scheme. It is not the modulation.

15. If we have BPSK and BFSK with same average transmit power,
which modulation has low BER
BPSK. Let us denote that the coordinates of BPSK constellation points be
(a,0) and (-a, 0) and BFSK constellation points be (a,0) and (0,a). This shows
that the distance between the constellation points of BPSK is more than that
of BFSK. Hence, BER is low for BPSK.

25. Explain the concept of frequency resuse. Give few more ways of
improving capacity
Instead of using a single high power transmitter, we can use multiple low
power

29. What is delay spread and coherence bandwidth. How are they
related
1) If the channel is realized to be a filter of L taps, cyclic prefix should be at
least L-1 length.

2) Question-1: Explain basic block diagram of wireless system. Explain the

function of scrambler or randomizer.
Answer-1: As we know wireless system consists of two main parts viz.
transmitter and receiver. scrambler removes long stream of 1's and 0's.
This will help distribute energy over larger bandwidth rather than it
concentrated around narrow BW.
Refer Wireless System Overview and Scrambler and descrambler.
3) Question-2: Explain the function of forward error correction module in a
digital communication system.
Answer-2: The module FEC helps in correcting the errors at the receiver
using the redundant bytes transmitted along with the original information
bytes. This module helps in eliminating re-transmission of information
bytes. In FEC, transmit end will have convolution encoder and receiver end
will have viterbi decoder.
Refer Forward Error Correction Basics.
4) Question-3. What is Bit Error Rate and how it is calculated?
Answer-3: Bit error rate (BER) is used to measure performance of the
wireless or wired system in channel or impairment environment. BER is the
ratio of received erroneous bits to the total number of bits transmitted.
Refer BER basics
5) Question-4. What is the difference between analog and digital
modulation? Explain QPSK modulation scheme.
Answer-4: Analog modulation will have baseband information in analog
form and digital modulation will have baseband information in digital form.
QPSK stands for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. It is the modulation
technique which transmits 2 bits per carrier. It is the most robust digital
 modulation technique after BPSK modulation.
Refer following useful links on analog vs digital modulation types:
Analog vs Digital Modulation
AM vs FM vs PM
ASK vs FSK vs PSK
QPSK modulation
6)

7) Question-5. What is delay spread? How it can be tackled in communication

chain?
Answer-5: Delay spread is the time delay signal incurs while travelling from
transmitter to the receiver. Delay spread results into ISI (Inter Symbol
Interference). The concept of cyclic prefix is used to tackle ISI and delay
spread.
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Thursday, September 6, 2012

EC2401 Wireless Communication 2 Marks Question

Bank
EC2401 - WIRELESS COMMUNICATION QUESTION BANK

UNIT I

1. Write some examples for wireless communication system.

Cordless phones, handheld walkie-talkies, pagers, mobiles, remote controllers

For home entertainment.

2. What is base station?

A fixed station in mobile radio system used for radio communication with

mobiles. It has transmitter and receiver section. It is located at the centre of

coverage area.

3. What is MSC?

Mobile switching centre coordinates the routing of calls in large service area. It
connects

the base station and mobiles to PSTN. It is also called as MTSO(Mobile telephone
switching office.

4. What do you mean by forward and reverse channel?

Forward channel is a radio channel used for transmission of information from
base

station to mobile.

Reverse channel is a radio channel used for transmission from mobile to base
station.

5. What is the function of control channel? What are the types?

Control channel is used for transmission of call setup, call request, call initiation
&

Control.

Types are forward control channel, reverse control channel.

6. Define cell

Each cellular base station is allocated to a group of radio channels to be used

within a small geographic area called as cell.

7. What is foot print?

Actual radio coverage of a cell is called as footprint. It is determined from the

field measurements or propagation prediction models.

8. What is channel assignment ? what are the types?

For efficient utilization of radio spectrum a frequency reuse scheme with

increasing capacity and minimizing interference is required. For this channel

assignment

is used
Types : Fixed channel assignment, dynamic channel assignment.

9. What is fixed channel assignment?

If the channels in each cell is allocated to the users within the cell, it will be

called as fixed channel assignment. If all channels are occupied, the call

Will be blocked.

10. What is dynamic channel assignment?

If the voice channels are not allocated permanently in a cell, it will be called as

dynamic channel assignment. In this assignment, channels are dynamically

allocated to users by the MSC.

11. What is hand off?

When a mobile moves into a different cell while conversation in progress,

the MSC automatically transfers the call from one cell to other cell without any
interference.This is called as hand off.

12. Define dwell time.

The time over which the call may be maintained within a cell without handoff is

called as dwell time. This time is governed by factors such as propagation,

interference,

distance between subscribers and base station.

13. What is soft handoff?

In CDMA system, MSC selects received signals from a variety of base stations
with

the help of software. This is called as soft handoff.

14. What is co channel interference?

The interference between the signals from co channel cells is called as co cannel

interference.

15. Define co-channel reuse ratio.

It is define as the ratio between the distance between the centers of nearest co
channel

cells to the radius of the cell. Q = D/R

16. Define adjacent channel interference.

Interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the

desired signal

is called adjacent channel interference.

17. Define Grade of service.

It is defined as the measure of the ability of a user to access a trunked system

during the busiest hour.

18. What is blocked call clear system(BCC)?

In a system, a user is blocked without access by a system when no channels are

available in the system. The call blocked by the system is cleared and the user
should try

again .This is called BCC system.

19. What is blocked call delay system?

If a channel is not available immediately, the call request may be delayed until a

channel becomes available.

20. Define cell splitting.

Cell splitting is the process of subdividing congested cells into smaller cells each

with its own base stations and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and
transmitter power. It increases the capacity of cellular system.

21. What is sectoring?

Sectoring s a technique for decreasing co-channel interference and thus

increasing the

system performance by using directional antennas.

UNIT II

22. What is propagation model?

Propagation models that predict the mean signal strength for an arbitrary
transmitter

receiver separation distance are useful in estimating the radio coverage area of
a transmitter.

23. Define large scale propagation model?

The propagation models that characterize the signal strength over large T-R
separation

distances (several hundreds or thousands of meters.

24. What is small scale model?

The propagation models that characterize the rapid fluctuations of the received
signal

strength over very short travel distances (a few wavelengths) or short time
duration.

25. What is free space propagation model?.

The free space propagation model is used to predict received signal strength,
when

unobstructed line-of-sight path between transmitter & receiver.

26. Define EIRP.

EIRP of a transmitting system in a given direction as the transmitter power that

would be

needed, with an isotropic radiator, to produce the same power density in the
given direction EIRP=PtGt

Where Pt-transmitted power in w

Gt-transmitting antenna gain

27.Explain path loss?

The path loss is defined as the difference(in dB) between the effective
transmitted power
& the received power, &may or may not include the effect of the antenna gains.

28.What is intrinsic impedance& Brewster angle?

It is defined by the ratio of electric to magnetic field for a uniform plane wave in
the

particular medium. The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs
in the origin.

29. What is scattering?

When a radio wave impinges on a rough surface , the reflected energy is spread
out in all

directions due to scattering.

30. Define radar cross section?

Radar Cross Section of a scattering object is defined as the ratio of the power
density of

the signal scattered in the direction of the receiver to the power density of the
radio wave

incident upon the scattering object & has units of squares meters

31. Name some of the outdoor propagation models?

some of the commonly used outdoor propagation models are

1.Longely-Rice model

2.Durkins model

3.Okumura model.
32. What is the function of outdoor propagation models?

The outdoor propagation models aim to predict signal strength at a particular

receiving

point or in a specific local area.

33. Define indoor propagation models?

The indoor propagation models are used to characterizing radio propagation

inside the

buildings.

34. Mention some indoor propagation models?

Some indoor propagation models are

1.Long distance path loss model

2.Ericession multiple break point model

3.Attenuation factor model.

35. Explain small scale fading?

Small scale fading is used to describe the rapid fluctuations of the amplitudes,
phases, or

multipath delays of a radio signal over a short period of time or travel distance.

36. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?

Factors influencing small scale fading are

1.Speed of surrounding objects

2.Multipath propagation

3.Speed of the mobile

4.Transmission bandwidth of the signal.

37.Define Doppler shift?

The shift in received signal frequency due to motion is called the Doppler shift.

38. What flat fading?

If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain & linear phase response over a
bandwidth

which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the received
signal will undergo flat fading.

39. What is frequency selective fading?

If the channel possesses a constant gain & linear phase response over a
bandwidth that is

smaller than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal , then the channel creates
frequency

selective fading on the received signal.

40. Define fast fading channel?

The channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration. This
type of a

channel is called fast fading channel.

41. Define slow fading channel?

The channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower than the
transmitted

baseband signal. This type of a channel is called slow fading channel.

UNIT-III
42 Write the advantages of MSK over QPSK.

1. In QPSK the phase changes by 90degree or 180 degree .This creates abrupt
amplitude

variations in the waveform, Therefore bandwidth requirement of QPSK is more

filters of other

methods overcome these problems , but they have other side effects.

2.MSK overcomes those problems. In MSK the output waveform is continuous in

phase

hence there are no abrupt changes in amplitude.

43.Define M-ary transmission system?

In digital modulations instead of transmitting one bit at a time, two or more bits
are

transmitted simultaneously. This is called M-ary transmission.

44.What is quadrature modulation?

Sometimes two or more quadrature carriers are used for modulation. It is called
quadrature modulation.
45.What is QAM?

At high bit rates a combination of ASK and PSK is employed in order to minimize
the errors in the received data. This method is known as Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation.

46.Define QPSK?

QPSK is a multilevel modulation in which four phase shifts are used for
representing four

different symbols.

47. What is linear modulation?

In linear modulation technique the amplitude of the transmitted signal varies

linearly with

the modulating digital signal.

In general, linear modulation does not have a constant envelope.

48. Define non linear modulation?

In the non linear modulation the amplitude of the carrier is constant, regardless
of the

variation in the modulating signals.

Non-linear modulations may have either linear or constant envelopes depending

on

whether or not the baseband waveform is pulse shaped.

49. What is the need of Gaussian filter?

Gaussian filter is used before the modulator to reduce the transmitted

bandwidth of the
signal. It uses less bandwidth than conventional FSK.

50. Mention some merits of MSK

Constant envelope

Spectral efficiency

Good BER performance

Self-synchronizing capability

MSK is a spectrally efficient modulation scheme and is particularly attractive for

use in

mobile radio communication systems.

51. Give some examples of linear modulation?

Pulse shaped QPSK

OQPSK

52.What are the techniques used to improve the received signal quality?

Equalization , Diversity , Channel coding

53.What is the need of equalization?

Equalization can be used to compensate the Inter Symbol Interference created

by

multipath within time dispersion channel.

54.What is diversity?

Diversity is used to compensate for fading channel impairments and is usually

implemented by using two or more receiving antennas.

Diversity improves transmission performance by making use of more than one

independently faded version of the transmitted signal.

55.Define spatial diversity?

The most common diversity technique is spatial diversity, whereby multiple

antennas

are strategically spaced and connected to a common receiving system. While

one antenna sees a signal null, one of the other antenna may sees a signal
peak, and the receiver is able to select the antenna with the best signals at any
time.

56.Define STCM.

Channel coding can also be combined with diversity a technique called Space-
Time

Coded Modulation. The space-time coding is a bandwidth and power efficient

method for

wireless communication.

57.Define adaptive equalization?

To combine Inter Symbol Interference, the equalizer coefficients should change

according to the channel status so as to break channel variations. Such an

equalizer is called an adaptive equalizer since it adapts to the channel
variations.

58.Define training mode in an adaptive equalizer?

First , a known fixed length training sequence is sent by the transmitter then the
receivers equalizers may adapt to a proper setting of minimum bit error
detection where the training sequence is a pseudo random binary signal or a
fixed and prescribed bit pattern.

59.What is tracking mode in an adaptive equalizer?

Immediately following this training sequence the user data is sent and the
adaptive

equalizer at the receiver utilizes a recursive algorithm to evaluate the channel

and estimate filter coefficients to compensate for the distortion created by
multipath in the channel.

60.Write a short note on linear equalizers and non linear equalizers?

Linear equalizers: If the output d(t) is not used in the feedback path to adapt the

equalizer. his type of equalizers is called linear equalizer.

Nonlinear equalizers: If the output d(t) is fed back to change the subsequent
outputs

of the equalizers is called non linear equalizers.

61.Why non linear equalizers are preferred?

The linear equalizers are very effective in equalizing channels where ISI is not
severe.

The severity of the ISI is directly related to the spectral characteristics. In this
case that there are spectral noise in the transfer function of the effective
channel, the additive noise at the receiver input will be dramatically enhanced
by the linear equalizer. To overcome this problem non linear equalizers are used.

62.What are the nonlinear equalization methods used?

Decision feedback equalization

Maximum likelihood symbol detection

Maximum likelihood sequence estimation

63.What are the factors used in adaptive algorithms?

Rate of convergence

Mis adjustments

computational complexity

64.Define MSE in equalizers

The mean square error is a error between the desired equalizer output and the
actual

equalizer output.LMS equalizers are used to minimize to MSE.

65.Write the advantages of LMS algorithm.

The LMS equalizer maximizes the signal to distortion at its output

within the constraints of the equalizer filter length.

Low computational complexity

simple program

66.What are the advantages of RLS algorithm.

1.Fast convergence.

2.Good tracking ability. If smaller value of weighting coefficient The equalizer

has better
tracking ability.

67.Define diversity concept?

If one radio path undergoes a deep fade, another independent path may have a
strong

signal. By having more than one path to select from, both the instantaneous and
average SNRs at the receiver may be improved often by as much as 20dB to
30dB.

UNIT-IV
68. What are the two types of linear predictive coders?

i) Multipulse excited Linear predictive coder

ii)Stochastic or code excited linear predictive coder

69. What is the criterion for the selection of speech coders for mobile
communication?

Because of the limited bandwidth, it is required to compress speech to maximize

the

number of users on the system. Other criterion includes end-to-end encoding

delay, the

algorithmic complexity of the coder, dc power requirements, compatibility,

robustness.

70.What is multiple access?

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile users to share
simultaneously a
finite amount of radio spectrum. It is required to achieve high capacity by
simultaneously

allocating the bandwidth to mulitple users.

71.What is frequency division duplexing?

It is duplexing done using frequency techniques.FDD provides two distinct bands

of

frequencies for every user. The forward band provides traffic from th base
station to the mobile, and the reverse band provides traffic from the mobile to
the base station.

72.What are the multiple access techniques?

i)Frequency division multiple access

ii)Time division multiple access

iii)Code division multiple access

73.What is a wide band system?

In wideband system, the transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much

larger than

the coherence bandwidth of the channel. Thus multipath fading does not greatly
vary the

received signal power within a wideband channel.

74. What are the nonlinear effects in FDMA?

In FDMA, many channels share the same antenna at the base station. The power
amplifiers are nonlinear which causes signal spreading in the frequency domain
and generate inter modulation frequencies. It is undesirable and can result in
interference.

75.What is time division multiple access?

Time division multiple access systems divide the radio spectrum into time slots
and in

each slot only one user is allowed to either transmit or receive.

76.What is fast and slow frequency hopping?

If the rate of change of the carrier frequency is greater than the symbol rate,
then the

system is referred to as fast frequency hopping. If the rate of change of the

carrier frequency is lesser than the symbol rate, then the system is referred to
as slow frequency hopping.

77.Define capacity of cellular systems

It can be defined as the maximum number of channels or users that can be

provided in a

fixed frequency band.

78.Define forward channel interference

For a particular subscriber unti, the desired base station will provide the desired
forward

channel while the surrounding co-channel base stations will provide the forward
channel

interference.
79.Define adaptive channel allocation

Adaptive channel allocation in TDMA eliminates system planning since it is not

required

to plan frequencies for cells.

80.What are vocoders?

Vocoders are speech coders that are used for signal compression. Vocoders are
based on

priori knowledge about the signal to be coded, and hence are signal specific.

81.What is narrow band system?

In narrow band multiple access system, the variable radio spectrum is divided
into a large

number of narrowband channels. The channels are operated using FDD.

82.Define SDMA

Space division multiple access controls the radiated energy for each user in
space. It

serves different users by using spot beam antennas.

83.State some of the features of CDMA

* Users of CDMA share the same frequency.

* CDMA has soft capacity limit.

* Multipath fading may be substantially reduced

* Channel data rates are very high

84.Define efficiency of TDMA

The efficiency of a TDMA is a measure of the percentage of transmitted data

that

contains information as opposed to providing overhead for the access scheme.

85.What are the features of TDMA?

* TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users, where each user
makes use

of non overlapping time slots.

* Data transmission occurs in bursts.

*Handoff process is much simpler

*Duplexers are not required, since transmission and reception occurs at different
time

slots.

86.What is time divison multiplexing?

TDD uses time instead of frequency to provide both a forward and reverse link.
Multiple

users share a single radio channel by taking turns in the time domain.

87.What are the features of FDMA?

* FDMA channel carries only one phone circuit at a time

* The bandwidth of FDMA channels are relatively narrow as each channel

supports only
one circuit per carrier.

88.Why the second generation was developed?

The second generation systems have been developed to provide higher quality
signals,

higher data rate for support of digital services and greater capacity.

89.What are second generation are available?

i)Global System Mobile (GSM) in Europe

ii)Interim standard

iii)Pacific Digital Cellular

iv)Interim standard-95

90.Write advantages 2G over 1G.

i)Natural integration with the evolving digital wireless network

ii)Higher data rate

iii) Flexibility for capacity expansion

91.What are service offered by GSM?

i) Telephone services

ii) Bearer or Data services

iii) Supplementary services

92.What is the function of NSS in GSM?

The NSS managing the switching function of the systems and allows the MSCs

to communicate with other networks such as PSTN and ISDN.

93.Define Abis Interface.

The interface which connects a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) to a Base Station

Controller (BSC) is called the Abis Interface.

94.Define A Interface.

The interface between a BSC and a MSC is called the A interface , which is
standardized

within GSM

95.What is the function of VLR?

The VLR is a database which temporarily stores the IMSI and customer
information for

each roaming subscriber who is visiting the coverage area of a particular MSC.

96.What are the basic channels available in GSM?

i)Traffic Channels (TCHs)

ii)Control Channels (CCHs)

97.Define the bursts.

Data is transmitted small portions called bursts.

98.Write types of TCH channels of GSM?

i)Full-rate TCH

ii)Half-rate TCH

99.What is the need guard period(space)?

The guard period is used to avoid overlapping with other bursts due to different
path

delays and to give the transmitter time to turn on and off.

100.Why Dummy burst is used?

Dummy burst is used as filter information for unused time slots on the forward
link.

101.Define burst formatting in GSM.

Burst formatting adds binary data to the ciphered blocks, in order to help

synchronization and equalization of the received signal.

102.What is the need of pilot channel?

The pilot channel is intended to provide a reference signal for all MSS within a
cell

provides the phase reference for coherent demodulation.

103.What are the supervisory signals are used AMPS?

The supervisory signals are the supervisory audio tone(SAT) and signaling
tone(ST).

104.What are the advantages of N-AMPS over AMPS?

N-AMPS provided three uses in a 30kHz AMPS by using FDMA and 10kHz channel
and

provided three times the capacity of AMPS.

105.Define Piconet.

The simplest Bluetooth networks called piconet can have from two to eight
nodes.

Piconet is a collection of Bluetooth devices which are synchronized to the same

hopping

sequence.

106.What is Bluetooth?

Bluetooth is an open specification for the short range wireless voice and data

communication thats was originally developed for cable replacement in

personal area

networking to operate all over the world.

107.What is Scatternet?

One Bluetooth devices can operate simultaneously on two piconet acting as a

bridge
between the two. A conglomeration of two or more piconet is called a scatter
net.

Posted by Dharanya at 3:25 AM

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Labels: EC2401 Wireless Communication 2 Marks Question Bank

13 comments:

1.

lakshmi prabhaNovember 6, 2012 at 10:09 PM

what is doppler effect??

define coherent bandwidth??
these are some imp 2 marks..do answee..

Reply

2.

AnonymousNovember 17, 2012 at 1:10 AM

DOPPLER EFFECT
The relative changes in frequency can be explained as follows. When the source
of the waves is moving toward the observer, each successive wave crest is
emitted from a position closer to the observer than the previous wave.

Reply

3.

AnonymousNovember 17, 2012 at 1:27 AM

COHERENCE TIME
For an electromagnetic wave, the coherence time is the time over which a
propagating wave (especially a laser or maser beam) may be considered
coherent. In other words, it is the time interval within which its phase is, on
average, predictable.

Reply

4.

AnonymousNovember 17, 2012 at 1:31 AM

 COHERENCE BANDWIDTH
An maximum bandwidth or frequency interval over which two frequencies of a
signal are likely to experience comparable or correlated amplitude fading.

Reply

5.

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9.

AnonymousAugust 18, 2013 at 4:13 AM

this is of great use.....

Reply

10.

Harish kumarSeptember 22, 2013 at 7:54 AM

can you say..

Why diversity is needed in signal processing in wireless systems..??

Reply

11.

Harish kumarSeptember 22, 2013 at 8:57 AM

Why we go for 3-G?

Reply

12.

Salland StorageApril 22, 2014 at 3:15 AM

WOW! This is really an amazing and attractive post. I appreciate your posted
wonderful photos. Thanks for sharing such an interesting post.

Reply

13.

jerome figueroaFebruary 24, 2015 at 5:09 PM

Sometimes, the radio communication equipment systems create serious problem

of poor coverage due to large distance difference or blockades. PMR radio is a
solution for such situation to advance the range of a radio system. It is
 programmed to pass on one particular frequency and simultaneously take on
another. As two way radio systems support many applications, you need to pick
the perfect equipment that suits your budget and requirement after seeking
professional guidance.

Reply

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