NCERTEXEMPLAR

PROBLEMS-SOLUTIONS

Lathematics
 Q6. If f : R R is defined by f(x) =x33x + 2, write f[f(x)]. Sol. Here,f(x)=
x4 3x + 2
.f[f(x)]= [f(x)]?3f(x) + 2
(xo 3x + 2)? 3(xo -3x + 2) + 2 x4 + 9x2 + 4 63 + 4x2 12x - 3x2 + 9x 6 + 2 x4 6x9 + 10x2
3x
Hence, f[f(x)]= x* 6x8 + 10x2-3x Q7. Is g = {(1, 1), (2,3),(3,5), (4, 7)} a function? If g is
described by
g(x) = dx + , then what value should be assigned to o and ?
Sol. Yes,g = {(1, 1), (2,3), (3,5), (4, 7)} is a function. Here,g(x) = 0x + For (1, 1), g(1) = 0.1 +
1 = 0, + B...(1) For (2,3),g(2) = 0.2 + 3 = 20x + ...(2)
Solving eqs. (1) and (2) we get, o = 2, s3 = 1 Q8. Are the following setofordered
pairs functions? If so, examine whether the mapping is injective or surjective. (i)
{(x, y) : x is a person, y is the mother of x} (ii) {(a, b): a is a person, b is an
ancestor of a} Sol. (i) It represents a function. The image of distinct elements of x
under fare not distinct. So, it is not injective but it is surjective. (ii) It does not
represent a function as every domain under mapping does not have a unique
image. Q9. If the mapping fand g are given by f = {(1,2),(3,5), (4, 1)} and , g = {(2,
3), (5, 1), (1,3)} write fog. Sol.fog = f[g(x)] f[g(2)] = f(3)=5 = f[g(5)] = f(1) = 2 =
f[g(1)]=f(3)=5 Hence,fog = {(2, 5), (5,2), (1, 5)} Q10. Let C be the set of complex
numbers, Prove that the mapping f: C R given by f(z) = |z|, v ze C, is neither one-
one nor onto.
Sol. Here,f(z) = |z| \, z = C f(1) = |1| = 1 f(-1) = |-1| = 1 f(1) = f(-1) ButIl 1 Il
Therefore, it is not one-one.
6 NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII

Now, let f(z) = y = |z|. Here, there is no pre-image of negative numbers. Hence,
it is not onto.-
Q11. Let the function f: R R be defined by f(x) = cos x, \, x e R. Show that
fis neither one-one nor onto.-
Sol. Here,f(x) = cos x v x eR TT TTC Let , | E | f(x) |** TTTTCTTC | = COS || --- | = COS -- = 0
f{)C0 |=8% cos||ol =coso =0 22 TTCTT - |= 0 /():/ But_2 4

22 (therefore,the given function is not one-one. Also it is not

onto function as no pre-image of any real number belongs to the range of cos
x i.e., [-1,1].)
Q12. Let X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {4, 5}, Find whether thefollowing subsets of X Y
are functions from X to Y or not. (i) f= {(1,4), (1,5), (2,4),(3, 5)} (ii) g = {(1,4),(2,4),
(3,4)} (iii) h = {(1,4),(2,5), (3,5)} (iv) k = {(1,4), (2,5)} Sol. Here, given that X =
{1, 2, 3}, Y = {4,5} ... X Y = {(1,4),(1,5), (2,4),(2,5), (3,4),(3, 5)} (i) f= {(1,4),
(1,5), (2,4),(3, 5)} f is not a function because there is no unique image of each
 element of domain under f.-
(ii) g = {(1,4),(2,4),(3,4)}
Yes, g is a function because each element of itsdomain has a unique image.-
(iii) h = {(1,4),(2, 5), (3, 5)} Yes, it is a function because each element of its domain has a unique image.|-
(iv) k = {(1,4),(2,5)}
Clearly k is also a function.*----
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS LE 7
Q13.
Sol.
Q14.
Sol.
Q15.
Sol.

If function f:A B and g : B A satisfy gof= I, then show that fis one-one
and g is onto.- Let x, x, e gof
gof{f(x)}gof{f(x))} =g(x) = g(x))
a g

[o: gof=IA]
Hence, fis one-one. But g is not onto as there is no pre-image of A in B under g.
Let f : R R be the function defined by f(x) =. ----- 2 cos x 7 x e R. Then, find
the range off. Given function isf(x)-),\7 x e R. 2 COS x Range of cos x is [-1,1]|-
Letf(x)=y- 2 COS X- 1) =2y-y cosx = 1=> ; y cos x=2y-1 |- =}cosx - o -1-2-
1 11 Now 1 < cos x < 1!/!/ = -1 < 2-1 < 1 = -1-2 < -1 < 12 !/1/ =}-3 < -1 <-
1=3> 1=} < y <1 1/3
!/ Hence, the range off=1}
Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z as follows V a, b e Z, a R b if and
only if a b is divisible by n. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Here, wo a, b e Z and a Rb
if and only if a b is divisible by m. The given relation is an equivalence relation if it is reflexive,
symmetric and transitive. (i) Reflexive:
a R a => (a a) = 0 divisible by m
So, R is reflexive. (ii) Symmetric:
a R b = b R a \7 a, b e Z

a b is divisible by m (Given)
=> (b a) is divisible by m
8 LI NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII
[] | LONG ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
Q16.
Sol.
Q17.
Sol.

=> b a is divisible by m => b R a Hence, R is symmetric. (iii) Transitive: a Rb and

b R c <=> , a R c \, a, b, c = Z a b is divisible by m b cis also divisible by m
(a-b)+(b-c) is divisible by m (a-c) is divisible by m Hence, R is transitive. So, R is
an equivalence relation.
-}}
|-|- - - -

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, define relations on Awhich have properties of being. (a) reflexive,
transitive but notsymmetric, (b) symmetric but neither reflexive nortransitive (c) reflexive,
symmetric and transitive. Given that A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ARA - {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3), (4,4),(1,2),
(1,3),(1,4),(2,3), (2,4),(3,4),(2,1), (3,1), (4,1),(3,2), (4,2), (4,3)} (a) Let R, = {(1, 1), (2,2),
(1,2),(2,3), (1,3)} So, R, is ieflexive and transitivebut not symmetric. (b) Let R, = {(2,3),
(3,2)} So, R, is only symmetric. (c)LetR4 ={(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,4),(1,4)} So, R, isreflexive,
symmetric andtransitive. Les R be relation defined on the set of natural number N as
follows: R = {(x, y) : x = N, y eN, 2x + y = 41}. Find thedomain and rang of the relatin
R. Also verifywhether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.- iven that x e N, y e N
and 2x + y = 41 ... ( Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 20}
andRange = {39, 37, 35, 33,31, ..., 1} Here,(3, 3) & R: aS2 3 + 3 41|-
So, Ris not reflexive.

Ris not symmetric as (2, 37) eRibut (37, 2) o R R is not transitive as (11,19) e Rand
(19,3) e R. but (11, 3) o R.
Hence, Ris neither reflexive, norsymmetricand nor transitive.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS : 09
 Q18. Given A={2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6,7}, construct anexample of each of the following:
(i) an injective mapping from A to B. (ii) a mapping from A tB which is
notinjective (iii) a mapping from B to A. Sol. Here, A= {2, 3, 4}, and B {2, 5,
6, 7} (i) [et f:A B be the mapping from to B f= {(x, y): y=x+3) ::: f=
{(2,5), (3,6), (4, 7)} which is aninjective mapping. (ii) Let & : A B be the
mapping from A B such tl & = {(2,5), (3,5), (4,2)} which is not
aninjective mapping. (iii) Let h : B A be themapping from B to A h = {(y,x) :
x = y 2} h = {(5,3),(6,4), (7,3)} which is themapping from B to A. Q19.
Give an example of a map (i) which is one-one buf not onto. (ii) which is not
one-one but onto. (iii) which is neither one-one nor onto, Sol. (i) Let f: N N
given by f(x) = x2 Let x1, x2 = N then f(x) = x and f(x) = x;
Now f(x)=f(x) = x = x} => x} - x}=0 =(1+)( x) = 0 Sincex1, x, e N, sox1 +
x) = 0 is not possible. ----=0= r
f(x) = f(x)) => x) =x, So, f(x) is one to one function. Now, Let f(x) = 5 e N
then*=5 = x=+V5 N So, fis not onto.
Hence, f(x)=xo is one-one but not onto,
n+1

if n is odd (ii) Let f:N x N, definedby f(n) =

if n is even
NJS N)

Since f(1)=f(2) but 1 # 2, So, fis not one-one. Now, let y e N be any element.
Then f(n) = y n + 1if n is odd => ;= y
2if n is even

10 ) , NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMsMATHEMATICSXII

=}n = 2y - 1 , if y is even n = 2yif y is odd or even 21s 1 if 1) is even\7 1; E N => ={
##orevene NV y e
... Every y e N has pre-image
_ ]2y-1 if y is evene N. 12y if y is odd or even ... fis onto. Hence, fis not one-
one but onto.2 (iii) Letf: R Rbe defined as f(x)=x Let x, = 2 and x, = -2
? = (2so = 4 f(x)= & =(2)- 2 f(x))== (-2)f = 4 f(2) = f(2), but 2 *-2 So, it is not
one-one function. Let f(x) = 2 => xo=-2 . . x = + |-2 & R Which is not possible,
sofis not onto. Hence, fis neither one-one nor onto.|- Q20. Let A = R {3}, B = R
[1}. Let f: A B be defined by f(x) = *-o, v x e A. Then, show that fis bijective. x-3
Sol. Here, Ae R {3}, B = R - {1}

2 Given that f:A B defined by f(x) =x 3 V x e A.

Let x, x, e f(x) *f(x) = f(x))
%, 12 g 2

=}* 13 - 3 =(x, 2) (x,-3) = (x,-2) (x,-3) = 3a 2 * 3 =}

= \r So, it is injective function.
__x 2 Now, Lety =x 3 => xy 3y = x - 2 => xy - x = 3y - 2
3y - 2
=> x(y 1) = 3y 2 => x =y 1
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS ( 11
 3y-2_3 x 2 1- - - f(x) ===By-22V+2=> y *3 y!2_a3y - 23y +3 y 1 =f(x)
= y e B.
So, f(x) is surjective function.
Hence, f(x) is a bijective function. Q21. Let A = [-1, 1], then discuss whether thefollowing
functions
defined on A are one-one, onto orbijective.
(i) f(x) =#(ii) g(x) = |x| (iii) h(x) = x|x| (iv) k(x) = x2 Sol. (i) Given that 1 < x < 1
Let x, x, e f(x)11 f(x) = , and f(x) = <!-- f(x) = f(x) = = *,%
So, f(x) is one-one function.12

Letf(x)-y-=> x = 2y
For y = 1, x = 2 ? [-1,1] So, f(x) is not onto. Hence, f(x) is not bijective function. (ii)
Here,g(x) = |x| g(x)= g(x) = |x| = |x| = x, =?? So, g(x) is not one-one function. Let g(x) =
y = |x| => x = + y 2 Aws y e A So, g(x) is not onto function. Hence, g(x) is not bijective
function.
(iii) Here,h(x) = x|x| h(x) = h f(x) =Nox11x\| = x, 1x,| ...) => , x, =x, So, h(x) is one-one function.
Now, leth(x) = y = x|x| = xo or x2 =x = + \s- y A V y e A
. . h(x) is not onto function. Hence, h(x) is not bijective function.
(iv) Here,k(x) = x2 k(x)=k(x)) =# = = x= a
So, k(x) is not one-one function. Now, let k(x) = y =x3 => x =+ y
12 - NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATIcs_XII
Q22
Sol.
(ii)
(iii)
If y = 1 => x =+ FT 2 A V y e A ... k(x) is not onto function. Hence, k(x) is not a bijective
function. Each of the following defines a relation of N. (i) x is greater than y, x, y E N (ii) x + y =
10, x, y e N (iii) xy is Square of an integer x, y e N (iv) x + 4y = 10, x, y e N. Determine which of
the above relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive. (i) x is greater than y,\, x, y e N For
reflexivity x > x \, x = N which is not true So, it is not reflexive relation. Now, x > y but y } x \, x, y
EN
=> x R y but y Kx
So, it is not symmetric relation.
For transitivity,x R y, y Rz => x R z \, x, y, z e N
=> x > y, y > z) => x > z
So, it is transitive relation.
Here,R = {(x, y) : x + y =10 V x, y e N}
R = {(1,9), (2,8), (3,7), (4, 6), (5,5), (6,4), (7,3),(8,2),(9, 1)}
For reflexive: 5 + 5 = 10, 5R 5 => , (x, x) = R
So, Ris reflexive.
For symmetric; (1,9) e R and (9,1) e R
So, Ris symmetric.
For transitive; (3, 7) e R, (7,3) e Ribut (3,3) o R
So, R is not transitive.

Here, R= {(x, y): xy is a square of an integer, x, y e N}

For reflexive: x R x = x. x = xo is an integer[',' Square of an integer is also an integer]
So, R is reflexive.

For symmetric: x R y = y R x \, x, y e N
-.xy = yx(integer)
So, it is symmetric.
For transitive: x R y and y Rz => x R z
Letxy = ko and yz=mo 22 X =kand z= "|-- \/y _ komo- - -|-|- -X-Z =which is again a
square of an integer.
So, R is transitive.yo
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS !!! 13
 (iv) Here,R = {(x, y) : x + 4y = 10, x, y e N} R = {(2, 2), (6,1)} For reflexivity: (2, 2) e R So, Ris
reflexive. For symmetric: (x, y) e R, but (y, x) o R (6,1) e R but (1, 6) & R
So, Ris not symmetric. For transitive: (x, y) = R but (y, z) R and (x, z) = R So,
Ris not transitive.
Q23. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 9} and R be the relation in A A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a + d = b +
c for (a,b), (c, d) in Ax A. Prove that Ris an equivalence relation and also obtain equivalent class
[(2,5)].
Sol. Here,A = {1, 2, 3, ..., 9} and R A A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) => a + d = b + c W7
(a, b), (c, d) e A x A For reflexive: (a, b) R (a, b) = a + b = b + a \ \/ a, b e A which is true. So,
R is reflexive. For symmetric: (a, b) R (c, d) = (c, d) R (a, b) L.H.S.a + d = b + c R.H.S.c + b =
d+a
L.H.S. = R.H.S. So, R is symmetric.
For transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) <=> (a, b) R (e, f)
=}a + d = b + c ) and : c + f = d + e =a + d = b + c and d + e = c+f => (a + d) (d+e) = (b + c)
(c + f)
=}a e = b f
=a + f = b + e
=(a, b) R (e, f)
So, R is transitive, Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Equivalent class of {(2,5)} is
{(1,4),(2, 5), (3,6), (4,7), (5, 8), (6,9)} Q24. Using the definition, prove that the
function f : A B is invertible if and only if fis both one-one and onto. Sol. A function
f: X Y is said to be invertible if there exists a function g: Y X such that gof = I,
and fog = I, and then the inverse offis denoted by f-o.|- A function f: X Y is said to
be invertible iff f is a bijective function. Q25. Function f, g : R R are defined,
respectively, by f(x)=x3+3x+1, g(x) = 2x-3, find (i) fog(ii) gof(iii) fof(iv) gog Sol. (i)
fog => f'(g(x)] = [g(x)]^ +3[g(x)] + 1
14. No NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSX||
= (2x-3)3 + 3(2x-3) +1 = 4xo +9 12x + 6x 9 + 1 = 4x2 6x + 1 (ii)gof=> g[f(x)] =
2[xo + 3x + 1] 3 = 2x2 + 6x + 23 = 2x2 + 6x 1 (iii) fof => f(f(x)] = [f(x)]2+3|f(x)] +1
= (x3+3x + 1)2+3(x2+3x+1)+1 =+9*+1+6*+6r 2*+3+9 +3+1 =+6+14 +15
+5 (iv) goo =>g(g(x)] = 2[g(x)] 3 = 2(2x-3)-3 = 4x-6-3= 4x-9 Q26. Let* be the binary
operation defined on Q. Find which of the following binary operations are commutative. (i) a
* b = a b V a, b e Q(ii) a * b = a3 + b2 v a, b e Q (iii) a * b = a + ab v a, b e Q, (iv) a + b =
(a-b)2 v a, b = Q Sol. (i)a * b = a -b e Q v a, b e Q. So, * is binary operation. a * b = a -b and
b * a = b a v a, b e Q a b + b a So, * is not commutative. (ii) a * b = do+ boe Q, so * is a
binary operation. a * b = b * a ao + bo = b2 + q2 w a, b e Q Which is true. So, * is
commutative. (iii) a * b = a + ab e Q, so + is a binaryoperation. a * b = a + ab , and n b * a
= b + ba a + ab + b + ba => a * b + b + a \ \/ a, b e Q. So, * is not commutative. (iv) a * b
= (a b)o e Q, so + is operation. a * b = (a-b)o and b * a = (b-a) a * b = b * a => (a b)?
=(b-a) v a, b e Q. So, * is commutative. Q27. If* be binary operation defined on Rby a + b =
1 + ab\, a, b e R. Then, theoperation * is(i) Commutative but not associative (ii) associative
but not commutative (iii) neither commutative nor associative (iv) both commutative and
associative Sol. (i): Given that a * b = 1 + ab \7 a, b e R andb * a = 1 + ba \7 a, b e R a * b =
b * a = 1 + ab So, * is commutative. Now a * (b + c) = (a * b) + cV a, b, c e R
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS I 15
 LHS, a * (b * c) = a + (1 + bc) = 1 + a(1 + bc)=1 + a + abgSo, R is transitive.
R.H.S. , (a * b) * c = (1 + ab) + c = 1 + (1 + ab). c = 1 + c + abcHence, correct
answer is (b).
L.H.S. #- R.H.S.Q30. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set So, * is not
associative.A = {1, 2, 3} are Hence, * is commutative but not associative.(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 5
[1] OBJECTIVETYPE QUESTIONS :Sol. Here,A = {1, 2, 3}

Choose the correct answer out of the given four options in each of
the Exercises from 28 to 47 (M.C.Q.) Q28. Let T be the set of all triangles in
the Euclidean Plane and let
Sol.
Q29.
Sol.
16 la NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII
a relation Ron T be defined as a Rb, if a is congruent to b, V a. b e T. Then R is
(a) Reflexive but not transitive (b) Transitive but not symmetric
(c) Equivalence
(d) None of these
If a = b \; a, b e T then a R a => a = a which is true for all a ET So, R is reflexive.

Now, a R b and b R a. i.e., a = b and b = a which is true for all a, b e T So, R is

symmetric.
Let a R b and b R c. => a = b and b = a => a = c \, a, b, c e T So, R is transitive.
Hence, R is equivalence relation. So, the correct answer is (c). Consider the non-empty set
consisting of children in a family and a relation R defined as a Rb, if a is brother of b. Then Ris
(a) symmetric but not transitive (b) transitive but not symmetric (c) neither symmetric nor
transitive (d) both symmetric and transitive Here, a R b => a is a brother of b. a R a = a is a
brother of a which is not true. So, Ris not reflexive.
a R b => a is a brother of b.- b R a => which is not true because b may be sister of a. => a R b +
bRa
So, Ris not symmetric.
Now, a Rb, b R c => a R C a is the brother of b and b is the brother of C. ... a is
also the brother of c.
The number of equivalence relations are as follows:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2,1),(2,3), (1,3)} R,={(2,2),(1,3),(3,1),(3,2),(1,2)} R3={(3,3),
(1,2),(2,3),(1,3),(3,2)} Hence, correct answer is (d) relation Ron the set {1,2,3} be
defined by R = {(1,2)}, then IS (a) reflexive (c) symmetric Given that: R = {(1,2)} a
K. a., so it is not reflexive. a Rb but b K a, so it is not symmetric. a R b and b R c =>
 a R c which is true. So, R is transitive.- Hence, correct answer is (b). Let us define a
relation R in Ras a Rb if a > b. Then R is (a) an equivalence relation (b) reflexive,
transitive but not symmetric (c) symmetric, transitive but not reflexive (d) neither
transitive nor reflexive but symmetric. Here, a R b if a > b => a R a => a > a
which is true, so it is reflexive. Leta Rb => a > b, but b a, so b R a R is not
symmetric. Now, a > b, b > c => a > c which is true. So, R is transitive. Hence,
correct answer is (b). Let A = {1, 2, 3} and consider the relation R = {(1, 1), (2,2),
(3,3),(1,2),(2,3), (1,3)}, then R is (a)) reflexive but not symmetric (b) reflexive but
not transitive (c) symmetric and transitive (d) neither symmetric nor transitive.
(b) transitive (d) None of these
Sol. Given that; R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3,3), (1, 2), (2,3), (1,3)}
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS ( 17
Q34.
Sol.
Q35.
Sol.
Q36.
Sol.
Q37.
18

Here, 1 R_1, 2 R2 and 3 R3, so R is reflexive. 1 R2 but 2 K 4 or 2 R3 but 3 R 2, so,

Ris not symmetric. 1 R1 and 1 R_2 => 1 R3, so, Ris transitive. Hence, the correct
answer is (a). The identity element for the binary operation * defined on

Q-Ojasa-b-o;\7 a, b e Q ~ {0} is
(a) 1(b) 0(c) 2(d) None of these Given that: a + b =\7 a, b = Q {0} Let e be
the identity element tle a * e = -(- = a => e = 2 2
Hence, the correct answer is (c). If the set A contains 5 elements and set B contains 6 elements,
then the number of one-one and onto mapping from A to B is (a) 720(b) 120(c): 0(d) None of
these If A and B sets have m and n elements respectively, then the number of one-one and onto
mapping from A to B is n! if m = n and 0 if m + n Here,m = 5 and n = 6 5 53 6 So, number of
mapping = 0 Hence, the correct answer is (c). Let A = {1, 2, 3, ..., n} and B = {a,b}. Then the
number of surjections from A to B is (a) "P,(b) 2" 2(c) 2"|1(d) None of these Here, A={1, 2,
3, ..., n} and B = {a,b} Let m be the number of elements of set A and n be the number of
elements of set B ... Number of surjections from A to B is "C, x m! as n > m Here, m = 2
(given) ... Number of surjections from A to B = "C, * 2! 11!
= 2! ~n(n-1)(n-2)!!! 2!(n 2)!2!(n 2)! Hence, the correct answer is (d). Let f: R Rbe
defined by f(x) =)W x e R then fis !
(a) one-one(b) onto
2 = n(n-1) = no n
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII

Sol. Given that f(x) =

(c) bijective(d) fis not defined : , : , , , ) ,
Put x = 0 ... f(x) =
So, f(x) is not defined. Hence, the correct answer is (d).

} | |

Q38. Let f: R R be defined by f(x) = 3x2 5 and g : R R by

| |] =, then gofis g(x)x+1gofi 3x2 53x3 5 (a)42(b)42. 9x 30xo +
 269x 6x + 26 3x23x2 C) d) ... (c)x + 2xo 4(d)9xo
+30xo 2 Sol. Here, f(x)=3x35 and g(x) = y + 1 gof = gof(x) = g[3xo5]
---*=---3x?-5 (3xo -5)+ +1 9x" + 2530xo + 1 3xo 5 ..., gof =
9x 30xo +26 Hence, the correct answer is (a).
Q39. Which of the following functions from Z to Z are bijections?
(a) f(x) =xo (c) f(x)=2x+1
(b) f(x) = x + 2 (d) f(x) = xo + 1
Sol. Given that f: Z Z
Let x, x, e f(x) => f(x))=x, +2, f(x))=x,+2 /(*)=()=> & +2 =#9+2=> & =%,
So, f(x) is one-one function. Now, let y =x+2)... x = y 2 e Z V y E Z So, f(x) is onto
function. ... f(x) is bijective function. Hence, the correct answer is (b).
Q40. Let f: R R be the functions defined by f(x) = xo +5. Then
f-'(x) is (a) (x+5) so (b) (x-5)1/3 (c) (5 x)1/3 (d) 5 x
Sol. Given that f(x) = xo +5
Lety=x+5=x=y-5 -.x = (y 5) so => f-1(x) = (x-5)1/3 Hence, the
correct answer is (b).
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS L 19
 Q41. Let f: A B and g : B C be the bijective functions. Then (gof)-" is (a)
f-'og-" (b) fog(c) g - ''of'' '' (d) gof Sol. Here, f:A B and g : B C -.(gof)-1
=f-log-1 Hence, the correct answer is (a). Q42. Let f:R- R be defined by f(x)
= then |-
(a) f-'(x)=f(x) {(b) f-'(x)=-f(x) (c) (fof)x = -x(d) f-'(x)= f(x)
Sol. Given that o f(x) =3x+2 xoo
5x 35 t_H+2 */* y(5x-3) = 3x + 2 5xy 3y = 3x + 2 5xy 3x = 3y + 2
x(5y -3) = 3y +2 3y +2 5y-3 3x + 2 1---- =/r"()-
=}f-'(x) = f(x) Hence, the correct answer is (a).

*, if x is rational Q43. Let f: [0,1] [0,1] be defined by f(x)={*X, Then (fof)x is

(a) constant(b) 1+x
(c) x(d) None of these Sol. Given that f: [0,1] [0,1]
-.f=f-1
So,(fof)x = x
Hence, correct answer is (c). Q44. Let f: [2, co) R be the function defined
by f(x) = xo 4x + 5,
then the range offis
(a) R(b) [1, )(c) [4, co)(d) [5, c) Sol. Given that , f(x) = xo 4x + 5
)
J. J. J. J. J.
X=

(identity element)
20 LI NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII

-(-4) + (4)o 41(5 y)

=> C =

2 x 1 v 2 4 + \|4y 4 _ 4 + 2\|y 1 =----=2

... For real value of x, y 1 > 0 => y > 1. So, the range is [1, c). Hence, the correct answer is
(b).
Q45. Let f: N R be the function defined by f(x) = and g : Q R be another
function defined by g(x) = x + 2 then, 3 \ .- !! 15 gof (a) 1(b) 1(c)Z(d) None of these |-
2 Sol. Here,f(x) = 1and g(x) = x + 2 gof(x) = g[(f(x)] = f(x) + 2| = _(2x 12x + 3) -
+ 2 = , ) je 22: ~ 3|- 2 3 3 \ _2 ) _ |- gof2= 3|-|- Hence, the cofct answer is
(d).|- 2x : x > 3 .|- Q46. Let f: R Rbe defined by f(x) = { x2 : 1 < x < 3 ) , 3x : x < 1.
then f(-1) + f(2) + f(4) is(a) 9 (b) 14(c) 5(d) None of these Sol. Given that:
 2x : x > 3 f(x)= {x*:1<x 3 3x : x < 1
... f(-1) + f(2) + f(4) = 3(1) + (2)3 + 2(4)=3 + 4 + 8 = 9 Hence, the correct answer is (a).
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS II 21
Q47. Iff: R Rbe given by f(x) = tan x, then f-'(1) isfog(5) =
f(g(5)]=f(1) = 2
()(b){+: nez}fog(1) = f(g(1)]=f(3) = 5 |-TC + : 11 4m+'fog = {(2,5), (5,2), (1, 5)} ----d) Nf
( does not exist- (d), None of theseQ51. Let f: R Rbe defined by f(x) = , * , then Sol. Given
that f(x) = tan x Letf(x) = y = tan x => x = tan-" y(fofof)(x) =|- + x =}f-f(x) = tan-" (x)
====== ------- =f-1(1) = tan-1 (1)Sol. Here, f(x) = --! *) v x e R, TTT 1+x, ,
1= 1----F =>f-'(1) = tan~ || tan()4fofof(x) = fof[f(x)] = f[f(f(x)}] Hence, the correct answer is
(a).|- |s Fill in the Blanks in Each of the Exercises 48 to 52.- - T) Q48. Let the relation R be
defined in N by a Rb if 2a + 3b = 30. Then| = ATA || /-== R = ............- 1 + oso Sol.
Given that a R b : 2a + 3b = 30- 1+x| =}3b = 30 - 2a|- ,- * =>, 30-2:- * :) : : : for a = 3, b =3= |A||
1 ===== 1+x= A,|- : | * 1+x^+x)|-||x||1-+2x* }-( )
2.5,2 |- : 1+x IIIII,

Hence,R = {(3,8), (6,6), (9,4), (12,2)}|- son,

Q49. Let the relation Ribe defined on the setx '----*( | ). A={1,2,3,4,5} by R={(a,b): lao bol
< 8}. Then Ris given byW1+2xo\{1 + 2xo x
Sol.

Q50.
Sol.
|- 1)T)

Given that A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {(a, b) :|d2 b2| < 8}

So, clearly,R = {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,2), (4,3) (3, 4), (4,4), (5,5)}
Let f = {(1, 2), (3,5), (4,1)} and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1,3)}. Then
gof=................and fog = .................... Here, f = {(1,2),(3,5), (4,1)} and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1,3)}
gof(1) = g[f(1)]=g(2)=3 | gof(3) = g[f(3)] = g(5) =1 gof(4) = g[f(4)]=g(1) = 3 gof = {(1,3),(3,1),
(4,3)} fg(2) = f(g(2)]=f(3)=5
22! NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSXII
1

- |W} : 1+2.* || NF
Hence, fofof(x) = W3xo +1 Q52. If f(x) = [4(x 7)oj, then f-'(x) = ............. Sol.
Given that, f(x) = [4-(x-7)oj
LetMy = [41( 17)*] : =>(x 7) = 4 y
= }x 7 = (4-y) so => x = 7 + (4 y)\o
Hence, 1, f-f(x) = 7 + (4-x)1/8-
State True or False for the Statements in each of the Exercises
53 to 62.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS .
23
Q53.
Sol.
Q54.
Sol.
Q55.
Sol.
Q56.
Sol.
Q57.
Sol.
Q58.
Sol.
24 No.

Let R = {(3, 1), (1, 3), (3, 3)} be a relation defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3}. Then
R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive. Here,R = {(3,1), (1,3), (3,3)} (3, 3) e R,
so R is reflexive. (3,1) E R and (1, 3) e R, so R is symmetric. Now, (3,1) e Rand (1,3)
e Ribut (1, 1) ? R So, Ris not transitive. Hence, the statement is False'. Let f: R R
be the function defined by f(x) = sin (3x + 2) v x e R, then fis invertible. Given that:
f(x) = sin (3x + 2) v x e R, f(x) is not one-one. Hence, the statement is False'. Every
relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive. Let Ribe any relation
defined on A={1, 2, 3}
R ={(1,2),(2,1), (2, 3),(1,3)} Here, (1, 2) e R and (2, 1) e R, so R is symmetric. (1,
2) e R, (2, 3) e R => (1, 3) e R, so R is transitive. But (1, 1) o R, (2, 2) o R and (3,3) o
R. Hence, the statement is False'. An integer m is said to be related to another
integer n if m is an integral multiple of n. This relation in Z is reflexive, symmetric
and transitive. Here,m = km If k = 1 m = n, so z is reflexive. Clearly z is not
symmetric but z is transitive. Hence, the statement is False'. Let A = {0, 1} and N
be the set of natural numbers then the mapping f: N A defined by f(2n 1) = 0,
f(2n) = 1, v n = N is onto.|- Given thatA = [0,1] f(2n 1)=0 and f(2n) = 1 \, n e N So,
f: N A is a onto function. Hence, the statementis True'. . . . The relation R on the
set A = {1, 2, 3} defined as R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3,3)} is reflexive, symmetric
and transitive. Here,R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3,3)} Here, (1, 1) e R, so R is
Reflexive, (1, 2) e Rand (2, 1) e R, so Ris Symmetric.
(where k is aninteger)
NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS MATHEMATICSX||
Q59. Sol.
Q60. Sol.
Q61. So.
Q62. Sol.
(1, 2) e Ribut (2,3) o R
 So, R is not transitive. Hence, the statement is False'. The composition of functions is
commutative.
Let f(x)=xo, and g(x)=2x + 3 fog(x) = f(g(x)] = (2x + 3)^ = 4xo + 9 + 12x gof(x) = g[f(x)]=2xo +3
So,fog(x) # ggf(x) Hence, the statement is False'. The composition of functions is associative.
Let f(x) = 2x, g(x) = x - 1 and - h(x) = 2x + 3 fosgoh(x)} = fo{g(2x+3)} = f(2x + 3 1)=f(2x + 2) =
2(2x + 2) = 4x + 4. and (fog)oh(x) = (fog) {h(x)} = fog(2x+3) =f(2x+3-1)=f(2x+2)=2(2x+2)=4x+4
So,fo{goh(x)} = {(fog)oh(x)} = 4x + 4 Hence, the statement is "True. Every function is invertible.
Only bijective functions are invertible. Hence, the statement is False'. A binary operation on a
set has always the identity elment.
+ is a binary operation on the set N but it has no identity element.
Hence, the statement is False'.

.
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS s. 25