RADIO SCIENCE Journal of Research NBS j USNC-URSI

Vol. 68D, No.8, August 1964

Measurement of the Attenuation of Radio Signals by

Jungles
Jack W. Herbstreit and W. Q. Crichlow
Contribution From the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colo.
(Received March 27, 1964; revised April 10, 1964)
Recent interest in jungle communications has indicated the desirability of publishing
quantitative field strength m ea surements made in jungles by the authors during World
War II. The jungle attenuation of radio signals is so great that for satisfactory communi-
cations over distances greater than one mile, skywave propagation or elevated antennas
should be employed.

1. Introduction path. In the jungles selected for measurements in

A part of World War II was conducted in jungle
territory in the Southwest P acific area. In 1943, the
authors were m embers of Dr. W. L . Everitt's Opera-
tional R esearch Staff in the Office of the Chief Signal
Officer, Department of the Army, Washington , D.C .
In this capacity they conducted a communications
research study and quantitative field measurements
of radio propagation through jungles in the rain
forests of Panama and New Guinea. The results
obtained are given in Signal Corps reports [Herb-
streit and Crichlow, 1943; Bateman, H erbs treit, and
Zechiel, 1944; War Department, 1944] but are not
generally available. Portions of these results are
published at this time because of recent interest in
radio propagation through jungles . It is believed
that t he conclusions r eached are still valid. The
original Signal Corps reports contain measurements
of atmospheric noise levels in jungle areas and appli-
cations of both the attenuation and nc,ise measure-
m ents to the evaluation of the performance of
particular transmitting-receiving set performa nce.
. A more comprehensive atmospheric noise study bas
been made following these original results and is
available [CCIR, 1963a; Crichlow, Disney, and
Jenkins, 1957].
2 . Jungle Attenuation Measurements
In order to determine the magnitude of the attenu-
ation of radio waves caused by jungle growth,
measurements were made in Panama and New
Guinea of field strength versus distance at several
frequencies . The jungles of both Panama and New
Guinea where the measurements were conducted
were dense rain forests with many tall trees and
thick, almost impenetrable low level foliage of palms,
bamboo, and other plant life interspersed. In Pan-
ama the average tree height was approximately 50 ft,
and the thick foliage 10 to 30 ft. Generally, in order
to install the equipment at measuring points in the
Panama jungles it was necessary to cut paths through
the undergrowth perpendicular to the propagation
New Guinea, the trees were appreciably taller, rang-
ing upwards to 90 ft ; however, the undergrowth was
not quite as thick and inaccessible as that in Panama.
Low power transportable Signal Corps transmit-
ters on frequencies of 2005 kc/s, 3010 kc/s, 5880)w/s,
5975 k c/s, 44 1/1c/s, and 98.8 Mc/s were used with
vertical whip antennas near the ground on all fre-
quencies except 98.8 Mc/s. At 98.8 Mc/s, a half-
wave dipole mounted on an 18 ft mast was used with
both horizontal and vertical polarization. C ali-
brated field strength meters were used at all frequen-
cies for the m easurements.
In order to obtain a m easure of the radiated
power of each transmitter-antenna combination, field
strength versus distan ce m eaS Ul"em.ents were made in
Panama over flat open ground (golf course) . The
ground condu ctivity and dielectric constant of the
ground were estimated by comparing the measure-
m ents with theoretical curves of field strength versus
distance computed for several electrical ground
constants.
N ext, the transmitters were taken into the jungle
and measurements of field strength ver sus distance
were made at a number of distances along a radial
path from the transmitters. On 44 11c/s, a con-
tinuous recording of field strength versus distance,
which gives a picture of the large variations of the
field strength encountered in the jungle, was made as
the transmitter was carried along a narrow jungle
trail. Similar measurements of field strength versus
distance were made on frequencies of 3390 and 6070
kc/s in the New Guinea jungle usin g Signal Corps
transmitters similar to those used in Panama for
these frequencies. FigUTes 1, 2, and 3 show the
results of the Panama measurements, and figure 4
the New Guinea results . These results are shown
in terms of the field strengths meas UTed for the par-
ticular Signal Corps target tr ansmitters used and in
terms of transmission loss [CCIR, 1963b] which is
independent of transmitting and r eceiving equipment.
Figure 1 (a) shows measurements of field stren gth
versus distance at 2005 k c/s over the golf COUl"se and
also in the jungle. At this location the jungle ended

903
at 1.6 miles, and the land was open and clear beyond tances at which measW'ements were made. The
this point . It may be noticed t h at the field stren gth dashed line on the jungle cW've of figW'e 1 (a) is an
did not fall off very rapidly after the end of the jungle estimate of the way the field stren gth would have
was reached. The presence of skywave is not indi- fallen off at greater distan ces if the jungle had not
cated since no fading was noticed at any of the dis- ended.

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FIGURE 1. Measurements of field strength or transmission FIGU RE 2. M easurements of fi eld strength or transmission loss
loss versus distance over flat ground (golf course) and through versus distance over flat ground (golf couT.~e) and through
jungles of Panama. jungles of Panama.

904

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I 130 F I G URE 4. M easurements of field strength versus distance
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597.'5 kc/s. At this frequency, fading was noticed at
DISTANCE IN MILES a little over 1 mile from the transmitter, and the field
strength did not fall off at distances greater than 1
TRANSMITTER ANTENNA HEIGHT ~ 18 FEET mile. This indicates that skywave was becoming an
RECEIVER ANTENNA HEIGHT ~ 10 FEET appreciable part of the received signal even though
a short vertical antenna was being used on the
transmitter.
The m eaSUl'ements at 44 Mc/s show that the eleva-
FIGURE 3. Measurements of field strength or transmission loss tion of the intervening terrain as well as the jungle
versus distance over flat ground (golf course) and through growth have a marked effect on the strength of the
j ungles of Panama. r eceived signal. Profiles of the actual terrain eleva-
tion, without regard to the tree heights, are plo tted
on figure 2 below the corresponding field strength
m easurements. Figure 2 (a) shows the point to
point measurements made in dense jungle, and figure
905
2(b) shows data taken along a jungle trail. It may
be seen that the field strength roughly follows the
ground profile. Both the maximum and minimum
field strength measurements at each location are
plotted on figure 2, and the solid line drawn through
the measurements is through the maximum values.
The dashed lines through the jungle measurements
on figure 2 (a) al1d (b) are estimates of the field
strength versus distance if the jungle were level.
It is interesting to note that the same dashed line
can be drawn through the point-to-point measure-
ments and those made along the jungle trail. It is
found that in a particular location a variation of as
much as 4 to 1 in field strength is obtained simply
by moving the receiving antenna a few feet.
On 98.8 Mc/s the effect of the terrain elevation is
also very marked, and the field strength again
roughly shows the jungle profile. Considerable dif-
ference exists in both attenuation and field strength
variation between horizontal and vertical polariza-
tion in the jungl e. The vertically polarized fields
are attenuated more rapidly and show more variation
in strength than do the horizontally polarized fields .
Fio-ure 3 shows that the horizontally polarized fields
ar; approximately 15 dB less than vertically polarized
fields at a distance of 1 mile. Because of the magni-
tude of jungle attenuation found at low antenna
heio-hts the effect of elevating the antennas above
theOjun'gle growth was investigated for a frequency
of 44 Mc/s and a distance of 0.4 mile. These
measurements indicate that the received field strength
increases approximately 12 dB with the transmitting
antenna raised to an elevation of 50 ft, the average
height of intervening jungle growth being approxi-
mately 50 ft . When both antennas are raised into
trees one 50 ft and the other 70 ft above the jungle
floor ' an increase of approximately 23 dB is obtained
over' that when both antennas are essentially at
ground level.
Figure 4 shows similar measurements of field
strength versus distance made. in the rain for~st
jungles near Oro Bay, New Gmnea, on frequencIes
of 3390 kc/s and 6060 kc/s. The jungles at this
location were said to be typical of the rain forest
type of jun~le found in most of New Guinea. The
undergrowth in this jungle was not as dense as the
undero-rowth in the Panama jungle through which the
previoous measurements were made; however the high
trees were considerably taller than those in Panama.
3 . Effective Range of Communications
To determine the effective range of particular
transmitting and receiving systems, it is necessary
to know the magnitude of the required field strengths
in each case; and these, in turn, depend upon the
levels of the received external noise and the noise
generated in ~he receiver, as well as t~e kinds of
signal modulatIOn used. Up to frequenCIes the order
of 30 Mc/s, atmospheric noise is expected to be the
controllin g factor at these low latitudes where
jungles are encountered, and at higher frequencies
galactic or set noise is expected to limit communica-
906
tions [CCIR 1963a, 1963c]. Both the received signal
level and the received atmospheric noise level are
expected to depend to a certain exten t on the
polarization and directivity of the receiving an-
tennas, as well as their heights above or below the
height of the jungle growth. An analysis of these
factors in terms of the signal strength required for
satisfactory communication for the particular sets
used was included in the original Signal Corps
reports. This analysis indicated that with the
equipment used in the tests, communication via
groundwave through the jungle for distances greater
than approximately 1 mile is virtually impossible.
Because of the high rate of measured groundwave
attenuation with distance, considerable increase in
power would be required to extend this groundwave
range appreciably. However, it was demonstrated
that satisfactory communication by means of sky-
wave transmission could be obtained at greater
distances by using long wire skywave antennas when
transmitting on frequencies reflected by the iono-
sphere. It should be noted that when using skywave
frequencies for jungle communications, interference
to and from other stations at considerable distances
is possible. Ionospheric predictions are useful for
obtaining optimum results.
4 . Conclusions
Attenuation due to dense jungle growth is so great
that for communication over distances greater than
approximately 1 mile the groundwave which is nor-
mally employed for these ranges is practically use-
less. Jungle communication greater than 1 mile
may be obtained by elevating antennas of VHF sets
either by raising them into trees or by using hilltop
sites. At VHF, horizontal polarization was found
to be preferable because of its lower absorption rate.
Ranges greater than 1 mile using medium or high
frequencies were found to require skywave trans-
mission using antennas radiating energy almost
vertically on frequencies reflected by the ionosphere.
5. References
Bateman, Ross, Jack W. I-Ierbstreit, and Robert B. Zechiel
(1944), Measurement of factors affecting radio communica-
tion and loran navigation in SvVPA, Report No. ORB-2-4,
Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D.C.
CeIR Report 322 (1963a), World diRtri bution of characteris-
tics of atmospheric radio noise, Documents of the Xth
Plenary Assembly, lTU, Geneva; revision of R eport 65,
Revision of atmospheric radio-noise data, meeting in Los
Angeles 1959.
CeIR Recommendation 341 (1963b), The concept of trans-
mission loss in studies of radio systems, ITU, III, Geneva.
CeIR Recommendation 339 (1963c), Bandwidths and signal-
to-noise ratios in complete systems, ITU, III, Geneva.
Crichlow, W. Q., R. T. Disney, and M. A. J enkins (1957) ,
Quarterly radio noise data, NBS Technical Note 18-1 and
su pplements.
I-Ierbstreit, Jack W., and W. Q. Crichlow (1943), Measure-
ment of factors affecting jungle radio communication,
Report No. ORB-2-3, Office of the Chief Signal Officer,
Washington, D.C.
War Department (1944), T echnical Bulletin SIG 4.
(Paper 68D8-388)