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MODULE 1: ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE~ Everything is formal, in balance.

4. Reflection of American Structures
House first type of architectural structure that is built Highly influence by their colonizers
Timber framing
Nomads people who doesnt have permanent address; they only
Second floor always overhang to the first.
settle when they learn cultivating land (reason why shelter is built),
raising animals, etc. US COLONIAL

* Architecture today is the fruit of yesterday. Necessity is the root of 1. Georgian (symmetrical)
invention. 2. Greek Revival (seed in Europe) focuses on public
buildings
PHRASES OF DEVELOPMENT
3. Gothic Revival not successful in US because it lacks
flexibility
1. Archaic
4. Victorian attempt to bring back decoration
Architecture in Mesopotamia & Egypt
5. Romanesque
Exploring materials
6. Renaissance Revival
Examples: Stonehenge, Minoans, etc.
7. Antecedent of Contemporary
2. Mastery
Discovery of steel
Classical style, Romanesque & Gothic
Examples: Library of Genevive, Arch de Boux
Discover the medium and different techniques
8. Early Modernism
3. European Precedent Structural Styles
Eclectic design, classicist
Trabeated Post & Lintel
Louisa de Vaughn Frank Lloyd Wrights mentor
Archated Arch & Pier
9. Traditional Modernist
4. Imitative (Decorative)
Merging of new & old style
Renaissance revival (repetition of already done)
Dati 12-storey consider as high rise ngayon 30-
& eclectic (mixture of different styles into one
storey up na.
structure); most in Europe
10. Non-Traditional Modernist
5. Contemporary
Concentrate on functionalism & believes in form
After World War I around 1920; from very
follow structure
ornate to functional; function is most important.
The materials greatly affect the look of the
FAMOUS/KNOWN MOVEMENTS structure.

1. Classical * Architecture is the mother of all arts.

a. Greek
Culture
Temples, theaters (perfected the acoustical
structure)
Tells us how the people in the community/society
Focuses on exterior design
Also records the aesthetic styles
Post & lintel style sees marble as easy to
Source of material
use
b. Romans * What makes architecture good? According to Vitruvius (Roman
Aside from temple, coliseum, bath houses, architect), it is the three: Venustas, Firmitas & Utilitas.
aqueducts
All in large scale because of the use of Training It is the encouraging that an application of creative type
concrete. of teaching in this subject be adapted, a type of teaching.
During this time Greeks are more engineers.
Less functional structure FUNCTIONS OF MENTAL CAPACITY
Round arches equilibrium was born during
1. Absorptive w/c is the ability to observe & to apply
this time
attention
2. Gothic (still religion is most significant) System is
2. Retentive w/c is the ability to memorize & to recall
dictated by religion & philosophy not by construction.
3. Reasoning w/c is the ability to analyze & to judge
Vaultery
4. Creative w/c is the ability to visualize, to foresee & to
Pointed archs
generate ideas
Piers
3. Renaissance (Florence, Italy)
FORMAL MENTAL PROCESSES
Adapting the classical form
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1. Judgment wherein reflections on the past related Brainstorming a group process, discussing the
experiences that can lead to the formulation of values problem & contributing positive ideas to solve a
through comparison & discrimination problem; needs patience
2. Imagination wherein some process of the mind leads to 3. Critical Analysis
the formulation of mental images or records Constructive criticism is helpful & conventional.
Analytical approach (SWOT) learning from
WAYS TO DEVELOP CREATIVITY different models or case studies
4. Operational Process
1. Exercise to develop the mind.
Conceptual design (planning of the design
2. Experience provides fuel for ideation. (Actual exposure)
progress)
3. Playing games such as solving puzzles.
Operational design (synthesis of design express
4. Engaging in hobbies & fine arts.
in working drawings)
5. Creativity thrives in reading.
DESIGN METHOD
MEDIA AS A LEARNING AID
Methodology
75% - 95% Sight
10% - 15% Hearing Is the systematic method of problem
3% - 4% Smell solving
1% - 2% Touch It involves the systematic breakdown of
body of knowledge into its workable parts.
CREATIVE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCEDURES
DESIGN TOOLS
1. Fact-Finding problem def. picking & pointing up the
problem 1. Pre-statement
Preparation gathering & analyzing the 2. Problem statement
pertinent data 3. Information
2. Idea Finding Literature archival, documentation
Idea Production thinking up tentative ideas as Consultants interview
much as possible w/c leads to: Observation - survey
Idea Development selecting the most 4. Analysis & programming
likely of the resultant ideas, adding others &
Objectives
reprocessing all of these by such means as
Consideration
modification & combination
Concept
3. Solution Finding
5. Synthesis & evaluation
Evaluation verifying the tentative solution by
Schemes
test or otherwise
Design development
Adoption deciding or an & implementing the
Final solution
final solution
THE PLANNING PROCESS
ESSENTIALS TO DEVELOPMENT OF CREATIVE SKILLS
o Types of clients
1. Ideation refers to the mental process itself to think, to
- Private
train ones self in new & unique ways
- Public (individuals, partners/couples,
2. Idea Quantity the person who produces a number of
groups/corporations)
ideas per unit of time has the greatest chance of producing
o Clients requirements needs and wants
the truly significant one
o A project/design problem
3. Imagineering letting your imagination soar & then
o Programming (knowledge/research)
engineering it back to reality
- Clients operations & business policy, living patterns &
DESIGN APPROACHES behavior
- Feasibility (project scope, lending institution, budget)
1. Design Analysis - Project parameters (significance, time frame,
Design involves problem solving management)
Demands idea production o Methods of research
Bionics - Historical
2. Tentative Solutions - Analytical

- Classification (qualitative or quantitative)
- Description
o Data
- User profile
- Site profile
- Design parameters
o Project objectives hierarchy of importance
o Design objectives
o Design consideration
THE DESIGN PROCESS
Design philosophy
The designer, through his training &
experience has usually developed a design
philosophy.
A set of postures or values about design,
design methods, processes & bldg. solutions
The designers general posture about design
almost always includes attitudes & values
about a range of issues that are closer to
design activity.
UNCOVER & TEST CONCEPTS
1. Programmatic concepts refer to abstract ideas intended
mainly as functional solutions to clients performance
problems w/o regard to the physical response
2. Design concepts refer to concrete ideas intended as
physical solutions to clients architectural problem
Convertibility is a programming concept.
Design concept is folding door.
Shelter is programming concept. Design
concept is roof.
* Abstract ideas are required must be public, vague form until the
designer makes them into a physical function.
PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
1. Priority evokes questions regarding the order of
importance such as relative position, size & social value.
This concept reflects how to accomplish a goal based on a
ranking of values.
2. Hierarchy related to a goal about the exercise of
authority & is expressed in symbols of authority
3. Character based on a goal concerning the image the
client wants to project in terms of values & generic nature
of the project
4. Density a goal for efficient land or space use, a goal for
high degrees of interaction, or a goal to respond to harsh
climatic conditions may lead to the appropriate degree of
density low, medium or high density
5. Service grouping Should services be centralized or
decentralized?
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6. Activity grouping Should services be integrated or
compartmentalized?
7. People grouping concepts derived from the physical,
social & emotional characteristics of people or individuals
8. Home base related to the idea of territoriality; applies to
a wide range of functional settings
9. Fixed address refers to a traditional work setting where
one person is assigned to a workplace. The concept of
shared address is similar, for example, a single office
assigned to two or more people.
10. Free group address refers to a designed group or team
space assigned for a specific period of time
Satellite office a goal for providing office
center
11. Relationships the correct interrelation of spaces
promotes efficiencies & effectiveness of people & their
activities. This concept of functional affinities is the most
common programmatic concept.
12. Communications a goal to promote the effective
exchange of information or ideas in an organization may
call for networks or pattern of communication
13. Neighbors Is there a goal for sociability?
14. Separated flow a goal for segregation may relate to
people (such as pedestrian traffic & automobile)
15. Mixed flow common social spaces. Its concept may be
appropriate if the goal is to promote sociability.
16. Sequential flow the progression of people (as in a
museum) & things must be carefully planned. A flow-chart
diagram will communicate this concept of sequential flow
much easier than words will.
17. Virtual office uses portable computer & communication
technology to allow an individual to work in a variety of
settings
18. Orientation provide a bearing (a point of reference w/in
a bldg. campus or a city relating periodically to a space,
thing or structure can prevent a feeling of being lost)
19. Flexibility covers all three: expansibility, convertibility &
versatility
20. Tolerance may well add space to the program, a
particular space tailored precisely for a static activity or is
it provided w/ a loose fit for a dynamic activity one likely
to change
21. Safety W/c major ideas will implement the goal for life
safety?
22. Security controls the degree of security control varies
depending upon the value of the potential loss
minimum, medium or maximum. These controls are used
to protect property & to guide personnel movement.
23. Energy conservation
2 General Ways to Lead an Energy-Efficient Bldgs:
a. Keep heated area to a minimum by making
use of conditioned, but non-heated outside
space such as exterior corridors.
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b.
Keep heat flow to a minimum w/ insulation, De Architectura
correct orientation to sun & wind,
compactness, sun control, wind controls & Was written during the reign of Augustus
reflective surfaces. Oldest book
24. Environment controls What controls for air 10 book in architecture
temperature, light & sound will be required to provide for 5 translations
people comfort inside & outside the bldg.? Utility (utilitas), firmness (firmitas), delight (venustas)
25. Phasing Will phasing of construction be required to
De Architectura Book I
complete the project on time-and-cost schedule?
26. Cost control this concept is intended as a search for
Dedication to the emperor
economy ideas that will lead to realistic preview of costs &
Branches of knowledge that an architect must be
a balanced budget to meet the extent of available funds
acquainted
Theory of architecture
CONTENTS
De Architectura Book II
1. Concept as a design strategy (Gehry)
Gehry bases his design process on extensive
The invention of arts in buildings
physical modeling at multiple scales, in w/c both
Hut architecture
the functional & formal aspects of development
First principles
are explored in detail.
Masonry
The creation of Gehrys signature CATIA
Timber
Working from the inside out, Gehry begins w/
the bldg. program. De Architectura Book III
Detailed context models
2. Concept as a design process (Thom Mayne, Morphosis) The nature of fame in the arts serve as a rather irrelevant
Conflict & confrontation prologue
Architecture participates not only in style & First principles of geometry
look but also enhancing a life. Temple types
Certain formal aspects of a building results from The species of temples
a set of interest or preoccupations Temple construction
Derived from strategies Ionic order
The building is a result of a mental process that
is unencumbered and that produces a work w/ a De Architectura Book IV
feeling of inevitability to it that finally becomes
Discovery of symmetries
an important characteristic of the work.
Doric male
Concepts are as irrelevant in the scientific reality
Ionic female
we live in.
Corinthian maiden
Nature has no compassion.
Tuscan
3. Concept as a means to an end (Rem Koolhaas, OMA)
Architectural ornament
Concept a method of systematic idealization;
Doric symmetries
flamboyant conceptually, but not formally
Temple interiors
It is a systematic overestimation of what exists, a
Orientation
bombardment of speculation that invents even
Temple doors
the most mediocre aspects w/ retroactive
conceptual & ideological change. De Architectura Book V technical

VITRUVIUS & DE ARCHITECTURA De Architectura Book VI diversity of mankind from climate to

climate
Vitruvius
Latitudes & people
Roman architect & engineer, whose treatise, De
Proportion & optics
Architectura has been valued as a treatise of classical
Interiors
architecture from the Renaissance onward
Orientation of rooms
Born in Formine, Italy
Served the Roman army under Julius Caesar De Architectura Book VII interior decorations
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De Architectura Book VIII water Programming Concerns

De Architectura Book IX useful technical achievement of 1. Establish goals.

architects; basically geometry & algebra 2. Collect and analyze facts.
3. Uncover and test concepts.
De Architectura Book X money matters, civil & military 4. Determine needs.
engineering, equipment & construction methods 5. State the problem.

The design considerations (or design determinants): function, form

(Di ko na nakopya yung iba rito.)
APPROACHES IN THE DESIGN PROCESS techniques, models,
paradigms, idioms & processes for designing Programming is a process.

Serve as a vehicle/catalysis for improving the effectiveness
of a designer
Broaden & deepen the designers understanding of design
activities
Use to organize & present information for designing
To provide successful architectural solutions
Concepts
The designers way of responding to the design solution
presented in the program
They are derived from problem analysis or initially
prompted by it.
They are rudimentary in character.
They both require & must embrace further development.
Process leading to the statement of an architectural
problem and the requirements to be met in offering a solution.
Programmers and designers are separate specialists. Programmers
are for analysis. Designers are for synthesis.
Analysis parts of the design problem are separated and identified
Synthesis parts are put together to form a coherent design
solution
The Separation: Programming precedes design just as analysis
precedes synthesis. Separation is central to understanding of a
rational architectural process, w/c leads to good buildings and
satisfied clients.

PROBLEM IN CONCEPT GETTING Thumbnail sketches conceptual sketches and schematics

1. Building exceeds clients budgets

2. Incompatible activities zoned together
Goals, Concepts and Problem Solving are qualitative.
3. Insufficient layout
4. Spaces too large or cramped
Programming is based on combination of interviews and
5. Furniture dont fit activity patterns
work sessions.
6. Too much or too little furniture in spaces
7. Building wont accommodate future growth and change o Interviews used for asking questions and
8. Poorly utilized land collecting data during the first three steps
o Work Sessions used to verify information and
CHECKLIST IN DESIGN
to stimulate clients decisions which is the fourth
step
Space
Context
The 5 steps raised these questions:
Economic
Geometry 1. Goals What does the client want to achieve and why?
Systems 2. Facts What do we know? What is given?
Human factors 3. Concepts How does the client want to achieve the goals?
Enclosure 4. Needs How much money and space and what level of
Function quality?
5. Problems What are the significant condition affecting the
design of the building?
PROBLEM SEEKING: AN ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING PRIMER~
What are the general conditions the DESIGN should take?
Programming Design
Transformation from program to schematic design
* Architecture is common sense.
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Basic relationship between function Concept Formation converts the discovery into graphic
Position and orientation and verbal statement that can give the basic direction to
the full development of the project

Figures:
CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN~
Hammer and tent
Design process aimed at expanding the range of possibilities Pitcher and recreational house
through exploration
Analogous:
Architects opportunity seekers as well as problem solvers
Symbolic a comparison between general qualities of two
Exploration systematic investigation or traveling through an objects
unfamiliar region in order to learn about it Direct compares parallel facts or operation
Personal the designer identifies himself directly with the
Elaboration in design process elements of the problem
Deviation from norm Fantasy uses description of an ideal condition desired as
Expansion of thinking a source of ideas
Development of imagination
Sources of Analogy:
3 Approaches to Exploration
o Physical
1. Open-minded images that suggest a number of different o Organic
perceptions or interpretations. o Cultural
2. Transformation of images
3. Structuring or ordering images Sub-categories:

Basic Types of Transformation Structural referring to shape or relationship

Mechanical the way something operates
Topological community Control maintaining a condition
o Cut & Fill Plant goal orientation and differentiation
o Follow the contour Animal Behavior
Ornamental grammar clearly illustrates the application Man imagination and choice
of ornamental grammar to building massive scales Society
Reservals changes in image from its first characteristic to Symbolic
opposite characteristic
o Example: Yin Yang Concept Formation referred to as the part used by the
architectural designers to establish the FUNDAMENTAL
4 Basic Manipulations of Ornamental (Thomas Beeby) ORGANIZATION of a building and guide the entire process of design
development of the designers response to the determinants of
Translation simplest
form, program, objectives, context, site, economy, etc.
Rotation
Inversion A boundary around a set of decisions that will be the focus
Reflection of the designers responsibility
A way for future design activities
Figure-ground drawing simplest form of reserval experience
An image that arouses expectations and provide
Lines can be used as spines for collecting and organizing a number motivations
of different organizations.
The Ideagram the sketches that have already been described as
flowing from analogies, known as ideagrams are the starting point
for concept formation; extension of analysis diagrams that can used
THE DISCOVERY PROCESS~ as:

Two parts: o Aid to investigation and synthesis in the design

process
Invention seeks the basic discovery, the original idea for o A frame in the design thinking process that leads
the project to the final design product
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o A literal model of the final product Space within a space a set of a larger
o A explanation of the design concept space and a secondary space
A space/form or a free
standing object with
separate functions
Checklist in Design Solution
Interlocking space
Interlocking position of the
Space volume required by activities
volumes can be shared by
Context site and climate
each space
Systems mechanical, electrical, etc.
Can merge
Human Factors perception, behavior, etc.
Can develop its own integrity
Economic first cost, maintenance cost
that serves to link the two
Enclosure structure, places and openings, enclosing
Adjacent space schemes in separating
Geometry circulation, form and image
planes
Function activity grouping and zoning
Limit visual access between
Concept Categories two spaces and
accommodate their
Functional zoning differences
Need for adjacency Appear as a free standing
Similarity in general role plane in a single volume
Relatedness to departments, goals and systems Be defined as a row of
Sequence in time columns but allows high
Required environment degree of visual and spatial
Types of effects produced continuity between two
Relative proximity to building spaces
Relatedness to core activities Be merely implied with a
Characteristics of people involved change in level or surfaces
Volume of people involved articulation between two
Extent of man and machine involvement spaces
Degree of energy for critical situation Spaces linked by a common space the
Relative of speed and respective activities following are ways of linking common
Frequency of activity occurrence space
Duration of activities Intermediate space can be
Anticipated of growth and change equivalent in shape and size
Architectural space and forming a linear
Space sequence of spaces
Expressive or artistic/aesthetic space As a linear form linking
created space to express mans distant spaces
structure of his word Can be a large dominating
Expressive space done by space organizing a number of
builders planners, architects, spaces about itself
designers The forms and orientation of
Aesthetic space studied by the spaces being linked or
architectural theorists and related
philosophers Spatial organization
Configuration to form after
Architectural space concretization of mans existential space an arrangement of parts or a
form or figures determine
Euclidan space 3D geometry
the by the arrangement
Building systems: roof, wall,
Context a joining together.
floor
The whole situation,
Space frames
background or environment
Utopian city planning
relevant to a particular
Divisions and partitions
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event, personality or
creation.
Circulation
Response to context