Design History File Team: Group 3: Israa Hadi, Jonathan VanPaepeghem,

Adam Mulka, Enrique Rodriguez

Class: BME 2910
Department of Semester/Year: Winter 2017
Biomedical Engineering
Wayne State University

Project: UV-Sanitization for Hospital Bedding

User Needs Summary: Goals and Objectives:

Safety To design a device that utilizes UV light in
Effectiveness order to sanitize hospital bedding
Time Efficient Reduce the amount of money that hospitals
Cost Efficient budget annually for laundry services
Ease of Use
Match the size of commercial devices
Similar weight capacity to commercial machines

Design Input Summary: Design Output Summary:

Minimize UV exposure
Effectiveness of UV light should be equal or
greater than bleach
Time efficient ( < 20 minutes/bed)
Cost efficient
Cost/sheet should be less than or equal to
current methods
Cost of device should not exceed cost of
current devices
Requires little to no training to operate
A holding capacity of a weight equivalent to 20
sheets
Equivalent to the size of washing machines in a
household setting
Design Verification Summary: Design Review Summary:
Calculated the price of raw materials to find
approximate price
NX models and hand drawings to visualize device
Calculated penetration depth of UV-C light through
cotton fabric
Design Change Summary: Plans for Future Developments:
Add a exterior UV detector to ensure that no
radiation escapes
Add a system to eliminate odors, which may be as
simple as a dryer sheet that is used in current
methods
Device will have a solid door to prevent exposure
to the user
Needs to eliminate 99.9% of common hospital
germs
It should take less than 2 hours to sanitize bedding
Cost of the device should be less than $8000
Simple user interface
Device will hold more than 10 kilograms of
bedding per load
The inner drum will have the following
dimensions:
Diameter= 533.4 mm
Depth= 354 mm
Thickness= 1.88 mm
From the design review, we were told that our
design lacked in its abilities to replace current
methods, as well as a lack of sufficient
verification
Implementing means for stain, odor, and particle
removal
 Table of Contents
Design Input.......1
i. Problem Statement..1
ii. User Needs..1
iii. Design Specifications..2
Design Development...3
i. Brainstorming and Concept Map3
ii. Morph Matrix..3
iii. Six Initial Design Concepts.4
iv. Pugh Matrix.7
Design Review.8
i.Summary of Feedback...8
ii.Strengths and Weaknesses.11
iii.Design Changes.11
Design Output......12
i.Design Overview....12
ii.Device Description.13
iii.Parts List.13
iv.Model of Design.14
v.Hardware/Software.16
Design Verification..17
i.Verification Methods.18
ii.Verification Results...19
iii.Future Developments.19
 Design Input
Problem Statement

According to the American Reusable Textile Association, on average, between 2 and 3

percent of a hospitals annual budget is spent on laundry and linen services.1 For a hospital the size of
the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), who had a budget for routine capital expenditures of $130 million
in 2015, it is probable that between $2.6 and $3.9 million were spent on laundry services last year.2 By
developing a device that reduces the amount of resources needed to sanitize hospital linens, we believe
that we can substantially lower this portion of a hospitals budget.

User Needs

The purpose of this project is to design a device that will provide our client with a convenient,
cost efficient system that utilizes UV light to sanitize standard hospital bedding.

Safety
Effectiveness
Time Efficient
Cost Efficient
Ease of Use
Match the size of commercial devices
Similar weight capacity to commercial machines
After meeting with Professor Mundo, who is our pseudo client until a credible client is
contacted, the user needs listed above were identified. It is important that our device maintains a high
level of safety, since UV light is generally known to be harmful to humans above certain concentrations.
Our device must also be very effective, for it will be used in a hospital environment that has the potential
to house a high population of harmful microorganisms. Designing the device to be time efficient is also
ideal. An aspect as such will make our device more appealing on the market. Cost efficient is another
characteristic of the device that we will aim to meet. This could potentially allow the user to replace
their current methods with our device, without delegating more money than they already have budgeted.
It is also important for our device to be easy to use, in order to minimize the training needed to operate
our device. We also aim to design our device to be similar in size to commercial devices. Since there
will be no water involved in our system, the weight the device can hold will be significantly reduced.
For this reason we are reducing the size of the device from the extremely large industrial machines, so
that more units can be implemented in a given hospital. Having our device have a similar weight
capacity (meaning a similar amount of sheets per load) to current commercial devices is another aspect
we aim to meet. This is due to the the same reasoning that we deduced for the similar size user need.
Design Specifications

Minimize UV exposure
Effectiveness of UV light should be equal or greater than bleach
Rotation should not disrupt the effectiveness of the UV sanitization process
Time efficient ( < 20 minutes/bed)
Cost efficient
Cost/sheet should be less than or equal to current methods
Cost of device should not exceed cost of current devices
Requires little to no training to operate
A holding capacity of a weight equivalent to 20 sheets
Equivalent to the size of washing machines in a commercial setting
This device will emit UV radiation, therefore it is important that a level of safety is maintained.
UV radiation exposure above 60 J/m2 a day is considered harmful, so the users of our device must be
exposed to less than that.3 Additional safety equipment for the user will be designed in the future, once
the style of our device is established.
The device must also be effective. Bleach is used with current washing methods and is known to
kill 99.9% of germs.4 For our device, it is important to match the effectiveness of bleach so our device
should also kill 99.9% of germs. Similarly, the device must be time efficient. Our client specified that
with current methods, it takes approximately 20-minutes per bed to complete the sanitation cycle. We
aim to match or reduce that time.
The cost of materials and labor for building the device must not exceed the limit set by our
client. Though there is no current limit set, our client requested that the cost per sheet when using our
device be equal to or less than the cost per sheet with current washing methods. Also, the cost of device
should not exceed the cost of current devices.
The device must be easy to use and require minimal amounts of training to operate. The device
should be straightforward and simple based on our ideas for the interface. We will ask the user to sign
off on a form after a few minutes of explanation and have the user show us that they understand how to
use the device. The signature will indicate that the user understands the risk involved with the device,
and that they are comfortable operating it.
One of our goals for this device is that it will be able to sanitize a similar amount of sheets in
comparison to traditional machines. By removing water from the equation, the machine should be able
to hold more sheets than an average washing device. We are estimating our devices capacity at 20
sheets, with further testing needed to find the proper dimensions and materials to accommodate for this
amount. Another goal of ours was to create a machine similar in size to commercial washers.
 Design Development
We started with the task of using UV light to sanitize hospital bedding. Once we had our
interview with our client, those ideas were refined to meet our design inputs. We developed a concept
map to help us define our user needs and design inputs. This concept map shows what we thought the
client would need out of our device and some major concepts that we thought applied to the problem.
Afterwards, a Morph Matrix was developed to assist us in creation of ideas to compare. The Morph
Matrix was particularly helpful in development of different and varying designs for us to compare in
our next design step: the Pugh Matrix. The Pugh Matrix was a way to compare the devices with a fair
and unbiased test. The stationary machine won by a small margin. This type of matrix does not
highlight every positive aspect of every design though, rather it focuses only on the main goals of the
device. It is not a true reflection of which device is superior in every aspect. With all of this
information, we decided upon an output. Our device would be a stationary machine, resembling the
current washing machines used in home and commercial applications. The exception being that the
interior would have a reflective surface and no there will be no water. Our verification was a variety of
tests that we would need to run to effectively test and validate our device.

Brainstorming and Concept Map

We went through some brainstorming and developed a list of multiple functions to consider in
our design. After that we organized all of our ideas into a concept map so that we could have a better
understanding of what features interacted with each other. From these ideas and our organized concept
map, we created the Morph Matrix and Pugh Matrix that can be seen below to narrow down our
design.

Morph Matrix

Our Morph Matrix puts ideas from our concept map into means that we can use to generate
ideas for an ideal device to satisfy our users needs.

Function Means

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5

Power Source Wall Plug Rechargeable Non- Solar Powered

Battery Rechargeabl
e Battery

Transportation Stationary Handheld Full Room Carted Device On Wheels

Method (Washing
Machine)

Bulb Type UV-A UV-B UV-C

Accessory Pre-Sanitization Post-Sanitation Vacuum Heat Steam

Spray Spray Attachment Sanitation Sanitation

Sheet Material Cotton Polyester Bamboo Silk Non-Porous

 User Interface On/Off Switch Touch Screen Remote

Device Plastic Titanium Aluminium Stainless Steel

Material

Six Initial Design Concepts

Design 1:
This idea consisted of a wall plug, a stationary device (washing machine), UV-B light bulbs, a pre-
spray accessory, cotton for the bed sheet material, a touch screen user interface, and a stainless steel body.

Design 2:
For this design, we decided on a stationary device (bedside machine), UV-C light bulbs, a pre-spray
accessory, cotton for the bed sheet material, a touch screen user interface, and an aluminum body.
Design 3:
For our third possible design, we came up with a device that consisted of a wall plug, a full room
device (mounted scanner), UV-C light bulbs, a post-spray accessory, non-porous sheets for the bedding
material, a remote user interface, and an aluminum body.

Design 4:
The aspects of this design include a rechargeable battery, a carted device (washing machine), UV-B
light bulbs, a pre-spray accessory, cotton for the bed sheet material, a touch screen user interface, and a
stainless steel body.
Design 5:
For this design, we created a handheld device that will utilize UV-C light on cotton sheets. An
additional vacuum attachment would be implemented to aid in particle removal. Cotton sheets would be used
for the bedding material, an On/Off switch would be the extent of the user interface, and the body would be
made of plastic.

Design 6:
This design would be powered by a non-rechargeable battery and would be mounted on wheels. It
would use a UV-B light bulb and have an addition heat sanitization accessory. The sheet material needed for
this device is bamboo, and the user interface would be a simple On/Off switch. It would also have a
aluminum body.
Pugh Matrix
The Pugh Matrix takes our ideas from our design concepts, which we generated from our morph
matrix, and the ranks them to help us pick an ideal design for our device.
Washing with
Handheld Stationary Chlorine
Requirements Weight Device Machine Carted Device Room Cleaner Bleach
Safety (UV
Exposure to
User) 5 0 1 1 1 0
Cost 3 1 1 1 -1 0
Effectiveness 5 -1 0 0 1 0
Ease of Use 2 -1 0 -1 0 0
Time Efficient 3 0 1 0 1 0
Particle
Removal 4 -1 0 -1 -1 0
Staff Usage 2 1 0 0 1 0
Totals 24 -6 11 2 8 0
 Design Review
For our design review, we asked the audience to focus on whether or not our user needs are met by
our design inputs, if our verification matrices satisfy our design outputs, and whether or not it was feasible
for our device to replace current methods of sanitation. The feedback that is included below was what we
considered to relevant feedback. Irrelevant feedback included one word answers such as yes or no or
other sentences such as the inputs are realistic. The feedback is organized in the order it appeared on the
feedback forms and the ranking system for the feedback will be on a scale from 1 to 3, with 1 being the
highest valued feedback and 3 being the lowest. This is based off of our overall knowledge of the project and
the reviwers knowledge of topics related to our design.
The rankings will be given as follows:
1: Professor Mundo due to his position as our client and his knowledge of industry
2: Yang would receive this ranking because he has more of a scientific background than our
group
3: Other groups in our cohort because we are all on equal standing.
The feedback will be displayed in the order of the ranks, most important to least important.

Summary of Feedback

1. Problem Description/Inputs
From Professor Mundo:
Background of how UV kills micro-organisms may be a bit too technical for the audience. While its
very useful information make sure you think about the best way to draw in your audience right at the
beginning of the presentation. Extreme costs that are spent each year on washing linens could be a good
draw.
Good discussion of the needs and inputs. The slides were a bit cluttered though and while the
information is there showing that the needs matched up to the inputs and the outputs try not to make the
audience the ones who need to make that connection. Give them a matrix/table that shows how
everything ties together.
From Iron Hand Group:
equal or greater than bleach how is effectiveness determined?

2. Meeting User Needs

From StediCam Group:
If the device is able to actually clean all 20 sheets that they can fit in the machine. However, it is still
unclear whether or not it will actually do so.
From Portable Oxygen Tank Group:
I feel like there needs to be a clear advantage to UV over washing regularly, so the time taken or
another need should compensate for the washing machines currently in place.
I highly doubt theyll be able to make it cheaper than conventional washers, but still possible.

3. Surprises About the Design

From StediCam Group:
It is essentially a UV washing Machine. Clever.
From Iron Hand:
 What surprised us about this design is how they changed from a hand held design to a design that
mimics a washing machine.
From Portable Oxygen Tank
I was surprised the machine was so large and its a bad surprise
I like the simplicity of the design, still very scientific but not complicated.

4. Unique Design Features

From StediCam Group:
UV has the same cleaning efficiency as bleach
From Iron Hand Group:
Aluminium would be used to line the inside of the washing machine in order to make it impenetrable to
UV radiation.
From Portable Oxygen Tank Group:
It surprised me that the washing machine would hold as many sheets as it would because the UV needs
to be as effective cleaning all the sheets, so obviously the more sheets, possibly the less UV cleaning
that happens so its a pleasant surprise that the container holds as many as it does but its a good thing.
The use of UV radiation as a method of killing biological entities.

5. Changes or Improvements
From Professor Mundo:
For the outputs, I would like to see citations for states facts/numbers such as $8000 for the cost of an
industrial washer/dryer.
Good use of visuals and explanation of the visuals. I could not read the dimensions on the drawings
though and the verification matrix was pretty blurry too. I know the room doesnt have the best
projector, but I think the expansion of the images made it difficult.
From StediCam Group:
Adding a UV light in the middle of the machine in order to cover more surface area of sheets.
From Iron Hand Group:
I would make the device cheaper. if the price is equivalent to washer and dryers, there is no reason for a
business to purchase your device when its not even proven in the industry.
From Portable Oxygen Tank Group:
If I could change one thing Id bring the UV to the bed, not the other way around, but obviously thats
more difficult.
For safety factors, maybe consider a UV detection device on the outside to ensure no UV is leaving the
machine.

6. Three Focus Points

As mentioned above, this is the section where we asked our viewers to focus on three specific topics: If
all of our User Needs met by Design Inputs, the Verification Matrixes and if they satisfy our Design Outputs,
and the overall feasibility of our design replacing current sanitization methods in a hospital setting.

From Professor Mundo:

User needs being met by inputs I think the user needs are met well by the inputs. Arrange this in a
way that the audience can easily verify this though.
 Verification matrices satisfy outputs
Overall feasibility to replace washers in hospitals I think it is feasible but I would need to know
couple other things: overall costs of washer/dryer vs UV
From StediCam Group:
User needs met by design inputs Design inputs were sufficient to complete user needs
Verification matrix satisfy design outputs Timing of cycle wasnt clear enough
Feasibility of design Is it worth buying a machine just for unsoiled sheets?
From Iron Hand Group:
User needs being met by inputs - Yes
Verification matrix satisfy design outputs - Your design output is fully reasoned and verifies your input
and user needs
Feasibility of design - I think that this device wont really sell, you need to have something
significantly better than the current systems. Obviously your device will cut back on labor and other
product costs, but will that be worth the new unproven technology?
From Portable Oxygen Tank Group:
User needs being met by inputs - We do not think there need to be more user needs
Verification matrix satisfy design outputs - We do not think that anything should be added or taken
away from the matrix
Feasibility of design- The design seems feasible we just have worries that the machine will not be able
to clean 20 sheets as effectively, which will change the usefulness of the device

7. Additional Comments
From Professor Mundo:
Overall a good presentation of the current status of your device.
Good discussion with the audience and explanation of points when they were out of your scope e.g.
removing stains.
Dr. Yang brought up very good points, will UV remove body odor? Can we incorporate something to
remove odors? This may be feasible even though incorporating something to remove stains/debris is
not possible.
From Yang:
I think you should compare your method with traditional methods.
From Iron Hand Group:
If you match a washing or drying machine, what does your device give me that a traditional system
does not? A traditional system even adds nice smells to my sheets.
From Portable Oxygen Tank Group Group:
In most hospitals, I know that nurses dont wash sheets every time in a washer, they take wipes of
alcohol or something else and wipe the bed down but they do not take them to the washers a lot based
on the fact that the beds get filled quickly by new patients.
Strengths and Weakness

The strengths and weaknesses of our design determined from our provided feedback are as follows:

Weaknesses:
No clear evidence that our device will be as effective as current methods
Our device does not offer any greater benefits in a cleaning aspect, for it only sanitizes
The actual cost of our device has yet to be quantified

Strengths:
The theoretical capabilities of our device are greater than the capabilities of current
methods for sanitizing hospital bedding
Using UV light to sanitize is more efficient than current methods
The device will mimic current machines, allowing for ease of use and the minimization
of changes to the spaces currently in place

Design Changes

After analyzing the feedback that we received during the design review presentation, we have decided
to make a few adjustments to our design. Most of our feedback came in the form of suggestions that we will
look into, but we would like to test our findings about aspects of our device before we make any drastic
changes. One change that we plan on implementing after reading our feedback is an exterior UV detector to
ensure that no radiation escapes. In the case that some does, the sensor will set off some type of failsafe to
deactivate the machine. Though the exact usability of such detection system would also have to be tested, we
believe that this sensor would be attached to the external body of our device and be battery operated. Another
change that we may implement is a system to eliminate odors, which may be as simple as a dryer sheet that is
used in current methods. The interaction with UV and the dryer sheet would have to be tested in the future,
but this addition is one we believe is necessary.
 Design Output
Design Overview

Weight Capacity
Can more than 15 kilograms of bedding per load
Size of Inner Drum
Diameter = 533.4 mm
Depth = 354 mm
Thickness = 1.88 mm
Easy to Use
Implement a simple on/off button to start the device
Cost Efficient
The cost per load should not exceed current cost per load in resources and utilities
The cost per machine should not exceed $8000 (the equivalent cost to a industrial washer and
dryer combination)
Effective
At least as effective as bleach (99.9%)
Time Efficient
< 20 minutes per bed
2 hour maximum - time equivalent of washing and drying in traditional machines
Minimize Radiation Exposure (safety)
< 60 J/m2 of exposure to radiation
Solid door to prevent exposure to the user
External radiation detector and failsafe system

We are proposing a stationary, UV sanitation device that would potentially replace the current
industrial washing and drying methods used for the sanitization of hospital bedding. We were informed by our
client that the average washing load in a hospital setting contains between 15 and 20 sets of bed sheets, but
after further research we found that number to be much higher. With each sheet weighing roughly a half a
kilogram, we found that larger commercial devices can hold between 15 to 20 kilograms.6 By designing our
device to hold more than 15 kilograms, at least 30 hospital bed sheets could be sanitized at one time. Further
testing will be required to find the exact number of sheets that could be sanitized to hospital standards at one
time.
The size of the device will be similar to the size of current commercial washing machines. This feature
will allow our device to be compatible with the size of current areas or rooms in hospitals that are dedicated to
the washing and drying of bed sheets. Current commercial washing machines have a length of 1 meter, a width
of 1.24 meters, and a height of 1.3 meters.7 Further research may be done to increase the size of our device,
since the device would replace two machines (washer and dryer), with one. Regarding motor specifications of
our device, we have currently decided to have our model contain specifications that are similar to current
commercial washing machines. Current washing machines have motor outputs of around 1.5 kilowatts, and our
device will have a direct drive motor that is similar in output.7 The exact power output and revolutions per
minute of the motor would rely on other factors such as the depth of UV penetration, and the time is takes UV
light to successfully sterilize the bedding, which will be calculated at a later date.
Our device will be easy to use, meaning the user interface will be similar to the user interface of current
commercial washing machines. This will allow for minimal training and explanation. The cost of our device
will be close to or less than the combined cost of current industrial washing and drying machines. As specified
by our client, current industrial washing and drying machines used in hospital settings cost about $4000 a
piece, which comes out to a combined price of $8000 for the two units. The device must also be effective,
meaning that it must be at least as effective as chlorine bleach, which is used in current methods. Chlorine
bleach is known to be 99.9% effective when used for sanitization purposes.4
 Being time efficient is another aspect of our device. We have been informed by our client that it
currently takes an average of 20 minutes per bed to remove the sheets, wash and dry them, and then place the
sheets back on the bed. If our device can sanitize our set amount of sheets in two hours (the amount of time it
takes for a normal washing and drying cycle), then our device would be considered as efficient as the current
method. Ideally we would like our device to complete a cycle in half of that time, so that it is more efficient
and appealing to our client. Safety is the last and probably most important aspect of our device. Since we are
utilizing UV radiation, it is easier for this device to cause harm to the user. The threshold value of 60 J/m daily
radiation dosage respectively, is recommended by the EU.3 Proper safety measures will be implemented in our
design. The machine and door will all be solid to prevent any radiation from escaping the interior of the device.
Stainless steel is currently used in most commercial machines, but they all have glass doors.8 We will replace
the glass with a piece of aluminum to prevent any radiation from escaping the machine and harming the user.
The interior drum will also comprise of aluminum because of its UV reflective properties.9

Device Description
Our device will operate like current commercial washing and drying machines. It will consist of a
rotating barrel or drum as the internal hardware, with an external stainless steel frame or housing to hold the
components together. The external housing will have a single-hinged, aluminum plated door that opens
outward, exposing the internal drum. The internal drum will be made of aluminum and lined with UV-C light
bulbs (the exact amount and pattern will be determined by further testing), and the drum will be rotated by an
electric direct drive motor. Similar to current methods our device will also incorporate rudders in the internal
drum. These will help prevent the sheets from sticking together and help UV light reach as much of the
sheets surface as possible. As of now, our device will be made of stainless steel, for that is the material used
in current methods. Aluminum will be used on the interior for its reflection capabilities in hopes that it will
improve the sanitation process. A user interface consisting of a power button and timer will allow for the user
to manually start the device (the exact specifications of the user interface will be refined once further testing
has been conducted).

Parts/Materials List

6.25 mm Thick Steel - Calculated to be approximately 7.95 m2

$905.6410
30 mm Aluminum Drum - Calculated to be approximately 1.57 m2
$83.6010
UV-C Light Bulbs - Exact number and quality to be determined
12 9 UV-C Bulbs = $73.0811
Direct Drive Electric Dryer Motor - Exact power output to be determined
$57.2512
Drying Machine Drive Belt - Length and size to be determined
$10.0613
Normally Open Button - Type of circuitry to be determined
$4.8314
Exterior Radiation Sensor
$24915
Approximate Price for Raw Materials and Store Bought Components
$1383.46 (final price may vary)
Model of Design
NX Model of internal drum (skewed view):

NX Model of outer housing (skewed view):

Hand drawing of outer housing (front view):

Hand drawing of internal drum (front view):

 Inner drum redesign

Hardware/Software

The device will include a single normally open button, attached to the door so that the circuit remains
closed when the door is, and a button in series that when pressed will begin the sanitation process. When the
button is activated, the door will lock in order to remove the possibility of the user opening up the door when
the device is emitting the UV. This button will also initiate the turning on of the lights, and it will begin the
rotation of the internal drum. The hardware of this device will resemble a simple version of the hardware
present in current devices. The actual arrangement of wiring and circuitry that our device will contain will
not be verified and tested until a later date.
 Design Verification

Verification

User Need Input Output

Holds the weight of at least 20 or more Average hospital bed sheet is 1 lb.
hospital bed sheets 20 bed sheets x 1 lb per sheet = 20 lb
Weight Capacity 20 lb x (1 kg / 2.2 lbs) = approx. 9.1
kg

Diameter = 533.4 mm
Depth = 354 mm
Size of Inner Drum Thickness = 1.88 mm NX Model with dimensions of outer
Rudders housing

NX Model with dimensions of inner barrel

Rotation of device should not disrupt the Test rotational effects on UV penetration of
Motor Specifications effectiveness of the UV sanitization process current hospital sheets

Easy to Use Requires little to no training to operate Hand drawing of user interface with clear
markings on how to operate device

Cost per sheet should be less than or
equal to cost per sheet of current
Cost Efficient washing and drying methods
Cost of device should not exceed
cost of current devices
Testing for the cost per sheet will need to be
conducted once a prototype is built
6.25 mm Thick Steel - 7.95 m2
$905.6410
30 mm Aluminum Drum -1.57 m2
$83.6010
12 UV-C Light Bulbs 9
$73.0811
Direct Drive Electric Dryer Motor
$57.2512
Drying Machine Drive Belt
$10.0613
Normally Open Button
$4.8314
Exterior Radiation Sensor
$24915
Approximate Total Price
 $1383.46

Effective At least as effective as bleach (99.9%) Test the UV penetration of current hospital
sheets

Time Efficient Less than 20 minutes per bed Cycle time = 60 minutes
Sheets per load = 20 sheets
Exchange time = 5-10 minutes
60 minutes / 20 sheets per cycle = 3
minutes per sheet
3 minutes per sheet + 5 to 10
minutes exchange time = 8 - 13
minutes per bed

Minimize Radiation Less than 60 J/m2 of exposure to radiation NX Model of machine depicting solid door
Exposure (Safety) per day to prevent radiation exposure

Verification Methods

To verify that our device will be able to hold 20 or more sheets, we will have to conduct a test with our
aluminum drum. This test could be as simple as using the motor to rotate the drum while 20 sheets are inside,
and recording the results or effects that they have on the drum. We know that 20 sheets weigh approximately
9.1 kg, but we plan to build our device to hold 15 kg in order to compensate for any potential overloading that
could occur. The size of our device is similar in size to current commercial washing machines. We will have to
further investigate the size of the device depending on how the weight testing pans out for the drum and motor
portion. The motor specifications will be dependent on further testing of the weight and effectiveness of the
UV light. It is important that we test the effects of the internal drum's rotation on UV lights sanitizing
capabilities. Easy to use would be determined by a simple form that would be given to multiple test subjects
during the prototyping phase. This form will require the user to note if they found the user interface to be
simple. As shown above, we verified that the total cost for the raw materials of our device by adding up the
prices for the materials and individual components. We will have to further test and calculate the exact cost of
the device, and we will determine the cost per sheet during the prototyping phase.
We calculated the penetration depth of UV-C light through cotton fabric. The equations used in this
calculation are shown below.
Penetration Depth :

1



f = Test Frequency = Hz (c is the speed of light 299,792,458 m/s and is the wavelength in meters)

= Magnetic Permeability = 4 107 H/m (constant for non-magnetic materials)
1
= Electrical Conductivity = S/m (Resistivity = = 2.23 106 M for cotton fabric)
Verification Results

A majority of our results will come after prototyping. The only result we have of now is the result for
our price being less than that of current commercial devices. Our price, as shown above, totals to $1383.46,
while our client and further research informed us that current devices cost an average of $4000. We expect the
prototype to be able to hold the weight capacity that we noted above, but the weight capacity may need to be
diminished pending the results of the penetration test. We expect the size and motor capacity to be similar to
our outputs, but they will also be dependent on the penetration and effectiveness test. Additionally, we expect
users to be able to use this device simply by looking at it, due to the single button needed to activate the device.
As for testing the effectiveness by testing the penetration depth, we will obtain our results with UV-C
radiometer to measure the penetration percentage through different numbers of sheets. From this data, we will
then measure how long it takes to kill microbes at the differing percentages of UV exposure. These
measurements will tell us how long it will take to effectively sanitize all of the sheets in a load. We anticipate
that it should take no more than one hour to sanitize the number of sheets in one load, regardless of the
differing penetration amounts. We expect no radiation to escape the machine, given our design specifications
are met.
The results we computed are as follows:

2.99108 /
f = = 254 109 /= 1.1992 1015 Hz

= 4 107 H/m (constant for non-magnetic materials)

1 1
= = = 4.48107 S/m
2.23 106

1
= = 21.7 mm
(1.1992 1015 )(4 107 )( 4.48107 )

Future Developments

Based on our results, some design changes may need to be implemented. Some additional could also be
added to a device such as ours, but due to the scope of the design we did not implement. These features could
make this device more useful so that it could replace current washing methods entirely and even be
implemented in household. As discussed earlier, odor removal is something we are considering currently to
add to our device. Other features could involve anything from stain removal to a full particle removal system.
There is plenty of room for improvement in our device, and we plan on visiting every option we can to make it
as effective as possible.
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