Name: Mohammed Mahmoud Abdelnaiem

Noureldin

Section: 7

Report for: Dr. Atef Abdelazim

SUBJECT: Power Station

Report about: Project about Design of Power

Station

Department: 4th Mechanical Power

~1~
QUESTION ONE
A power station works at the critical state of pressure and temperature, has
an installed rated capacity of 1100 MW. The ambient temperature in the
boiler house is 31 C, air humidity is 0.0204 kg/kg dry air, velocity of wind
around the boiler =3 m/s and the ratio of bottom ash to fly ash =90:10.
Assume barometer reading is 760 mm of mercury. Percentage composition
of coal fuel input to the power station is taken as: C=88%, H2=4.3%,
N2=0.7%, O2=4%, S=1%, Ash=2%

Calculate
I. The gross calorific value of the fuel.
Solution

CVH= [4.18/100][8080 C% + 34500 (H%-O%/8)+ 2220S%]

= [4.18/100][8080*8 + 34500 (4.3-4/8)+ 2220*1]
= 35294.24kJ/kg
CVL = CVH mw*4.18*588.76
= 35294.24 (0.043x18/2)*4.18*588.76
= 34341.83 kJ/kg =GCV

II. The minimum air/fuel ratio.

~2~
 Minimum mass
of air= [2.66066x100/23] =11.57 kga/kgf
(A/f) min = 11.57 kga/kgf

III. If 25% excess air is supplied compute the percentage composition by

volume of the dry flue gases. Compute the gas constant of the flue
gases.

Solution
Product of combustion
CO2 0.243535 =23.4%
O2 0.050204 =5.02%
N2 0.241904 =24.19%
H2O 0.029209 =2.92%
SO2 0.001510 =0.151%

R g = 0.223637= 0.223637 kJ/kg.K

~3~
IV. If a chain stoker is used to burn this fuel having grate width 5 m find the
grate length. You may assume any reasonable with justification. Draw the
chain grate stoker used showing dimension calculated.

Solution
Consider the overall efficiency is being=33%=1/3
Thus = (1100MW/Qf) = 1/3
Qf = 3x1100MW =3300 MW= CVL x mf = 34341.83 x mf
mf = (3300x1000) / (34341.83) = 96.09272 kg/s = 345933.8073 kg/h

=345.934 t/h
Astoker= (mf x CVL)/HA = (345933.8073 x 34341.83) / (15x105x4.18) =
1894.737 m2
Lstoker = Astoker/W=1894.737 /5=378.95 m about 380 m

..

V. The steam produced from this boiler is used to run a Regenerative steam
power cycle. Assume cycle with suitable assumption for number of feed
water heaters. Calculate: performance on a) overall cycle efficiency, b)
specific steam and c) specific fuel consumption.

Solution
at Tcritical =374.14 oC, Pcritical =220.9 bar:

h1= 2138.2 kJ/kg, T1= 374.14 oC, P1 =220.9 bar

Assume the economizer temperature rise = 40 oC of range (30 to 50oC)

TfB= 374.14 40 = 334.14 oC
Pcondenser= 0.07 bar, T condenser=39.024 oC, hcondenser=163.32 kJ/kg
Temperature rise in the feed water heaters = 334.14 39.024
=295.116oC

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Number of feed water heaters = 295.116/50 = 5.90232 = 6
Temperature per FWH = 295.116/6 = 49.186 oC
hB=h1- 4.18 *TfB = 2138.2 4.18 * 334.14 = 741.4948 kJ/kg

Enthalpies:
h2'=1391.6 kJ/kg, x2'=0.51
h2 = h1-T(h1-h2') = 2138.2-0.80*(2138.2-1391.6)
= 1540.92 kJ/kg
Water temperatures:
T3 =39.024 oC =T4
T5 = 39.024+49.186 = 88.21oC
T f,pf=88.21+3=91.21oC

Pf=0.734bar
hh'= 1579.7kJ/kg
hh=2138.2-o.80*(2138.2-1579.7)= 1691.4kJ/kg
T6 = 88.21+49.186=127.234oC
Te,pf=127.234+3=130.234oC

Pe=2.72bar
he'=1699.9kJ/kg,
h e=2138.2-o.80*(2138.2-1699.9)= 1787.16kJ/kg
T7 = 127.234+49.186 =176.42oC
T d,pf=176.42+3=179.42oC

Pd=9.894bar
hd'=1829.2kJ/kg
T8=176.42+49.186=225.606oC
T c,pf=225.606o +3=228.606oC

P c=27.279bar,

~5~
h c'=1935.2kJ/kg
h c=2138.2-o.80*(2138.2-1935.2)= 1975.8kJ/kg
T9 = 225.606+ 49.186 = 274.792 oC
T b,pf=274.792 +3=277.792 oC

Pb=62.072bar,
hb'=2040.7kJ/kg
hb=2138.2-o.80*(2138.2-2040.7)= 2060 kg
T10 = 274.792+ 49.186 = 323.978oC
T b,pf=(274.792 +324)/2 oC= 299.396oC

Pa= 85.158 bars

ha= 2063.5 kJ/kg

Teconomizer = 323.978+ 50 = 374 oC

heconomizer= 374*4.18 = 1563.32kJ/kg

Heat Balance of FWHs:

Assume sixth FWH is open feed water heater
(1-ma)(Cp*T9) +ma ha=CpT10
ma= 4.18*49.186/(2063.5-4.18*274.792)= 0.224729

The fifth FWH Heat balance:

mb*(hb Cp*T9) = (1-ma)*Cp*(T9 T8)
mb=(1-ma)*Cp*(T9 T8)/ (hb CP*T9)
= (1-0.0545)*4.18*(49.186)/ (2060 4.18*274.792) = 0.174226
mc=(1-ma-mb)*CP*(T8 T7)/ (hc Cp*T8)
=(1-0.0479-0.21)*4.18*(49.186)/ (1975.8 4.18x225.606)
= 0.142677

Mass fraction:
ma=0.224729 , mb=0.174226 , mc=0.142677 , md=0.0761

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me=0.004914 , mh=0.054681

Wnet=h1-ha+(1-ma)(ha-hb)+(1-ma-mb)(hb-hc)+(1-ma-mb-mc)(hc-hd)+
(1-ma-mb-mc-md)(hd-he)+(1-ma-mb-mc-md-me)(he-hh)+
(1-ma-mb-mc-md-me -mh)(hh-h2) = 342.5379kJ/kg

ms =1100X1000/ (0.9x342.5379) = 3568.1372 kg/sec = 12845.294 t/h

Heat addition " qadd " = h1-h9=783.972kJ/kg
Thermal efficiency= wnet /qadd=342.5379/783.97= 0.436926=43%
SSC=3600/wnet = 10.51 kgs/kwh
SFC=3600/ (0.85x0.95x0.98x0.436926x35294.24) = 0.295 kg/kWh

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VI. Calculate: The boiler capacity in tons/hour, and the firing fuel rate in
tons/h, boiler feed water temperature in oC, and % CO2 in flue gases, %
CO in flue gases.

Solution
ms= 1100X1000/ (0.9x342.5379) = 3568.1372 kg/sec

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= 12845.294 t/h choice of water tube
mf= SFC *1100 =324.5 t/h < 345.934 t/h of stoker design.

C moles = 88/ (10012) = 0.073333

N2moles= (77*Air t h + %N2FUEL)/ (100*28) = 0.809

CO2th = (100* Cmoles)/ (N2moles+ Cmoles) = 0.149

Excess Air Supplied, %

EAS = (7900* (CO2th - %CO2thflue)) / (%CO2thflue * (100 CO2th))

=25%
.
VII. Show the method of firing this fuel and give description for it.
i) Hand firing.
ii) Semi mechanized firing
iii) Stoker firing.
VIII. Describe the types of draught and compute the height of the chimney to
get static draught of 22 mm of water if the mean flue gas temperature in
the chimney is measured as 190 oC

Solution
P= (air-gas) H=P[(1/RaTa)-(1/RgTg)]H
=1.013x105[(1/ (287x304)-1/(224x463)]
= w hw =1000x22x10-3=22
H=22/ {1.013x105[(1/(287x304)-1/(224x463)]}= 120.9127 m

IX. Compute: all losses in the boiler and its efficiency if the
surface area of the boiler of heat transfer equals 600 m2.

AAS = (1 (EAS/ 100) *Airth =1.25*11.52=14.4

L1 (100*14.38273* 0.23*(190-31))/ 34341.83 =1.531592

~9~
L2 ((100* 9(%H2fuel/100) {584+0.45(Tfuel - Tatm)})/ CV)*4.18

((100* 9(4.3/100) {584+0.45(190 - 31)})/ 34341.83)*4.18

=8.208255

L3 = ((M moisture *{584+0.45(Tf - Ta)})/ CV)*4.18 0

L4 ((100*14.4*0.0204* 0.45*(190 - 31))/ 34341.83)*4.18

=12.54

L5 = ((% [14.9*88]*5744)/ (% [14.9+88]34341.83))* 4.18

=8.908

L6 (%) = (100* 628.405* 600x3600)/ (116.724*(10^3)*34341.83)

=33.86175098

L7 =100*(Total Ash Collected/kg of Fuel Burnt * CV fuel )/CV)

= 0.058

L8 = (Total Ash Collected/kg of Fuel Burnt * CV bottom ash )/CV) *100

=5.24

Efficiency of the boiler = 100-20.5=79.5%

..
X. Find: the ratio of circulating water to steam flows if the
condenser pressure is 0.07bar and the cooling tower cools the

~ 10 ~
water to 25 o C. Design and draw the condenser & feed water
heaters: that would handle and drains water to the boiler.

Solution.

C2: Dimensionless correction factor for circulating

water inlet temperature:

~ 11 ~
C3: Dimensionless correction factor for tube material:

C4: Dimensionless cleanliness factor

C4 = 0.85 for clean tubes, less for algae covered or sludge
tubes
Design of the condenser & Heaters

~ 12 ~
~ 13 ~