BME373 Electronics 1 CW 1

Electronics I
Goal of the course is to continue to become

familiar with electronic circuitry
Electronic Design
Amplifiers
Analysis of Electronic Circuitry
Electronic Devices
To apply this knowledge to Biomedical
applications
But First Some Review
BME 372 Electronics I 2

J.Schesser
Circuit Analysis
Lesson #1

J.Schesser
Circuit Analysis
Circuit Elements
Passive Devices
Active Devices
Circuit Analysis Tools
Ohms Law
Kirchhoffs Law
Impedances
Mesh and Nodal Analysis
Superposition
Examples
J.Schesser
Characterize Circuit Elements
Passive Devices: dissipates or stores energy

Linear
Non-linear
Active Devices: Provider of energy or
supports power gain
Linear
Non-linear

J.Schesser
Circuit Elements Linear Passive Devices
Linear: supports a linear relationship between the

voltage across the device and the current through
it.
Resistor: supports a voltage and current which
are proportional, device dissipates heat, and is
governed by Ohms Law, units: resistance or
ohms
VR (t ) = I R(t)R where R is the value of the resistance associated with the resistor

J.Schesser
Capacitor: supports a current which is

proportional to its changing voltage, device
stores an electric field between its plates, and is
governed by Gauss Law, units: capacitance or
farads, f
dVC(t)
I C (t ) = C where C is the value of the capacitance associated with the capacitor
dt

J.Schesser
Inductor: supports a voltage which is

proportional to its changing current, device
stores a magnetic field through its coils and is
governed by Faradays Law, units: inductance
or henries, h
dI L(t)
VL (t ) = L where L is the value of the inductance associated with the inductor
dt

J.Schesser
Circuit Elements - Passive Devices Continued
Non-linear: supports a non-linear
relationship among the currents and
voltages associated with it
Diodes: supports current flowing through it in
only one direction

J.Schesser
Circuit Elements - Active Devices
Linear
Sources
Voltage Source: a device which supplies a voltage a
as a function of time at its terminals which is +
Vab(t)
--
independent of the current flowing through it, units:
Volts b
DC, AC, Pulse Trains, Square Waves, Triangular
Waves
a
Current Source: a device which supplies a current
Iab(t)
as a function of time out of its terminals which is
independent of the voltage across it, units: Amperes b
DC, AC, Pulse Trains, Square Waves, Triangular
Waves

J.Schesser
Continued
Ideal Sources vs Practical Sources
An ideal source is one which only depends on the
type of source (i.e., current or voltage)
A practical source is one where other circuit
a elements are associated with it (e.g., resistance,
Rs inductance, etc. )
A practical voltage source consists of an ideal voltage
Vab(t)
+ source connected in series with passive circuit elements
-- Vs(t) such as a resistor
b A practical current source consists of an ideal current
source connected in parallel with passive circuit elements
such as a resistor
a
Is(t) Rs Iab(t)
b
J.Schesser
Continued
Independent vs Dependent Sources
a An independent source is one where the output
+
Vab(t) voltage or current is not dependent on other voltages
--
or currents in the device
b
A dependent source is one where the output voltage
or current is a function of another voltage or current
in the device (e.g., a BJT transistor may be viewed
as having an output current source which is
dependent on the input current)
Rs ii Ro io
+ + +
vs vi Ri Avovi vo RL
- - -
J.Schesser
Continued
Non-Linear
Transistors: three or more terminal devices
where its output voltage and current
characteristics are a function on its input
voltage and/or current characteristics, several
types BJT, FETs, etc.

J.Schesser
Circuits
A circuit is a grouping of passive and active
elements
Elements may be connecting is series,
parallel or combinations of both

J.Schesser
Circuits Continued
Series Connection: Same current through the
devices
The resultant resistance of two or more Resistors
connected in series is the sum of the resistance
The resultant inductance of two or more Inductors
connected in series is the sum of the inductances
The resultant capacitance of two or more Capacitors
connected in series is the inverse of the sum of the
inverse capacitances
The resultant voltage of two or more Ideal Voltage
Sources connected in series is the sum of the voltages
Two of more Ideal Current sources can not be
connected in series
J.Schesser
Series Circuits
a R1 b R2 c
Resistors Vac = Vab + Vbc = IR1 + IR2
RT = R1+ R2
= I ( R1 + R2 ) = IRT
L1 L2
Inductors a b c
Vac = Vab + Vbc = L1 dI + L2 dI
LT = L1+ L2 dt dt
= ( L1 + L2 ) dI = LT dI
C1 C2 dt dt
a b c
Vac = Vab + Vbc = 1 Idt + 1 Idt
Capacitors C1C21
C1 C2
CT = = = ( 1 + 1 ) Idt = 1
1 + 1 C1 + C2 C1 C2 CT Idt
C1 C2
J.Schesser
Series Circuits
a 20 b 50 c
Resistors
RT = 20+ 50 = 70
Vac = Vab + Vbc = I 20 + I 50

= I (20 + 50) = I 70

J.Schesser
Series Circuits
a
25h b
100h c
Inductors
LT =25+ 100 = 125h
dI dI
Vac = Vab + Vbc = 25 + 100
dt dt
dI dI
= (25 + 100) = 125
dt dt

J.Schesser
Series Circuits
Capacitors a
5f
b
10f
c
1 5 10 50 10
CT = = = = = 3.33 f
1 1 5 + 10 15 3
+
5 10
1 1
5 10
Vac = Vab + Vbc = Idt + Idt
1 1 3
= ( + ) Idt = Idt
5 10 10

J.Schesser
Series Circuits
Capacitors a
10f
b
10f
c
1 10 10 100 10
CT = = = = =5f
1 1 10 + 10 20 2
+
10 10
1 1
Vac = Vab + Vbc = Idt + Idt
10 10
1 1 2 1
= ( + ) Idt = Idt = Idt
10 10 10 5

J.Schesser
Circuits Continued
Parallel Connection: Same Voltage across the
devices
The resultant resistance of two or more Resistors
connected in parallel is the inverse of the sum of the
inverse resistances
The resultant inductance of two or more Inductors
connected in parallel is the inverse of the sum of the
inverse inductances
The resultant capacitance of two or more Capacitors
connected in parallel is the sum of the capacitances
The resultant current of two or more Ideal Current
Sources connected in parallel is the sum of the currents
Two of more Ideal Voltage sources can not be
connected in parallel
J.Schesser
Parallel Circuits
a
Iab
1 RR I ab = I1 + I 2 = V + V
RT = = 1 2
Resistors 1 + 1 R1 + R2 I1 R1 I2 R2 R1 R2
R1 R2 = ( 1 + 1 )V = V
b
R1 R2 RT
Iab
a
LL I ab = I1 + I 2 = 1 Vdt + 1 Vdt
LT = 1 = 1 2 L1 L2
I1 L1 I L2
Inductors 1 + 1 L1 + L2
= ( 1 + 1 ) Vdt = 1 Vdt
2
L1 L2 b L1 L2 LT
Iab I ab = I1 + I 2 = C1 dV + C2 dV
a dt dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dV = CT dV
Capacitors CT = C1+ C2 I1 C1
I2
C2 dt dt
b
J.Schesser
Combining Circuit Elements
Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoff Voltage Law: The sum of the
voltages around a loop must equal zero
Kirchhoff Current Law: The sum of the
currents leaving (entering) a node must
equal zero

J.Schesser
Combining Rs, Ls and Cs
We can use KVL or KCL to write and solve

an equation associated with the circuit.
Example: a series Resistive Circuit
R1
V(t) = I(t)R1 + I(t)R2
V(t) = I(t)(R1 + R2) + I(t)
V(t) R2
--

J.Schesser
Combining Rs, Ls, and Cs
We can use KVL or KCL to write and solve

an equation associated with the circuit.
Example: a series Resistive Circuit
I1 I3
I1+I2+I3=0 + I 2
V(t) R1 R2
I2=-V(t)/R1; I3=-V(t)/R2; -
I1-V(t)/R1 -V(t)/R2 =0
I1=V(t)/R1 +V(t)/R2=V(t)[1/R1 +1/R2]

J.Schesser
Series Circuits
a 20 b 50 c
Resistors
+ 70V -
RT = 20+ 50 = 70
Vac = Vab + Vbc = I 20 + I 50

= I (20 + 50) = I 70 = 70V
I = 1A

J.Schesser
Combining Rs, Ls and Cs
Example: a series RLC circuit

R1 L1
dI (t ) 1
V (t ) = I (t ) R1 + L1 + I (t )dt + V(t)
I(t)
C1
dt C1 --
Or to simplify this analysis, we can concentrate

on special cases

J.Schesser
Impedances
Our special case, signals of the form: V(t) or I(t) =Aest
where s can be a real or complex number
dI (t ) 1 dI (t ) 1
V (t ) = I (t ) R1 + L1 + I (t )dt 10e5t = I (t )10 + 5 + I (t )dt
dt C1 dt .2
dAe5t
Let' s assume : 10e = Ae 10 + 5
5t 5t
+ 5 Ae 5t dt
dt
V (t ) = 10e 5t ; R1 = 10; L1 = 5h; C1 = .2 f
5e5t
Let' s try : 10e = A(e 10 + 5 5e +
5t 5t 5t
)
5
I (t ) = Ae 5t
= A(e 5t 36)
10 10
A = ; I (t ) = e5t
36 36
This is only one portion of the solution and does not

include the transient response.
J.Schesser
Impedances
Since the derivative [and integral] of Aest =

sAest [=(1/s)Aest], we can define the
impedance of a circuit element as Z(s)=V/I
where Z is only a function of s since the
time dependency drops out.

J.Schesser
Impedances
dI (t )
For an inductor, let' s assume I (t ) = Ae ; then V (t ) = L
st
= LsAe st ;
dt
V sLAe st
Z (s) = = st
= sL
I Ae
dV (t )
For a capacitor, let' s assume V (t ) = Ae st ; then I (t ) = C = CsAe st ;
dt
V Ae st 1
Z (s) = = =
I sCAe st sC
For a resistor, let' s assume I (t ) = Ae st ; then V (t ) = RI (t ) = RAe st ;

V RAe st
Z (s) = = st
=R
I Ae
J.Schesser
Impedances
What about signals of the type: cos(t+);
Recall Eulers formula e j = cos +j sin

where j is the imaginary number = 1
A special case of our special case is for

sinusoidal inputs, where s=j

J.Schesser
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers: What are they?

What is the solution to this equation?
ax2+bx+c=0
This is a second order equation whose
solution is:
x1, 2 = b b 4ac
2
2a

J.Schesser
What is the solution to?
1. x2+4x+3=0
x1, 2 = 4 4 2
4 3 = 4 16 12
2 2
= 4 4 = 4 2 = 1,3
2 2

J.Schesser
What is the solution to?
2. x2+4x+5=0
x1, 2 = 4 4 2
4 5 = 4 16 20
2 2
= 4 4 ?????
2

J.Schesser
What is the Square Root of a Negative
Number?
We define the square root of a negative
number as an imaginary number
We define
1 j for engineers (i for mathematic ans)
Then our solution becomes:
4 4 2 4 5 4 16 20
x1, 2 = =
2 2
4 4 4 j 4 4 j2
= = = = 2 + j1,2 j1
2 2 2
J.Schesser
The Complex Plane
z = x+jy is a complex number where:
x = Re{z} is the real part of z
y = Im{z} is the imaginary part of z
We can define the complex plane and we can
define 2 representations for a complex number:
z = x+jy
Im{z}
y (x,y)
x
Re{z}

J.Schesser
Rectangular Form
Rectangular (or cartesian) form of a complex
number is given as
z = x+jy
x = Re{z} is the real part of z
y = Im{z} is the imaginary part of z
z = x+jy
Im{z}
y (x,y)
x
Re{z}
Rectangular or Cartesian
J.Schesser
Polar Form
j
z = re = r is a complex number where:
r is the magnitude of z
is the angle or argument of z (arg z)
z = r e j
Im{z}
y (r,)
r

x
Re{z}
Polar

J.Schesser
Relationships between the Polar and Rectangular
Forms
z = x + jy = r e j

Relationship of Polar to the Rectangular Form:
x = Re{z} = r cos
y = Im{z} = r sin
Relationship of Rectangular to Polar Form:
y
r= x +y
2 2
and = arctan( )
x
J.Schesser
Addition of 2 complex numbers
When two complex numbers are added, it is best to use
the rectangular form.
The real part of the sum is the sum of the real parts and
imaginary part of the sum is the sum of the imaginary
parts.
y1 + y2 Im
Example: z3 = z1 + z2 z3

z1 = x1 + jy1 ; z 2 = x2 + jy2 y1
z1

z3 = z1 + z 2 = x1 + jy1 + x2 + jy2 z2
y2

= x1 + x2 + jy1 + jy2 x2
x1
Re
x1 + x2
= ( x1 + x2 ) + j ( y1 + y2BME
) 372 Electronics I
40
J.Schesser
Multiplication of 2 complex numbers
When two complex numbers are multiplied, it is best
to use the polar form:
Example: z3 = z1 x z2 z = re ; z = r e j( 1) j( 2 )
1 1 2 2
z3 = z1 z 2 = r1e j ( ) r2 e j ( )
1 2
= r1r2 e j ( ) e j ( ) = r1r2 e j ( + )
1 2 1 2
We multiply the magnitudes and add the phase angles

Im
3= 1 +2
r1

r2
2
r3 = r1 r2 1
Re
J.Schesser
Eulers Formula
e j = cos + j sin
Im{z}

1

Re{z}

We can use Eulers Formula to define complex
numbers
z = r e j = r cos + j r sin
=x+jy

J.Schesser
Complex Exponential Signals
A complex exponential signal is define as:
z (t ) = Ae j ( o t + )
Note that it is defined in polar form where

the magnitude of z(t) is |z(t)| = A
the angle (or argument, arg z(t) ) of z(t) = (ot + )
Where o is called the radian frequency and is the phase angle
(phase shift)

J.Schesser
Complex Exponential Signals
Note that by using Eulers formula, we can rewrite the
complex exponential signal in rectangular form as:
j (o t + )
z (t ) = Ae
= A cos(ot + ) + jA sin(ot + )
Therefore real part is the cosine signal and imaginary

part is a sine signal both of radial frequency o and
phase angle of

J.Schesser
Plotting the waveform of a complex exponential signal
For an complex signal, we plot the real part and the

imaginary part separately.
Example:
z(t) = 20e j(2(40)t-0.4) = 20e j(80t-0.4)
= 20 cos(80t-0.4) + j20 sin(80t-0.4)
real part
imaginary part
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
-10
-10
-15
-15
-20
-20

J.Schesser
NOTE!!!!
The reason why we prefer the complex

exponential representation of the real cosine
signal:
x(t ) = e{z (t )} = e{ Ae j ( o t + )
}
= A cos(o t + )
In solving equations and making other
calculations, it easier to use the complex
exponential form and then take the Real Part.
J.Schesser
Complex Exponential Function as a function of time
j 2 (1) t j 2t
Lets look at this z (t ) = 1e = e = cos 2t + j sin 2t
t=8/8 seconds
t=2/8 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x8/8 = 2 ; z(t)= 1+ j0
t=3/8 seconds arg(z(t))=2 x2/8= /2; z(t)= 0 + j1
Im{z} t=1/8 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x3/8 = 3/4;
arg(z(t))=2 x1/8=/4; z(t)=0.707+j 0.707
z(t)= -0.707+ j0.707 t=0 seconds
t=4/8 seconds 45o

arg(z(t))=2 x0=0; z(t)=1+ j0
arg(z(t))=2 x4/8 = ; z(t)= -1+ j0 Re{z}
t=5/8 seconds t=7/8 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x5/8 = 5/4; arg(z(t))=2 x7/8= 7/4;
z(t)= -0.707 - j0.707 t=6/8 seconds z(t) = 0 .707- j0.707
arg(z(t))=2 x6/8 = 3/2; z(t) = 0 - j
J.Schesser
Phasor Representation of a Complex Exponential
Signal
Using the multiplication rule, we can rewrite

the complex exponential signal as
z (t ) = Ae j ( t + ) = Ae j t e j = Ae j e j t = Xe j t
o o o o
where X is a complex number equal to

X = Ae j
X is complex amplitude of the complex

exponential signal and is also called a phasor

J.Schesser
Graphing a phasor
X=A e j can be graphed in the complex plane with

magnitude A and angle :
X=A e j
Im
A

Re

J.Schesser
Graphing a Complex Signal in terms of its phasors
Since a complex signal, z(t), is a phasor multiplying a

complex exponential signal e jot , then a complex
signal can be viewed as a phasor rotating in time:

z (t ) = Ae j (ot + ) = Xe jot
Im
A

Re

J.Schesser
Rotating Phasor
j ( 2t + ) j
Lets look at this z (t ) = Ae 4
= Ae 4 e j 2t = Xe j 2t

t=1 seconds j
t=1/8 seconds X = Ae 4
arg(z(t))=2 x1+/4 = 9/4 = /4
t=1/4 seconds arg(z(t))=2 x1/8+/4 = /2
t=0 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x1/4+/4 = 3/4 Im{z} A
arg(z(t))=2 x0+/4 = /4
t=7/8 seconds
t=3/8 seconds 45o

arg(z(t))=2 x7/8+/4 = 8/4 = 2
arg(z(t))=2 x3/8+/4 = 4/4 = Re{z}
t=1/2 seconds t=3/4 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x1/2+/4 = 5/4 arg(z(t))=2 x3/4+/4 = 7/4
t=5/8 seconds
arg(z(t))=2 x5/8+/4 = 6/4 = 3/2

J.Schesser
Sinusoidal Steady State
If V(t) = A cos (t+), then we can represent V(t)
as
Re{Aej(t+ )} = Re{Aej ejt}
Since from Eulers formula:
A e j(t+ )=cos(t+ ) + j sin (t+ )

J.Schesser
Sinusoidal Steady State
What is Ae j(t+) ?
First, it is a complex function since it is a function of a complex
number. If we plot on the complex plane, it has a magnitude of A
and angle of t+. It can be viewed as a vector which rotates in
time around the origin of the complex plane at angular velocity w
and at t=0 is at degrees from the real axis.
Imaginary Numbers Imaginary Numbers
Complex Plane Complex Plane
At t=0 At t=20

20+
Real Numbers Real Numbers
We can represent this function by a PHASOR in terms of

rectangular coordinates or polar coordinates
MAGNITUDEANGLE (phasor notation) or in this case V = A
J.Schesser
Sinusoidal Steady State Continued
We define the Voltage phasor as V and current phasor as I
Define SSS impedance as Z = V / I using Ohms Law
Then the impedances become:
For an inductor V= j L I

Z L = j L L ; Here we say the voltage across an inductor leads the current through it by 90.
2
1
For a capacitor V= I
j C
1 1
ZC = ; Here we say the voltage across a capacitor lags the current through it by 90.
j C C 2
For a resistor V= R I
Z R = R R0 ; Here we say the voltage across a resistor is in phase with the current through it.

J.Schesser

For an inductor, Z L = j L L
2
1 1
For a capacitor, ZC = .
j C C 2
For a resistor, Z R = R R0
Imaginary Numbers Imaginary Numbers Imaginary Numbers

Inductor Capacitor

Real Numbers
Resistor

J.Schesser
For V(t)=Acost, using phasor notation for
V(t) V = A0 and I(t) I, our equation can be re-
written:
dI (t ) 1
V (t ) = I (t ) R1 + L1 + I (t )dt
dt C1
Converting to Phasor representation
1
V = A0 = IR1 + jL1I + I
jC1

J.Schesser
1
(L1 )
A0 A0 A C1
I= = = tan 1[ ]
1 1 1 2 R1
R1 + jL1 + R1 + j (L1 ) R1 + (L1
2
)
jC1 C1 C1
Converting back to the time representation,
1
(L1 )
A C1
I (t ) = cos(t tan 1[ ])
1 2 R1
R1 + (L1
2
)
C1

J.Schesser
R1 R3
Homework
1k 1k
a
5k R2
5k R4
Find the total resistance

J.Schesser
Homework
Find the total resistance Rab where

R1 = 3, R2 = 6, R3 = 12, R4 = 4, R5 = 2, R6 = 2, R7 = 4, R8 = 4
R1
a
R2 R3
R8 R4 R5
R7
b
R6

J.Schesser
Homework
Find the total resistance Rab where
R1 = 2, R2 = 4, R3 = 2, R4 = 2, R5 = 2, R6 = 4,
R1 R3
a
R2
R4
R6
b
R5

J.Schesser
Homework
Find the total resistance Rab for this infinite resistive network
R R R R R R
a
continues to infinity
R R R R R
b
R R R R R R

J.Schesser
C1 C3 Homework
a
1f 1f
5f C2
5f C4
Find the total capacitance

J.Schesser
Homework
Find and plot the impedance Zab(j) as a function of

frequency. Use Matlab to perform the plot.
C=1 R=1
a
L=1
b

J.Schesser
Homework
Find and plot the impedance Zab(j) as a function of

frequency. Use Matlab to perform the plot.
a
L=1 C=1 R=1
b

J.Schesser
R1 R2
Homework
1k 5k
a
C1 C2
1n 5n
Find and plot the impedance Zab(j) as function of .

Use Matlab to perform the plot.


J.Schesser
Homework
a RD 29.5k RS 500 b
CD 53n
The circuit shown is an equivalent circuit of an

electrode where RD and CD are the resistance and
capacitance associated with the interface of the
electrode and the body and RS is the resistance of the
device itself. Find and plot the impedance Zab(j) as
function of . Use Matlab to perform the plot.


J.Schesser

BME373 Electronics 1 CW 1

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BME373 Electronics 1 CW 1

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Electronics I

Goal of the course is to continue to become

BME 372 Electronics I 2

BME 372 Electronics I 3

Passive Devices: dissipates or stores energy

BME 372 Electronics I 5

Linear: supports a linear relationship between the

BME 372 Electronics I 6

Capacitor: supports a current which is

BME 372 Electronics I 7

Inductor: supports a voltage which is

BME 372 Electronics I 8

BME 372 Electronics I 9

BME 372 Electronics I 10

BME 372 Electronics I 13

BME 372 Electronics I 14

Vac = Vab + Vbc = I 20 + I 50

BME 372 Electronics I 17

BME 372 Electronics I 18

BME 372 Electronics I 19

BME 372 Electronics I 20

BME 372 Electronics I 23

We can use KVL or KCL to write and solve

BME 372 Electronics I 24

We can use KVL or KCL to write and solve

BME 372 Electronics I 25

Vac = Vab + Vbc = I 20 + I 50

BME 372 Electronics I 26

Example: a series RLC circuit

Or to simplify this analysis, we can concentrate

BME 372 Electronics I 27

This is only one portion of the solution and does not

Since the derivative [and integral] of Aest =

BME 372 Electronics I 29

For a resistor, let' s assume I (t ) = Ae st ; then V (t ) = RI (t ) = RAe st ;

What about signals of the type: cos(t+);

Recall Eulers formula e j = cos +j sin

A special case of our special case is for

BME 372 Electronics I 31

Complex numbers: What are they?

BME 372 Electronics I 32

BME 372 Electronics I 33

BME 372 Electronics I 34

BME 372 Electronics I 36

BME 372 Electronics I 38

We multiply the magnitudes and add the phase angles

Note that it is defined in polar form where

BME 372 Electronics I 43

Therefore real part is the cosine signal and imaginary

For an complex signal, we plot the real part and the

BME 372 Electronics I 45

The reason why we prefer the complex

Using the multiplication rule, we can rewrite

where X is a complex number equal to

X is complex amplitude of the complex

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X=A e j can be graphed in the complex plane with

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Since a complex signal, z(t), is a phasor multiplying a

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Since from Eulers formula:

A e j(t+ )=cos(t+ ) + j sin (t+ )