B5019052

1.1 Define the term propulsion and relate in to Newtons Third Law
of Motion

- "
" " "

=
A B
B
 B5029617

1.2) Give a brief definition of a system. Explain the differences between open,
closed, and isolated system.

(surroundings)
(system boundary)
3
1) (isolated system)

2) (Close system Control mass)

3) (Open system Control volume)
gas turbine
 Working fluid

gas turbine , ramjet scramjet ambient air oxidizer

1.4

working fluid

working fluid (P) , (T) , (V) , enthalpy

(H) , ( ), ( U) , entropy (S)

, , ,

B5108145
 B5115044

Pressure ,

1.

Temperature
6. C
10

Density
Speed of Sound
1.5 Describe the difference between a cyclic process and a non-cyclic process.

- cyclic process
-

cyclic process

- non-cyclic process

B5115754
 B5117673

1.6

Reversible

Irreversible (
)
 B5127573

( ) ( )
( (N-
(
(

Power

50
50

W
P
t

( )

(J)
 B5130078

Homework

1.9

Internal Energy

This include the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the molecular consists of atom or
electrons that may be Vibrating , Translation, Rotating, Spinning

Describe Sensible

The level of activity (velocity and momentum) of the molecules increases with temperature.
As temperature increases, the sensible energy increases causing the system to have a higher internal
energy.

Latent energy

The internal energy related to this phase change (such as a liquid into gas)

Thermal energy

The combination of the sensible and lalent internal energy of system

 . . B5131624

1.10 Briefly describe what is meant by the term heat. Describe the three mechanisms by which
heat can be transferred

Ans. 0 1

0 1

1. (Heat Conduction)

2. (Heat Convection)

(
)

3. (Radiation)
1.11 Define the thermal efficiency of heat engine

th = W net / Q in = (W out - W in )/ Q in = (Q in - Q out )/ Q in

th = 1 - (Q out / Q in )

B5140947
1.12 Define a perfect gas. Describe how different properties of a perfect gas,
such as density, volume, mass, temperature, and pressure, are related to one
another

"R" :

" "
R
o P,V,n T
o ,T, (K)
o ,n,
o ( ATM ) (l)

o :
 R

L ATM / mol K 0.08206

cal / mol K 1.987
J / mol K 8.314
. 3 mol K 8.314
Torr L / mol K 62.36

: 1.0 1.0 ATM 0 C (273.15 K) ?

PV = nrt

V = nrt / P

v = (1.0 mol) (0.0821 L ATM / mol K) (273 K) / (1.0 ATM)

V = L 22.41

0C 1 (STP)

( ) 22.4 STP

(NO 3 -- ) (NO 2 -- ) (O 2 )
O2 750 . 2.8
53.6 O2 ?
 PV = nrt

n = PV / RT

n = (2.8 ATM * * * * 0.75 L) / (0.0821 L ATM / mol K * * * * (53.6 + 273) K

n = (2.1 ATM L) / (26.81 ATM / mol)

n = 0.078 O2

Boyle Avogadro

PV = nrt

PV =

P= (1 / V)

P 1/V( Boyle )

PV = nrt

V = (NR / P) T *

V= T*

V T( )

PV = nrt

V = n * (RT / P)

V= n*

V n ( Avogadro )
 P, V T

PV = nrt

(PV) / T = NR =

(PV / T)
P, V T:

1 (25 C) (1 ATM) 3.3 MLS

1000 ATM ?
 B5203345

Problem

( )

-
.
( )-( )=

( - 0.
( )-( )= 0.
B5203802
 B5206285

Home work 1

1.15 Describe the process of a convergent and condi nozzle becoming choked.

Ans Choke (Throat) convergent condi

thoat ( 0)
 B5206896

Home work Aircraft power plant

1.16 Explain why shock waves form when a supersonic , compressible

fluid flow over a body such as a wing

Normal shock (supersonic)

supersonic subsonic
pressure temperature density velocity and Mach number
Nomal shock

10^-5
 B5208135
[ ]

HW.1.17 Describe the difference between normal shock and oblique

shock. State which Shock induces the greater loss of pressure?
Ans. (Normal shock)
(Oblique shock)
1.18 Briefly describe what happens to the total temperature of a fluid across a shock.

Shock M = v/a
Incompressible flow density=0 M 0.3
( )

( )
 B5212828

Homwork # 1

2
1 2
3
 1
- 2 1
1
1-( 1/
2 1)
1
- (25 100)1.4 1/1.4
 . . B5213108

1.20 ) A clown uses a 0.25 m3 tank containing helium (He) to fill balloons. She normally
fills the tank so that the pressure of the helium is 200 kPa at 25 C. However, in order to meet
the expected demands of excited children at a large party who all want balloons, she needs to
pump an additional 1 kg of helium into the tank. She is a little worried because she knows that
the tank will rupture at a pressure of 500 kPa. Helium can be assumed to be a perfect gas and
has a molecular weigh (M w) of 4.003 kg/kmole. Calculate the new pressure after allowing the
gas to return to an ambient temperature of 25 C Will the tank rupture and ruin the party?

V = 0.25 m3

M= 1kg He P= 200 kPa

500 kPa T= 25 C
Mw 4.003 kg/kmole
P2 = ?
Soln
P v = RT
RT
P=
V

V= V = Specific volum of gas m3/kg

m
V = 0.25 m3 / 1 kg
V = 0.25 m3/kg
R = R0/Mw = 8.3145 kJ/kmole.k
4.003 kg/kmole
R = 2.077 kJ/kg.k

P = (2.077 kJ/kg.k)(298k)
0.25 m3/kg
P = 2.475 kPa ANS
 B5214839

10 106 = 259.8 (273 + 25)

= 129.1649 3

4 3
3
4
= = 129.1649 (0.253 )
3

= 4.7553

1210 6
= = = 357.6
259.8129.1649
 B5215256

Homework
1.22
3

1 2 1
2 ^
2 1

500 200 0.4

2 87 1.4

1 500
2 1.268 1.268

U 2 1

( 2 1)

U - Ans.

2 1
1 2

200 1
87 2

3 Ans.
2
 B5215508

1.23 Jet fuel steadily flows through a 2 cm diameter pipe at

2 m/s. Assuming that the jet fuel is incompressible, determine the
velocity ( 2 ) of the fuel after the pipe enlarges to a 3 cm diameter
( as shown in Figure P1.23 )
 1

= 0.5 , = 80
3
= 15 = 101.3 = 0.8 ,

3
= 10 , = 800 , = 0.15

= + ( )
3
= 80 + (800 101.3) (0.15 0.8)

= 374.805

= 0.5 374.805

= 187.4025

are 187.4025 kW
1-26 Air flows through a turbine at a steady flow rate of 15 kg/s. The air enters
the turbine at velocity of 50 m/s and specific enthalpy(h) of 1200 kJ/kg and
exits the turbine at velocity of 140m/s and specific enthalpy of 300 kJ/kg.
Assuming that no heat is rejected from the turbine, calculate the total power
generated by turbine.

From = (h 2 -h 1 )

=15kg/s(1200-300kJ/kg)

=13.5 kJ/s
Homework
1.27.) An airplane flies at a velocity of 300 m/s at an altitude of 5 km. Assuming
Cp = 1.007 kJ/(kg.K) for air, determine the total temperature of the air relative
to the airplane.

Soln From Appendix A; Table A.1

Altitude 5 km ; Temperature = 255.7 K

R= = = 287.71 J/(kg.K)

M= = = = 0.9350

Tt = T[1+ ]
= 255.7[1+ ]
= 300.4 K

B5219155
 1
A large commercial jet aircraft is flying at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 10 km. Air entering
the intake of the aircraft's engine is slowed down to a velocity of 100 m/s.

Assume that = 1.4 and C p = 1.007 kJ/(kg.K) for air. If this is an isentropic process,
determine the static temperature and pressure of the air in the intake.

M=0.8 , S=10 km. , v=100m/s , = 1.4 , C p = 1.007 kJ/(kg.K)

2 2
+V
2 2 /2) 1 1 /2)
-V

T
p 2 T - V 12/2]
p 1

T2 1 V12 p

T2

P 2/P 1 2 /T 1 ) -1

P2 1 2 /T1 ) -1

P2
26-01-2012 HOMEWORK #1 . . B5221165

1.28 ) A large commercial jet aircraft is flying at Mach 0.8 at an altitude of 10 km. Air
entering the intake of the aircrafts engine is slowed down to a velocity of 100 m/s.
Assume that = 1.4 and Cp = 1.007 kJ/(kg K) for air. If this is and isentropic
process, determine the static temperature and pressure of the air in the intake.

Solution :
2
= = = 2

(100 )2
=
(1.4)(287 )(0.8)2

= 38.89

3
10 . = 0.414 /

3 )(287
= (0.414 )(38.89 )

= 4,620.83
 B5221196

Homework #1
1.29) Exhaust gases exiting the nozzle of a turbojet engine have a total
temperature of 1000 K , total pressure of 350 kPa , and Mach number of
1.0. Assume isentropic flow and = 1.33 and R = 287 J(kgK). Calculate
the static pressure , static temperature and exhaust jet velocity of the
gases.

Solution

Given : M = 1 , P t = 350 kPa , T t = 1000 K , = 1.33 , R = 287 J(kgK)

From Table B.2 @M = 1

P/P t )(350) = 188.93 kPa

T/T t = 0.8573 573)(1000) = 857.3 K

V = Ma = (1)(1.33287857.3)

V = 572.0489 m/s
 B5242320
1
1.29 Exhaust gases exiting the nozzle of a turbojet engine
(shown in Figure P1.29)have: a total temperature of 1000 K,
total pressure of 350 kPa, and Mach number of 1.0 .Assume
isentropic flow and = 1.33 and R = 287 J/kg K .Calculate
the static pressure, static temperature, and exhaust jet
velocity of the gases.

Solution Table B.2

P T
M=1 = 0.5398 , 0.8573
Pt Tt

P= ( PPt ) Pt = 0.5398(350 kPa)

P = 188.93 kPa #
T
T= ( ) Tt = 0.8573(1000K)
Tt

T = 857.3 k #
V
M= a

V = Ma =M RT

= (1.33)(287 J / kg K )(857.3K

= 572.05 m/s #
1.31 Air with a static temperature of 223 K entering a Gas turbine engine intake at V1=300 m/s accelerates to
anew velocity (V2)and dereases inpressure(P2)at the exit plane of in take . The pressure recovery (P2/P1)
Through the in take is 0.833. Assume that the flow through the in take is isentropic.

a. Calculate the static temperature (T2 ) of air exiting the intake .

b. Find the difference in total temperature ( Tt) across the intake.

c. Determine the velocity (V2) of the air exiting the intake.

Sol

Give: T0=223K , V1=300m/s , P2/P1=0.833

Ans :

M1= V/a

=300/sqr(rRt1) : 300/sqr(1.4*287*223)

=1.002

M1=1.002 T1/T2=0.833 T2= 223K

T2=267.7K

a. T2=267.7K

t=T2-T1=267.7-223=44.7K

b. T = 44.7K

P2/P1= 0.833 pv=RT

P1(300)= 287*223=213.3Pa

P2/P1=0.833 P1= 213.3 0 P2= 177.7Pa

P2v2=RT2 : V2=432.357 m/s

c. V2=432.357m/s
B5221219
 Niratchada Awichin
B5221318

Homework
1.32) A turbojet engine operates at the conditions shown in the T-S diagram
(Figure P1.32). Air entering the compressor is at an ambient static temperature
(T 1 ) of 200 K. Assume isentropic diffusion through the inlet and that =1.4
for the air before it enter the combustion chamber.
(a) Determine the Mach number (M 1 ) of the air in the inlet.
(b) Determine the total pressure ratio (Pt2 /P t1 ) across the compressor
Solution

a) Tt /T = 1+[M2( -1)/2]

250/200 = 1+[M2(1.4-1)/2]

M2 = 1.25

M1 = 1.12 #

-1
b) P t2 /P t1 = (T2 /T1 )

= (530/250)1.4/0.4

= 13.87 #
1.32 B5228416

32. A turbojet engine operates at the conditions shown in the T-s diagram (Figure P1.32 past 55). Air
entering the compressor is at an ambient static temperature (T1) of 200 K. Assume isentropic diffusion
through the inlet and that k= 1.4 for the air before it enters the combustion chamber.

(A) Determine the Mach number(M1)of the air in the inlet.

(B) Determine the total pressure ratio (P t2/P t1) across the compressor.

Sol (A) Mach number(M1) of the air in the inlet.

( 1)
Formula ; (T t1 /T 1) = 1+ ( M 12 ( ) )
2

( 250
200
) = 1+ ( M 12 ( (1.42 1) ) )

1.25 = 1 + 0.2 M 12

( 0.25
0.2
) = M 12

M 12 = 1.25

M 1 = 1.12 Ans.

(B) total pressure ratio (P t2/P t1 ) across the compressor.

Formula ; (P t2 /P t1 ) = (T 2 /T1 ) (r/r-1)

(P t2 /P t1 ) = (530/250) (1.4/0.4)

(P t2 /P t1 ) = 13.87 Ans.
 B5222179 1

Exhaust Gases entering a convergent nozzle have a total pressure (P t )

of 200kPa and total temperature (Tt ) of 800 K. The gases exit the nozzle into
ambient air at a static pressure (P O ) of 101.3kPa.
(a) Assuming that =1.33 and R=287 J/(kg K), determine the critical
pressure ratio (PR crit ) and evaluate whether the nozzle is choked or not.
(b) Calculate the exit static pressure (P e) and exit velocity (V e )
1 1
Solution = = 1+
2
1.33
1.33 1 1.33 1
= 1+ = 1.851
2
200
Check = = 1.974 > 1.851
101.3

The Mach number at the exit must be 1, Because of Chocked flow.

1 2 1.33 1
= 1+ = 1+ (1)2
2 2
= 686.6
1.33
1 2 1 1.33 1 1.33 1
= 1+ = 1+ (1)2
2 2
= 108.1
From = = =1

= (1) 287 1.33 686.7

= 512 /
 B5228201
1.33 Exhaust gases entering a convergent nozzle have a total pressure (P t ) of 200 kPa andtotal temperature (T t ) of
800 K. The gases exit the nozzle into ambient air at a static pressure (P 0 ) of 101.3kPa.

(a) Assuming that = 1.33 and R = 287 J/ (kgK), determine the critical pressure ratio (PR crit ) and evaluate
whether the nozzle is choked or not.
(b) Calculate the exit static pressure (P e ) and exit velocity (V e ).

Solution

a) Check Choke
1
= = (1 + ) 1
2
Therefore:
1.33
1.33 1 1.33 1
= 1+ 2
= (1.165)4 = 1.85

200
= 101 .3 = 1.97
0

:
0

1.97 1.85

b) Calculate the exit static pressure (P e ) and exit velocity (V e ).

Therefore:
200
1.85 =

= 108.1

Stage A: find a

= = 1.43 287 800 = 552.6

Stage B: find V e then M e =1

Therefore:

= 1 552.6

= 552.6
 B5222889

1.34
A supersonic aircraft flying in air ( =1.4) at Mach 1.8 has an intake
type which induces s single normal shock. Calculate the percentage
pressure loss and Mach number of the flow entering the intake
diffuser after the shock.
Solution
Percentage pressure loss:

+1 2
P M1 1
2
2 = 1 2
Pt 1+ M1 2 1
2 M12
+1 +1

.
.
1.4 + 1 .
(1.8)2 1
= 2
1.4 1 2(1.4) 1.4 1
1+ (1.8)2 (1.8)2
2 1.4 + 1 1.4 + 1

.
P 3.888 .
2 = 1.648
[0.277] = 20.169 0.040 = 0.8068
Pt

Mach number:
2 2
M12 + 1.82 + 8.24
1 1.4 1
M22 = = =
2 2(1.4) 15.68
M12 1 (1.82 1)
1 1.4 1
M2 = 0.7249
Homework

1.35 Supersonic air( =1.4) at Mach 2.8 flows over a wedge that is inclined at an angle of 30. If the
ambient pressure is 101.3kPa and temperature is 25 C.Calculate the Mach
number,staticpressure,and static temperature after the oblique shock

= 1.4 Mach number=2.8 =30 P1=101.3kPa

weak shock = 53
strong shock=71.8

M 1n =M 1 sin = 2.8sin53=2.236

( 1) 12 +2 (1.4 1)(2.236 )2 +2
M 2n = 2 =
2 1 +1 2(1.4)(2.236 )2 1.4+1

M 2n =0.5423

M2n=M2sin( )

2 0.5423
M 2 =sin ( )
=sin 53 30
=1.3879

>>>>Ans M2=1.3879
02 ( 1) 2
1
= 1+ 2 1

02 (1.4 1)
= 1+ (2.236)2
298 2

>>>>Ans 02 = 595.98

02
2 =0.5423
1

0.5471-0.5314 ; 6.7165-7.2937

0.5433-0.5314=0.4944

02
= (6.8892)(101.3)=697.87>>>>Ans
1

B5226313
1.35 Supersonic air ( =1.4) at Mach 2.8 flows over a wedge that is inclined at angle of
30 If the ambient pressure is 101.3kPa and temperature is 25c Calculate the Mach
number ,static pressure, and static temperature after the oblique shock.

Sol. =1.4, M=2.8, angle =30, T=25c=298k, P=101.3 kPa

M2, P 2 , T 2

M normal = Msin30

= 2.8(sin30)

= 1.4

( 1) 2 +2
M2 = 2
2 +1

= 0.7397
(1+ 2
2 1)
= 2
1 (1+ 2)

= 2.12

P 2 = 2.12x101.3

= 214.7583 kPa

2 (2+( 1) 12 )
=
1 ( 2+( 1) 22 )

= 1.2547

T 2 = 373.8997k
1-36.A ramjet in take is designed with two ramps (Figure P.1.36) so
that two 0blique shocks and one normal shock occur when it travels
at its cruising velocity of Mach 2.8. Calculate the total pressure
recovery (P t4 /P t1) and the Mach Number (M4 ) after this shock system
<Assume k = 1.4 for air>

SOLUTION
Given :M 1 =2.8, =30 dreg

M n1 = M 1sin = 2.8 sin30 =1.4

From Table M n1 =1.4 Mn2 = 0.7379, P t2/P t1 = 0.9582

M 2 = M n2 / sin( - ) = 0.7379/sin(30-10) = 2.16

Second shock

M=2.1

Mn = 2.1 sin 28 = 0.9859

From Table Mn1= 0.9859 Mn2 =

 B5223756

1.36 A ramjet intake is designed with two ramp (Figure P1.36) so that two oblique shocks
and one normal shock occur when it travels at its cruising velocity of Mach 2.8. Calculate the
total pressure recovery (P t4 /P t1 ) and the Mach number (M4) after this shock system.
[Assume = 1.4 for air.]

Open shock tables(Figures C.1a and b,Appendix C) : 2 = 2.33

Therefore, once again:

M 1n = M 1 sin

M 1n = 1.36 #

Again using the normal shock ables for M 1n = 1.36 :

(P t2/ P t1 ) = 0.9676 #

For the second obliqe shock for M 2

3 = 1.44

M 2n = 2 #

Again using the normal shock tables for M 2n = 1.48 :

(P t3 /P t2 ) = 0.9360 #

For the normal shock, using the normal shock tables for M 3 = 1.44

(P t4 /P t3 ) = 0.9476 #

Therefore:

(P t4 /P t1 ) = (P t4 /P t3 )(P t3 /P t2 )(P t2 /P t1 )

= (0.9476)(0.9360)(0.9676) = 0.8582 #

From table C.1 :

M 4 = 0.7235 #
 B5224425 Yuttachai Vongkasai
1.37 An attached conical shock wave forms on the nose cone of a rocket traveling at Mach 8.0 at an
altitude of 30 Km. The cones semi-vortex angle ( ) is 15 . Calculate the Mach number (Mc ) and static
pressure (Pc) of the airflow on the surface of the cone after the conical shock.
= 15 weak = 17.5 assume = 1.4
strong = 87

weak = 17.5 ; strong = 87 ;

Mn1 = Msin Mn1 = Msin
Mn1 = 8sin17.5 Mn1 = 8sin87
= 2.406 = 7.989
( 1) 2 ( 1) 2
1 +2 1 +2
Mn2 = 2 Mn2 = 2
2 1 +1 2 1 +1

(1.4 1)(2.406)2 +2 (1.4 1)(7.989)2 +2

Mn2 = Mn2 =
2(1.4)(2.406)2 1.4+1 2(1.4)(7.989)2 1.4+1

Mn2 = 0.522 Mn2 = 0.393

2 2
Mc = Mc =
sin ( ) sin ( )
0.522 0.393
= =
sin (17.5 15) sin (87 15)
=11.79 =0.413
P 0 = P stagnation = 1 atm; P 0 = P stagnation = 1 atm;
2 2 +1 2 2 +1
1 1
= =
0 +1 0 +1
2(1.4)(2.406 )2 1.4+1 2(1.4)(7.989)2 1.4+1
= =
1.4+1 1.4+1
= 6.587 atm = 74.295 atm